TY - INPR A1 - Heinl, Patrizia A1 - Patapovas, Andrius A1 - Pilgermann, Michael T1 - Towards AI-enabled Cyber Threat Assessment in the Health Sector N2 - Cyber attacks on the healthcare industry can have tremendous consequences and the attack surface expands continuously. In order to handle the steadily rising workload, an expanding amount of analog processes in healthcare institutions is digitized. Despite regulations becoming stricter, not all existing infrastructure is sufficiently protected against cyber attacks. With an increasing number of devices and digital processes, the system and network landscape becomes more complex and harder to manage and therefore also more difficult to protect. The aim of this project is to introduce an AI-enabled platform that collects security relevant information from the outside of a health organization, analyzes it, delivers a risk score and supports decision makers in healthcare institutions to optimize investment choices for security measures. Therefore, an architecture of such a platform is designed, relevant information sources are identified, and AI methods for relevant data collection, selection, and risk scoring are explored. UR - https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2409.12765 Y1 - 2024 UR - https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2409.12765 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-58381 PB - arXiv CY - Ithaca ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Barbosa da Silva, Leonardo A1 - Lobo, Silas A1 - Fernández, Evelio A1 - Facchi, Christian ED - Vinel, Alexey ED - Berns, Karsten ED - Ploeg, Jeroen ED - Gusikhin, Oleg T1 - What Is the Right Bounding Box of a VRU Cluster in V2X Communication? How to Form a Good Shape? T2 - Vehits 2024: 10th International Conference on Vehicle Technology and Intelligent Transport Systems Proceedings N2 - Among the possible traffic members on a Vehicle-to-Everything network, the term Vulnerable Road User (VRU) is assigned e.g. to pedestrians and cyclists. The VRU Awareness Message (VAM) is used by VRUs to inform other users of their presence and ensure they are perceived in a traffic system. Since the number of VRUs in crowded areas might be very high, the over-the-air traffic might be overloaded. To reduce channel overload, VAMs offer a clustering feature in which VRUs with similar kinematics and positions can group themselves so that only one device transmits messages. The VRU Basic Service specification describes the cluster as a bounding box that must cover all its members using a geometric shape so that other vehicles in the vicinity can avoid colliding with the contained VRUs. This paper contributes to the standardization effort by introducing a data structure, the Cluster Map, for the clustering in the VRU Basic Service. Furthermore, this work is the first to suggest strategies for forming bounding box shapes. Simulation results show that each of the geometry types is useful in different situations, thus further research on the topic is advised. UR - https://doi.org/10.5220/0012699100003702 Y1 - 2024 UR - https://doi.org/10.5220/0012699100003702 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-48553 SN - 978-989-758-703-0 SP - 144 EP - 155 PB - SciTePress CY - Setúbal ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Song, Rui A1 - Festag, Andreas A1 - Jagtap, Abhishek Dinkar A1 - Bialdyga, Maximilian A1 - Yan, Zhiran A1 - Otte, Maximilian A1 - Sadashivaiah, Sanath Tiptur A1 - Knoll, Alois T1 - First Mile: An Open Innovation Lab for Infrastructure-Assisted Cooperative Intelligent Transportation Systems T2 - 2024 IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium (IV) UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/IV55156.2024.10588500 Y1 - 2024 UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/IV55156.2024.10588500 SN - 979-8-3503-4881-1 SP - 1635 EP - 1642 PB - IEEE CY - Piscataway ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Mayer, Kevin A1 - Volkersdorfer, Tina A1 - Hofbauer, Jenny A1 - Heinl, Patrizia A1 - Hof, Hans-Joachim ED - Hussain, Fatima ED - Fries, Steffen T1 - Vehicle Security Operations Center for Cooperative, Connected and Automated Mobility T2 - SECURWARE 2024: The Eighteenth International Conference on Emerging Security Information, Systems and Technologies Y1 - 2024 UR - https://www.thinkmind.org/library/SECURWARE/SECURWARE_2024/securware_2024_2_190_30080.html SN - 978-1-68558-206-7 SP - 156 EP - 164 PB - IARIA CY - [s. l.] ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Michl, Marco A1 - Hof, Hans-Joachim ED - Hussain, Fatima ED - Fries, Steffen T1 - Towards a Stakeholder-Centric Trust Management Approach for the Automotive Ecosystem T2 - SECURWARE 2024: The Eighteenth International Conference on Emerging Security Information, Systems and Technologies Y1 - 2024 UR - https://www.thinkmind.org/library/SECURWARE/SECURWARE_2024/securware_2024_2_70_30036.html SN - 978-1-68558-206-7 SP - 64 EP - 70 PB - IARIA CY - [s. l.] ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Löw, Jakob A1 - Mayer, Kevin A1 - Hof, Hans-Joachim ED - Hussain, Fatima ED - Fries, Steffen T1 - Fast Charging Communication and Cybersecurity: A Technology Review T2 - SECURWARE 2024: The Eighteenth International Conference on Emerging Security Information, Systems and Technologies Y1 - 2024 UR - https://www.thinkmind.org/library/SECURWARE/SECURWARE_2024/securware_2024_2_50_30030.html SN - 978-1-68558-206-7 SP - 52 EP - 57 PB - IARIA CY - [s. l.] ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Hofbauer, Jenny A1 - Mayer, Kevin ED - Hussain, Fatima ED - Fries, Steffen T1 - Blue Team Fundamentals: Roles and Tools in a Security Operations Center T2 - SECURWARE 2024: The Eighteenth International Conference on Emerging Security Information, Systems and Technologies Y1 - 2024 UR - https://www.thinkmind.org/library/SECURWARE/SECURWARE_2024/securware_2024_2_220_30089.html SN - 978-1-68558-206-7 SP - 176 EP - 184 PB - IARIA CY - [s. l.] ER - TY - INPR A1 - Morris, John A1 - Tatschner, Stefan A1 - Heinl, Michael P. A1 - Heinl, Patrizia A1 - Newe, Thomas A1 - Plaga, Sven T1 - Cybersecurity as a Service UR - https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2402.13965 Y1 - 2024 UR - https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2402.13965 PB - arXiv CY - Ithaca ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bazzi, Alessandro A1 - Sepulcre, Miguel A1 - Delooz, Quentin A1 - Festag, Andreas A1 - Vogt, Jonas A1 - Wieker, Horst A1 - Berens, Friedbert A1 - Spaanderman, Paul T1 - Multi-Channel Operation for the Release 2 of ETSI Cooperative Intelligent Transport Systems JF - IEEE Communications Standards Magazine N2 - Vehicles and road infrastructure are starting to be equipped with vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication solutions to increase road safety and provide new services to drivers and passengers. In Europe, the deployment is based on a set of Release 1 standards developed by ETSI to support basic use cases for cooperative intelligent transport systems (C-ITS). For them, the capacity of a single 10 MHz channel in the ITS band at 5.9 GHz is considered sufficient. At the same time, the ITS stakeholders are working toward several advanced use cases, which imply a significant increment of data traffic and the need for multiple channels. To address this issue, ETSI has recently standardized a new multi-channel operation (MCO) concept for flexible, efficient, and future-proof use of multiple channels. This new concept is defined in a set of new specifications that represent the foundation for the future releases of C-ITS standards. The present article provides a comprehensive review of the new set of specifications, describing the main entities that extend the C-ITS architecture at the different layers of the protocol stack. In addition, the article provides representative examples that describe how these MCO standards will be used in the future and discusses some of the main open issues arising. The review and analysis of this article facilitate the understanding and motivation of the new set of Release 2 ETSI specifications for MCO and the identification of new research opportunities. UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/MCOMSTD.0001.2200080 Y1 - 2024 UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/MCOMSTD.0001.2200080 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-58154 SN - 2471-2833 VL - 8 IS - 1 SP - 28 EP - 35 PB - IEEE CY - New York ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Delooz, Quentin A1 - Maksimovski, Daniel A1 - Festag, Andreas A1 - Facchi, Christian ED - Stiller, Christoph ED - Althoff, Matthias ED - Burger, Christoph ED - Deml, Barbara ED - Eckstein, Lutz ED - Flemisch, Frank T1 - Design and Evaluation of V2X Communication Protocols for Cooperatively Interacting Automobiles T2 - Cooperatively Interacting Vehicles: Methods and Effects of Automated Cooperation in Traffic N2 - This chapter studies two key communication services for the support of cooperative driving capabilities using Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) communications: sensor data sharing and maneuver coordination. Based on the current state of the art in research and pre-standardization of V2X communications, we enhance the protocol design for both services and assess their performance by discrete-event simulations in highway and city scenarios. The first part of this chapter addresses the performance improvement of sensor data sharing by two complementary strategies. The shared sensor data are adapted to the available resources on the used channel. Furthermore, the redundancy of the transmitted information is reduced to lower the load on the wireless channel, whereas several approaches are proposed and assessed. The second part of the chapter analyzes cooperative maneuver coordination protocols. We propose a distributed approach based on the explicit exchange of V2X messages, which introduces priorities in maneuver coordination and studies several communication patterns for the negotiation and coordination of maneuvers among two and more vehicles. The results demonstrate the potential of V2X communications for automated driving, showcase several approaches for enhancements of sensor data sharing and maneuver coordination, and indicate the performance of these enhancements. UR - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-60494-2_6 Y1 - 2024 UR - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-60494-2_6 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-50008 SN - 978-3-031-60494-2 SN - 978-3-031-60493-5 SP - 159 EP - 199 PB - Springer CY - Cham ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Maksimovski, Daniel A1 - Facchi, Christian A1 - Festag, Andreas T1 - Packet Rate Control for Maneuver Coordination in Congested V2X Communication Environments T2 - 2024 IEEE 100th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC2024-Fall), Proceedings UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/VTC2024-Fall63153.2024.10758036 Y1 - 2024 UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/VTC2024-Fall63153.2024.10758036 SN - 979-8-3315-1778-6 PB - IEEE CY - Piscataway ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Haß, Jan A1 - Schieber, Christina A1 - Meilinger, Florian A1 - Kotak, Yash A1 - Sevinc, Serkan A1 - Lang, Philipp A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg T1 - Investigation of the Effects Caused by Current Interruption Devices of Lithium Cells at High Overvoltages JF - Applied Sciences N2 - A faulty voltage measurement can lead to the overcharging of a Li-Ion cell, resulting in gas formation and heating inside the cell, which can trigger thermal runaway. To mitigate this risk, cylindrical cells are equipped with a Current Interrupt Device (CID), which functions as a pressure relief valve, disconnecting the electrical circuit within the cell when internal pressure rises. However, this disconnection causes the cell to suddenly become highly resistant, posing a significant issue in series-connected cells. In such configurations, a portion or even the entire system voltage may drop across the disconnected cell, substantially increasing the likelihood of an electric arc. This arc could ignite any escaping flammable gases, leading to catastrophic failures. In a series of tests conducted on three different cell chemistries—NMC (Nickel Manganese Cobalt), NCA (Nickel Cobalt Aluminum), and LFP (Lithium Iron Phosphate)—it was found that the safe operation of the CID cannot be guaranteed for system voltages exceeding 120 V. Although comparative tests at double the nominal cell voltage did not exhibit the same behavior, these findings suggest that current safety standards, which recommend testing at double the nominal voltage, may not adequately address the risks involved. The tests further revealed that series connections of cells with CIDs are inherently dangerous, as, in the worst-case scenario, the entire system voltage can be concentrated across a single cell, leading to potential system failure. UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/app14188238 Y1 - 2024 UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/app14188238 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-51215 SN - 2076-3417 VL - 14 IS - 18 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Peringer, Stefan Michael A1 - Kotak, Yash A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg T1 - Experimental Investigation of Heat Dissipation of Lithium–Ion Cells and Its Correlation with Internal Resistance JF - Applied Sciences N2 - Power loss is a limiting factor for batteries and individual cells. The resulting heat generation due to the power loss leads to reduced battery performance and, thus, lower efficiency. These losses are largely due to the internal resistance of the cells. Therefore, it is important to accurately determine the value of the internal resistance of lithium–ion cells. From the literature, it was found that there are three widely used internal resistance-measurement methods (current step method, direct-energy-loss method, and calorimeter measurement), with negligible research on their comparison demonstrating the most efficient method. Henceforth, to find the most optimal method, this research adopts all three methods on a variety of cell chemistries, including Lithium-ion Manganese Oxide (LMO), Lithium Iron Phosphate (LFP), Nickel Manganese Cobalt (NMC), and Lithium Titanium-Oxide (LTO) for different c-rates (1 C, 2 C, and 3 C), with a wide temperature range (from 0 °C to 40 °C). UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/app14167430 Y1 - 2024 UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/app14167430 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-50513 SN - 2076-3417 VL - 14 IS - 16 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Blümke, Julian A1 - Mayer, Kevin A1 - Hof, Hans-Joachim T1 - An Analysis of Security Concerns in Transitioning Battery Management Systems from First to Second Life T2 - ARES 24: 19th International Conference on Availability, Reliability and Security N2 - Lithium-ion batteries are becoming essential vehicle components with the ongoing shift to electric vehicles. Battery management systems manage these batteries. Typically, battery management systems used to be placed deep within the vehicle architecture, away from external interfaces. However, with increasing connectivity to backend systems, e.g., to improve monitoring battery properties and optimize charging, battery management systems have moved closer to the attack surface, increasing security risks. Also, batteries will soon be reused in so-called second life applications, e.g., as an energy storage system in a private home. While conventional methods involve removing the battery and reusing it with a new battery management system, modern methods retain the original system. Though security controls exist for first and second life applications, there is a lack of research on the transition phase. This paper analyzes the phase of transferring the battery management system from the first to the second life of particular relevance for security, privacy, and intellectual property. We try to close this research gap by analyzing the security aspects of a battery management system life cycle and its altering system environment. We are defining the transition phase, identifying necessary activities, and providing cybersecurity needs for the transitioning of battery management systems from first to second life. UR - https://doi.org/10.1145/3664476.3671010 KW - battery management system KW - BMS KW - second life batteries KW - cybersecurity KW - security control KW - transition Y1 - 2024 UR - https://doi.org/10.1145/3664476.3671010 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-49625 SN - 979-8-4007-1718-5 PB - ACM CY - New York ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Heinl, Patrizia A1 - Reichl-Streich, Andrea-Julia ED - Ohm, Marc T1 - Securing the Lifeline: Identifying AI Security Threats in Healthcare Supply Chains T2 - Proceedings of the 14th SPRING graduate workshop of the special interest group Security – Intrusion Detection and Response (SIDAR) of the German Informatics Society (GI) Y1 - 2024 UR - https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://fg-sidar.gi.de/fileadmin/FG/SIDAR/Reports/SIDAR-Report-SR-2024-01.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwi395zCgYiIAxVx_rsIHQ1JOGsQFnoECBMQAQ&usg=AOvVaw1nUh1Mn_Aqch1IW0fKoEHi SN - 2190-846X SP - 8 EP - 10 PB - Gesellschaft für Informatik CY - Bonn ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Maksimovski, Daniel A1 - Facchi, Christian A1 - Festag, Andreas T1 - A Framework of Use Cases, Scenarios, and Metrics for Evaluation of V2X Maneuver Coordination T2 - 2024 IEEE Vehicular Networking Conference (VNC) UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/VNC61989.2024.10575992 Y1 - 2024 UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/VNC61989.2024.10575992 SN - 979-8-3503-6270-1 SP - 1 EP - 8 PB - IEEE CY - Piscataway ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Maksimovski, Daniel A1 - Lobo, Silas A1 - Facchi, Christian T1 - Prioritization of Maneuver Coordination Messages and the Impact of Decentralized Congestion Control T2 - 2024 IEEE 99th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC2024-Spring): Proceedings UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/VTC2024-Spring62846.2024.10683237 Y1 - 2024 UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/VTC2024-Spring62846.2024.10683237 SN - 979-8-3503-8741-4 PB - IEEE CY - Piscataway ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wett, Christopher A1 - Lampe, Jörg A1 - Haß, Jan A1 - Seeger, Thomas A1 - Turan, Bugra T1 - On the State of Usability for Lithium–Ion Batteries JF - Batteries N2 - Lithium–ion batteries are well established as traction batteries for electric vehicles. This has led to a growing market for second-life batteries that can be used in applications like home energy storage systems. Moreover, the recyclability and safe handling of aged or damaged cells and packs has become more important. While there are several indicators, like state of health (SOH), state of power (SOP), or state of safety (SOS), which describe the state of a battery before its defined end of life (EOL), there is no consistent classification methodology by which to describe the usability of a cell or pack after its EOL is reached. The proposed state of usability (SOU) provides a new indicator that accounts for the usability for second life, recyclability, and possible required safety handling of a lithium–ion battery after its first intended life cycle. This work presents a decision tree method, which in turn leads to five discrete usability levels enabling a fast and rough determination of the SOU for practical use. Further, a calculation methodology for reasonable continuous regions of the SOU is proposed. Both methods are based on a literature-based rating of all of the relevant defect and aging mechanisms displayed in a risk matrix. Finally, some experimental methods that can be used for SOU determination are proposed. The developed methodology and the hands-on approach using a decision tree are well-suited for real world application in recycling companies and battery test laboratories. UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries10020057 KW - lithium–ion battery KW - state of usability KW - second life KW - recycling KW - safety KW - sustainability Y1 - 2024 UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries10020057 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-47160 SN - 2313-0105 VL - 10 IS - 2 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Maksimovski, Daniel A1 - Facchi, Christian T1 - Decentralized V2X Maneuver Sharing and Coordination Message for Cooperative Driving: Analysis in Mixed Traffic T2 - 2023 IEEE 26th International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC) UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/ITSC57777.2023.10421976 Y1 - 2024 UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/ITSC57777.2023.10421976 SN - 979-8-3503-9946-2 SP - 5182 EP - 5189 PB - IEEE CY - Piscataway ER - TY - INPR A1 - Song, Rui A1 - Liang, Chenwei A1 - Cao, Hu A1 - Yan, Zhiran A1 - Zimmer, Walter A1 - Gross, Markus A1 - Festag, Andreas A1 - Knoll, Alois T1 - Collaborative Semantic Occupancy Prediction with Hybrid Feature Fusion in Connected Automated Vehicles N2 - Collaborative perception in automated vehicles leverages the exchange of information between agents, aiming to elevate perception results. Previous camera-based collaborative 3D perception methods typically employ 3D bounding boxes or bird's eye views as representations of the environment. However, these approaches fall short in offering a comprehensive 3D environmental prediction. To bridge this gap, we introduce the first method for collaborative 3D semantic occupancy prediction. Particularly, it improves local 3D semantic occupancy predictions by hybrid fusion of (i) semantic and occupancy task features, and (ii) compressed orthogonal attention features shared between vehicles. Additionally, due to the lack of a collaborative perception dataset designed for semantic occupancy prediction, we augment a current collaborative perception dataset to include 3D collaborative semantic occupancy labels for a more robust evaluation. The experimental findings highlight that: (i) our collaborative semantic occupancy predictions excel above the results from single vehicles by over 30%, and (ii) models anchored on semantic occupancy outpace state-of-the-art collaborative 3D detection techniques in subsequent perception applications, showcasing enhanced accuracy and enriched semantic-awareness in road environments. UR - https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2402.07635 Y1 - 2024 UR - https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2402.07635 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-46035 PB - arXiv CY - Ithaca ER -