TY - JOUR A1 - Delooz, Quentin A1 - Willecke, Alexander A1 - Garlichs, Keno A1 - Hagau, Andreas-Christian A1 - Wolf, Lars A1 - Vinel, Alexey A1 - Festag, Andreas T1 - Analysis and Evaluation of Information Redundancy Mitigation for V2X Collective Perception JF - IEEE Access N2 - Sensor data sharing enables vehicles to exchange locally perceived sensor data among each other and with the roadside infrastructure to increase their environmental awareness. It is commonly regarded as a next-generation vehicular communication service beyond the exchange of highly aggregated messages in the first generation. The approach is being considered in the European standardization process, where it relies on the exchange of locally detected objects representing anything safety-relevant, such as other vehicles or pedestrians, in periodically broadcasted messages to vehicles in direct communication range. Objects filtering methods for inclusion in a message are necessary to avoid overloading a channel and provoking unnecessary data processing. Initial studies provided in a pre-standardization report about sensor data sharing elaborated a first set of rules to filter objects based on their characteristics, such as their dynamics or type. However, these rules still lack the consideration of information received by other stations to operate. Specifically, to address the problem of information redundancy, several rules have been proposed, but their performance has not been evaluated yet comprehensively. In the present work, the rules are further analyzed, assessed, and compared. Functional and operational requirements are investigated. A performance evaluation is realized by discrete-event simulations in a scenario for a representative city with realistic vehicle densities and mobility patterns. A score and other redundancy-level metrics are elaborated to ease the evaluation and comparison of the filtering rules. Finally, improvements and future works to the filtering methods are proposed. UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3170029 KW - Collective perception KW - information redundancy mitigation KW - road safety KW - sensor data sharing KW - V2X communications Y1 - 2022 UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3170029 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-28662 SN - 2169-3536 VL - 10 SP - 47076 EP - 47093 PB - IEEE CY - New York ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Löw, Jakob A1 - Bayerl, Dominik A1 - Hof, Hans-Joachim T1 - Implementation of a Software Based Glitching Detection Mechanism JF - International Journal on Advances in Security KW - computer security KW - clocks KW - microcontrollers KW - program compilers KW - program control structures Y1 - 2022 UR - https://www.iariajournals.org/security/tocv15n12.html SN - 1942-2636 VL - 15 IS - 1&2 SP - 31 EP - 40 PB - IARIA CY - [s. l.] ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Mayer, Kevin A1 - Bayerl, Dominik A1 - Hof, Hans-Joachim T1 - Überwachung in modernen Fahrzeugen BT - Ergebnisse einer fahrzeugforensischen Untersuchung JF - Datenschutz und Datensicherheit - DuD UR - https://doi.org/10.1007/s11623-021-1459-5 Y1 - 2021 UR - https://doi.org/10.1007/s11623-021-1459-5 SN - 1862-2607 VL - 45 IS - 6 SP - 399 EP - 403 PB - Springer CY - Berlin ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bazzi, Alessandro A1 - Sepulcre, Miguel A1 - Delooz, Quentin A1 - Festag, Andreas A1 - Vogt, Jonas A1 - Wieker, Horst A1 - Berens, Friedbert A1 - Spaanderman, Paul T1 - Multi-Channel Operation for the Release 2 of ETSI Cooperative Intelligent Transport Systems JF - IEEE Communications Standards Magazine N2 - Vehicles and road infrastructure are starting to be equipped with vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication solutions to increase road safety and provide new services to drivers and passengers. In Europe, the deployment is based on a set of Release 1 standards developed by ETSI to support basic use cases for cooperative intelligent transport systems (C-ITS). For them, the capacity of a single 10 MHz channel in the ITS band at 5.9 GHz is considered sufficient. At the same time, the ITS stakeholders are working toward several advanced use cases, which imply a significant increment of data traffic and the need for multiple channels. To address this issue, ETSI has recently standardized a new multi-channel operation (MCO) concept for flexible, efficient, and future-proof use of multiple channels. This new concept is defined in a set of new specifications that represent the foundation for the future releases of C-ITS standards. The present article provides a comprehensive review of the new set of specifications, describing the main entities that extend the C-ITS architecture at the different layers of the protocol stack. In addition, the article provides representative examples that describe how these MCO standards will be used in the future and discusses some of the main open issues arising. The review and analysis of this article facilitate the understanding and motivation of the new set of Release 2 ETSI specifications for MCO and the identification of new research opportunities. UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/MCOMSTD.0001.2200080 Y1 - 2024 UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/MCOMSTD.0001.2200080 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-58154 SN - 2471-2833 VL - 8 IS - 1 SP - 28 EP - 35 PB - IEEE CY - New York ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Song, Rui A1 - Zhou, Liguo A1 - Lyu, Lingjuan A1 - Festag, Andreas A1 - Knoll, Alois T1 - ResFed: Communication-Efficient Federated Learning With Deep Compressed Residuals JF - IEEE Internet of Things Journal N2 - Federated learning allows for cooperative training among distributed clients by sharing their locally learned model parameters, such as weights or gradients. However, as model size increases, the communication bandwidth required for deployment in wireless networks becomes a bottleneck. To address this, we propose a residual-based federated learning framework (ResFed) that transmits residuals instead of gradients or weights in networks. By predicting model updates at both clients and the server, residuals are calculated as the difference between updated and predicted models and contain more dense information than weights or gradients. We find that the residuals are less sensitive to an increasing compression ratio than other parameters, and hence use lossy compression techniques on residuals to improve communication efficiency for training in federated settings. With the same compression ratio, ResFed outperforms current methods (weight- or gradient-based federated learning) by over 1.4× on federated data sets, including MNIST, FashionMNIST, SVHN, CIFAR-10, CIFAR-100, and FEMNIST, in client-to-server communication, and can also be applied to reduce communication costs for server-to-client communication. UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/JIOT.2023.3324079 Y1 - 2023 UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/JIOT.2023.3324079 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-46371 SN - 2327-4662 VL - 11 IS - 6 SP - 9458 EP - 9472 PB - IEEE CY - New York ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hegde, Anupama A1 - Song, Rui A1 - Festag, Andreas T1 - Radio Resource Allocation in 5G-NR V2X: A Multi-Agent Actor-Critic Based Approach JF - IEEE Access N2 - The efficiency of radio resource allocation and scheduling procedures in Cellular Vehicle-to-X (Cellular V2X) communication networks directly affects link quality in terms of latency and reliability. However, owing to the continuous movement of vehicles, it is impossible to have a centralized coordinating unit at all times to manage the allocation of radio resources. In the unmanaged mode of the fifth generation new radio (5G-NR) V2X, the sensing-based semi-persistent scheduling (SB-SPS) loses its effectiveness when V2X data messages become aperiodic with varying data sizes. This leads to misinformed resource allocation decisions among vehicles and frequent resource collisions. To improve resource selection, this study formulates the Cellular V2X communication network as a decentralized multi-agent networked markov decision process (MDP) where each vehicle agent executes an actor-critic-based radio resource scheduler. Developing further the actor-critic methodology for the radio resource allocation problem in Cellular V2X, two variants are derived: independent actor-critic (IAC) and shared experience actor-critic (SEAC). Results from simulation studies indicate that the actor-critic schedulers improve reliability, achieving a 15-20% higher probability of reception under high vehicular density scenarios with aperiodic traffic patterns. UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3305267 KW - Cellular V2X KW - radio resource allocation KW - deep reinforcement learning Y1 - 2023 UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3305267 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-39352 SN - 2169-3536 VL - 11 SP - 87225 EP - 87244 PB - IEEE CY - New York ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bauder, Maximilian A1 - Kubjatko, Tibor A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg T1 - Cooperative Awareness Messages’ Generation Frequencies, Trigger Distributions, and Pseudonym Changes of First Commercially Deployed Vehicles in Real Operating Scenarios JF - IEEE Access N2 - Cooperative Intelligent Transport Systems have been deployed in mass-produced vehicles in Europe (Golf 8, ID.3, etc.) since 2019, promising major improvements in vehicle safety, efficiency, and comfort. Equipped with Vehicle-to-X communication, the vehicles directly send information about their driving status to the environment. The data are already used for many Vehicle-to-X communication use-cases specified by the Car-2-Car Communication Consortium to achieve the above-mentioned improvements. This study focuses on using Vehicle-2-X communication and its messages for accident analysis. For this purpose, we investigated the advantage in temporal resolution of the continuously sent Cooperative Awareness Message compared to the Event-Data-Recorder for accident reconstruction in the pre-crash. A high resolution of the temporal accident scene is essential for the doubtless clarification of accidents. Therefore, we analyzed the generation frequencies and the trigger conditions of the Cooperative Awareness Message of vehicles available on the European market while driving in real traffic and during different parking maneuvers. Also, the pseudonym change was analyzed. We found that the average generation frequency of the Cooperative Awareness Message is higher than the 2.00 Hz recording frequency of the event data recorder for all scenarios investigated. Especially on rural roads and highways, the temporal resolution is advantageous. Since many serious accidents occur on rural roads, the use of Cooperative Awareness Messages could significantly benefit the reconstruction of the accident scene. Thus, we recommend increasing efforts to use the Cooperative Awareness Message as digital data for accident analysis and encourage more scientists to deal with this topic. UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3292576 KW - Accident analysis KW - accident reconstruction KW - cooperative awareness message KW - cooperative intelligent transport systems KW - fundamental data KW - real operating investigation KW - vehicle-2-X communication Y1 - 2023 UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3292576 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-38543 SN - 2169-3536 VL - 11 SP - 69708 EP - 69719 PB - IEEE CY - New York ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Dietl, Laura A1 - Facchi, Christian ED - Zöldy, Máté T1 - Is Maximum Entropy Deep Inverse Reinforcement Learning Suitable for Pedestrian Path Prediction? T2 - Proceedings of the 3rd Cognitive Mobility Conference UR - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-81799-1_20 Y1 - 2025 UR - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-81799-1_20 SN - 978-3-031-81799-1 SP - 215 EP - 229 PB - Springer CY - Cham ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Maksimovski, Daniel A1 - Facchi, Christian T1 - Priority-Based Cooperative Driving Planner for V2X Maneuver Coordination Application T2 - 2025 IEEE 22nd Consumer Communications & Networking Conference (CCNC) UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/CCNC54725.2025.10975982 Y1 - 2025 UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/CCNC54725.2025.10975982 SN - 979-8-3315-0805-0 PB - IEEE CY - Piscataway ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Lobo, Silas A1 - Festag, Andreas A1 - Facchi, Christian T1 - Adaptive Message Prioritization: How to Prioritize VRU Awareness Messages in a Congested V2X Network T2 - 2024 IEEE 27th International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC) UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/ITSC58415.2024.10919704 Y1 - 2025 UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/ITSC58415.2024.10919704 SN - 979-8-3315-0592-9 SP - 423 EP - 430 PB - IEEE CY - Piscataway ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Festag, Andreas A1 - Udupa, Shrivatsa A1 - Garcia, Lourdes A1 - Wellens, Ralf A1 - Hecht, Matthias A1 - Ulfig, Pierre T1 - End-to-End Performance Measurements of Drone Communications in 5G Cellular Networks T2 - 2021 IEEE 94th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC2021-Fall): Proceedings UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/VTC2021-Fall52928.2021.9625429 KW - drone KW - measurements KW - end-to-end performance KW - 5G KW - network slicing KW - BVLOS Y1 - 2021 UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/VTC2021-Fall52928.2021.9625429 SN - 978-1-6654-1368-8 PB - IEEE CY - Piscataway ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Maksimovski, Daniel A1 - Facchi, Christian A1 - Festag, Andreas T1 - Packet Rate Control for Maneuver Coordination in Congested V2X Communication Environments T2 - 2024 IEEE 100th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC2024-Fall), Proceedings UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/VTC2024-Fall63153.2024.10758036 Y1 - 2024 UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/VTC2024-Fall63153.2024.10758036 SN - 979-8-3315-1778-6 PB - IEEE CY - Piscataway ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Festag, Andreas A1 - Song, Rui T1 - Analysis of Existing Approaches for Information Sharing in Cooperative Intelligent Transport Systems BT - SENSORIS and V2X Messaging T2 - FISITA World Congress 2021 Y1 - 2021 UR - https://www.fisita.com/library/f2020-acm-012 N1 - Schreibfehler im Titel auf Website der FISITA Library: "Analysis of Existing Approaches for Information Sharingin Cooperative Intelligent Transport Systems" PB - FISITA CY - Bishops Stortford ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Koch, Daniel A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg T1 - Possibilities for a Quick Onsite Safety-State Assessment of Stand-Alone Lithium-Ion Batteries JF - Batteries N2 - Electric vehicles’ high-voltage lithium-ion batteries are complex systems and can be sources of several hazards for interacting people. Sophisticated battery management systems (BMS) therefore constantly monitor their characteristics and varying states, to keep the battery within desired operational conditions and to mitigate safety risks as well as excessive degradation. However, there can be several situations where the battery is not in normal operation (e.g., a stand-alone battery) and a fully functional BMS monitoring function is not available. When necessary to interact with the system, its safety state must be deduced to ensure the safety of interactors. This can be a challenging task depending on a situation’s characteristics (time pressure, technical knowledge of involved people). Thus, this article discusses how the safety state of electric vehicle batteries can be evaluated quickly even by untrained people. To develop a solution, different scenarios, which require a battery’s state assessment, and the options for collecting relevant information are motivated and discussed, respectively. Finally, a mobile interface that can evaluate and display the safety state by using BMS-internal data is described and demonstrated. UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries8110213 KW - safety-state assessment KW - stand-alone battery KW - quick state assessment KW - battery transport Y1 - 2022 UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries8110213 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-29439 SN - 2313-0105 VL - 8 IS - 11 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Steger, Fabian A1 - Krogh, Jonathan A1 - Meegahapola, Lasantha A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg T1 - Calculating Available Charge and Energy of Lithium-Ion Cells Based on OCV and Internal Resistance JF - Energies N2 - The design and operation of performant and safe electric vehicles depend on precise knowledge of the behavior of their electrochemical energy storage systems. The performance of the battery management systems often relies on the discrete-time battery models, which can correctly emulate the battery characteristics. Among the available methods, electric circuit-based equations have shown to be especially useful in describing the electrical characteristics of batteries. To overcome the existing drawbacks, such as discrete-time simulations for parameter estimation and the usage of look-up tables, a set of equations has been developed in this study that solely relies on the open-circuit voltage and the internal resistance of a battery. The parameters can be obtained from typical cell datasheets or can be easily extracted via standard measurements. The proposed equations allow for the direct analytical determination of available discharge capacity and the available energy content depending on the discharge current, as well as the Peukert exponent. The fidelity of the proposed system was validated experimentally using 18650 NMC and LFP lithium-ion cells, and the results are in close agreement with the datasheet. UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/en15217902 KW - battery management system KW - electric vehicles KW - state-of-charge KW - energy content KW - mathematical model KW - Peukert exponent Y1 - 2022 UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/en15217902 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-29479 SN - 1996-1073 VL - 15 IS - 21 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Song, Rui A1 - Hegde, Anupama A1 - Senel, Numan A1 - Knoll, Alois A1 - Festag, Andreas T1 - Edge-Aided Sensor Data Sharing in Vehicular Communication Networks T2 - 2022 IEEE 95th Vehicular Technology Conference: (VTC2022-Spring) Proceedings UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/VTC2022-Spring54318.2022.9860849 KW - sensor data sharing and fusion KW - cooperative perception KW - vehicular communication KW - distributed estimation KW - measurement noise Y1 - 2022 UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/VTC2022-Spring54318.2022.9860849 SN - 978-1-6654-8243-1 SN - 2577-2465 PB - IEEE CY - Piscataway (NJ) ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Maksimovski, Daniel A1 - Facchi, Christian A1 - Festag, Andreas T1 - Priority Maneuver (PriMa) Coordination for Connected and Automated Vehicles T2 - 2021 IEEE International Intelligent Transportation Systems Conference (ITSC) UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/ITSC48978.2021.9564923 Y1 - 2021 UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/ITSC48978.2021.9564923 SN - 978-1-7281-9142-3 SP - 1083 EP - 1089 PB - IEEE CY - Piscataway ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Delooz, Quentin A1 - Festag, Andreas A1 - Vinel, Alexey T1 - Congestion Aware Objects Filtering for Collective Perception JF - Electronic Communications of the EASST N2 - This paper addresses collective perception for connected and automated driving. It proposes the adaptation of filtering rules based on the currently available channel resources, referred to as Enhanced DCC-Aware Filtering (EDAF). UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.14279/tuj.eceasst.80.1160 KW - V2X KW - Decentralized Congestion Control KW - Collective Perception Y1 - 2021 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.14279/tuj.eceasst.80.1160 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-14761 SN - 1863-2122 VL - 80 PB - TU Berlin CY - Berlin ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Volk, Georg A1 - Delooz, Quentin A1 - Schiegg, Florian A1 - Bernuth, Alexander von A1 - Festag, Andreas A1 - Bringmann, Oliver T1 - Towards Realistic Evaluation of Collective Perception for Connected and Automated Driving T2 - 2021 IEEE International Intelligent Transportation Systems Conference (ITSC) UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/ITSC48978.2021.9564783 KW - Conferences KW - Pipelines KW - Information age KW - Delays KW - Vehicle-to-everything KW - Autonomous vehicles KW - Intelligent transportation systems Y1 - 2021 UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/ITSC48978.2021.9564783 SN - 978-1-7281-9142-3 SP - 1049 EP - 1056 PB - IEEE CY - Piscataway ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Hegde, Anupama A1 - Festag, Andreas T1 - Mode Switching Performance in Cellular-V2X T2 - 2020 IEEE Vehicular Networking Conference (VNC) UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/VNC51378.2020.9318394 KW - Switches KW - Synchronization KW - Base stations KW - Vehicle-to-everything KW - Resource management KW - Global navigation satellite system KW - Sensors Y1 - 2021 UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/VNC51378.2020.9318394 SN - 978-1-7281-9221-5 PB - IEEE CY - Piscataway ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Delooz, Quentin A1 - Riebl, Raphael A1 - Festag, Andreas A1 - Vinel, Alexey T1 - Design and Performance of Congestion-Aware Collective Perception T2 - 2020 IEEE Vehicular Networking Conference (VNC) UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/VNC51378.2020.9318335 KW - Logic gates KW - Wireless sensor networks KW - Wireless communication KW - Europe KW - Vehicle dynamics KW - Standards KW - Safety Y1 - 2021 UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/VNC51378.2020.9318335 SN - 978-1-7281-9221-5 PB - IEEE CY - Piscataway ER -