TY - THES A1 - Güzel, Rezzan T1 - Comparison of SCADA systems and their effect on predictive maintenance strategies in large PV power plants N2 - Large PV power plant investments have accelerated in the last decade due to economic and political developments in the world. These investments have led to the technological development and maturity of all components used in a large PV power plant. However, large PV power plants still face various failures at the system and component levels. Detecting these failures instantly or even in advance will minimize the operation and maintenance costs and maximize the system reliability and safety of large PV power plants. As SCADA is still the most mature control and monitoring technology in the industry, PV power plant designers and operators can benefit from its functionalities to develop predictive maintenance strategies and control the large PV power plant built in a wide area. The thesis aims to conduct research on available SCADA infrastructure technologies for large PV power plants and compare them in a technical aspect to understand their effect on developing predictive maintenance strategies. Developing predictive maintenance strategies for large PV power plants depends on the correct, coherent, and reliable data provided by the SCADA system. All the necessary SCADA components that generate and transmit the operational data are identified. Standard SCADA communication protocols and topologies are compared in terms of their applicability to large PV power plants and their positive contribution to developing predictive maintenance strategies. Key performance indicators are identified for generating the actual operational trends, which are compared to expected or designed operating trends in the scope of predictive maintenance strategy. To improve the reliability and safety of the SCADA system, cyber-attack risk mitigation methods and redundancy instruments are presented. By considering all the findings and results of the multifaceted comparisons, a SCADA infrastructure system is designed as a case study to improve the effectiveness of the predictive maintenance strategy of a gold mine PV + BESS hybrid power plant in Burkina Faso. Y1 - 2023 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-36053 CY - Ingolstadt ER - TY - THES A1 - Fan, Chuen-Hau T1 - Developing the refrigerant-cycle-simulation of the hybrid heat pump in Simulink/Simscape and validating with measurement data N2 - The main objective of the thesis is to develop the simulation model of the refrigerant cycle in full operation mode by MATLAB Simscape and validate the model with the measurement data from the existing heat pump prototype. It starts with introducing the fundamentals of heat pumps, including explaining the refrigerant cycle, coefficient of performance, and performance factor. Then review the application of different types of heat pumps, refrigerants, and heat exchangers from the literature. For modeling the heat pump, two methods are used in the work. The compressor and the expansion valve are using the first method which is modeled by the datasheet and the measurement data; the condenser and the evaporator are utilizing another method for modeling which is by the MATLAB tool parameter estimator. The thesis has explained the detailed method of modeling the heat pump. After completing the model, it has been run and validated by the measurement data from the prototype. The model can operate properly and the properties of the simulation model are reasonable. But for validating the model which means compared to the measurement data from the prototype, there are still some flaws or errors, especially for the evaporator model. They will be discussed in the work. Overall, the thesis still provides a promising method for developing the simulation model of a heat pump. T2 - Erstellung einer Hybridwärmepumpen-Kältekreis-Simulation in Simulink/Simscape und Validierung mittels Messdaten Y1 - 2023 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-36466 CY - Ingolstadt ER - TY - THES A1 - Müller, Simon Nikolaus T1 - Technical and economical optimization of public car-charging infrastructure via determination of key performance indicators and identification of potential for improvement N2 - The passenger transport sector is undergoing a transition towards electric mobility to reduce CO2 emissions. One commonly mentioned challenge that could hinder the success of electric vehicles is the availability of public charging infrastructure. This work focuses on optimizing public car infrastructure from both technical and economic perspectives, providing valuable insights for decision-makers and operators of charging infrastructure. It begins with a general analysis of mobility behavior in Germany, followed by an examination of charging locations. Subsequently, the stakeholders involved in public car charging infrastructure are identified, and their goals are used to construct a set of key performance indicators (KPIs). These KPIs enable a comprehensive assessment of public car charging infrastructure. The identified KPIs, including Economic Efficiency, Utilization, and Usability, are then applied to an exemplary set of public charging points, showcasing the practicality of these metrics, and offering valuable insights into their current situation. The findings from the application of the KPI set, such as the critical economic situation of the assessed public charging infrastructure, are integrated with potential improvement opportunities and concrete measures to achieve the set goals. The work emphasizes the importance of charging demand and utilization rate as key factors for the success of the evaluated charging stations, while also highlighting various other aspects that can enhance the performance of any public charging station. Y1 - 2023 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-38763 CY - Ingolstadt ER - TY - THES A1 - Kamouss, Jihade T1 - A methodological approach for the optimization of the design of a hybrig hydrogen fuel cell and electric battery ferry regarding the infrastructure N2 - In response to the rising environmental concerns, emission-free ferries, particularly hybrid hydrogen fuel cell and electric battery (HFC-EB) ferries have been considered a promising alternative to conventional ones with the potential to achieve efficient emissions reduction. However, their widespread adoption in the maritime industry is still limited due to numerous obstacles, including the lack of the required infrastructure to support them and the absence of regulatory frameworks such as refueling protocols designed for ferries. Currently, the design of hybrid ferries’ storage systems is driven solely by their requirements and focuses only on the optimization of the ferry’s operational side using several approaches, such as energy management systems (EMS). In regards to this, the present work considers the infrastructure dimension, such that a proposal of a hydrogen refueling protocol for ferries has been first developed based on the SAE J2601 standard designed particularly for light-duty vehicles. Further to this, two simplified models of a hydrogen refueling station (HRS) and a power charging station (PCS) infrastructures have been developed in Dymola/Modelica and later used to conduct the optimization investigations of a selected ferry case study regarding the infrastructure in a holistic approach. The energy split design between hydrogen and electricity was studied along with other parameters that impact the infrastructure design to be optimized regarding the infrastructure holistically by running various simulations. The sensitivity analysis results of these investigations’ simulations show the significant impact of infrastructure consideration when designing a hybrid ferry. In addition, it has been demonstrated that immense potential benefits can be harvested from the infrastructure perspective in terms of efficiency and cost effectiveness, including savings of power losses, cooling energy, storage system volume on board the ferry, and operational costs of both the ferry and infrastructure. Finally, by considering all the findings in an integrated and interconnected way, stakeholders of the maritime transportation sector, including ferry owners and operators and infrastructure providers, can identify the optimum split design of the hybrid storage system in a holistic approach regarding the infrastructure following the methodology for optimization developed throughout this work. Keywords: Hydrogen fuel cell/electric battery ferry, hydrogen refueling protocol for ferries, storage system design, optimization methodology, infrastructure, charging, refueling, simulation Y1 - 2023 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-37048 CY - Ingolstadt ER - TY - THES A1 - Sanli, Batuhan T1 - Technical and economic analysis of traditional grid reinforcement measures for German distribution grids N2 - The further expansion of decentralized renewable energy sources and ramp-up in electric mobility and heat pumps triggers the need for traditional grid reinforcement measures. To effectively address the growing demand, it is crucial to simultaneously assess numerous options to generate technically optimal and economically feasible solutions. Therefore, new traditional grid reinforcement measures are introduced to the grid planning tool, eDisGo, and grid reinforcement simulations are conducted on high-resolution synthetic grid models representing the German grids for the investigations. Firstly, one scenario representing the future state of the German grid and six synthetically generated medium voltage grids, including underlying low voltage grids, are chosen. After grid issues are determined by respecting voltage and loading limits with power flow analyses based on the selected scenario, the existing and new measures are applied to the grids as a group or individually to solve the issues. Subsequently, with the results obtained for the MV and LV grid levels, the changes in the grids are analysed, and the extent to which the employed measures provide improvements. Lastly, as a result of the analyses, considering the grid reinforcement costs of each measure or measure group, the optimal solution for each grid characteristic is presented. In grids with highly loaded long feeders and a high number of feeders, reinforcements for LV grids with an additional MV/LV substation can offer the most suitable solution in terms of cost and improvement ratings. Splitting the feeders at a particular point provides cost-efficient solutions in reinforcing critical voltage deviations in MV and LV grids. In the reinforcement of overloading issues, the most optimal solutions cost- and improvement-wise is generally adding-line-based measures if the feeders are not long and comprised of highly overloaded lines. Optimization of switching unit in medium voltage rings conducted based on the loading of the feeders; although it is not a suitable solution in every case in terms of cost and improvement, costs can be kept at a lower priority since it is a vital reinforcement measure in terms of ensuring supply reliability in the rings. Y1 - 2023 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-37069 CY - Ingolstadt ER - TY - THES A1 - Mülazimoglu, Aslihan T1 - Non-isolated microgrid business models for low voltage applications BT - a case study in southern Brazil N2 - Power systems globally are undergoing a significant transformation driven by the need to transition from fossil fuel-based systems to low-carbon and renewable energy sources. Increasing distribution energy resources penetration has led to the development of local generation and consumption ideas and, consequently, the emergence of the microgrid concept. However, the displacement of traditional power plants by distributed energy resources, especially in low voltage grids, poses new challenges for distribution grids’ operation, such as voltage control. The reactive power support capability of distributed energy resources, one of the microgrid components, makes them a potentially useful source for voltage issues. However, this support should be allowed within the framework permitted by regulations. Although the Brazilian power system is mainly based on renewable energy sources, Brazilian legislation does not support the potential service capability of distributed energy resources. Moreover, the absence of an ancillary services market and the non-remuneration of ancillary services are the main reasons for distributed energy resources and microgrids not participating in such services. This thesis proposes developing two business models for a non-isolated microgrid in Brazil, one that considers regulations and one that can be described as innovative by not considering regulations. The business model has been developed with a reactive energy compensation approach in which PV inverters are used. Furthermore, two different remuneration mechanisms have been proposed for the innovative business model. The microgrid where the developed business models are implemented is modelled and simulated in Open Distribution System Simulator with IEEE 13-node test feeder. Since the simulated microgrid does not have any voltage issues, sensitivity analysis is performed to be able to provide more accurate results. The sensitivity analysis results show that the proposed remuneration mechanism can motivate the microgrid to provide ancillary services, resulting in a profit for the microgrid and mitigating voltage problems of the distribution grid. Y1 - 2023 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-37329 CY - Ingolstadt ER - TY - THES A1 - Manonin, Nikita T1 - Comparison of different criteria for the grid integration of wind power N2 - This thesis is focused on investigating the different criteria, such as Wind Capacity Penetration, Wind Energy Penetration, Maximum Share of Wind Power, Short Circuit Ratio and Simultaneity Factor. The main idea is to determine these criteria application areas, particularly installed power limitations in a particular region, in terms of grid stability. Y1 - 2023 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-39593 CY - Ingolstadt ER - TY - THES A1 - Patel, Jaimin Babubhai T1 - An overview of smart cities with model-based analysis of a smart grid N2 - Due to different reasons, cities are continuously changing in terms of technology, infrastructure, Internet of Things (IoT), strategy and are increasingly challenged to improve their competitiveness. With the speedy expansion in the metropolitan area, climate change problems are also increasing. The concept of a smart city was invented to address all the challenges what cities are facing. A Smart city target is to plan a city to provide primary resources like infrastructure, health care, secure food supply, energy, but at the same time; it also needs to make sure that overall economic, social, and environmental sustainability and include citizens with good quality of life, both sustainable and environmentally helpful by decreasing the carbon footprint. A smart city is distributed in three main components, a smart physical infrastructure, a smart digital infrastructure, and a smart community infrastructure. Smart cities components are explained with the targets and future research on different components with examples. Existing and developing smart cities such as Masdar City, Amsterdam, and Singapore are explained with the vision and strategy. Fossil fuel will be empty shortly, and with having this in mind, Renewable energy sources are the key parameter for smart city development. The smart grid utilizes the power in more advanced technology with fewer power losses, and it also gives them the freedom to integrate different renewable energy sources and divide them into different microgrids for better power efficiency. A detailed Hybrid Microgrid (HMG) model has been simulated in the MATLAB/Simulink 2021a environment. The proposed model contains the different distributed energy resources such as photovoltaic, battery energy storage system, doubly fed induction machine for a wind turbine, transformers, and different controllers. Furthermore, It consists of AC and DC buses with different types of load at two voltage levels. The proposed model results are being analyzed in two scenarios. The proposed model will provide a base case for other future studies such as reactive power compensation, optimization, energy storage strategies, fault-tolerant control, stability and inertia analysis, demand response studies, hierarchical control. Y1 - 2021 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-33068 CY - Ingolstadt ER - TY - THES A1 - Dalir, Amirsam T1 - The main tear and wear cases in off-shore wind turbines N2 - The offshore wind industry is flourishing year by year and the operators are dealing with the respective challenges affecting the lifespan of the offshore wind turbines. For this purpose, a thorough acquaintance with the vulnerabilities and related failure modes in the offshore wind turbine components is the first step to encounter and tackle the problems. However, both the offshore and onshore wind turbines generally experience the same failures, the specific conditions in offshore cases such as salty and corrosive environment, wind gust, etc…, can accelerate these failures and affect the service life of the components. Accordingly, precise investigations of the main failures in the offshore environment are necessary to recognize the causes and mechanisms of these failures and protect the system from them. In this research, the critical failure modes in offshore cases are investigated besides their causes and mechanisms, as well as the most critical components are discussed to determine the share of each of them in the total failure rate for offshore wind turbines. Y1 - 2021 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-33117 CY - Ingolstadt ER - TY - THES A1 - Baluev, Igor T1 - Design and performance evaluation of a nearly zero-energy office building in a cold climate N2 - Energy independence of commercial buildings is a critical aspect of modern construction. In the context of a planned office building project in Ekibastuz, Kazakhstan, located in an extreme climate with unstable coal energy tariffs, it is necessary to determine the energy needs and understand how to cover them. This thesis focuses on determining the level of efficiency in the use of electricity, reducing dependence on local energy suppliers, and integrating alternative sources. The energy assessment was carried out using software tools such as Autodesk Revit and DesignBuilder, which allow the integration of building information modeling (BIM), building energy modeling (BEM) and energy supply modeling (ESM) to optimize the energy design. The results of commercial projects aimed at achieving nearly zero-energy building (nZEB) standards have informed the development of two energy concepts, both aiming to decrease dependency on district heating networks. These concepts encompass electrical and thermal concepts. In the electrical concept, the air-water heat pump (AWHP) and electric boiler demonstrated better energy efficiency compared to the thermal concept, which utilized a biomass boiler in conjunction with solar thermal collectors (STC) to mitigate the impact of coal-fired electricity. In addition to reducing energy dependence in the air handling unit (AHU), it is proposed to introduce a ground water-to-water heat pump (GWWHP), which is connected to the surface exchanger to capture heat leaks from central heating networks. A comparative analysis of installations without and with heating recovery unit (HRU) shows a fivefold reduction in electricity consumption for heating supply air. Solar technologies, including STC and photovoltaic (PV) panels, are integrated into each concept, but the limited use of STC makes a PV system the preferred option. The decisions made during the modeling process resulted in a fourfold reduction in the office building's average annual consumption compared to government requirements. Selection of energy efficient equipment and modeling led to nZEB classification for both concepts, achieving renewable energy system (RES) penetration rate from 16% to 33% of total consumption. Economic analysis using the annuity method highlights the cost-effectiveness of rooftop PV systems compared to façade PV systems. In addition, wood pellets and solar heat help reduce costs in the thermal concept. The environmental analysis shows the significant reduction in carbon dioxide emissions achieved by the thermal concept, highlighting the importance of alternative energy sources for sustainable urban development. Y1 - 2023 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-45192 CY - Ingolstadt ER -