TY - JOUR A1 - Kotak, Bhavya A1 - Kotak, Yash A1 - Brade, Katja A1 - Kubjatko, Tibor A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg T1 - Battery Crush Test Procedures in Standards and Regulation: Need for Augmentation and Harmonisation JF - Batteries N2 - Battery safety is a prominent concern for the deployment of electric vehicles (EVs). The battery powering an EV contains highly energetic active materials and flammable organic electrolytes. Usually, an EV battery catches fire due to its thermal runaway, either immediately at the time of the accident or can take a while to gain enough heat to ignite the battery chemicals. There are numerous battery abuse testing standards and regulations available globally. Therefore, battery manufacturers are always in dilemma to choose the safest one. Henceforth, to find the optimal outcome of these two major issues, six standards (SAE J2464:2009, GB/T 31485-2015:2015, FreedomCAR:2006, ISO 12405-3:2014, IEC 62660-2:2010, and SAND2017-6295:2017) and two regulations (UN/ECE-R100.02:2013 and GTR 20:2018), that are followed by more than fifty countries in the world, are investigated in terms of their abuse battery testing conditions (crush test). This research proves that there is a need for (a) augmenting these standards and regulations as they do not consider real-life vehicle crash scenarios, and (b) one harmonised framework should be developed, which can be adopted worldwide. These outcomes will solve the battery manufacturers dilemma and will also increase the safety of EV consumers. UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries7030063 KW - lithium-ion battery KW - electric vehicle battery KW - battery standard KW - battery regulation KW - battery testing standard KW - battery testing regulation KW - abuse testing KW - harmonising battery standard KW - crush test procedure KW - battery incidents KW - battery standard and regulation augmentation Y1 - 2021 UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries7030063 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-11083 SN - 2313-0105 VL - 7 IS - 3 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Obermaier, Christina A1 - Riebl, Raphael A1 - Al-Bayatti, Ali H. A1 - Khan, Sarmadullah A1 - Facchi, Christian T1 - Measuring the Realtime Capability of Parallel-Discrete-Event-Simulations JF - Electronics N2 - Speeding up Discrete Event Simulations (DESs) is a broad research field. Promising Parallel Discrete Event Simulation (PDES) approaches with optimistic and conservative synchronisation schemes have emerged throughout the years. However, in the area of real-time simulation, PDESs are rarely considered. This is caused by the complex problem of fitting parallel executed DES models to a real-time clock. Hence, this paper gives an extensive review of existing conservative and optimistic synchronisation schemes for PDESs. It introduces a metric to compare their real-time capabilities to determine whether they can be used for soft or firm real-time simulation. Examples are given on how to apply this metric to evaluate PDESs using synthetic and real-world examples. The results of the investigation reveal that no final answer can be given if PDESs can be used for soft or firm real-time simulation as they are. However, boundary conditions were defined, which allow a use-case specific evaluation of the real-time capabilities of a certain parallel executed DES. Using this in-depth knowledge and can lead to predictability of the real-time behaviour of a simulation run. UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics10060636 KW - real-time simulation KW - Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks KW - Discrete Event Simulation KW - network simulation Y1 - 2021 UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics10060636 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-10883 SN - 2079-9292 VL - 10 IS - 6 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ahlberg Tidblad, Annika A1 - Edström, Kristina A1 - Hernández, Guiomar A1 - de Meatza, Iratxe A1 - Landa-Medrano, Imanol A1 - Jacas Biendicho, Jordi A1 - Trilla, Lluís A1 - Buysse, Maarten A1 - Ierides, Marcos A1 - Perez Horno, Beatriz A1 - Kotak, Yash A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg A1 - Koch, Daniel A1 - Kotak, Bhavya T1 - Future Material Developments for Electric Vehicle Battery Cells Answering Growing Demands from an End-User Perspective JF - Energies N2 - Nowadays, batteries for electric vehicles are expected to have a high energy density, allow fast charging and maintain long cycle life, while providing affordable traction, and complying with stringent safety and environmental standards. Extensive research on novel materials at cell level is hence needed for the continuous improvement of the batteries coupled towards achieving these requirements. This article firstly delves into future developments in electric vehicles from a technology perspective, and the perspective of changing end-user demands. After these end-user needs are defined, their translation into future battery requirements is described. A detailed review of expected material developments follows, to address these dynamic and changing needs. Developments on anodes, cathodes, electrolyte and cell level will be discussed. Finally, a special section will discuss the safety aspects with these increasing end-user demands and how to overcome these issues. UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/en14144223 KW - electric vehicle KW - battery material KW - anode KW - cathode KW - electrolyte KW - battery safety KW - end-user demands Y1 - 2021 UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/en14144223 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-10149 SN - 1996-1073 VL - 14 IS - 14 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kostetzer, Lucas A1 - Nebl, Christoph A1 - Stich, Michael A1 - Bund, Andreas A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg T1 - Physics-Based Modeling and Parameter Identification for Lithium Ion Batteries Under High Current Discharge Conditions JF - Journal of the Electrochemical Society UR - https://doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/abc726 Y1 - 2020 UR - https://doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/abc726 SN - 1945-7111 VL - 167 IS - 14 PB - IOP Publishing CY - Bristol ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Lausch, Jonas A1 - Takla, Monir A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg T1 - Crush testing approach for flat-plate fibrous materials JF - Composites Part B: Engineering UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2020.108333 KW - Plates KW - Mechanical properties KW - Impact behavior KW - Mechanical testing KW - Energy absorption Y1 - 2020 UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2020.108333 SN - 1879-1069 VL - 2020 IS - 200 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Geisbauer, Christian A1 - Wöhrl, Katharina A1 - Koch, Daniel A1 - Wilhelm, Gudrun A1 - Schneider, Gerhard A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg T1 - Comparative Study on the Calendar Aging Behavior of Six Different Lithium-Ion Cell Chemistries in Terms of Parameter Variation JF - Energies N2 - The degradation of lithium-ion cells is an important aspect, not only for quality management, but also for the customer of the application like, e.g., scooters or electric vehicles. During the lifetime of the system, the overall health on the battery plays a key role in its depreciation. Therefore, it is necessary to monitor the health of the battery during operation, i.e., cycle life, but also during stationary conditions, i.e., calendar aging. In this work, the degradation due to calendar aging is analyzed for six different cell chemistries in terms of capacity degradation and impedance increase and their performance are being compared. In a new proposed metric, the relative deviations between various cells with the exact identical aging history are being analyzed for their degradation effects and their differences, which stands out in comparison to similar research. The capacity loss was found to be most drastic at 60 °C and at higher storage voltages, even for titanate-oxide cells. LiNiMnCoO2 (NMC), LiNiCoAlO2 (NCA) and Li2TiO3 (LTO) cells at 60 °C showed the most drastic capacity decrease. NMC and NCA cells at 60 °C and highest storage voltage did not show any open circuit voltage, as their current interrupt mechanism triggered. The effect of aging shows no uniform impact on the changes in the capacity variance when comparing different aging conditions, with respect to the evaluated standard deviation for all cells. The focus of this work was on the calendar aging effect and may be supplemented in a second study for cyclic aging. UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/en14113358 KW - electromobility KW - batteries KW - lithium-ion KW - calendar aging KW - electric vehicle KW - capacity degradation KW - storage KW - parameter distribution Y1 - 2021 UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/en14113358 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-10091 SN - 1996-1073 VL - 14 IS - 11 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Lausch, Jonas A1 - Takla, Monir A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg T1 - Crush characteristics of flat-plate discontinuous carbon composites JF - Composites Part A: Applied science and manufacturing UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2021.106431 Y1 - 2021 UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2021.106431 SN - 1359-835X VL - 147 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kotak, Yash A1 - Marchante Fernández, Carlos A1 - Canals Casals, Lluc A1 - Kotak, Bhavya A1 - Koch, Daniel A1 - Geisbauer, Christian A1 - Trilla, Lluís A1 - Gómez-Nuñez, Alberto A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg T1 - End of Electric Vehicle Batteries BT - Reuse vs. Recycle JF - Energies N2 - It is a fact that electric vehicles (EVs) are beneficial for climate protection. However, the current challenge is to decide on whether to reuse an EV battery or to recycle it after its first use. This paper theoretically investigates these areas i.e., recycle and reuse. It was found that there are several commercially used recycling processes and also some are under research to regain maximum possible materials and quantity. The concept of reusing (second life) of the battery is promising because, at the end of the first life, batteries from EVs can be used in several applications such as storing energy generated from renewable sources to support the government grid. However, the cost and life-cycle analysis (LCA) demonstrated that there are several aspects involved in battery reuse applications. Henceforth, one LCA generalised method cannot provide an optimal approach for all cases. It is important to have a detailed study on each of the battery reusing applications. Until then, it is safe to say that reusing the battery is a good option as it would give some time to recycling companies to develop cost and energy-efficient methods. UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/en14082217 KW - battery recycling KW - battery reuse KW - battery second life KW - circular economy KW - lithium-ion cells KW - electric vehicles KW - battery components recycling KW - sustainability in mobility KW - battery safety KW - battery cost analysis Y1 - 2021 UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/en14082217 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-10115 SN - 1996-1073 VL - 14 IS - 8 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wöhrl, Katharina A1 - Geisbauer, Christian A1 - Nebl, Christoph A1 - Lott, Susanne A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg T1 - Crashed Electric Vehicle Handling and Recommendations - State of the Art in Germany JF - Energies N2 - In the near future, electric powered vehicles will represent a major part of the road traffic. Accordingly, there will be a natural increase of accidents involving electric vehicles. There are not many cases of such accidents yet and therefore the experience and correct handling are still partially open points for the involved parties, such as the rescue services for example. The aim of this work is to provide a complete overview of the accident handling sequence in Germany, starting with the damaged vehicle on site and moving on to the risks and challenges for the stakeholders, such as transport and recycling companies. Arising from the developed overview, a handling recommendation for yet undiscussed points is given. Especially, different extinguishing and deactivation methods are compared and discussed. Due to a lack of a common live-feed from battery data on site, other criteria have to be taken into account to assess the state of the battery. The wrecked vehicle—including the high voltage system—needs to be in a definite safe state at the handover to a towing service. Depending on the case, different options for securing the vehicle will be considered in this work. UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/en14041040 KW - electric vehicle KW - battery KW - high voltage KW - accident KW - recommendation KW - energy storage KW - thermal runaway KW - fire extinguishing KW - rescue service KW - handling Y1 - 2021 UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/en14041040 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-10123 SN - 1996-1073 VL - 14 IS - 4 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - INPR A1 - Song, Rui A1 - Liu, Dai A1 - Chen, Dave Zhenyu A1 - Festag, Andreas A1 - Trinitis, Carsten A1 - Schulz, Martin A1 - Knoll, Alois T1 - Federated Learning via Decentralized Dataset Distillation in Resource Constrained Edge Environments N2 - In federated learning, all networked clients contribute to the model training cooperatively. However, with model sizes increasing, even sharing the trained partial models often leads to severe communication bottlenecks in underlying networks, especially when communicated iteratively. In this paper, we introduce a federated learning framework FedD3 requiring only one-shot communication by integrating dataset distillation instances. Instead of sharing model updates in other federated learning approaches, FedD3 allows the connected clients to distill the local datasets independently, and then aggregates those decentralized distilled datasets (e.g. a few unrecognizable images) from networks for model training. Our experimental results show that FedD3 significantly outperforms other federated learning frameworks in terms of needed communication volumes, while it provides the additional benefit to be able to balance the trade-off between accuracy and communication cost, depending on usage scenario or target dataset. For instance, for training an AlexNet model on CIFAR-10 with 10 clients under non-independent and identically distributed (Non-IID) setting, FedD3 can either increase the accuracy by over 71% with a similar communication volume, or save 98% of communication volume, while reaching the same accuracy, compared to other one-shot federated learning approaches. UR - https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2208.11311 Y1 - 2022 UR - https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2208.11311 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-60054 PB - arXiv CY - Ithaca ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Knierim, Pascal A1 - Prange, Sarah A1 - Alt, Florian A1 - Feger, Sebastian A1 - Schneegass, Stefan A1 - Sasse, M. Angela A1 - Bayerl, Dominik A1 - Hof, Hans-Joachim ED - Marky, Karola ED - Grünefeld, Uwe ED - Kosch, Thomas T1 - Inclusive Security by Design T2 - Mensch und Computer 2022 - Workshopband UR - https://doi.org/10.18420/muc2022-mci-ws14-128 KW - usable security KW - inclusion KW - self-determined security Y1 - 2022 UR - https://doi.org/10.18420/muc2022-mci-ws14-128 PB - Gesellschaft für Informatik e.V. CY - Bonn ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Bayerl, Dominik A1 - Hutzelmann, Thomas A1 - Hof, Hans-Joachim T1 - Efficient Cross-Architecture Binary Function Embeddings through Knowledge Distillation T2 - Proceedings of the 11th ACM Cyber-Physical System Security Workshop N2 - Deep learning has recently been shown to be effective in various tasks related to static binary analysis. One important analysis task is the binary function similarity problem: Given the binary code of two functions compiled with different compilers, different settings, and different processor architectures, the goal is to decide whether the functions are semantically equivalent (i.e. "similar") or not. This problem has numerous applications for embedded systems, for example plagiarism detection, validation of compliance restrictions with usable software licenses, more efficient reverse engineering of existing binary codebases, or vulnerability scanning by detecting known vulnerable functions. In this paper, we propose a novel training scheme for the popular transformer neural network architecture to learn function embeddings directly from instruction listings. Unlike existing approaches, our solution explicitly considers the cross-architecture scenario: we propose a training method to adapt the model to different instruction set architectures (ISA) without having to train a new model from scratch, which allows the model to also be used efficiently for embedded systems, where there are a variety of different processor architectures. We show that our solution achieves a similarity classification accuracy of 89.6% on a dataset consisting of several real-world open source software projects. Finally, we conduct extensive experiments to demonstrate the effectiveness of knowledge distillation in increasing the computational efficiency of the embedding model. We demonstrate a reduction in the number of parameters from 87M to 23M, while still maintaining a classification accuracy of 87.8%. Our code and artifacts are available as open source. UR - https://doi.org/10.1145/3709017.3737709 Y1 - 2025 UR - https://doi.org/10.1145/3709017.3737709 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-61584 SN - 979-8-4007-1413-9 SP - 43 EP - 51 PB - ACM CY - New York ER - TY - INPR A1 - Song, Rui A1 - Liang, Chenwei A1 - Xia, Yan A1 - Zimmer, Walter A1 - Cao, Hu A1 - Caesar, Holger A1 - Festag, Andreas A1 - Knoll, Alois T1 - CoDa-4DGS: Dynamic Gaussian Splatting with Context and Deformation Awareness for Autonomous Driving N2 - Dynamic scene rendering opens new avenues in autonomous driving by enabling closed-loop simulations with photorealistic data, which is crucial for validating end-to-end algorithms. However, the complex and highly dynamic nature of traffic environments presents significant challenges in accurately rendering these scenes. In this paper, we introduce a novel 4D Gaussian Splatting (4DGS) approach, which incorporates context and temporal deformation awareness to improve dynamic scene rendering. Specifically, we employ a 2D semantic segmentation foundation model to self-supervise the 4D semantic features of Gaussians, ensuring meaningful contextual embedding. Simultaneously, we track the temporal deformation of each Gaussian across adjacent frames. By aggregating and encoding both semantic and temporal deformation features, each Gaussian is equipped with cues for potential deformation compensation within 3D space, facilitating a more precise representation of dynamic scenes. Experimental results show that our method improves 4DGS's ability to capture fine details in dynamic scene rendering for autonomous driving and outperforms other self-supervised methods in 4D reconstruction and novel view synthesis. Furthermore, CoDa-4DGS deforms semantic features with each Gaussian, enabling broader applications. UR - https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2503.06744 Y1 - 2025 UR - https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2503.06744 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-58313 PB - arXiv CY - Ithaca ER - TY - INPR A1 - Heinl, Patrizia A1 - Patapovas, Andrius A1 - Pilgermann, Michael T1 - Towards AI-enabled Cyber Threat Assessment in the Health Sector N2 - Cyber attacks on the healthcare industry can have tremendous consequences and the attack surface expands continuously. In order to handle the steadily rising workload, an expanding amount of analog processes in healthcare institutions is digitized. Despite regulations becoming stricter, not all existing infrastructure is sufficiently protected against cyber attacks. With an increasing number of devices and digital processes, the system and network landscape becomes more complex and harder to manage and therefore also more difficult to protect. The aim of this project is to introduce an AI-enabled platform that collects security relevant information from the outside of a health organization, analyzes it, delivers a risk score and supports decision makers in healthcare institutions to optimize investment choices for security measures. Therefore, an architecture of such a platform is designed, relevant information sources are identified, and AI methods for relevant data collection, selection, and risk scoring are explored. UR - https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2409.12765 Y1 - 2024 UR - https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2409.12765 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-58381 PB - arXiv CY - Ithaca ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Barbosa da Silva, Leonardo A1 - Lobo, Silas A1 - Fernández, Evelio A1 - Facchi, Christian ED - Vinel, Alexey ED - Berns, Karsten ED - Ploeg, Jeroen ED - Gusikhin, Oleg T1 - What Is the Right Bounding Box of a VRU Cluster in V2X Communication? How to Form a Good Shape? T2 - Vehits 2024: 10th International Conference on Vehicle Technology and Intelligent Transport Systems Proceedings N2 - Among the possible traffic members on a Vehicle-to-Everything network, the term Vulnerable Road User (VRU) is assigned e.g. to pedestrians and cyclists. The VRU Awareness Message (VAM) is used by VRUs to inform other users of their presence and ensure they are perceived in a traffic system. Since the number of VRUs in crowded areas might be very high, the over-the-air traffic might be overloaded. To reduce channel overload, VAMs offer a clustering feature in which VRUs with similar kinematics and positions can group themselves so that only one device transmits messages. The VRU Basic Service specification describes the cluster as a bounding box that must cover all its members using a geometric shape so that other vehicles in the vicinity can avoid colliding with the contained VRUs. This paper contributes to the standardization effort by introducing a data structure, the Cluster Map, for the clustering in the VRU Basic Service. Furthermore, this work is the first to suggest strategies for forming bounding box shapes. Simulation results show that each of the geometry types is useful in different situations, thus further research on the topic is advised. UR - https://doi.org/10.5220/0012699100003702 Y1 - 2024 UR - https://doi.org/10.5220/0012699100003702 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-48553 SN - 978-989-758-703-0 SP - 144 EP - 155 PB - SciTePress CY - Setúbal ER - TY - INPR A1 - Paula, Daniel A1 - Bauder, Maximilian A1 - Pfeilschifter, Claus A1 - Petermeier, Franziska A1 - Kubjatko, Tibor A1 - Böhm, Klaus A1 - Riener, Andreas A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg T1 - Impact of Partially Automated Driving Functions on Forensic Accident Reconstruction: A Simulator Study on Driver Reaction Behavior in the Event of a Malfunctioning System Behavior N2 - Partially automated driving functions (SAE Level 2) can control a vehicle's longitudinal and lateral movements. However, taking over the driving task involves automation risks that the driver must manage. In severe accidents, the driver's ability to avoid a collision must be assessed, considering their expected reaction behavior. The primary goal of this study is to generate essential data on driver reaction behavior in case of malfunctions in partially automated driving functions for use in legal affairs. A simulator study with two scenarios involving 32 subjects was conducted for this purpose. The first scenario investigated driver reactions to system limitations during cornering. The second scenario examined driver responses to phantom braking caused by the AEBS. As a result, the first scenario shows that none of the subjects could control the situation safely. Due to partial automation, we could also identify a new part of the reaction time, the hands-on time, which leads to increased steering reaction times of 1.18 to 1.74 seconds. In the second scenario, we found that 25 of the 32 subjects could not override the phantom braking by pressing the accelerator pedal, although 16 subjects were informed about the system analog to the actual vehicle manuals. Overall, the study suggests that the current legal perspective on vehicle control and the expected driver reaction behavior for accident avoidance should be reconsidered. UR - https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202311.0947.v1 Y1 - 2023 UR - https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202311.0947.v1 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-42173 PB - Preprints CY - Basel ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Eder, Lukas A1 - Löw, Jakob A1 - Hof, Hans-Joachim T1 - Charging Communication Sniffing and Man-in-the-Middle Attacks T2 - Proceedings of the 16th ACM International Conference on Future and Sustainable Energy Systems N2 - In recent years an increasing amount of electric vehicle fast charging stations have been built to meet the growing demand from rising electric vehicle numbers. The standard for fast charging communication in europe is ISO 15118. In theory the standard includes security controls for authentication and transport encryption. In reality difficulties with implementing those security controls as well as insecure design within the standard lead to multiple possible attack vectors compromising the confidentiality and authenticity of charging communication sessions. The goal of this research is to present different approaches towards performing sniffing and man-in-the-middle attacks against charging communication. We also provide a novel approach, which does not rely on race conditions and thus is more reliable than previous approaches. UR - ttps://doi.org/10.1145/3679240.3734648 Y1 - 2025 UR - ttps://doi.org/10.1145/3679240.3734648 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-60183 SN - 979-8-4007-1125-1 SP - 799 EP - 804 PB - ACM CY - New York ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Song, Rui A1 - Festag, Andreas A1 - Jagtap, Abhishek Dinkar A1 - Bialdyga, Maximilian A1 - Yan, Zhiran A1 - Otte, Maximilian A1 - Sadashivaiah, Sanath Tiptur A1 - Knoll, Alois T1 - First Mile: An Open Innovation Lab for Infrastructure-Assisted Cooperative Intelligent Transportation Systems T2 - 2024 IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium (IV) UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/IV55156.2024.10588500 Y1 - 2024 UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/IV55156.2024.10588500 SN - 979-8-3503-4881-1 SP - 1635 EP - 1642 PB - IEEE CY - Piscataway ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Hegde, Anupama A1 - Lobo, Silas A1 - Festag, Andreas T1 - Cellular-V2X for Vulnerable Road User Protection in Cooperative ITS T2 - 2022 18th International Conference on Wireless and Mobile Computing, Networking and Communications (WiMob) UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/WiMob55322.2022.9941707 KW - Radio resource allocation in Cellular-V2X KW - VRU safety and protection KW - messaging services Y1 - 2022 UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/WiMob55322.2022.9941707 SN - 978-1-6654-6975-3 SP - 118 EP - 123 PB - IEEE CY - Piscataway ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Song, Rui A1 - Liu, Dai A1 - Chen, Dave Zhenyu A1 - Festag, Andreas A1 - Trinitis, Carsten A1 - Schulz, Martin A1 - Knoll, Alois T1 - Federated Learning via Decentralized Dataset Distillation in Resource-Constrained Edge Environments T2 - IJCNN 2023 Conference Proceedings UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/IJCNN54540.2023.10191879 Y1 - 2023 UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/IJCNN54540.2023.10191879 SN - 978-1-6654-8867-9 PB - IEEE CY - Piscataway ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Lobo, Silas A1 - Festag, Andreas A1 - Facchi, Christian T1 - Enhancing the Safety of Vulnerable Road Users: Messaging Protocols for V2X Communication T2 - 2022 IEEE 96th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC2022-Fall) Proceedings UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/VTC2022-Fall57202.2022.10012775 KW - road safety KW - vulnerable road users KW - V2X communication KW - messaging KW - collective perception KW - CPM KW - VAM KW - VRU Y1 - 2023 UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/VTC2022-Fall57202.2022.10012775 SN - 978-1-6654-5468-1 PB - IEEE CY - Piscataway ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Mayer, Kevin A1 - Volkersdorfer, Tina A1 - Hofbauer, Jenny A1 - Heinl, Patrizia A1 - Hof, Hans-Joachim ED - Hussain, Fatima ED - Fries, Steffen T1 - Vehicle Security Operations Center for Cooperative, Connected and Automated Mobility T2 - SECURWARE 2024: The Eighteenth International Conference on Emerging Security Information, Systems and Technologies Y1 - 2024 UR - https://www.thinkmind.org/library/SECURWARE/SECURWARE_2024/securware_2024_2_190_30080.html SN - 978-1-68558-206-7 SP - 156 EP - 164 PB - IARIA CY - [s. l.] ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Michl, Marco A1 - Hof, Hans-Joachim ED - Hussain, Fatima ED - Fries, Steffen T1 - Towards a Stakeholder-Centric Trust Management Approach for the Automotive Ecosystem T2 - SECURWARE 2024: The Eighteenth International Conference on Emerging Security Information, Systems and Technologies Y1 - 2024 UR - https://www.thinkmind.org/library/SECURWARE/SECURWARE_2024/securware_2024_2_70_30036.html SN - 978-1-68558-206-7 SP - 64 EP - 70 PB - IARIA CY - [s. l.] ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Löw, Jakob A1 - Mayer, Kevin A1 - Hof, Hans-Joachim ED - Hussain, Fatima ED - Fries, Steffen T1 - Fast Charging Communication and Cybersecurity: A Technology Review T2 - SECURWARE 2024: The Eighteenth International Conference on Emerging Security Information, Systems and Technologies Y1 - 2024 UR - https://www.thinkmind.org/library/SECURWARE/SECURWARE_2024/securware_2024_2_50_30030.html SN - 978-1-68558-206-7 SP - 52 EP - 57 PB - IARIA CY - [s. l.] ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Hofbauer, Jenny A1 - Mayer, Kevin ED - Hussain, Fatima ED - Fries, Steffen T1 - Blue Team Fundamentals: Roles and Tools in a Security Operations Center T2 - SECURWARE 2024: The Eighteenth International Conference on Emerging Security Information, Systems and Technologies Y1 - 2024 UR - https://www.thinkmind.org/library/SECURWARE/SECURWARE_2024/securware_2024_2_220_30089.html SN - 978-1-68558-206-7 SP - 176 EP - 184 PB - IARIA CY - [s. l.] ER - TY - INPR A1 - Morris, John A1 - Tatschner, Stefan A1 - Heinl, Michael P. A1 - Heinl, Patrizia A1 - Newe, Thomas A1 - Plaga, Sven T1 - Cybersecurity as a Service UR - https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2402.13965 Y1 - 2024 UR - https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2402.13965 PB - arXiv CY - Ithaca ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Flores Fernández, Alberto A1 - Sánchez Morales, Eduardo A1 - Botsch, Michael A1 - Facchi, Christian A1 - García Higuera, Andrés T1 - Generation of Correction Data for Autonomous Driving by Means of Machine Learning and On-Board Diagnostics JF - Sensors N2 - A highly accurate reference vehicle state is a requisite for the evaluation and validation of Autonomous Driving (AD) and Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADASs). This highly accurate vehicle state is usually obtained by means of Inertial Navigation Systems (INSs) that obtain position, velocity, and Course Over Ground (COG) correction data from Satellite Navigation (SatNav). However, SatNav is not always available, as is the case of roofed places, such as parking structures, tunnels, or urban canyons. This leads to a degradation over time of the estimated vehicle state. In the present paper, a methodology is proposed that consists on the use of a Machine Learning (ML)-method (Transformer Neural Network—TNN) with the objective of generating highly accurate velocity correction data from On-Board Diagnostics (OBD) data. The TNN obtains OBD data as input and measurements from state-of-the-art reference sensors as a learning target. The results show that the TNN is able to infer the velocity over ground with a Mean Absolute Error (MAE) of 0.167 kmh (0.046 ms) when a database of 3,428,099 OBD measurements is considered. The accuracy decreases to 0.863 kmh (0.24 ms) when only 5000 OBD measurements are used. Given that the obtained accuracy closely resembles that of state-of-the-art reference sensors, it allows INSs to be provided with accurate velocity correction data. An inference time of less than 40 ms for the generation of new correction data is achieved, which suggests the possibility of online implementation. This supports a highly accurate estimation of the vehicle state for the evaluation and validation of AD and ADAS, even in SatNav-deprived environments. UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/s23010159 KW - On-Board Diagnostics KW - Machine Learning KW - Transformer Neural Network KW - Autonomous Driving KW - ADAS KW - Inertial Navigation Systems Y1 - 2022 UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/s23010159 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-30464 SN - 1424-8220 VL - 23 IS - 1 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Delooz, Quentin A1 - Willecke, Alexander A1 - Garlichs, Keno A1 - Hagau, Andreas-Christian A1 - Wolf, Lars A1 - Vinel, Alexey A1 - Festag, Andreas T1 - Analysis and Evaluation of Information Redundancy Mitigation for V2X Collective Perception JF - IEEE Access N2 - Sensor data sharing enables vehicles to exchange locally perceived sensor data among each other and with the roadside infrastructure to increase their environmental awareness. It is commonly regarded as a next-generation vehicular communication service beyond the exchange of highly aggregated messages in the first generation. The approach is being considered in the European standardization process, where it relies on the exchange of locally detected objects representing anything safety-relevant, such as other vehicles or pedestrians, in periodically broadcasted messages to vehicles in direct communication range. Objects filtering methods for inclusion in a message are necessary to avoid overloading a channel and provoking unnecessary data processing. Initial studies provided in a pre-standardization report about sensor data sharing elaborated a first set of rules to filter objects based on their characteristics, such as their dynamics or type. However, these rules still lack the consideration of information received by other stations to operate. Specifically, to address the problem of information redundancy, several rules have been proposed, but their performance has not been evaluated yet comprehensively. In the present work, the rules are further analyzed, assessed, and compared. Functional and operational requirements are investigated. A performance evaluation is realized by discrete-event simulations in a scenario for a representative city with realistic vehicle densities and mobility patterns. A score and other redundancy-level metrics are elaborated to ease the evaluation and comparison of the filtering rules. Finally, improvements and future works to the filtering methods are proposed. UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3170029 KW - Collective perception KW - information redundancy mitigation KW - road safety KW - sensor data sharing KW - V2X communications Y1 - 2022 UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3170029 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-28662 SN - 2169-3536 VL - 10 SP - 47076 EP - 47093 PB - IEEE CY - New York ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Meilinger, Florian A1 - Haß, Jan A1 - Schieber, Christina A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg ED - Vaculin, Ondrej T1 - Investigation of the hazard potential of lithium-ion cells in case of overcharging with automotive oriented high-voltage levels T2 - Applied Research Conference 2023 Conference Proceedings: 3rd July 2023 Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt UR - https://doi.org/10.57825/repo_in-5244 Y1 - 2023 UR - https://doi.org/10.57825/repo_in-5244 SP - 254 EP - 259 PB - Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt CY - Ingolstadt ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Walter, Gero A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg ED - Vaculin, Ondrej T1 - Structural Health Monitoring of Hydrogen Pressure Vessels for Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles T2 - Applied Research Conference 2023 Conference Proceedings: 3rd July 2023 Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt UR - https://doi.org/10.57825/repo_in-5244 Y1 - 2023 UR - https://doi.org/10.57825/repo_in-5244 SP - 282 EP - 287 PB - Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt CY - Ingolstadt ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Wierling, Charlotte A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg ED - Vaculin, Ondrej T1 - Comparison of Facilities for Abuse Tests on Hydrogen Storage Vessels with Regard to Safety-Related Aspects T2 - Applied Research Conference 2023 Conference Proceedings: 3rd July 2023 Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt UR - https://doi.org/10.57825/repo_in-5244 Y1 - 2023 UR - https://doi.org/10.57825/repo_in-5244 SP - 233 EP - 238 PB - Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt CY - Ingolstadt ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Löw, Jakob A1 - Bayerl, Dominik A1 - Hof, Hans-Joachim T1 - Implementation of a Software Based Glitching Detection Mechanism JF - International Journal on Advances in Security KW - computer security KW - clocks KW - microcontrollers KW - program compilers KW - program control structures Y1 - 2022 UR - https://www.iariajournals.org/security/tocv15n12.html SN - 1942-2636 VL - 15 IS - 1&2 SP - 31 EP - 40 PB - IARIA CY - [s. l.] ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Mayer, Kevin A1 - Bayerl, Dominik A1 - Hof, Hans-Joachim T1 - Überwachung in modernen Fahrzeugen BT - Ergebnisse einer fahrzeugforensischen Untersuchung JF - Datenschutz und Datensicherheit - DuD UR - https://doi.org/10.1007/s11623-021-1459-5 Y1 - 2021 UR - https://doi.org/10.1007/s11623-021-1459-5 SN - 1862-2607 VL - 45 IS - 6 SP - 399 EP - 403 PB - Springer CY - Berlin ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bazzi, Alessandro A1 - Sepulcre, Miguel A1 - Delooz, Quentin A1 - Festag, Andreas A1 - Vogt, Jonas A1 - Wieker, Horst A1 - Berens, Friedbert A1 - Spaanderman, Paul T1 - Multi-Channel Operation for the Release 2 of ETSI Cooperative Intelligent Transport Systems JF - IEEE Communications Standards Magazine N2 - Vehicles and road infrastructure are starting to be equipped with vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication solutions to increase road safety and provide new services to drivers and passengers. In Europe, the deployment is based on a set of Release 1 standards developed by ETSI to support basic use cases for cooperative intelligent transport systems (C-ITS). For them, the capacity of a single 10 MHz channel in the ITS band at 5.9 GHz is considered sufficient. At the same time, the ITS stakeholders are working toward several advanced use cases, which imply a significant increment of data traffic and the need for multiple channels. To address this issue, ETSI has recently standardized a new multi-channel operation (MCO) concept for flexible, efficient, and future-proof use of multiple channels. This new concept is defined in a set of new specifications that represent the foundation for the future releases of C-ITS standards. The present article provides a comprehensive review of the new set of specifications, describing the main entities that extend the C-ITS architecture at the different layers of the protocol stack. In addition, the article provides representative examples that describe how these MCO standards will be used in the future and discusses some of the main open issues arising. The review and analysis of this article facilitate the understanding and motivation of the new set of Release 2 ETSI specifications for MCO and the identification of new research opportunities. UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/MCOMSTD.0001.2200080 Y1 - 2024 UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/MCOMSTD.0001.2200080 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-58154 SN - 2471-2833 VL - 8 IS - 1 SP - 28 EP - 35 PB - IEEE CY - New York ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Song, Rui A1 - Zhou, Liguo A1 - Lyu, Lingjuan A1 - Festag, Andreas A1 - Knoll, Alois T1 - ResFed: Communication-Efficient Federated Learning With Deep Compressed Residuals JF - IEEE Internet of Things Journal N2 - Federated learning allows for cooperative training among distributed clients by sharing their locally learned model parameters, such as weights or gradients. However, as model size increases, the communication bandwidth required for deployment in wireless networks becomes a bottleneck. To address this, we propose a residual-based federated learning framework (ResFed) that transmits residuals instead of gradients or weights in networks. By predicting model updates at both clients and the server, residuals are calculated as the difference between updated and predicted models and contain more dense information than weights or gradients. We find that the residuals are less sensitive to an increasing compression ratio than other parameters, and hence use lossy compression techniques on residuals to improve communication efficiency for training in federated settings. With the same compression ratio, ResFed outperforms current methods (weight- or gradient-based federated learning) by over 1.4× on federated data sets, including MNIST, FashionMNIST, SVHN, CIFAR-10, CIFAR-100, and FEMNIST, in client-to-server communication, and can also be applied to reduce communication costs for server-to-client communication. UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/JIOT.2023.3324079 Y1 - 2023 UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/JIOT.2023.3324079 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-46371 SN - 2327-4662 VL - 11 IS - 6 SP - 9458 EP - 9472 PB - IEEE CY - New York ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hegde, Anupama A1 - Song, Rui A1 - Festag, Andreas T1 - Radio Resource Allocation in 5G-NR V2X: A Multi-Agent Actor-Critic Based Approach JF - IEEE Access N2 - The efficiency of radio resource allocation and scheduling procedures in Cellular Vehicle-to-X (Cellular V2X) communication networks directly affects link quality in terms of latency and reliability. However, owing to the continuous movement of vehicles, it is impossible to have a centralized coordinating unit at all times to manage the allocation of radio resources. In the unmanaged mode of the fifth generation new radio (5G-NR) V2X, the sensing-based semi-persistent scheduling (SB-SPS) loses its effectiveness when V2X data messages become aperiodic with varying data sizes. This leads to misinformed resource allocation decisions among vehicles and frequent resource collisions. To improve resource selection, this study formulates the Cellular V2X communication network as a decentralized multi-agent networked markov decision process (MDP) where each vehicle agent executes an actor-critic-based radio resource scheduler. Developing further the actor-critic methodology for the radio resource allocation problem in Cellular V2X, two variants are derived: independent actor-critic (IAC) and shared experience actor-critic (SEAC). Results from simulation studies indicate that the actor-critic schedulers improve reliability, achieving a 15-20% higher probability of reception under high vehicular density scenarios with aperiodic traffic patterns. UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3305267 KW - Cellular V2X KW - radio resource allocation KW - deep reinforcement learning Y1 - 2023 UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3305267 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-39352 SN - 2169-3536 VL - 11 SP - 87225 EP - 87244 PB - IEEE CY - New York ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bauder, Maximilian A1 - Kubjatko, Tibor A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg T1 - Cooperative Awareness Messages’ Generation Frequencies, Trigger Distributions, and Pseudonym Changes of First Commercially Deployed Vehicles in Real Operating Scenarios JF - IEEE Access N2 - Cooperative Intelligent Transport Systems have been deployed in mass-produced vehicles in Europe (Golf 8, ID.3, etc.) since 2019, promising major improvements in vehicle safety, efficiency, and comfort. Equipped with Vehicle-to-X communication, the vehicles directly send information about their driving status to the environment. The data are already used for many Vehicle-to-X communication use-cases specified by the Car-2-Car Communication Consortium to achieve the above-mentioned improvements. This study focuses on using Vehicle-2-X communication and its messages for accident analysis. For this purpose, we investigated the advantage in temporal resolution of the continuously sent Cooperative Awareness Message compared to the Event-Data-Recorder for accident reconstruction in the pre-crash. A high resolution of the temporal accident scene is essential for the doubtless clarification of accidents. Therefore, we analyzed the generation frequencies and the trigger conditions of the Cooperative Awareness Message of vehicles available on the European market while driving in real traffic and during different parking maneuvers. Also, the pseudonym change was analyzed. We found that the average generation frequency of the Cooperative Awareness Message is higher than the 2.00 Hz recording frequency of the event data recorder for all scenarios investigated. Especially on rural roads and highways, the temporal resolution is advantageous. Since many serious accidents occur on rural roads, the use of Cooperative Awareness Messages could significantly benefit the reconstruction of the accident scene. Thus, we recommend increasing efforts to use the Cooperative Awareness Message as digital data for accident analysis and encourage more scientists to deal with this topic. UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3292576 KW - Accident analysis KW - accident reconstruction KW - cooperative awareness message KW - cooperative intelligent transport systems KW - fundamental data KW - real operating investigation KW - vehicle-2-X communication Y1 - 2023 UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3292576 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-38543 SN - 2169-3536 VL - 11 SP - 69708 EP - 69719 PB - IEEE CY - New York ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Dietl, Laura A1 - Facchi, Christian ED - Zöldy, Máté T1 - Is Maximum Entropy Deep Inverse Reinforcement Learning Suitable for Pedestrian Path Prediction? T2 - Proceedings of the 3rd Cognitive Mobility Conference UR - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-81799-1_20 Y1 - 2025 UR - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-81799-1_20 SN - 978-3-031-81799-1 SP - 215 EP - 229 PB - Springer CY - Cham ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Maksimovski, Daniel A1 - Facchi, Christian T1 - Priority-Based Cooperative Driving Planner for V2X Maneuver Coordination Application T2 - 2025 IEEE 22nd Consumer Communications & Networking Conference (CCNC) UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/CCNC54725.2025.10975982 Y1 - 2025 UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/CCNC54725.2025.10975982 SN - 979-8-3315-0805-0 PB - IEEE CY - Piscataway ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Lobo, Silas A1 - Festag, Andreas A1 - Facchi, Christian T1 - Adaptive Message Prioritization: How to Prioritize VRU Awareness Messages in a Congested V2X Network T2 - 2024 IEEE 27th International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC) UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/ITSC58415.2024.10919704 Y1 - 2025 UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/ITSC58415.2024.10919704 SN - 979-8-3315-0592-9 SP - 423 EP - 430 PB - IEEE CY - Piscataway ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Delooz, Quentin A1 - Maksimovski, Daniel A1 - Festag, Andreas A1 - Facchi, Christian ED - Stiller, Christoph ED - Althoff, Matthias ED - Burger, Christoph ED - Deml, Barbara ED - Eckstein, Lutz ED - Flemisch, Frank T1 - Design and Evaluation of V2X Communication Protocols for Cooperatively Interacting Automobiles T2 - Cooperatively Interacting Vehicles: Methods and Effects of Automated Cooperation in Traffic N2 - This chapter studies two key communication services for the support of cooperative driving capabilities using Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) communications: sensor data sharing and maneuver coordination. Based on the current state of the art in research and pre-standardization of V2X communications, we enhance the protocol design for both services and assess their performance by discrete-event simulations in highway and city scenarios. The first part of this chapter addresses the performance improvement of sensor data sharing by two complementary strategies. The shared sensor data are adapted to the available resources on the used channel. Furthermore, the redundancy of the transmitted information is reduced to lower the load on the wireless channel, whereas several approaches are proposed and assessed. The second part of the chapter analyzes cooperative maneuver coordination protocols. We propose a distributed approach based on the explicit exchange of V2X messages, which introduces priorities in maneuver coordination and studies several communication patterns for the negotiation and coordination of maneuvers among two and more vehicles. The results demonstrate the potential of V2X communications for automated driving, showcase several approaches for enhancements of sensor data sharing and maneuver coordination, and indicate the performance of these enhancements. UR - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-60494-2_6 Y1 - 2024 UR - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-60494-2_6 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-50008 SN - 978-3-031-60494-2 SN - 978-3-031-60493-5 SP - 159 EP - 199 PB - Springer CY - Cham ER - TY - INPR A1 - Song, Rui A1 - Zhou, Liguo A1 - Lyu, Lingjuan A1 - Festag, Andreas A1 - Knoll, Alois T1 - ResFed: Communication Efficient Federated Learning by Transmitting Deep Compressed Residuals UR - https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2212.05602 Y1 - 2022 UR - https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2212.05602 PB - arXiv CY - Ithaca ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Festag, Andreas A1 - Udupa, Shrivatsa A1 - Garcia, Lourdes A1 - Wellens, Ralf A1 - Hecht, Matthias A1 - Ulfig, Pierre T1 - End-to-End Performance Measurements of Drone Communications in 5G Cellular Networks T2 - 2021 IEEE 94th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC2021-Fall): Proceedings UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/VTC2021-Fall52928.2021.9625429 KW - drone KW - measurements KW - end-to-end performance KW - 5G KW - network slicing KW - BVLOS Y1 - 2021 UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/VTC2021-Fall52928.2021.9625429 SN - 978-1-6654-1368-8 PB - IEEE CY - Piscataway ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Maksimovski, Daniel A1 - Facchi, Christian A1 - Festag, Andreas T1 - Packet Rate Control for Maneuver Coordination in Congested V2X Communication Environments T2 - 2024 IEEE 100th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC2024-Fall), Proceedings UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/VTC2024-Fall63153.2024.10758036 Y1 - 2024 UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/VTC2024-Fall63153.2024.10758036 SN - 979-8-3315-1778-6 PB - IEEE CY - Piscataway ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Festag, Andreas A1 - Song, Rui T1 - Analysis of Existing Approaches for Information Sharing in Cooperative Intelligent Transport Systems BT - SENSORIS and V2X Messaging T2 - FISITA World Congress 2021 Y1 - 2021 UR - https://www.fisita.com/library/f2020-acm-012 N1 - Schreibfehler im Titel auf Website der FISITA Library: "Analysis of Existing Approaches for Information Sharingin Cooperative Intelligent Transport Systems" PB - FISITA CY - Bishops Stortford ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Koch, Daniel A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg T1 - Possibilities for a Quick Onsite Safety-State Assessment of Stand-Alone Lithium-Ion Batteries JF - Batteries N2 - Electric vehicles’ high-voltage lithium-ion batteries are complex systems and can be sources of several hazards for interacting people. Sophisticated battery management systems (BMS) therefore constantly monitor their characteristics and varying states, to keep the battery within desired operational conditions and to mitigate safety risks as well as excessive degradation. However, there can be several situations where the battery is not in normal operation (e.g., a stand-alone battery) and a fully functional BMS monitoring function is not available. When necessary to interact with the system, its safety state must be deduced to ensure the safety of interactors. This can be a challenging task depending on a situation’s characteristics (time pressure, technical knowledge of involved people). Thus, this article discusses how the safety state of electric vehicle batteries can be evaluated quickly even by untrained people. To develop a solution, different scenarios, which require a battery’s state assessment, and the options for collecting relevant information are motivated and discussed, respectively. Finally, a mobile interface that can evaluate and display the safety state by using BMS-internal data is described and demonstrated. UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries8110213 KW - safety-state assessment KW - stand-alone battery KW - quick state assessment KW - battery transport Y1 - 2022 UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries8110213 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-29439 SN - 2313-0105 VL - 8 IS - 11 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Steger, Fabian A1 - Krogh, Jonathan A1 - Meegahapola, Lasantha A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg T1 - Calculating Available Charge and Energy of Lithium-Ion Cells Based on OCV and Internal Resistance JF - Energies N2 - The design and operation of performant and safe electric vehicles depend on precise knowledge of the behavior of their electrochemical energy storage systems. The performance of the battery management systems often relies on the discrete-time battery models, which can correctly emulate the battery characteristics. Among the available methods, electric circuit-based equations have shown to be especially useful in describing the electrical characteristics of batteries. To overcome the existing drawbacks, such as discrete-time simulations for parameter estimation and the usage of look-up tables, a set of equations has been developed in this study that solely relies on the open-circuit voltage and the internal resistance of a battery. The parameters can be obtained from typical cell datasheets or can be easily extracted via standard measurements. The proposed equations allow for the direct analytical determination of available discharge capacity and the available energy content depending on the discharge current, as well as the Peukert exponent. The fidelity of the proposed system was validated experimentally using 18650 NMC and LFP lithium-ion cells, and the results are in close agreement with the datasheet. UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/en15217902 KW - battery management system KW - electric vehicles KW - state-of-charge KW - energy content KW - mathematical model KW - Peukert exponent Y1 - 2022 UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/en15217902 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-29479 SN - 1996-1073 VL - 15 IS - 21 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Song, Rui A1 - Hegde, Anupama A1 - Senel, Numan A1 - Knoll, Alois A1 - Festag, Andreas T1 - Edge-Aided Sensor Data Sharing in Vehicular Communication Networks T2 - 2022 IEEE 95th Vehicular Technology Conference: (VTC2022-Spring) Proceedings UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/VTC2022-Spring54318.2022.9860849 KW - sensor data sharing and fusion KW - cooperative perception KW - vehicular communication KW - distributed estimation KW - measurement noise Y1 - 2022 UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/VTC2022-Spring54318.2022.9860849 SN - 978-1-6654-8243-1 SN - 2577-2465 PB - IEEE CY - Piscataway (NJ) ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Maksimovski, Daniel A1 - Facchi, Christian A1 - Festag, Andreas T1 - Priority Maneuver (PriMa) Coordination for Connected and Automated Vehicles T2 - 2021 IEEE International Intelligent Transportation Systems Conference (ITSC) UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/ITSC48978.2021.9564923 Y1 - 2021 UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/ITSC48978.2021.9564923 SN - 978-1-7281-9142-3 SP - 1083 EP - 1089 PB - IEEE CY - Piscataway ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Delooz, Quentin A1 - Festag, Andreas A1 - Vinel, Alexey T1 - Congestion Aware Objects Filtering for Collective Perception JF - Electronic Communications of the EASST N2 - This paper addresses collective perception for connected and automated driving. It proposes the adaptation of filtering rules based on the currently available channel resources, referred to as Enhanced DCC-Aware Filtering (EDAF). UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.14279/tuj.eceasst.80.1160 KW - V2X KW - Decentralized Congestion Control KW - Collective Perception Y1 - 2021 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.14279/tuj.eceasst.80.1160 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-14761 SN - 1863-2122 VL - 80 PB - TU Berlin CY - Berlin ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Volk, Georg A1 - Delooz, Quentin A1 - Schiegg, Florian A1 - Bernuth, Alexander von A1 - Festag, Andreas A1 - Bringmann, Oliver T1 - Towards Realistic Evaluation of Collective Perception for Connected and Automated Driving T2 - 2021 IEEE International Intelligent Transportation Systems Conference (ITSC) UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/ITSC48978.2021.9564783 KW - Conferences KW - Pipelines KW - Information age KW - Delays KW - Vehicle-to-everything KW - Autonomous vehicles KW - Intelligent transportation systems Y1 - 2021 UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/ITSC48978.2021.9564783 SN - 978-1-7281-9142-3 SP - 1049 EP - 1056 PB - IEEE CY - Piscataway ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Hegde, Anupama A1 - Festag, Andreas T1 - Mode Switching Performance in Cellular-V2X T2 - 2020 IEEE Vehicular Networking Conference (VNC) UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/VNC51378.2020.9318394 KW - Switches KW - Synchronization KW - Base stations KW - Vehicle-to-everything KW - Resource management KW - Global navigation satellite system KW - Sensors Y1 - 2021 UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/VNC51378.2020.9318394 SN - 978-1-7281-9221-5 PB - IEEE CY - Piscataway ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Delooz, Quentin A1 - Riebl, Raphael A1 - Festag, Andreas A1 - Vinel, Alexey T1 - Design and Performance of Congestion-Aware Collective Perception T2 - 2020 IEEE Vehicular Networking Conference (VNC) UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/VNC51378.2020.9318335 KW - Logic gates KW - Wireless sensor networks KW - Wireless communication KW - Europe KW - Vehicle dynamics KW - Standards KW - Safety Y1 - 2021 UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/VNC51378.2020.9318335 SN - 978-1-7281-9221-5 PB - IEEE CY - Piscataway ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Wech, Lothar A1 - Böhm, Klaus A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg A1 - Paula, Daniel T1 - Event Data Recorder (EDR) for automated vehicles BT - Legal certainty and data privacy for all T2 - SafetyWeek : Die Zukunft der Fahrzeugsicherheit UR - https://www.carhs.de/de/publikationen/product/safetyweek-2020-replay.html Y1 - 2020 UR - https://www.carhs.de/de/publikationen/product/safetyweek-2020-replay.html ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Neumeier, Stefan A1 - Stapf, Simon A1 - Facchi, Christian T1 - The Visual Quality of Teleoperated Driving Scenarios How good is good enough? T2 - 2020 International Symposium on Networks, Computers and Communications (ISNCC) UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/ISNCC49221.2020.9297343 KW - teleoperated driving KW - video quality Y1 - 2020 UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/ISNCC49221.2020.9297343 SN - 978-1-7281-5628-6 PB - IEEE CY - Piscataway ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Senel, Numan A1 - Elger, Gordon A1 - Festag, Andreas T1 - Sensor Time Synchronization in Smart Road Infrastructure T2 - FISITA Web Congress 2020 Y1 - 2020 UR - https://www.fisita.com/library/f2020-acm-083 PB - FISITA CY - Bishops Stortford ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Lott, Susanne A1 - Kotak, Bhavya A1 - Barra, Sönke A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg T1 - Nail Penetration of Small Pouch Cells Under Water: Investigation of Hydrofluoric Acid Formation in Dependence of the State of Charge JF - Journal of the Electrochemical Society UR - https://doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ac285b Y1 - 2021 UR - https://doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ac285b SN - 1945-7111 VL - 168 IS - 10 PB - IOP Publishing CY - Bristol ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Lausch, Jonas A1 - Takla, Monir A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg T1 - Insight into crush performance comparison of composite profiles and flat plates JF - Composites Part B: Engineering UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2022.109643 KW - Impact behavior KW - Mechanical properties KW - Statistical properties/methods KW - Mechanical testing KW - Composite testing Y1 - 2022 UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2022.109643 SN - 1359-8368 VL - 2022 IS - 233 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Obermaier, Christina A1 - Riebl, Raphael A1 - Facchi, Christian A1 - Al-Bayatti, Ali H. A1 - Khan, Sarmadullah T1 - COSIDIA: an approach for real-time parallel discrete event simulations tailored for wireless networks T2 - SIGSIM-PADS '21: Proceedings of the 2021 ACM SIGSIM Conference on Principles of Advanced Discrete Simulation UR - https://doi.org/10.1145/3437959.3459250 KW - hardware in the loop KW - vehicular ad hoc networks KW - discrete event simulation KW - real-time simulation Y1 - 2021 UR - https://doi.org/10.1145/3437959.3459250 SN - 978-1-4503-8296-0 SP - 165 EP - 171 PB - ACM CY - New York ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Nebl, Christoph A1 - Wöhrl, Katharina A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg T1 - Handling of accident-damaged electric vehicles T2 - Proceedings of the 29th Annual Congress of the EVU Y1 - 2021 PB - EVU CY - Berlin ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Paula, Daniel A1 - Böhm, Klaus A1 - Kubjatko, Tibor A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg T1 - Challenges in forensic reconstruction of traffic accidents involving Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) T2 - Proceedings of the 29th Annual Congress of the EVU Y1 - 2021 PB - EVU CY - Berlin ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Paula, Daniel A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg A1 - Böhm, Klaus ED - Bargende, Michael ED - Reuss, Hans-Christian ED - Wagner, Andreas T1 - Reconstruction of traffic accidents with automated and electrified vehicles T2 - 20. Internationales Stuttgarter Symposium: Automobil- und Motorentechnik, Band 1 UR - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-29943-9_28 Y1 - 2020 UR - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-29943-9_28 SN - 978-3-658-29942-2 SN - 978-3-658-29943-9 SP - 357 EP - 371 PB - Springer Vieweg CY - Wiesbaden ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Geib, Christian A1 - Nebl, Christoph A1 - Huber, Josef A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg T1 - Herausforderung Elektrofahrzeuge BT - Hilfestellung für den Einsatz JF - Brandwacht: Zeitschrift für Brand- und Katastrophenschutz Y1 - 2020 UR - https://www.brandwacht.bayern.de/mam/archiv/beitraege_pdf/bw_1_2020_s18_20_e-autos2.pdf VL - 2020 IS - 1 SP - 18 EP - 20 PB - Bayerisches Staatsministerium des Innern, für Sport und Integration CY - München ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Neumeier, Stefan A1 - Corbett, Christopher A1 - Facchi, Christian ED - Arai, Kohei T1 - A Secure and Privacy Preserving System Design for Teleoperated Driving T2 - Advances in Information and Communication: Proceedings of the 2021 Future of Information and Communication Conference (FICC), Volume 1 UR - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-73100-7_34 KW - Teleoperated Driving KW - Remote control KW - Autonomous driving KW - Security KW - Privacy KW - Networking KW - System design KW - Concept Y1 - 2021 UR - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-73100-7_34 SN - 978-3-030-73100-7 SN - 978-3-030-73099-4 SP - 478 EP - 496 PB - Springer CY - Cham ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Lobo, Silas A1 - Fernandez, Evelio A1 - Facchi, Christian T1 - Determining the Location of Objects Using a Vision-System Sensor and CPM T2 - XXXVIII Simpósio Brasileiro de Telecomunicações e Processamento de Sinais UR - https://doi.org/10.14209/SBRT.2020.1570661627 KW - VANET KW - Collective Perception Message KW - CPM KW - Perceived Object KW - Car2X KW - MobilEye Y1 - 2020 UR - https://doi.org/10.14209/SBRT.2020.1570661627 PB - SBrT CY - Rio de Janeiro ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wöhrl, Katharina A1 - Nebl, Christoph A1 - Lott, Susanne A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg T1 - Umgang mit verunfallten Elektrofahrzeugen JF - Automobiltechnologie in Bayern: e-Car + Wasserstoff Y1 - 2021 UR - https://media-mind.info/pdf/2020/automobil_deutsch_2020_final.pdf SP - 34 EP - 39 PB - media mind GmbH & Co. KG CY - München ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Buysse, Maarten A1 - Ierides, Marcos A1 - Pérez Horno, Beatriz A1 - McCready, Amy A1 - Kotak, Yash A1 - Kotak, Bhavya A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg T1 - COBRA Market Intelligence Report - EV Safety and Testing: Feb-Mar-Apr 2021 Y1 - 2021 UR - https://projectcobra.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/COBRA-MARKET-INTELLIGENCE-February-March-April-2021_789.pdf ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Volkersdorfer, Tina A1 - Hof, Hans-Joachim T1 - ADAM: An Adversary-Driven Attack Modelling Framework for Model-Based Security Testing JF - International Journal on Advances in Security KW - attack model KW - adversary model KW - model-based testing KW - security testing KW - penetration test Y1 - 2021 UR - https://www.iariajournals.org/security/tocv14n12.html SN - 1942-2636 VL - 14 IS - 1&2 SP - 12 EP - 25 PB - IARIA CY - [s. l.] ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Volkersdorfer, Tina A1 - Hof, Hans-Joachim ED - Hof, Hans-Joachim ED - Popescu, Manuela ED - Yee, George T1 - A Concept of an Attack Model for a Model-Based Security Testing Framework BT - Introducing a holistic perspective of cyberattacks in software engineering T2 - SECURWARE 2020: The Fourteenth International Conference on Emerging Security Information, Systems and Technologies KW - attack model KW - adversary model KW - model-based testing KW - security testing KW - penetration test Y1 - 2020 UR - http://www.thinkmind.org/index.php?view=article&articleid=securware_2020_2_130_30046 SN - 978-1-61208-821-1 SP - 96 EP - 101 PB - IARIA CY - [s. l.] ER - TY - JOUR ED - Hof, Hans-Joachim ED - Gersbeck-Schierholz, Birgit T1 - International Journal on Advances in Security. 13(3&4) Y1 - 2020 UR - http://www.iariajournals.org/security/tocv13n34.html SN - 1942-2636 PB - IARIA CY - [s. l.] ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bauder, Maximilian A1 - Böhm, Klaus A1 - Kubjatko, Tibor A1 - Wech, Lothar A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg T1 - C-ITS relevant critical vehicle-to-vehicle accident scenarios for accident analysis JF - Sensors N2 - The relevance of scientific investigations, whether simulative or empirical, is strongly related to the environment used and the scenarios associated with it. Within the field of cooperative intelligent transport systems, use-cases are defined to describe the benefits of applications. This has already been conducted in the available safety-relevant Day 1 applications longitudinal and intersection collision risk warning through the respective technical specifications. However, the relevance of traffic scenarios is always a function of accident severity and frequency of a retrospective consideration of accident databases. In this study, vehicle-to-vehicle scenarios with high frequency and/or severe personal injuries are therefore determined with the help of the CISS database and linked to the use-cases of the safety-relevant Day 1 applications. The relevance of the scenarios thus results on the one hand from the classical parameters of retrospective accident analysis and on the other hand from the coverage by the named vehicle-to-x applications. As a result, accident scenarios with oncoming vehicles are the most relevant scenarios for investigations with cooperative intelligent transport systems. In addition, high coverage of the most critical scenarios within the use-cases of longitudinal and intersection collision risk warning is already apparent. UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/s22093562 KW - cooperative intelligent transportation systems KW - C-ITS KW - V2X KW - accident scenarios KW - accident analysis KW - accident database Y1 - 2022 UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/s22093562 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-23473 SN - 1424-8220 N1 - This article belongs to the Special Issue "Sensors and Systems for Automotive and Road Safety" VL - 22 IS - 9 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Flores Fernández, Alberto A1 - Wurst, Jonas A1 - Sánchez Morales, Eduardo A1 - Botsch, Michael A1 - Facchi, Christian A1 - García Higuera, Andrés T1 - Probabilistic Traffic Motion Labeling for Multi-Modal Vehicle Route Prediction JF - Sensors N2 - The prediction of the motion of traffic participants is a crucial aspect for the research and development of Automated Driving Systems (ADSs). Recent approaches are based on multi-modal motion prediction, which requires the assignment of a probability score to each of the multiple predicted motion hypotheses. However, there is a lack of ground truth for this probability score in the existing datasets. This implies that current Machine Learning (ML) models evaluate the multiple predictions by comparing them with the single real trajectory labeled in the dataset. In this work, a novel data-based method named Probabilistic Traffic Motion Labeling (PROMOTING) is introduced in order to (a) generate probable future routes and (b) estimate their probabilities. PROMOTING is presented with the focus on urban intersections. The generation of probable future routes is (a) based on a real traffic dataset and consists of two steps: first, a clustering of intersections with similar road topology, and second, a clustering of similar routes that are driven in each cluster from the first step. The estimation of the route probabilities is (b) based on a frequentist approach that considers how traffic participants will move in the future given their motion history. PROMOTING is evaluated with the publicly available Lyft database. The results show that PROMOTING is an appropriate approach to estimate the probabilities of the future motion of traffic participants in urban intersections. In this regard, PROMOTING can be used as a labeling approach for the generation of a labeled dataset that provides a probability score for probable future routes. Such a labeled dataset currently does not exist and would be highly valuable for ML approaches with the task of multi-modal motion prediction. The code is made open source. UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/s22124498 KW - PROMOTING KW - automated driving systems KW - autonomous vehicles KW - multi-modal KW - motion prediction KW - route prediction KW - machine learning KW - real traffic data Y1 - 2022 UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/s22124498 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-24341 SN - 1424-8220 VL - 22 IS - 12 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Neumeier, Stefan A1 - Bajpai, Vaibhav A1 - Neumeier, Marion A1 - Facchi, Christian A1 - Ott, Jörg T1 - Data Rate Reduction for Video Streams in Teleoperated Driving JF - IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/TITS.2022.3171718 KW - bandwidth optimization KW - teleoperated driving KW - user study KW - video stream Y1 - 2022 UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/TITS.2022.3171718 SN - 1558-0016 VL - 23 IS - 10 SP - 19145 EP - 19160 PB - IEEE CY - Piscataway ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Maksimovski, Daniel A1 - Facchi, Christian A1 - Festag, Andreas ED - Klein, Cornel ED - Jarke, Matthias ED - Helfert, Markus ED - Berns, Karsten ED - Gusikhin, Oleg T1 - Cooperative Driving: Research on Generic Decentralized Maneuver Coordination for Connected and Automated Vehicles T2 - Smart Cities, Green Technologies, and Intelligent Transport Systems: 10th International Conference, SMARTGREENS 2021, and 7th International Conference, VEHITS 2021, Virtual Event, April 28-30, 2021, Revised Selected Papers UR - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-17098-0_18 KW - V2X communication KW - cooperative maneuver coordination KW - connected vehicles Y1 - 2022 UR - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-17098-0_18 SN - 978-3-031-17097-3 SN - 978-3-031-17098-0 SP - 348 EP - 370 PB - Springer CY - Cham ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Hof, Hans-Joachim ED - Knoppe, Marc ED - Rock, Stefan ED - Wild, Martin T1 - Cybersecurity für den zukunftsfähigen Handel T2 - Der zukunftsfähige Handel: Neue online und offline Konzepte sowie digitale und KI-basierte Lösungen UR - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-36218-8_11 Y1 - 2022 UR - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-36218-8_11 SN - 978-3-658-36217-1 SN - 978-3-658-36218-8 N1 - Access provided by Nationallizenz Ebooks Medicine SP - 215 EP - 237 PB - Springer Gabler CY - Wiesbaden ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bauder, Maximilian A1 - Kubjatko, Tibor A1 - Helmer, Thomas A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg T1 - Does Vehicle-2-X Radio Transmission Technology Need to Be Considered within Accident Analysis in the Future? JF - Sensors N2 - In this analysis, Cooperative Intelligent Transportation System relevant scenarios are created to investigate the need to differentiate Vehicle-to-X transmission technologies on behalf of accident analysis. For each scenario, the distances between the vehicles are calculated 5 s before the crash. Studies on the difference between Dedicated Short-Range Communication (IEEE 802.11p) and Cellular Vehicle-to-X communication (LTE-V2C PC5 Mode 4) are then used to assess whether both technologies have a reliable connection over the relevant distance. If this is the case, the transmission technology is of secondary importance for future investigations on Vehicle-to-X communication in combination with accident analysis. The results show that studies on freeways and rural roads can be carried out independently of the transmission technology and other boundary conditions (speed, traffic density, non-line of sight/line of sight). The situation is different for studies in urban areas, where both technologies may not have a sufficiently reliable connection range depending on the traffic density. UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/s22249832 KW - cooperative intelligent transportation systems KW - C-ITS KW - C-V2X KW - LTE-V2X KW - DSRC KW - IEEE 802.11p KW - accident scenarios KW - accident analysis KW - accident reconstruction Y1 - 2022 UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/s22249832 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-29954 SN - 1424-8220 VL - 22 IS - 24 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Song, Rui A1 - Zhou, Liguo A1 - Lakshminarasimhan, Venkatnarayanan A1 - Festag, Andreas A1 - Knoll, Alois T1 - Federated Learning Framework Coping with Hierarchical Heterogeneity in Cooperative ITS T2 - 2022 IEEE 25th International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC) KW - Training KW - Deep learning KW - Data privacy KW - Federated learning KW - Roads KW - Computational modeling KW - Data models Y1 - 2022 SN - 978-1-6654-6880-0 SP - 3502 EP - 3508 PB - IEEE CY - Piscataway ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wöhrl, Katharina A1 - Kotak, Yash A1 - Geisbauer, Christian A1 - Barra, Sönke A1 - Wilhelm, Gudrun A1 - Schneider, Gerhard A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg T1 - Analysis of Deactivation of 18,650 Lithium-Ion Cells in CaCl2, Tap Water and Demineralized Water for Different Insertion Times JF - Sensors N2 - The deployment of battery-powered electric vehicles in the market has created a naturally increasing need for the safe deactivation and recycling of batteries. Various deactivating methods for lithium-ion cells include electrical discharging or deactivation with liquids. Such methods are also useful for cases where the cell tabs are not accessible. In the literature analyses, different deactivation media are used, but none include the use of calcium chloride (CaCl2) salt. As compared to other media, the major advantage of this salt is that it can capture the highly reactive and hazardous molecules of Hydrofluoric acid. To analyse the actual performance of this salt in terms of practicability and safety, this experimental research aims to compare it against regular Tap Water and Demineralized Water. This will be accomplished by performing nail penetration tests on deactivated cells and comparing their residual energy against each other. Moreover, these three different media and respective cells are analysed after deactivation, i.e., based on conductivity measurements, cell mass, flame photometry, fluoride content, computer tomography and pH value. It was found that the cells deactivated in the CaCl2 solution did not show any signs of Fluoride ions, whereas cells deactivated in TW showed the emergence of Fluoride ions in the 10th week of the insertion. However, with the addition of CaCl2 in TW, the deactivation process > 48 h for TW declines to 0.5–2 h, which could be an optimal solution for real-world situations where deactivating cells at a high pace is essential. UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/s23083901 KW - lithium-ion cells KW - cell deactivation KW - 18,650 lithium-ion cells KW - cell deactivation in tap water KW - cell deactivation in demineralized water KW - cell deactivation in CaCl2 solution Y1 - 2023 UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/s23083901 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-35154 SN - 1424-8220 VL - 23 IS - 8 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Delooz, Quentin A1 - Festag, Andreas A1 - Vinel, Alexey A1 - Lobo, Silas T1 - Simulation-Based Performance Optimization of V2X Collective Perception by Adaptive Object Filtering T2 - 2023 IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium (IV): Proceedings UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/IV55152.2023.10186788 KW - V2X KW - sensor data sharing KW - vehicular communications KW - Collective Perception KW - message generation Y1 - 2023 UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/IV55152.2023.10186788 SN - 979-8-3503-4691-6 PB - IEEE CY - Piscataway ER - TY - JOUR A1 - de Andrade, Ricardo A1 - Dias Santos, Max Mauro A1 - Justo, João Francisco A1 - Yoshioka, Leopoldo Rideki A1 - Hof, Hans-Joachim A1 - Kleinschmidt, João Henrique T1 - Security architecture for automotive communication networks with CAN FD JF - Computers & Security UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cose.2023.103203 Y1 - 2023 UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cose.2023.103203 SN - 1872-6208 VL - 2023 IS - 129 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Mayer, Kevin A1 - Corbett, Christopher A1 - Hof, Hans-Joachim T1 - A generalized approach to automotive forensics JF - Forensic Science International: Digital Investigation N2 - In the past years, software became an essential topic in modern vehicles, e.g., with the rise of more and more complex driver assistance systems. The advent of automated driving will drive this trend even further. Today, accident investigation, as well as warranty claim analysis, need to take into consideration an analysis of the rapidly increasing proportion of software and security based implementations as part of modern vehicles, the so-called digital forensics. This paper evaluates the general feasibility of digital forensics on a state-of-the-art vehicle. To do so, we analyzed current digital forensics techniques on a state-of-the-art vehicle to constitute gaps in the automotive forensics process used on in-vehicle systems. We present a general process for automotive forensics to close existing gaps and implemented it on a state-of-the-art vehicle in an in-vehicle device manipulation scenario. The implementation uses the on-board diagnostics interface, the diagnostics over internet protocol, as well as the unified diagnostic services for communication. Our implementation requires automotive Ethernet at the diagnostic interface. Our research shows future directions for efficient automotive forensic as well as the exemplary feasibility of automotive forensic analysis on state-of-the-art vehicles without the need for additional invehicle components such as intrusion detection systems or event data recorders. UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsidi.2021.301111 KW - Automotive KW - Digital forensics KW - Diagnostics KW - Forensic KW - Cyber security KW - Embedded KW - Vehicle Y1 - 2021 UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsidi.2021.301111 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-16762 SN - 2666-2817 VL - 2021 IS - 36, Supplement PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - CHAP A1 - de Meer, Jan A1 - Waedt, Karl A1 - Rennoch, Axel A1 - Hof, Hans-Joachim T1 - The 5th GI/ACM Workshop 2020 scope and draft programme on standardization of secure and safe smart manufacturing systems with respect to IEC 62443 IACS T2 - Lecture Notes in Informatics (LNI): Proceedings N2 - The 5th GI/ACM Workshop Programme on Standardization of Secure and Safe Production within Industrial Automation and Control Systems (IACS) took place virtually at September 28, 2020 at the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) that hosted the 50th GI’s yearly assembly (GI Informatik 2020 Jahrestagung). UR - https://doi.org/10.18420/inf2020_26 Y1 - 2021 UR - https://doi.org/10.18420/inf2020_26 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-16834 SN - 978-3-88579-701-2 SN - 1617-5468 VL - 2021 IS - Volume P-307 SP - 283 EP - 287 PB - Gesellschaft für Informatik e.V. CY - Bonn ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Franke, Florian A1 - Schwab, Michael A1 - Burger, Uli A1 - Hühne, Christian T1 - An analytical model to determine the impact force of drone strikes JF - CEAS Aeronautical Journal N2 - In addition to the well-known threats of bird and hail strikes, small unmanned aerial vehicles (sUAV) pose a new threat to manned aviation. Determining the severity of collisions between sUAVs and aircraft structures is essential for the safe use and integration of drones in airspace. A generic analytical calculation model needs to be developed to supplement the existing test and simulation data. This paper presents an analytic model for drone collisions with perpendicular and inclined targets. The targets have a rigid or elastic material behavior. The aircraft impact model, which is used for the design of nuclear reactor structures, is transferred and adjusted for sUAV impacts to calculate the impact force. A mass- and a burst load distribution are needed as input parameters. Both distributions are determined for an sUAV design depending on the flight direction. Compared to previous calculations, the new approach is to consider a moving target structure, which produces more realistic results. We compare the calculation results with simulation data from sUAV collisions with a commercial airliner windshield from the literature. The calculations show plausible results and a good agreement with literature data. Subsequently, the influence of the input parameters on the impact force is investigated. We see that spring stiffness, target mass, burst load distribution and damping have minor influence on the overall impact force. The impact velocity, mass distribution and flight orientation on the other hand have a major influence on the impact force. Further tests are needed to validate the impact model. UR - https://doi.org/10.1007/s13272-021-00552-4 KW - Drone collision KW - Unmanned aerial vehicle KW - Analytic approach KW - Impact force KW - Drone strike KW - Numerical calculation Y1 - 2021 UR - https://doi.org/10.1007/s13272-021-00552-4 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-16064 SN - 1869-5590 VL - 13 IS - 1 SP - 69 EP - 84 PB - Springer CY - Wien ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Franke, Florian A1 - Burger, Uli A1 - Hühne, Christian T1 - Investigation of impacts between unmanned aerial vehicle motors and various targets T2 - Aerospace Europe Conference 2021 Y1 - 2021 UR - https://psaa.meil.pw.edu.pl/AEC2021/Papers/AEC_2021_111_Franke_Florian.pdf PB - Polish Society of Aeronautics and Astronautics CY - Warschau ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Franke, Florian A1 - Burger, Uli A1 - Hühne, Christian T1 - Models and Methods for Drone Strike Load Predictions T2 - ICAS 2020/21 Proceedings KW - Drone collision KW - Unmanned aerial vehicle KW - Analytic approach KW - Impact force KW - FEM Y1 - 2021 UR - https://www.icas.org/ICAS_ARCHIVE/ICAS2020/data/preview/ICAS2020_0019.htm SN - 978-3-932182-91-4 PB - International Council of the Aeronautical Sciences (ICAS) CY - Bonn ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Paula, Daniel A1 - Böhm, Klaus A1 - Kubjatko, Tibor A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg T1 - Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) Experiments for Traffic Accident Reconstruction T2 - Transport Means 2021: Proceedings of the 25th International Scientific Conference - Part I KW - Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) KW - Instrument Cluster KW - Event Data Recorder (EDR) Y1 - 2021 UR - https://transportmeans.ktu.edu/transport-means-2021/ SN - 2351-7034 SN - 1822-296X SP - 108 EP - 112 PB - Kaunas University of Technology CY - Kaunas ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Franke, Florian A1 - Burger, Uli A1 - Hühne, Christian T1 - A novel reduced order model for drone impacts with aircraft structures JF - CEAS Aeronautical Journal N2 - Small unmanned aerial vehicles are a threat for manned aviation. Their increased use by hobby pilots and within the commercial sector has been accompanied by an increase in incidents involving manned aircraft. The problem is that current aircraft structures are designed to resist collisions with birds. They are not designed to withstand drone impacts. The composition of drones differs significantly from previously known load cases. Drones consist of several components with various materials. This means, that there is no analytic model to determine the impact force of such drone strikes with aircraft structures. Within this work, a novel reduced order model for drone impacts is developed. It is validated with high velocity impact test data and explicit finite element simulations. The impact of fragmenting components of the drone are modelled with the aircraft impact model. The impact of non-fragmenting components like motors are described with a spring-mass model. The results show that the approach of superimposing a spring-mass model with the aircraft impact model leads to good results. In case of a rigid target only minor deviations occur within the validity range of the model. Damage and degradation of the target is not included in the model what leads to larger deviations in case of an impact with deformable structures. Nevertheless, the model is very well suited for rapid load estimation and can qualitatively reproduce contact force curves. It can be used for preliminary design of aircraft structures without conducting time and cost intensive tests and simulations. UR - https://doi.org/10.1007/s13272-023-00646-1 KW - Drone collision KW - Unmanned aerial vehicle KW - Analytic approach KW - Impact force KW - Drone strike KW - Numerical calculation Y1 - 2023 UR - https://doi.org/10.1007/s13272-023-00646-1 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-31615 SN - 1869-5590 SN - 1869-5582 VL - 14 IS - 2 SP - 381 EP - 412 PB - Springer CY - Wien ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Mayer, Kevin A1 - Corbett, Christopher A1 - Hof, Hans-Joachim T1 - Structured methodology and survey to evaluate data completeness in automotive digital forensics T2 - 19th escar Europe: The World's Leading Automotive Cyber Security Conference UR - https://doi.org/10.13154/294-8351 Y1 - 2021 UR - https://doi.org/10.13154/294-8351 SP - 52 EP - 67 PB - Ruhr-Universität Bochum CY - Bochum ER - TY - JOUR ED - Hof, Hans-Joachim ED - Gersbeck-Schierholz, Birgit T1 - International Journal on Advances in Security. 14(1&2) Y1 - 2021 UR - http://www.iariajournals.org/security/tocv14n12.html SN - 1942-2636 PB - IARIA CY - [s. l.] ER - TY - JOUR ED - Hof, Hans-Joachim ED - Gersbeck-Schierholz, Birgit T1 - International Journal on Advances in Security. 15(1&2) Y1 - 2022 UR - http://www.iariajournals.org/security/tocv15n12.html SN - 1942-2636 PB - IARIA CY - [s. l.] ER - TY - JOUR ED - Hof, Hans-Joachim ED - Gersbeck-Schierholz, Birgit T1 - International Journal on Advances in Security. 15(3&4) Y1 - 2022 UR - http://www.iariajournals.org/security/tocv15n34.html SN - 1942-2636 PB - IARIA CY - [s. l.] ER - TY - BOOK ED - Hof, Hans-Joachim ED - Popescu, Manuela ED - Yee, George T1 - SECURWARE 2020: The Fourteenth International Conference on Emerging Security Information, Systems and Technologies Y1 - 2020 SN - 978-1-61208-821-1 SN - 2162-2116 PB - IARIA CY - [s. l.] ER - TY - BOOK ED - Hof, Hans-Joachim ED - Popescu, Manuela ED - Fongen, Anders T1 - SECURWARE 2021: The Fifteenth International Conference on Emerging Security Information, Systems and Technologies Y1 - 2021 SN - 978-1-61208-919-5 SN - 2162-2116 PB - IARIA CY - [s. l.] ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zhou, Liguo A1 - Song, Rui A1 - Chen, Guang A1 - Festag, Andreas A1 - Knoll, Alois T1 - Residual encoding framework to compress DNN parameters for fast transfer JF - Knowledge-Based Systems UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.knosys.2023.110815 Y1 - 2023 UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.knosys.2023.110815 SN - 1872-7409 SN - 0950-7051 VL - 2023 IS - 277 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Botsch, Michael A1 - Huber, Werner A1 - Balasubramanian, Lakshman A1 - Flores Fernandez, Alberto A1 - Geisler, Markus A1 - Gudera, Christian A1 - Morales Gomez, Mauricio Rene A1 - Riegl, Peter A1 - Sánchez Morales, Eduardo A1 - Chandra Sekaran, Karthikeyan A1 - Weinzierl, Michael T1 - Data Collection and Safety Use Cases in Smart Infrastructures T2 - 15th International ACM Conference on Automotive User Interfaces: Adjunct Conference Proceedings UR - https://doi.org/10.1145/3581961.3609858 KW - smart infrastructure KW - infrared camera KW - LiDAR sensor KW - sensor data fusion KW - safety use case Y1 - 2023 UR - https://doi.org/10.1145/3581961.3609858 SN - 979-8-4007-0112-2 SP - 333 EP - 336 PB - ACM CY - New York ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Pfeilschifter, Claus A1 - Bauder, Maximilian A1 - Paula, Daniel A1 - Riener, Andreas A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg T1 - Using a Driving Simulator to Assess Reaction Times and Driving Behavior for Forensic Accident Analysis T2 - 15th International ACM Conference on Automotive User Interfaces: Adjunct Conference Proceedings UR - https://doi.org/10.1145/3581961.3609846 KW - car2x KW - semi-automated KW - reaction times KW - trust KW - instrument cluster Y1 - 2023 UR - https://doi.org/10.1145/3581961.3609846 SN - 979-8-4007-0112-2 SP - 320 EP - 322 PB - ACM CY - New York ER - TY - INPR A1 - Bazzi, Alessandro A1 - Sepulcre, Miguel A1 - Delooz, Quentin A1 - Festag, Andreas A1 - Vogt, Jonas A1 - Wieker, Horst A1 - Berens, Friedbert A1 - Spaanderman, Paul T1 - Multi-Channel Operation for the Release 2 of ETSI Cooperative Intelligent Transport Systems N2 - Vehicles and road infrastructure are starting to be equipped with vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication solutions to increase road safety and provide new services to drivers and passengers. In Europe, the deployment is based on a set of Release 1 standards developed by ETSI to support basic use cases for cooperative intelligent transport systems (C-ITS). For them, the capacity of a single 10 MHz channel in the ITS band at 5.9 GHz is considered sufficient. At the same time, the ITS stakeholders are working towards several advanced use cases, which imply a significant increment of data traffic and the need for multiple channels. To address this issue, ETSI has recently standardized a new multi-channel operation (MCO) concept for flexible, efficient, and future-proof use of multiple channels. This new concept is defined in a set of new specifications that represent the foundation for the future releases of C-ITS standards. The present paper provides a comprehensive review of the new set of specifications, describing the main entities extending the C-ITS architecture at the different layers of the protocol stack, In addition, the paper provides representative examples that describe how these MCO standards will be used in the future and discusses some of the main open issues arising. The review and analysis of this paper facilitate the understanding and motivation of the new set of Release 2 ETSI specifications for MCO and the identification of new research opportunities. UR - https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2305.19863 Y1 - 2023 UR - https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2305.19863 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-41498 PB - arXiv CY - Ithaca ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Haß, Jan A1 - Schieber, Christina A1 - Meilinger, Florian A1 - Kotak, Yash A1 - Sevinc, Serkan A1 - Lang, Philipp A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg T1 - Investigation of the Effects Caused by Current Interruption Devices of Lithium Cells at High Overvoltages JF - Applied Sciences N2 - A faulty voltage measurement can lead to the overcharging of a Li-Ion cell, resulting in gas formation and heating inside the cell, which can trigger thermal runaway. To mitigate this risk, cylindrical cells are equipped with a Current Interrupt Device (CID), which functions as a pressure relief valve, disconnecting the electrical circuit within the cell when internal pressure rises. However, this disconnection causes the cell to suddenly become highly resistant, posing a significant issue in series-connected cells. In such configurations, a portion or even the entire system voltage may drop across the disconnected cell, substantially increasing the likelihood of an electric arc. This arc could ignite any escaping flammable gases, leading to catastrophic failures. In a series of tests conducted on three different cell chemistries—NMC (Nickel Manganese Cobalt), NCA (Nickel Cobalt Aluminum), and LFP (Lithium Iron Phosphate)—it was found that the safe operation of the CID cannot be guaranteed for system voltages exceeding 120 V. Although comparative tests at double the nominal cell voltage did not exhibit the same behavior, these findings suggest that current safety standards, which recommend testing at double the nominal voltage, may not adequately address the risks involved. The tests further revealed that series connections of cells with CIDs are inherently dangerous, as, in the worst-case scenario, the entire system voltage can be concentrated across a single cell, leading to potential system failure. UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/app14188238 Y1 - 2024 UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/app14188238 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-51215 SN - 2076-3417 VL - 14 IS - 18 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Peringer, Stefan Michael A1 - Kotak, Yash A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg T1 - Experimental Investigation of Heat Dissipation of Lithium–Ion Cells and Its Correlation with Internal Resistance JF - Applied Sciences N2 - Power loss is a limiting factor for batteries and individual cells. The resulting heat generation due to the power loss leads to reduced battery performance and, thus, lower efficiency. These losses are largely due to the internal resistance of the cells. Therefore, it is important to accurately determine the value of the internal resistance of lithium–ion cells. From the literature, it was found that there are three widely used internal resistance-measurement methods (current step method, direct-energy-loss method, and calorimeter measurement), with negligible research on their comparison demonstrating the most efficient method. Henceforth, to find the most optimal method, this research adopts all three methods on a variety of cell chemistries, including Lithium-ion Manganese Oxide (LMO), Lithium Iron Phosphate (LFP), Nickel Manganese Cobalt (NMC), and Lithium Titanium-Oxide (LTO) for different c-rates (1 C, 2 C, and 3 C), with a wide temperature range (from 0 °C to 40 °C). UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/app14167430 Y1 - 2024 UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/app14167430 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-50513 SN - 2076-3417 VL - 14 IS - 16 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Blümke, Julian A1 - Mayer, Kevin A1 - Hof, Hans-Joachim T1 - An Analysis of Security Concerns in Transitioning Battery Management Systems from First to Second Life T2 - ARES 24: 19th International Conference on Availability, Reliability and Security N2 - Lithium-ion batteries are becoming essential vehicle components with the ongoing shift to electric vehicles. Battery management systems manage these batteries. Typically, battery management systems used to be placed deep within the vehicle architecture, away from external interfaces. However, with increasing connectivity to backend systems, e.g., to improve monitoring battery properties and optimize charging, battery management systems have moved closer to the attack surface, increasing security risks. Also, batteries will soon be reused in so-called second life applications, e.g., as an energy storage system in a private home. While conventional methods involve removing the battery and reusing it with a new battery management system, modern methods retain the original system. Though security controls exist for first and second life applications, there is a lack of research on the transition phase. This paper analyzes the phase of transferring the battery management system from the first to the second life of particular relevance for security, privacy, and intellectual property. We try to close this research gap by analyzing the security aspects of a battery management system life cycle and its altering system environment. We are defining the transition phase, identifying necessary activities, and providing cybersecurity needs for the transitioning of battery management systems from first to second life. UR - https://doi.org/10.1145/3664476.3671010 KW - battery management system KW - BMS KW - second life batteries KW - cybersecurity KW - security control KW - transition Y1 - 2024 UR - https://doi.org/10.1145/3664476.3671010 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-49625 SN - 979-8-4007-1718-5 PB - ACM CY - New York ER -