TY - JOUR A1 - Schartmüller, Clemens A1 - Weigl, Klemens A1 - Löcken, Andreas A1 - Wintersberger, Philipp A1 - Steinhauser, Marco A1 - Riener, Andreas T1 - Displays for Productive Non-Driving Related Tasks: Visual Behavior and Its Impact in Conditionally Automated Driving JF - Multimodal Technologies and Interaction N2 - (1) Background: Primary driving tasks are increasingly being handled by vehicle automation so that support for non-driving related tasks (NDRTs) is becoming more and more important. In SAE L3 automation, vehicles can require the driver-passenger to take over driving controls, though. Interfaces for NDRTs must therefore guarantee safe operation and should also support productive work. (2) Method: We conducted a within-subjects driving simulator study (N=53) comparing Heads-Up Displays (HUDs) and Auditory Speech Displays (ASDs) for productive NDRT engagement. In this article, we assess the NDRT displays’ effectiveness by evaluating eye-tracking measures and setting them into relation to workload measures, self-ratings, and NDRT/take-over performance. (3) Results: Our data highlights substantially higher gaze dispersion but more extensive glances on the road center in the auditory condition than the HUD condition during automated driving. We further observed potentially safety-critical glance deviations from the road during take-overs after a HUD was used. These differences are reflected in self-ratings, workload indicators and take-over reaction times, but not in driving performance. (4) Conclusion: NDRT interfaces can influence visual attention even beyond their usage during automated driving. In particular, the HUD has resulted in safety-critical glances during manual driving after take-overs. We found this impacted workload and productivity but not driving performance UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/mti5040021 KW - automated driving KW - take-over requests KW - conditional automation KW - non-driving related tasks KW - eye-tracking KW - performance KW - behavior KW - displays KW - productivity KW - visual attention Y1 - 2021 UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/mti5040021 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-10965 SN - 2414-4088 VL - 5 IS - 4 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Riegler, Andreas A1 - Riener, Andreas A1 - Holzmann, Clemens T1 - A systematic review of virtual reality applications for automated driving: 2009–2020 JF - Frontiers in human dynamics N2 - While virtual reality (VR) interfaces have been researched extensively over the last decades, studies on their application in vehicles have only recently advanced. In this paper, we systematically review 12 years of VR research in the context of automated driving (AD), from 2009 to 2020. Due to the multitude of possibilities for studies with regard to VR technology, at present, the pool of findings is heterogeneous and non-transparent. We investigated N = 176 scientific papers of relevant journals and conferences with the goal to analyze the status quo of existing VR studies in AD, and to classify the related literature into application areas. We provide insights into the utilization of VR technology which is applicable at specific level of vehicle automation and for different users (drivers, passengers, pedestrians) and tasks. Results show that most studies focused on designing automotive experiences in VR, safety aspects, and vulnerable road users. Trust, simulator and motion sickness, and external human-machine interfaces (eHMIs) also marked a significant portion of the published papers, however a wide range of different parameters was investigated by researchers. Finally, we discuss a set of open challenges, and give recommendation for future research in automated driving at the VR side of the reality-virtuality continuum. UR - https://doi.org/10.3389/fhumd.2021.689856 KW - virtual reality KW - automated driving KW - systematic review KW - user studies KW - augmented reality KW - user experience KW - usability KW - classifications Y1 - 2021 UR - https://doi.org/10.3389/fhumd.2021.689856 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-11067 SN - 2673-2726 VL - 3 PB - Frontiers Media CY - Lausanne ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schuß, Martina A1 - Wintersberger, Philipp A1 - Riener, Andreas T1 - Security Issues in Shared Automated Mobility Systems: A Feminist HCI Perspective JF - Multimodal Technologies and Interaction N2 - The spread of automated vehicles (AVs) is expected to disrupt our mobility behavior. Currently, a male bias is prevalent in the technology industry in general, and in the automotive industry in particular, mainly focusing on white men. This leads to an under-representation of groups of people with other social, physiological, and psychological characteristics. The advent of automated driving (AD) should be taken as an opportunity to mitigate this bias and consider a diverse variety of people within the development process. We conducted a qualitative, exploratory study to investigate how shared automated vehicles (SAVs) should be designed from a pluralistic perspective considering a holistic viewpoint on the whole passenger journey by including booking, pick-up, and drop-off points. Both, men and women, emphasized the importance of SAVs being flexible and clean, whereas security issues were mentioned exclusively by our female participants. While proposing different potential solutions to mitigate security matters, we discuss them through the lens of the feminist HCI framework. UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/mti5080043 KW - shared automated vehicles KW - feminist HCI KW - gender-bias KW - automated systems Y1 - 2021 UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/mti5080043 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-9191 SN - 2414-4088 VL - 5 IS - 8 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Riener, Andreas A1 - Schlackl, Dominik A1 - Malsam, Julia A1 - Huber, Josef A1 - Homm, Benjamin A1 - Kaczmar, Marion A1 - Kleitsch, Iris A1 - Megos, Alina A1 - Park, Eunji A1 - Sanverdi, Gülsüm A1 - Schmidt, Sabrina A1 - Bracaci, Daniel A1 - Anees, Esha T1 - Improving the UX for Users of Automated Shuttle Buses in Public Transport: Investigating Aspects of Exterior Communication and Interior Design JF - Multimodal Technologies and Interaction N2 - As a precursor to future public transportation, automated shuttle buses can already be experienced in some test regions, but the general public still has reservations and may not yet be ready for this change. For example, the fact that such vehicles might operate independently (without a human driver) creates a barrier of uncertainty and mistrust among people. In this work, we aim to identify and classify the prevailing reservations and propose solutions. We followed the User Centered Design (UCD) process to design concepts that are specifically tailored to the needs of future public transport users. After related work analysis, on-site research, and pre-studies, two main studies were conducted specifically to address communication in the exterior (n = 24) and interior/service design (n = 21). For both studies, we applied a mixed-methods approach combining quantitative and qualitative measures. Our results indicate that, in general, existing ways of communication in the exterior are insufficient to meet future needs. The two visualization concepts for external communication developed in this work were rated (significantly) better in most dimensions of the User Experience Questionnaire (UEQ), when compared to the baseline condition with no additional visualization. Furthermore, preferences among the study participants towards simple, highly visible, and well-known lighting concepts could be observed. As for the interior, the results show that participants rated attractiveness highly for the two design concepts (closer, further in the future) as compared to current, state-of-the-art solutions (automated buses currently in operation). For the “near future” concept, the pragmatic quality dominated, while in the other (the “far future”) concept the hedonic quality was in the foreground. From the results, design recommendations in different categories were derived, which reflect the general openness of the public towards new technologies and interior approaches, but also point out the importance for privacy and designated personal spaces inside an (automated) shuttle bus. Some of the results do not strictly apply to automated shuttle buses, and can serve as valuable suggestions for improving conventional shuttle buses. UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/mti5100061 KW - automated shuttle buses KW - public transport KW - user experience KW - user centered design KW - exterior communication KW - interior design KW - future mobility services Y1 - 2021 UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/mti5100061 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-9220 SN - 2414-4088 VL - 5 IS - 10 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Dey, Debargha A1 - Habibovic, Azra A1 - Löcken, Andreas A1 - Wintersberger, Philipp A1 - Pfleging, Bastian A1 - Riener, Andreas A1 - Martens, Marieke A1 - Terken, Jacques T1 - Taming the eHMI jungle: A classification taxonomy to guide, compare, and assess the design principles of automated vehicles' external human-machine interfaces JF - Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives N2 - There is a growing body of research in the field of interaction between automated vehicles and other road users in their vicinity. To facilitate such interactions, researchers and designers have explored designs, and this line of work has yielded several concepts of external Human-Machine Interfaces (eHMI) for vehicles. Literature and media review reveals that the description of interfaces is often lacking in fidelity or details of their functionalities in specific situations, which makes it challenging to understand the originating concepts. There is also a lack of a universal understanding of the various dimensions of a communication interface, which has impeded a consistent and coherent addressal of the different aspects of the functionalities of such interface concepts. In this paper, we present a unified taxonomy that allowsa systematic comparison of the eHMI across 18 dimensions, covering their physical characteristics and communication aspects from the perspective of human factors and human-machine interaction. We analyzed and coded 70eHMI concepts according to this taxonomy to portray the state of the art and highlight the relative maturity of different contributions. The results point to a number of unexplored research areas that could inspire future work. Additionally, we believe that our proposed taxonomy can serve as a checklist for user interface designers and researchers when developing their interfaces. UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trip.2020.100174 KW - Automated vehicle KW - Vulnerable road user KW - Pedestrian KW - External human-machine interface KW - Taxonomy KW - Human factors KW - Human-computer interaction Y1 - 2020 UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trip.2020.100174 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-9241 SN - 2590-1982 VL - 2020 IS - 7 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Frison, Anna-Katharina A1 - Forster, Yannick A1 - Wintersberger, Philipp A1 - Geisel, Viktoria A1 - Riener, Andreas T1 - Where We Come from and Where We Are Going: A Systematic Review of Human Factors Research in Driving Automation JF - Applied Sciences N2 - During the last decade, research has brought forth a large amount of studies that investigated driving automation from a human factor perspective. Due to the multitude of possibilities for the study design with regard to the investigated constructs, data collection methods, and evaluated parameters, at present, the pool of findings is heterogeneous and nontransparent. This literature review applied a structured approach, where five reviewers investigated n = 161 scientific papers of relevant journals and conferences focusing on driving automation between 2010 and 2018. The aim was to present an overview of the status quo of existing methodological approaches and investigated constructs to help scientists in conducting research with established methods and advanced study setups. Results show that most studies focused on safety aspects, followed by trust and acceptance, which were mainly collected through self-report measures. Driving/Take-Over performance also marked a significant portion of the published papers; however, a wide range of different parameters were investigated by researchers. Based on our insights, we propose a set of recommendations for future studies. Amongst others, this includes validation of existing results on real roads, studying long-term effects on trust and acceptance (and of course other constructs), or triangulation of self-reported and behavioral data. We furthermore emphasize the need to establish a standardized set of parameters for recurring use cases to increase comparability. To assure a holistic contemplation of automated driving, we moreover encourage researchers to investigate other constructs that go beyond safety. UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/app10248914 KW - automated driving KW - literature review KW - human–automation interaction KW - method development Y1 - 2020 UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/app10248914 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-9369 SN - 2076-3417 VL - 10 IS - 24 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kundinger, Thomas A1 - Yalavarthi, Phani Krishna A1 - Riener, Andreas A1 - Wintersberger, Philipp A1 - Schartmüller, Clemens T1 - Feasibility of smart wearables for driver drowsiness detection and its potential among different age groups JF - International Journal of Pervasive Computing and Communications UR - https://doi.org/10.1108/IJPCC-03-2019-0017 KW - wearable devices KW - physiological measures KW - driver drowsiness detection KW - advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) KW - simulator study KW - active safety KW - driver monitoring KW - heart rate variability (HRV) KW - machine learning Y1 - 2020 UR - https://doi.org/10.1108/IJPCC-03-2019-0017 SN - 1742-7371 VL - 16 IS - 1 SP - 1 EP - 23 PB - Emerald CY - Bingley ER - TY - JOUR A1 - von Sawitzky, Tamara A1 - Grauschopf, Thomas A1 - Riener, Andreas T1 - “Attention! A Door Could Open.”—Introducing Awareness Messages for Cyclists to Safely Evade Potential Hazards JF - Multimodal Technologies and Interaction N2 - Numerous statistics show that cyclists are often involved in road traffic accidents, often with serious outcomes. One potential hazard of cycling, especially in cities, is “dooring”—passing parked vehicles that still have occupants inside. These occupants could open the vehicle door unexpectedly in the cyclist’s path—requiring a quick evasive response by the cyclist to avoid a collision. Dooring can be very poorly anticipated; as a possible solution, we propose in this work a system that notifies the cyclist of opening doors based on a networked intelligent transportation infrastructure. In a user study with a bicycle simulator (N = 24), we examined the effects of three user interface designs compared to a baseline (no notifications) on cycling behavior (speed and lateral position), perceived safety, and ease of use. Awareness messages (either visual message, visual message + auditory icon, or visual + voice message) were displayed on a smart bicycle helmet at different times before passing a parked, still-occupied vehicle. Our participants found the notifications of potential hazards very easy to understand and appealing and felt that the alerts could help them navigate traffic more safely. Those concepts that (additionally) used auditory icons or voice messages were preferred. In addition, the lateral distance increased significantly when a potentially opening door was indicated. In these situations, cyclists were able to safely pass the parked vehicle without braking. In summary, we are convinced that notification systems, such as the one presented here, are an important component for increasing road safety, especially for vulnerable road users. UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/mti6010003 KW - accident prevention KW - awareness message KW - connected traffic KW - cycling KW - head-mounted display KW - lateral position KW - simulation KW - vulnerable road users Y1 - 2021 UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/mti6010003 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-13079 SN - 2414-4088 VL - 6 IS - 1 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - INPR A1 - Flohr, Lukas A. A1 - Schuß, Martina A1 - Wallach, Dieter P. A1 - Krüger, Antonio A1 - Riener, Andreas T1 - Designing for Passengers’ Information Needs on Fellow Travelers: A Comparison of Day and Night Rides in Shared Automated Vehicles N2 - Shared automated mobility-on-demand promises efficient, sustainable, and flexible transportation. Nevertheless, security concerns, resilience, and their mutual influence - especially at night - will likely be the most critical barriers to public adoption since passengers have to share rides with strangers without a human driver on board. As related work points out that information about fellow travelers might mitigate passengers' concerns, we designed two user interface variants to investigate the role of this information in an exploratory within-subjects user study (N = 24). Participants experienced four automated day and night rides with varying personal information about co-passengers in a simulated environment. The results of the mixed-method study indicate that having information about other passengers (e.g., photo, gender, and name) positively affects user experience at night. In contrast, it is less necessary during the day. Considering participants' simultaneously raised privacy demands poses a substantial challenge for resilient system design. UR - https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2308.02616 Y1 - 2023 UR - https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2308.02616 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-59892 PB - arXiv CY - Ithaca ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Rosbach, Emely A1 - Ammeling, Jonas A1 - Krügel, Sebastian A1 - Kießig, Angelika A1 - Fritz, Alexis A1 - Ganz, Jonathan A1 - Puget, Chloé A1 - Donovan, Taryn A1 - Klang, Andrea A1 - Köller, Maximilian C. A1 - Bolfa, Pompei A1 - Tecilla, Marco A1 - Denk, Daniela A1 - Kiupel, Matti A1 - Paraschou, Georgios A1 - Kok, Mun Keong A1 - Haake, Alexander F. H. A1 - de Krijger, Ronald R. A1 - Sonnen, Andreas F.-P. A1 - Kasantikul, Tanit A1 - Dorrestein, Gerry M. A1 - Smedley, Rebecca C. A1 - Stathonikos, Nikolas A1 - Uhl, Matthias A1 - Bertram, Christof A1 - Riener, Andreas A1 - Aubreville, Marc ED - Yamashita, Naomi ED - Evers, Vanessa ED - Yatani, Koji ED - Ding, Xianghua ED - Lee, Bongshin ED - Chetty, Marshini ED - Toups-Dugas, Phoebe T1 - "When Two Wrongs Don't Make a Right" - Examining Confirmation Bias and the Role of Time Pressure During Human-AI Collaboration in Computational Pathology T2 - CHI'25: Proceedings of the 2025 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems N2 - Artificial intelligence (AI)-based decision support systems hold promise for enhancing diagnostic accuracy and efficiency in computational pathology. However, human-AI collaboration can introduce and amplify cognitive biases, like confirmation bias caused by false confirmation when erroneous human opinions are reinforced by inaccurate AI output. This bias may increase under time pressure, a ubiquitous factor in routine pathology, as it strains practitioners’ cognitive resources. We quantified confirmation bias triggered by AI-induced false confirmation and examined the role of time constraints in a web-based experiment, where trained pathology experts (n=28) estimated tumor cell percentages. Our results suggest that AI integration fuels confirmation bias, evidenced by a statistically significant positive linear-mixed-effects model coefficient linking AI recommendations mirroring flawed human judgment and alignment with system advice. Conversely, time pressure appeared to weaken this relationship. These findings highlight potential risks of AI in healthcare and aim to support the safe integration of clinical decision support systems. UR - https://doi.org/10.1145/3706598.3713319 Y1 - 2025 UR - https://doi.org/10.1145/3706598.3713319 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-58797 SN - 979-8-4007-1394-1 PB - ACM CY - New York ER -