TY - THES A1 - Meyer, Matthias T1 - Graph-based generation of OpenSCENARIO-driving-scenarios for virtual validation of automated driving functions N2 - With the prospect of self-driving cars, challenges in the areas of safety and trust, among others, must be addressed. Virtual testing and validation represents an opportunity to address these challenges. Therefore, in the context of this master thesis, the potential of enriching the virtual test of automated driving functions was explored. A virtual test used for the validation of automated driving functions benefits, among other things, from reproducible, fully comprehensive and automatically generated driving situations. In this thesis, a graph-based methodology was developed that fulfills these requirements to provide such driving situations. This methodology is based on the open standard ASAM OpenSCENARIO as well as the graph library QuikGraph. As basis for this, an OpenSCENARIO-Library was developed as part of this thesis. The functionality is demonstrated by means of an example based on the OpenSCENARIOStandard. The driving situations - made available as a so-called scenarios - are generated according to the following graph-based method: - Create OpenSCENARIO-Graph using both the created OpenSCENARIO-Library and QuikGraph - Analyze OpenSCENARIO-Graph using DFS and find the shortest paths using Hoffman and Pavley K-shortest Path algorithm -- Challenges addressed: Cycle resolution and complying to naming conventions within the OpenSCENARIO-Standard - Provide paths through the OpenSCENARIO-Graph through OpenSCENARIO-Scenarios for validation These driving situations can be used to enrich OpenSCENARIO-compatible driving simulators (in this work: esmini) to enable virtual testing and validation of automated driving functions. Thus, this work represents a small contribution to solve the challenges of self-driving cars. Y1 - 2022 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-34377 CY - Ingolstadt ER - TY - THES A1 - Schwab, Michael T1 - Investigation of drone strike to jet engines BT - preliminary experimental tests, test rig design and numerical analysis N2 - The popularity of unmanned aircraft vehicles increases continuously. The aviation industry focuses this new threat due to elevated probability of collisions with these vehicles in the last few years. This master thesis reports an ongoing, but not finalized yet, research project at the Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt considering collisions between such systems and jet engines. These impacts are considered to be more critical than the exhaustively investigated bird strikes. Relevant statistics and the current state of the art is expounded. By means of a building block approach, a quadcopter is analyzed via quasi-static material tests, drop-tower tests and high-velocity-impact tests. The development of a new test bench for experimental high-velocity-impact tests on fan-blades is described. Appropriate finite element models and impact-simulations are established. Preliminary experimental results show high stiffnesses and also reveal the risk of spark, smoke and fire development of specific drone components. First basic numerical high-velocity-impact simulations with an aluminum impactor on fan-blades display critical failures of the fan assembly. Y1 - 2020 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-8540 CY - Ingolstadt ER - TY - THES A1 - Egeler, Jonas T1 - Physiological correlates of psychoacoustic annoyance BT - a deep learning approach N2 - Jury testing and the application of psychoacoustic metrics to sound pressure data are two established methods for the assessment of sound quality. So far, little is known to what extend the results of these methods correlate with biosignals, especially the electrical activity of the brain. A growing number of manufacturers offers wearable biosensors at a relatively low cost. In this thesis, it will be discussed whether the annoyance of a particular sound (Zwicker’s psychoacoustic annoyance index PA) can be predicted based on measurements with semi-professional EEG, ECG and EDA sensors. An auditory experiment with six participants was conducted to collect data. Eight airplane ambience sounds of 180s length were presented to the test persons. The sounds were uniformly distributed with respect to the PA index. An eight channel EEG headset was used to record the EEG data synchronous with the acoustic stimulation. A biosignal wristband was used to measure heart rate and skin conductivity. Multiple supervised machine learning models for biosignal classification were implemented and tested with the recorded data. The results show that the models all perform well in the classification of data of individual experimental runs, but are not able to generalise between multiple experimental runs, multiple subjects or multiple stimulation conditions. Y1 - 2021 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-11526 CY - Ingolstadt ER - TY - THES A1 - Beringer, Jakob T1 - Solar thermal systems for space heating in cold climates BT - a validated case study from Kyrgyzstan N2 - Kyrgyzstan has a continental climate. Due to high solar irradiation in combination with high heat demand relating from cold winters and poor building standards in the Central Asian country the use of solar energy for heat generation has a high potential. Within the framework of this study, the potential using solar thermal energy for heating support is investigated, as it is currently completely unknown, especially in rural areas, where there is no connection to heating networks or supply infrastructure such as gas pipelines. The simulation showed that the fractional energy savings share of the total heat demand is 15 to 20 %. For the same plant size in Central Europe, this result exceeds by more than five percentage points only due to different climatic conditions. To validate the simulation results, a system identical to the simulation model is installed in the rural village of Ak-Tal in Kyrgyzstan. However, the heating system is characterized by the fact that it has been adapted to the local conditions. In addition to the solar system the second energy source is a stove with a water pocket, which is suitable for burning solid fuels such as coal. This corresponds to conventional firing method for rural households. In addition to the lack of alternatives, what speaks in favour of this type of heat generation is that the local population can use what they are used to, and no novel processes need to be learned. Since the Kyrgyz stove does not have any safety devices such as a thermal discharge safety device, this part of the heating system is designed as an open system. The water pocket in the furnace allows heat to be transported via a heat transfer medium, in this case heating water, to a tank. The storage tank is the main component of the system, and all heat sources and sinks are connected to it. The solar thermal system, consisting of six collectors, operates fully automatically and is also connected to the storage tank. A distribution system with radiators allows the supply of heat inside the house and thus ensures a heated building interior. An assessment shows that due to the comparatively low fuel costs and the high investment costs for a modern solar thermal system from the European market, the installation of such a system is not economically feasible. Looking at the heat production costs over a period of 20 years, these are 0.43 €/kWh for the system with solar thermal, which is almost twice as high as for the conventional reference model (0.22 €/kWh). Nevertheless, the use of renewable heat generation systems should be pursued in Kyrgyzstan. The reduction of the emission of greenhouse gases such as CO2 as well as the improvement of the situation in the households itself by the reduction of the fine dust load are reasons for it. Y1 - 2022 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-35609 CY - Ingolstadt ER - TY - THES A1 - Weidlich, Johanna Birgit T1 - Experimentelle Analyse einer neuartigen regenerativen Hybridwärmepumpe im parallelen Heizbetrieb Y1 - 2023 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-39615 CY - Ingolstadt ER - TY - THES A1 - Sturm, Elisabeth Christine T1 - Enhancement of experimental modal analysis to damping models with fractional derivatives BT - an extension of the LSRF algorithm for parameter extraction in MATLAB N2 - Experimental Modal Analysis is a long-used method to identify the modal parameters of structures. Therefore, a structure is excited by a known force to evaluate the responses at different points on the structure. If a system is considered undamped, it may only be described according to its mass and stiffness. However, different approaches are needed as soon as the damping impact is considered. The most common approach is to describe a viscously damped system, where the damping force is said to be proportional to the velocity. As this simplifies the existing system, the resulting description of damping for materials or structures may not be very accurate. Another idea is to use nonlinear formulas requiring more computation powers but leading to better results. A more general approach with fewer parameters is to use fractional derivatives, where non-integer derivative orders are used. This thesis focuses on existing parameter extraction algorithms for viscous damping within MATLAB and how they can be adjusted to treat fractional derivatives. The main algorithm is the LSRF method, which stands for "Least-squares rational function." It was proposed by Ahmet Arda Ozdemir and Suat Gumussoy in 2020, whereas the nonlinear least squares problem was already discussed by Ljung. The method will be used for a system generated within MATLAB first and then applied to data with and without noise as well as actual measured data. Y1 - 2022 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-35954 CY - Ingolstadt ER - TY - THES A1 - Löw, Jakob T1 - Design and implementation of automated bus protocol learning algorithms Y1 - 2022 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-35928 CY - Ingolstadt ER - TY - THES A1 - Riedmaier, Thomas T1 - Dampfspeichersystem zur Flexibilisierung von Biomasse-Heizkraftwerken BT - Aufbau, Messung und Simulation N2 - In recent years the percentage of volatile electricity producers is continuously rising, which introduces new difficulties for power grids. The necessity for flexible power plants is increasing. Solid biomass-fuelled combined heat and power (CHP) plants can be modified into dispatchable power plants. One solution to modify those plants is the implementation of a storage system. The storage system consists of a steam accumulator and a concrete storage. This concept will be established and tested in the biomass CHP plant in Pfaffenhofen, Germany. In this master thesis the basic functionality of both the steam accumulator and concrete storage will be clarified. Furthermore, the construction and the factorial design of experiment of this novel storage system will be described. Around 80 charge and discharge cycles were conducted with multiple changing parameters, e.g. mass flow rates, filling levels and measurements with and without the concrete storage to research the behaviour of the storage system. A statistical evaluation of the measurement results will be done. Additionally, the measurement data will be used as input data in a MatLab Simulink simulation model. Identical to the storage system in Pfaffenhofen, the simulation model consists of two main parts, the steam accumulator and concrete storage. The steam accumulator model is based on differential equations and simulates the filling level, pressure, temperature, and mass inside the steam accumulator for a specified volume. The concrete storage model is a simplified version of a model created in the CFD program Ansys. In Ansys, concrete with a metal pipe inside was modelled and a parameter studies with different initial temperatures of the concrete and different mass flow rates was conducted. These results were then implemented as look-up tables in MatLab Simulink. Also, the results of the simulation will be compared to the measurement data to validate the storage system model. A selection of the most important parameters of the storage system will be done and the model accuracy of those parameters will be calculated. First, both storage components will be validated separately. Then the validation of the whole storage system will be conducted. Correction factors will be implemented to increase the accuracy of the model. These factors will try to counteract simplifications and inaccuracies of both the steam accumulator and concrete storage model. Y1 - 2023 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-37461 CY - Ingolstadt ER - TY - THES A1 - Kaiser, Karoline T1 - Development of a renewable energy-based energy concept for electric public transport in rural Morocco Y1 - 2023 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-42565 CY - Ingolstadt ER - TY - THES A1 - Dietl, Laura T1 - Inverse soft actor-critic imitation learning for pedestrian trajectory prediction N2 - Pedestrian trajectory prediction has the potential to enhance safety in everyday traffic situations. By utilizing Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) communication pedestrians will be able to communicate their intended future trajectory with other road users. Thus, enabling other road users to adapt their path accordingly, e.g., to avoid collisions. Due to the inherent multimodality of future paths, the impact of the social and environmental context, and the influence of personal factors on a person’s behavior, pedestrian trajectory prediction is a difficult endeavor. In light of these challenges, this thesis’ objective was to develop a pedestrian trajectory prediction model capable of generating realistic multimodal trajectories for environments that closely resemble everyday traffic scenarios. This was achieved by training a model using the Inverse Soft-Q Learning (IQLearn) algorithm, which adapts the Soft Actor-Critic (SAC) approach for use in addressing Inverse Reinforcement Learning (IRL) problems. As far as the author is aware, this was the first time of IQLearn being applied for path prediction. For model training the Stanford Drone Dataset (SDD), a prominent real world dataset, was employed. The dataset analysis reveals characteristics that must be considered during the development and evaluation of a model. Furthermore, a novel difficulty classification scheme helps to gain insight into the pedestrian paths’ complexity distribution within the dataset. It is based on the trajectories’ velocity, heading, number of starts and stops, and the newly developed social context measure, which gauges the level of attention a person must pay to their local neighbors. It shows that the SDD mostly contains simpler trajectories with only a small portion being complex and containing outlier behavior. Evaluating the model on the SDD shows that it: can compete with popular benchmark models based on common metrics; is able to predominantly predict three general types of paths, i.e., small bends, linear and stationary behavior, indicating that it learned a generalized representation of the trajectories within the training dataset; and is not able to generate multimodal paths, as it predicts future samples with only minor deviations from one another instead of a diverse range of realistic trajectories. The dataset, which contains primarily simpler paths, lacks the required complexity for the model to anticipate outlier behaviors. Instead, it often completes the trajectories in a logical manner, adhering to the constraints of the environment. Y1 - 2024 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-53401 CY - Ingolstadt ER - TY - THES A1 - Hausmann, Philip Andrew T1 - Image segmentation based emergency landing for VTOL UAVs N2 - The market for unmanned aerial systems (UASs), also known as unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) or drones, is growing rapidly, particularly in the field of Vertical Take Off and Landing (VTOL) UASs. The sensor configuration of a UAS varies depending on the specific use case and type of UAS deployed. Because of this, the different systems have different possibilities to detect and act on a wide range of emergencies. However, all these systems require an appropriate emergency landing method to address potential dangers during UAS flights, regardless of whether the UAS is piloted or flies autonomously. A literature review was conducted to analyze existing research on emergency landings for UASs and identify the necessary requirements for safe emergency landing (SEL) operations. Based on these findings, a novel SEL method was developed. This method presented in this thesis involves semantically segmenting images from a ground-facing camera onboard of the UAS to extract information about its environment. The segmented image is then undistorted to project it onto a ground plane, assuming a flat earth model, restoring metric information. The resulting projection is geo-tagged with the UAS’s current position to create an instance map of the current point in time. By filtering consecutive instance maps using majority voting, a stable map is aggregated, which is then further utilized to detect potential SEL spots by using its inherent semantic information, and for navigation. The SEL method is implemented via the middleware Robot Operating System version 2 (ROS2) using a set of packages responsible for landing spot detection and communication with the flight controller. The development of the SEL implementation included continuous testing in software in the loop (SITL) simulations and real-world test flights, which validated both individual elements of the SEL pipeline and the entire method, resulting in successful demonstrated fully autonomous SEL operations. It can be concluded that the developed method meets all the identified requirements for SEL operations. Y1 - 2024 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-45775 CY - Ingolstadt ER - TY - THES A1 - Rollwagen, Alice T1 - The influence of user personality on requirements for the communication of automated shuttle buses in the exterior N2 - The future of automated mobility aims to create significant opportunities for growth and prosperity for the population. An appropriate level of understanding of automated driving, especially in the context of automated shuttle buses, is crucial for improving road safety. Nevertheless, there are many constructs that attempt to predict the factors for people’s perception of automated shuttle buses, but there is no known study to date that has directly examined whether people’s personality traits influences the perception and interaction with such vehicles. This study examines the relationship between personality traits and people’s perception with fully automated shuttle buses. We conducted a study with 40 participants in a virtual CAVE to gain an in-depth understanding of the correlation between the Big Five personality dimensions and the factors influencing the perception of automated shuttle buses. We show that certain personality traits have a main effect on the influencing factors for automated shuttle buses. We found that four of the five dimensions of the Big Five have a significant impact on how people perceive the interaction with an automated shuttle bus. This is particularly seen in the context of Trust, Usability and Acceptance. The results showed that Agreeableness, Conscientiousness and Extraversion had a positive effect on Technology Acceptance, while Neuroticism had a negative effect. Conscientiousness also had a positive effect on the Usability and Agreeableness and Extraversion a positive effect on Trust. Furthermore, it was found that for some personality traits (especially for Agreeableness) the presence of the eHMI has a very high moderate impact on the correlation with the influencing factors. The results are consistent with other studies relating to the Big Five and technology. Suggestions for future research are discussed. Y1 - 2024 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-45781 CY - Ingolstadt ER - TY - THES A1 - Iberl, Andreas Benedikt T1 - Numerische Untersuchungen des kapillaren Aufstiegs und der Validität des Berechnungsverfahrens mit interFoam N2 - Diese Arbeit liefert einen Beitrag zur Beschreibung des kapillaren Aufstiegs zwischen zwei parallelen Platten und innerhalb eines kreisrunden zylindrischen Rohrs mit Methoden aus dem Bereich der numerischen Strömungsmechanik. Dabei wird mit dem Gleichungslöser interFoam aus dem Softwarepaket OpenFOAM gearbeitet und verschiedene Studien vorgestellt. Zunächst werden die Grundlagen aus dem Bereich der Strömungsmechanik und der Strömungssimulation erklärt, bevor einige Ergebnisse aus der Literatur analysiert werden. Daraufhin werden eigene Resultate aus unterschiedlichen numerischen Untersuchungen gezeigt, wobei keine endgültige Netzunabhängigkeit erreicht wird. Wichtig ist die Erkenntnis, dass der Kompressionsfaktor aus dem MULES-Algorithmus für eine korrekte Abbildung des kapillaren Aufstiegs null sein muss, da ansonsten die Phasengrenzfläche komprimiert wird und der stationäre Wert nicht erreicht wird. Mit Implementierung einer Schlupfrandbedingung wird außerdem eine gute Übereinstimmung mit numerischen Werten aus der Literatur erzielt, wobei die Größe der Schlupflänge noch näher untersucht werden sollte. Innerhalb dieser Arbeit wird eine vom Netz unabhängige stationäre Steighöhe erreicht, die auch mit einem relativ groben Netz berechnet werden kann. Eine Annäherung des berechneten Kapillardrucks und des Kontaktwinkels an analytisch ermittelte Werte konnte ebenfalls verwirklicht werden. Y1 - 2022 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-35403 CY - Ingolstadt ER - TY - THES A1 - Kern, Tobias T1 - Loss optimisation in the drive train with PMSM taking into account the interaction of the switching frequency and behavior of SiC mosfets N2 - For electric vehicles, the range becomes more and more relevant. Adding more battery weight will add additional drivable range at the cost of increased energy consumption of the vehicles. Therefore this work aims to minimize the traction system losses by investigating inverters switching frequency. Mathematical descriptions of the losses were implemented, and simulation models were set up based on the reviewed literature. These models were validated against the mathematical description and the manufacturer's online tool. This work results in a mathematical approach to determine the efficiency optimal switching frequency. The derived behavior could also be reproduced by simulation. Due to the unavailability of hardware, the models are not checked against the real world. When the hardware is available, the validation will be completed. Y1 - 2022 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-34833 CY - Ingolstadt ER - TY - THES A1 - Schwan, Hannes T1 - Entwicklung und Verifikation einer Betriebsstrategie für ein hocheffizientes Push-Pull ZCS Class E² induktives Energieübertragungssystem für automobile Anwendungen N2 - In dieser Arbeit wird unter der Berücksichtigung des Einflusses der relativen Position der Übertragungsspulen eines Push-Pull ZCS Class E2 induktiven Energieübertragungssystems für die automobile Anwendung eine Betriebsstrategie entwickelt und experimentell untersucht, ob diese optimales Verhalten unabhängig des Betriebspunktes gewährleisten kann. Y1 - 2021 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-8550 CY - Ingolstadt ER - TY - THES A1 - Baldauf, Tobias T1 - Entwicklung einer Leistungsflussoptimierung für den stromnetzdienlichen Einsatz von Biogasanlagen zum Ausgleich von fluktuierenden erneuerbaren Energien N2 - In dieser Masterarbeit wurden Formulierungen und Lösungsmethoden der Leistungsflussoptimierung (OPF) für den kurzfristigen, stromnetzdienlichen Einsatz von Biogasanlagen (BGAs) als Flexibilität anlagentechnisch und softwareseitig evaluiert. Im Fokus steht dabei der vorausschauende Ausgleich von fluktuierenden erneuerbaren Energien (FEE) zur Einhaltung der Stromnetzkapazitäten. Die Beschreibung der BGA in der OPF wurde anhand von Flexibilitätsindikatoren vorgenommen. Aufgrund der rechenzeitbedingten Restriktionen wurde für ein 22-Bus-System ein Optimierungshorizont von 15 s bis 30 s bei einer zeitlichen Auflösung von 60 s definiert. Zur Darstellung des Stromnetzes wurden verschiedene konvexe Modelle sowie Maschinelles Lernen und Heuristiken betrachtet. Die Auswahl eines geeigneten Modells erfolgte basierend auf den Faktoren Lösungsfindung, Rechenzeit und Anpassungsfähigkeit. Schlussendlich wurde eine linearisierte Formulierung der Wechselstrom (AC) -OPF ausgewählt. Zur Berücksichtigung der Unsicherheiten von prognostizierter Einspeisung von Photovoltaik (PV)-Anlagen wurde eine wahrscheinlichkeitsbedingte OPF implementiert. In verschiedenen Simulationen konnten so die limitierten Kapazitäten eines Systems eingehalten werden. Die solare Einstrahlung wurde dafür als Zufallszahl eingeführt. Die Parametrisierung der Zufallszahl und der Wahrscheinlichkeitsbedingungen erfolgte basierend auf vorhandenen Validierungsergebnissen einer Einstrahlungsvorhersage sowie durchgeführten Simulationen. Die entwickelte OPF wurde im Einsatz in einem übergeordneten Optimierungsalgorithmus getestet. Ein ökonomische Einsatzplanung erfolgte dabei mit einem bereits vorliegenden langfristigen Optimierungsalgorithmus. Die OPF passte die Vorgaben entsprechend an, um potenziellen Überlastungen von Systemkapazitäten vorzubeugen. Dabei wird der vorgegebene Einsatzplan entsprechend einer PV-Prognose und den Systemlimitierungen so weit wie möglich realisiert. Neben der Einhaltung der Wirkleistung wurde dabei auch eine lokale Blindleistungskompensation betrachtet. Zur Einhaltung einer ökonomische Betriebsweisen wurde eine Nachbehandlungspolitik sowie eine Erweiterung der OPF entwickelt. In einer realitätsnahen Simulation konnte so keine Minderung der erzielbaren Erlöse durch eine kurzfristige Adaption des Einsatzplanes durch die OPF festgestellt werden. Y1 - 2023 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-38271 CY - Ingolstadt ER -