TY - JOUR A1 - Wintersberger, Philipp A1 - Schartmüller, Clemens A1 - Sadeghian, Shadan A1 - Frison, Anna-Katharina A1 - Riener, Andreas T1 - Evaluation of Imminent Take-Over Requests With Real Automation on a Test Track JF - Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society UR - https://doi.org/10.1177/00187208211051435 Y1 - 2021 UR - https://doi.org/10.1177/00187208211051435 SN - 0018-7208 SN - 1547-8181 VL - 65 IS - 8 SP - 1776 EP - 1792 PB - SAGE CY - London ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Reway, Fabio A1 - Funk Drechsler, Maikol A1 - Murthy, Ravikiran A1 - Poledna, Yuri A1 - Huber, Werner A1 - Icking, Christian T1 - Simulation-based test methods with an automotive camera-in-the-loop for automated driving algorithms T2 - 2022 International Conference on Electrical, Computer, Communications and Mechatronics Engineering (ICECCME) UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/ICECCME55909.2022.9988437 KW - sensor-in-the-loop KW - automate driving KW - testing Y1 - 2022 UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/ICECCME55909.2022.9988437 SN - 978-1-6654-7095-7 PB - IEEE CY - Piscataway (NJ) ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Kuen, Jakob A1 - Schartmüller, Clemens A1 - Wintersberger, Philipp T1 - The TOR Agent: Optimizing Driver Take-Over with Reinforcement Learning T2 - Adjunct Proceedings: 13th International ACM Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications UR - https://doi.org/10.1145/3473682.3480262 KW - take-over requests KW - automated driving KW - conditional automation KW - intelligent user interfaces KW - adaptive automation Y1 - 2021 UR - https://doi.org/10.1145/3473682.3480262 SN - 978-1-4503-8641-8 SP - 47 EP - 52 PB - ACM CY - New York ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Yahyaei, Mahdi A1 - Seifert, Georg A1 - Hempen, Thomas A1 - Huber, Werner T1 - Review of exteroceptive sensors for autonomous driving T2 - 2022 IEEE 25th International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC) UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/ITSC55140.2022.9922379 KW - Image sensors KW - Measurement KW - Redundancy KW - Sensor phenomena and characterization KW - Sensor systems KW - Robustness KW - Software Y1 - 2022 UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/ITSC55140.2022.9922379 SN - 978-1-6654-6880-0 SP - 4005 EP - 4010 PB - IEEE CY - Piscataway ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Wachtel Granado, Diogo A1 - Edler, Johannes A1 - Schröder, Sabine A1 - Queiroz, Samuel A1 - Huber, Werner T1 - Convolutional Neural Network Classification of Vulnerable Road Users based on Micro-Doppler Signatures using an Automotive Radar T2 - 2022 IEEE 25th International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC) UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/ITSC55140.2022.9921852 KW - radar applications KW - convolutional neural networks KW - object classification Y1 - 2022 UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/ITSC55140.2022.9921852 SN - 978-1-6654-6880-0 SP - 866 EP - 872 PB - IEEE CY - Piscataway ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Himmels, Chantal A1 - Weigl, Klemens A1 - Riener, Andreas A1 - Venrooij, Joost T1 - Establishing driving simulator validity: drawbacks of null-hypothesis significance testing when compared to equivalence tests and Bayes factors JF - Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science UR - https://doi.org/10.1080/1463922X.2023.2286478 Y1 - 2023 UR - https://doi.org/10.1080/1463922X.2023.2286478 SN - 1464-536X PB - Taylor & Francis CY - London ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Peintner, Jakob A1 - Escher, Bengt A1 - Detjen, Henrik A1 - Manger, Carina A1 - Riener, Andreas T1 - How to Design Human-Vehicle Cooperation for Automated Driving: A Review of Use Cases, Concepts, and Interfaces JF - Multimodal Technologies and Interaction N2 - Currently, a significant gap exists between academic and industrial research in automated driving development. Despite this, there is common sense that cooperative control approaches in automated vehicles will surpass the previously favored takeover paradigm in most driving situations due to enhanced driving performance and user experience. Yet, the application of these concepts in real driving situations remains unclear, and a holistic approach to driving cooperation is missing. Existing research has primarily focused on testing specific interaction scenarios and implementations. To address this gap and offer a contemporary perspective on designing human–vehicle cooperation in automated driving, we have developed a three-part taxonomy with the help of an extensive literature review. The taxonomy broadens the notion of driving cooperation towards a holistic and application-oriented view by encompassing (1) the “Cooperation Use Case”, (2) the “Cooperation Frame”, and (3) the “Human–Machine Interface”. We validate the taxonomy by categorizing related literature and providing a detailed analysis of an exemplar paper. The proposed taxonomy offers designers and researchers a concise overview of the current state of driver cooperation and insights for future work. Further, the taxonomy can guide automotive HMI designers in ideation, communication, comparison, and reflection of cooperative driving interfaces. UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/mti8030016 KW - automated driving KW - cooperative driving KW - human–computer interaction KW - taxonomy development KW - literature survey Y1 - 2024 UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/mti8030016 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-47152 SN - 2414-4088 VL - 8 IS - 3 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Rothmeier, Thomas A1 - Wachtel Granado, Diogo A1 - von Dem Bussche-Hünnefeld, Tetmar A1 - Huber, Werner T1 - I Had a Bad Day: Challenges of Object Detection in Bad Visibility Conditions T2 - IEEE IV 2023 Symposium Proceedings UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/IV55152.2023.10186674 Y1 - 2023 UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/IV55152.2023.10186674 SN - 979-8-3503-4691-6 PB - IEEE CY - Piscataway ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Funk Drechsler, Maikol A1 - Fiorentin, Thiago Antonio A1 - Göllinger, Harald T1 - Actor-Critic Traction Control Based on Reinforcement Learning with Open-Loop Training JF - Modelling and Simulation in Engineering N2 - The use of actor-critic algorithms can improve the controllers currently implemented in automotive applications. This method combines reinforcement learning (RL) and neural networks to achieve the possibility of controlling nonlinear systems with real-time capabilities. Actor-critic algorithms were already applied with success in different controllers including autonomous driving, antilock braking system (ABS), and electronic stability control (ESC). However, in the current researches, virtual environments are implemented for the training process instead of using real plants to obtain the datasets. This limitation is given by trial and error methods implemented for the training process, which generates considerable risks in case the controller directly acts on the real plant. In this way, the present research proposes and evaluates an open-loop training process, which permits the data acquisition without the control interaction and an open-loop training of the neural networks. The performance of the trained controllers is evaluated by a design of experiments (DOE) to understand how it is affected by the generated dataset. The results present a successful application of open-loop training architecture. The controller can maintain the slip ratio under adequate levels during maneuvers on different floors, including grounds that are not applied during the training process. The actor neural network is also able to identify the different floors and change the acceleration profile according to the characteristics of each ground. UR - https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/4641450 Y1 - 2021 UR - https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/4641450 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-15862 SN - 1687-5605 VL - 2021 PB - Hindawi CY - New York ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Rollwagen, Alice A1 - Schuß, Martina A1 - Riener, Andreas T1 - Enhancing Accessibility for Diverse User Groups in Automated Shuttle Buses: Implications from a User Enactment Study T2 - 15th International ACM Conference on Automotive User Interfaces: Adjunct Conference Proceedings UR - https://doi.org/10.1145/3581961.3609876 KW - User acceptance KW - automated shuttle buses KW - people with disabilities KW - diversity KW - inclusion KW - senior citizens Y1 - 2023 UR - https://doi.org/10.1145/3581961.3609876 SN - 979-8-4007-0112-2 SP - 77 EP - 82 PB - ACM CY - New York ER - TY - CHAP A1 - de Candido, Oliver A1 - Koller, Michael A1 - Gallitz, Oliver A1 - Melz, Ron A1 - Botsch, Michael A1 - Utschick, Wolfgang T1 - Towards feature validation in time to lane change classification using deep neural networks T2 - 2020 IEEE 23rd International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC) UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/ITSC45102.2020.9294555 KW - Feature extraction KW - Convolution KW - Computer architecture KW - Road transportation KW - Standards KW - Machine learning algorithms KW - Acceleration Y1 - 2020 UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/ITSC45102.2020.9294555 SN - 978-1-7281-4149-7 PB - IEEE CY - Piscataway ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Nadarajan, Parthasarathy A1 - Botsch, Michael A1 - Sardina, Sebastian T1 - Continuous Probabilistic Motion Prediction based on Latent Space Interpolation T2 - 2023 IEEE 26th International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC) UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/ITSC57777.2023.10422685 Y1 - 2024 UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/ITSC57777.2023.10422685 SN - 979-8-3503-9946-2 SP - 3796 EP - 3803 PB - IEEE CY - Piscataway ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Denk, Florian A1 - Himmels, Chantal A1 - Andreev, Vladislav A1 - Lindner, Johannes A1 - Syed, Arslan Ali A1 - Riener, Andreas A1 - Huber, Werner A1 - Kates, Ronald T1 - Studying Interactions of Motorists and Vulnerable Road Users: Empirical Comparison of Test Track and Simulator Experiments T2 - 2023 IEEE 26th International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC) UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/ITSC57777.2023.10421865 Y1 - 2024 UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/ITSC57777.2023.10421865 SN - 979-8-3503-9946-2 SP - 992 EP - 999 PB - IEEE CY - Piscataway ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Wachtel Granado, Diogo A1 - Queiroz, Samuel A1 - Schön, Torsten A1 - Huber, Werner A1 - Faria, Lester T1 - A novel Conditional Generative Adversarial Networks for Automotive Radar Range-Doppler Targets Synthetic Generation T2 - 2023 IEEE 26th International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC) UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/ITSC57777.2023.10422067 Y1 - 2024 UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/ITSC57777.2023.10422067 SN - 979-8-3503-9946-2 SP - 3964 EP - 3969 PB - IEEE CY - Piscataway ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Balasubramanian, Lakshman A1 - Wurst, Jonas A1 - Egolf, Robin A1 - Botsch, Michael A1 - Utschick, Wolfgang A1 - Deng, Ke T1 - SceneDiffusion: Conditioned Latent Diffusion Models for Traffic Scene Prediction T2 - 2023 IEEE 26th International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC) UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/ITSC57777.2023.10422482 Y1 - 2024 UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/ITSC57777.2023.10422482 SN - 979-8-3503-9946-2 SP - 3914 EP - 3921 PB - IEEE CY - Piscataway ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Neumeier, Marion A1 - Dorn, Sebastian A1 - Botsch, Michael A1 - Utschick, Wolfgang T1 - Prediction and Interpretation of Vehicle Trajectories in the Graph Spectral Domain T2 - 2023 IEEE 26th International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC) UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/ITSC57777.2023.10422530 Y1 - 2024 UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/ITSC57777.2023.10422530 SN - 979-8-3503-9946-2 SP - 1172 EP - 1179 PB - IEEE CY - Piscataway ER - TY - CHAP A1 - von Sawitzky, Tamara A1 - Wintersberger, Philipp A1 - Matviienko, Andrii A1 - Löcken, Andreas A1 - Riener, Andreas A1 - Michahelles, Florian ED - Wienrich, Carolin ED - Wintersberger, Philipp ED - Weyers, Benjamin T1 - Workshop on Intelligent Cyclist Support Systems and Applications T2 - Mensch und Computer 2021 - Workshopband UR - https://doi.org/10.18420/muc2021-mci-ws12-122 KW - Intelligent Transport Systems KW - Cyclist Safety, Mobility KW - Vulnerable Road Users KW - Workshop Y1 - 2021 UR - https://doi.org/10.18420/muc2021-mci-ws12-122 PB - Gesellschaft für Informatik e.V. CY - Bonn ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Gallitz, Oliver A1 - de Candido, Oliver A1 - Botsch, Michael A1 - Utschick, Wolfgang T1 - Interpretable Early Prediction of Lane Changes Using a Constrained Neural Network Architecture T2 - 2021 IEEE International Intelligent Transportation Systems Conference (ITSC) UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/ITSC48978.2021.9564555 Y1 - 2021 UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/ITSC48978.2021.9564555 SN - 978-1-7281-9142-3 SP - 493 EP - 499 PB - IEEE CY - Piscataway (NJ) ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Haimerl, Mathias A1 - Colley, Mark A1 - Riener, Andreas T1 - Evaluation of Common External Communication Concepts of Automated Vehicles for People With Intellectual Disabilities JF - Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction UR - https://doi.org/10.1145/3546717 KW - accessibility KW - learning disorder KW - eHMI KW - automated vehicles KW - vulnerable road-users Y1 - 2022 UR - https://doi.org/10.1145/3546717 SN - 2573-0142 VL - 6 IS - MHCI PB - ACM CY - New York ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Manger, Carina A1 - Pusch, Florian A1 - Thöne, Manuel A1 - Wenger, Marco A1 - Löcken, Andreas A1 - Riener, Andreas ED - Michahelles, Florian ED - Knierim, Pascal ED - Häkkilä, Jonna T1 - Explainability in Automated Parking: The Effect of Augmented Reality Visualizations on User Experience and Situation Awareness T2 - Proceedings of MUM 2023: the 22nd International Conference on Mobile and Ubiquitous Multimedia UR - https://doi.org/10.1145/3626705.3627796 Y1 - 2023 UR - https://doi.org/10.1145/3626705.3627796 SN - 979-8-4007-0921-0 SP - 146 EP - 152 PB - ACM CY - New York ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Matviienko, Andrii A1 - Boot, Mario A1 - Löcken, Andreas A1 - Pfleging, Bastian A1 - Löchtefeld, Markus A1 - Von Sawitzky, Tamara A1 - Savino, Gian-Luca A1 - Sturdee, Miriam A1 - Andres, Josh A1 - Boyer, Kristy Elizabeth A1 - Brewster, Stephen Anthony A1 - Mueller, Florian ‘Floyd’ ED - Mueller, Florian 'Floyd' ED - Kyburz, Penny ED - Williamson, Julie R. ED - Sas, Corina T1 - Learning from Cycling: Discovering Lessons Learned from CyclingHCI JF - CHI'24: Extended Abstracts of the 2024 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems UR - https://doi.org/10.1145/3613905.3636291 Y1 - 2024 UR - https://doi.org/10.1145/3613905.3636291 SN - 979-8-4007-0331-7 PB - ACM CY - New York ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Ehsan, Upol A1 - Watkins, Elizabeth A A1 - Wintersberger, Philipp A1 - Manger, Carina A1 - Kim, Sunnie S. Y. A1 - Van Berkel, Niels A1 - Riener, Andreas A1 - Riedl, Mark O ED - Mueller, Florian 'Floyd' ED - Kyburz, Penny ED - Williamson, Julie R. ED - Sas, Corina T1 - Human-Centered Explainable AI (HCXAI): Reloading Explainability in the Era of Large Language Models (LLMs) T2 - CHI'24: Extended Abstracts of the 2024 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems UR - https://doi.org/10.1145/3613905.3636311 Y1 - 2024 UR - https://doi.org/10.1145/3613905.3636311 SN - 979-8-4007-0331-7 PB - ACM CY - New York ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Manger, Carina A1 - Preiwisch, Anna A1 - Gambirasio, Chiara A1 - Golks, Simon A1 - Schuß, Martina A1 - Riener, Andreas ED - Michahelles, Florian ED - Knierim, Pascal ED - Häkkilä, Jonna T1 - We're in This Together: Exploring Explanation Needs and Methods in Shared Automated Shuttle Buses T2 - Proceedings of MUM 2023: the 22nd International Conference on Mobile and Ubiquitous Multimedia UR - https://doi.org/10.1145/3626705.3627798 Y1 - 2023 UR - https://doi.org/10.1145/3626705.3627798 SN - 979-8-4007-0921-0 SP - 145 EP - 151 PB - ACM CY - New York ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Janssen, Christian P. A1 - Boyle, Linda Ng A1 - Ju, Wendy A1 - Riener, Andreas A1 - Alvarez, Ignacio T1 - Agents, environments, scenarios: A framework for examining models and simulations of human-vehicle interaction JF - Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives N2 - This paper provides a framework for examining human-vehicle interactions with respect to three dimensions that can involve models or simulations: the agents, the environments, and the scenarios. Agents are considered on a spectrum from human to artificial actors. Environments are considered on a spectrum from simulated to real. Scenarios are considered on a spectrum from constrained to unconstrained. It is argued that these three dimensions capture key differences in research approaches within the field of human-vehicle interaction, and that explicitly situating research and discussions within this framework will allow researchers to better compare and contrast research outcomes and contributions. The framework is used to locate different disciplines in the community with respect to one another, and to identify areas which are as-yet unexplored. UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trip.2020.100214 KW - theory KW - models KW - simulation KW - human-vehicle interaction KW - environment KW - scenario KW - agent KW - fidelity KW - control Y1 - 2020 UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trip.2020.100214 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-9259 SN - 2590-1982 VL - 2020 IS - 8 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Chaulwar, Amit A1 - Al-Hashimi, Hussein A1 - Botsch, Michael A1 - Utschick, Wolfgang T1 - Sampling Algorithms Combination with Machine Learning for Effcient Safe Trajectory Planning JF - International Journal of Machine Learning and Computing N2 - The planning of safe trajectories in critical traffic scenarios using model-based algorithms is a very computationally intensive task. Recently proposed algorithms, namely Hybrid Augmented CL-RRT, Hybrid Augmented CL-RRT+ and GATE-ARRT+, reduce the computation time for safe trajectory planning drastically using a combination of a deep learning algorithm 3D-ConvNet with a vehicle dynamic model. An efficient embedded implementation of these algorithms is required as the vehicle on-board micro-controller resources are limited. This work proposes methodologies for replacing the computationally intensive modules of these trajectory planning algorithms using different efficient machine learning and analytical methods. The required computational resources are measured by downloading and running the algorithms on various hardware platforms. The results show significant reduction in computational resources and the potential of proposed algorithms to run in real time. Also, alternative architectures for 3D-ConvNet are presented for further reduction of required computational resources. UR - https://doi.org/10.18178/ijmlc.2021.11.1.1007 KW - Safe trajectory planning KW - hybrid machine learning KW - collision avoidance and mitigation Y1 - 2021 UR - https://doi.org/10.18178/ijmlc.2021.11.1.1007 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-14099 SN - 2010-3700 VL - 11 IS - 1 PB - IACSIT Press CY - Singapur ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Dey, Debargha A1 - Habibovic, Azra A1 - Löcken, Andreas A1 - Wintersberger, Philipp A1 - Pfleging, Bastian A1 - Riener, Andreas A1 - Martens, Marieke A1 - Terken, Jacques T1 - Taming the eHMI jungle: A classification taxonomy to guide, compare, and assess the design principles of automated vehicles' external human-machine interfaces JF - Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives N2 - There is a growing body of research in the field of interaction between automated vehicles and other road users in their vicinity. To facilitate such interactions, researchers and designers have explored designs, and this line of work has yielded several concepts of external Human-Machine Interfaces (eHMI) for vehicles. Literature and media review reveals that the description of interfaces is often lacking in fidelity or details of their functionalities in specific situations, which makes it challenging to understand the originating concepts. There is also a lack of a universal understanding of the various dimensions of a communication interface, which has impeded a consistent and coherent addressal of the different aspects of the functionalities of such interface concepts. In this paper, we present a unified taxonomy that allowsa systematic comparison of the eHMI across 18 dimensions, covering their physical characteristics and communication aspects from the perspective of human factors and human-machine interaction. We analyzed and coded 70eHMI concepts according to this taxonomy to portray the state of the art and highlight the relative maturity of different contributions. The results point to a number of unexplored research areas that could inspire future work. Additionally, we believe that our proposed taxonomy can serve as a checklist for user interface designers and researchers when developing their interfaces. UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trip.2020.100174 KW - Automated vehicle KW - Vulnerable road user KW - Pedestrian KW - External human-machine interface KW - Taxonomy KW - Human factors KW - Human-computer interaction Y1 - 2020 UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trip.2020.100174 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-9241 SN - 2590-1982 VL - 2020 IS - 7 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Riener, Andreas A1 - Schlackl, Dominik A1 - Malsam, Julia A1 - Huber, Josef A1 - Homm, Benjamin A1 - Kaczmar, Marion A1 - Kleitsch, Iris A1 - Megos, Alina A1 - Park, Eunji A1 - Sanverdi, Gülsüm A1 - Schmidt, Sabrina A1 - Bracaci, Daniel A1 - Anees, Esha T1 - Improving the UX for Users of Automated Shuttle Buses in Public Transport: Investigating Aspects of Exterior Communication and Interior Design JF - Multimodal Technologies and Interaction N2 - As a precursor to future public transportation, automated shuttle buses can already be experienced in some test regions, but the general public still has reservations and may not yet be ready for this change. For example, the fact that such vehicles might operate independently (without a human driver) creates a barrier of uncertainty and mistrust among people. In this work, we aim to identify and classify the prevailing reservations and propose solutions. We followed the User Centered Design (UCD) process to design concepts that are specifically tailored to the needs of future public transport users. After related work analysis, on-site research, and pre-studies, two main studies were conducted specifically to address communication in the exterior (n = 24) and interior/service design (n = 21). For both studies, we applied a mixed-methods approach combining quantitative and qualitative measures. Our results indicate that, in general, existing ways of communication in the exterior are insufficient to meet future needs. The two visualization concepts for external communication developed in this work were rated (significantly) better in most dimensions of the User Experience Questionnaire (UEQ), when compared to the baseline condition with no additional visualization. Furthermore, preferences among the study participants towards simple, highly visible, and well-known lighting concepts could be observed. As for the interior, the results show that participants rated attractiveness highly for the two design concepts (closer, further in the future) as compared to current, state-of-the-art solutions (automated buses currently in operation). For the “near future” concept, the pragmatic quality dominated, while in the other (the “far future”) concept the hedonic quality was in the foreground. From the results, design recommendations in different categories were derived, which reflect the general openness of the public towards new technologies and interior approaches, but also point out the importance for privacy and designated personal spaces inside an (automated) shuttle bus. Some of the results do not strictly apply to automated shuttle buses, and can serve as valuable suggestions for improving conventional shuttle buses. UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/mti5100061 KW - automated shuttle buses KW - public transport KW - user experience KW - user centered design KW - exterior communication KW - interior design KW - future mobility services Y1 - 2021 UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/mti5100061 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-9220 SN - 2414-4088 VL - 5 IS - 10 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schuß, Martina A1 - Wintersberger, Philipp A1 - Riener, Andreas T1 - Security Issues in Shared Automated Mobility Systems: A Feminist HCI Perspective JF - Multimodal Technologies and Interaction N2 - The spread of automated vehicles (AVs) is expected to disrupt our mobility behavior. Currently, a male bias is prevalent in the technology industry in general, and in the automotive industry in particular, mainly focusing on white men. This leads to an under-representation of groups of people with other social, physiological, and psychological characteristics. The advent of automated driving (AD) should be taken as an opportunity to mitigate this bias and consider a diverse variety of people within the development process. We conducted a qualitative, exploratory study to investigate how shared automated vehicles (SAVs) should be designed from a pluralistic perspective considering a holistic viewpoint on the whole passenger journey by including booking, pick-up, and drop-off points. Both, men and women, emphasized the importance of SAVs being flexible and clean, whereas security issues were mentioned exclusively by our female participants. While proposing different potential solutions to mitigate security matters, we discuss them through the lens of the feminist HCI framework. UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/mti5080043 KW - shared automated vehicles KW - feminist HCI KW - gender-bias KW - automated systems Y1 - 2021 UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/mti5080043 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-9191 SN - 2414-4088 VL - 5 IS - 8 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Flores Fernández, Alberto A1 - Sánchez Morales, Eduardo A1 - Botsch, Michael A1 - Facchi, Christian A1 - García Higuera, Andrés T1 - Generation of Correction Data for Autonomous Driving by Means of Machine Learning and On-Board Diagnostics JF - Sensors N2 - A highly accurate reference vehicle state is a requisite for the evaluation and validation of Autonomous Driving (AD) and Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADASs). This highly accurate vehicle state is usually obtained by means of Inertial Navigation Systems (INSs) that obtain position, velocity, and Course Over Ground (COG) correction data from Satellite Navigation (SatNav). However, SatNav is not always available, as is the case of roofed places, such as parking structures, tunnels, or urban canyons. This leads to a degradation over time of the estimated vehicle state. In the present paper, a methodology is proposed that consists on the use of a Machine Learning (ML)-method (Transformer Neural Network—TNN) with the objective of generating highly accurate velocity correction data from On-Board Diagnostics (OBD) data. The TNN obtains OBD data as input and measurements from state-of-the-art reference sensors as a learning target. The results show that the TNN is able to infer the velocity over ground with a Mean Absolute Error (MAE) of 0.167 kmh (0.046 ms) when a database of 3,428,099 OBD measurements is considered. The accuracy decreases to 0.863 kmh (0.24 ms) when only 5000 OBD measurements are used. Given that the obtained accuracy closely resembles that of state-of-the-art reference sensors, it allows INSs to be provided with accurate velocity correction data. An inference time of less than 40 ms for the generation of new correction data is achieved, which suggests the possibility of online implementation. This supports a highly accurate estimation of the vehicle state for the evaluation and validation of AD and ADAS, even in SatNav-deprived environments. UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/s23010159 KW - On-Board Diagnostics KW - Machine Learning KW - Transformer Neural Network KW - Autonomous Driving KW - ADAS KW - Inertial Navigation Systems Y1 - 2022 UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/s23010159 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-30464 SN - 1424-8220 VL - 23 IS - 1 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kruber, Friedrich A1 - Sánchez Morales, Eduardo A1 - Egolf, Robin A1 - Wurst, Jonas A1 - Chakraborty, Samarjit A1 - Botsch, Michael T1 - Micro- and Macroscopic Road Traffic Analysis using Drone Image Data JF - Leibniz Transactions on Embedded Systems N2 - The current development in the drone technology, alongside with machine learning based image processing, open new possibilities for various applications. Thus, the market volume is expected to grow rapidly over the next years. The goal of this paper is to demonstrate the capabilities and limitations of drone based image data processing for the purpose of road traffic analysis. In the first part a method for generating microscopic traffic data is proposed. More precisely, the state of vehicles and the resulting trajectories are estimated. The method is validated by conducting experiments with reference sensors and proofs to achieve precise vehicle state estimation results. It is also shown, how the computational effort can be reduced by incorporating the tracking information into a neural network. A discussion on current limitations supplements the findings. By collecting a large number of vehicle trajectories, macroscopic statistics, such as traffic flow and density can be obtained from the data. In the second part, a publicly available drone based data set is analyzed to evaluate the suitability for macroscopic traffic modeling. The results show that the method is well suited for gaining detailed information about macroscopic statistics, such as traffic flow dependent time headway or lane change occurrences. In conclusion, this paper presents methods to exploit the remarkable opportunities of drone based image processing for joint macro- and microscopic traffic analysis. UR - https://doi.org/10.4230/LITES.8.1.2 KW - traffic data analysis KW - trajectory data KW - drone image data Y1 - 2022 UR - https://doi.org/10.4230/LITES.8.1.2 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-29704 SN - 2199-2002 VL - 8 IS - 1 SP - 02:1 EP - 02:27 PB - Schloss Dagstuhl CY - Wadern ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schuß, Martina A1 - Rollwagen, Alice A1 - Riener, Andreas T1 - Understanding Operator Influence in Automated Urban Shuttle Buses and Recommendations for Future Development JF - Multimodal Technologies and Interaction N2 - The automation of our vehicles is an all-present topic with great benefits for society, particularly in the area of public transport and pilot projects of automated shuttle buses are already underway. However, they do not show the full potential of using them as a supplement to public transport, since single-occupancy registration of the vehicles usually allows only slow speeds and also requires a substitute driver on board. In our study, we aim to (1) examine the status quo of its user acceptance and (2) identify the roles of the operators and their tasks in automated urban shuttle buses. We conducted a mixed-method study including in-depth interviews, questionnaires, and in-the-field observations visiting pilot projects of the two most widespread pilot projects on German streets. Our results uncover the multiple roles and tasks the human operators currently assume. Furthermore, we developed design approaches for a digital companion substituting the operator in a long run and evaluated these concepts. A remote operator or a hologram were preferred solutions and we propose further design requirements for such companions. This work helps to understand the individual roles that operators currently occupy and provides a good basis for concepts of technologies that will perform these tasks in the future. UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/mti6120109 KW - automated shuttles buses KW - operators KW - user acceptance KW - automated vehicles KW - pilot projects KW - on-site study Y1 - 2022 UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/mti6120109 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-29942 SN - 2414-4088 VL - 6 IS - 12 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Riegler, Andreas A1 - Riener, Andreas A1 - Holzmann, Clemens T1 - Towards Personalized 3D Augmented Reality Windshield Displays in the Context of Automated Driving JF - Frontiers in Future Transportation N2 - As vehicle automation advances, drivers of automated vehicles become more disengaged from the primary driving task. Windshield displays provide a large screen space supporting drivers in non-driving related activities. This article presents user preferences as well as task and safety issues for 3D augmented reality windshield displays in automated driving. Participants of a user study (n = 24) customized two modes of content presentation (multiple content-specific windows vs. one main window), and could freely adjust visual parameters for these content windows using a simulated “ideal” windshield display in a virtual reality driving simulator. We found that user preferences differ with respect to contextual aspects. Additionally, using one main content window resulted in better task performance and lower take-over times, but the subjective user experience was higher for the multi-window user interface. These findings help automotive interface designers to improve experiences in automated vehicles. UR - https://doi.org/10.3389/ffutr.2022.810698 KW - augmented reality KW - windshield display KW - automated driving KW - user study KW - user preferences Y1 - 2022 UR - https://doi.org/10.3389/ffutr.2022.810698 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-28093 SN - 2673-5210 VL - 3 PB - Frontiers Media CY - Lausanne ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Keler, Andreas A1 - Denk, Florian A1 - Brunner, Pascal A1 - Grigoropoulos, Georgios A1 - Malcom, Patrick A1 - Bogenberger, Klaus T1 - Varying Bicycle Infrastructures BT - an Interconnected Simulator Study for Inspecting Motorist-Cyclist Conflicts N2 - In this research, we estimate the influence of different bicycle infrastructure on the severity of motorist-cyclist conflicts via an interconnected simulator study. Our focus is a specific conflict type: motorist is turning at an intersection and the cyclist is going straight, crossing the intersection based on previous evaluations from literature. Additionally, we reason on previously-conducted bicycle simulator studies and adapt specific methodological components of investigation area depiction in VR and scenario definition. In the end, we present four scenarios of a case study based on a signalized intersection in Ingolstadt, Germany, where we inspect motorist-cyclist conflicts in an interconnected simulator environment. After every simulator run both test subjects will be teleported to specific starting positions. UR - https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5513664 KW - Interconnected Simulator Studies KW - Bicycle Simulator KW - Traffic Safety KW - Motorist-Cyclist Conflicts KW - Visibility Fields Y1 - 2021 UR - https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5513664 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-12899 PB - Zenodo CY - Genf ER - TY - JOUR A1 - von Sawitzky, Tamara A1 - Grauschopf, Thomas A1 - Riener, Andreas T1 - “Attention! A door could open.” - introducing awareness messages for cyclists to safely evade potential hazards JF - Multimodal Technologies and Interaction N2 - Numerous statistics show that cyclists are often involved in road traffic accidents, often with serious outcomes. One potential hazard of cycling, especially in cities, is “dooring”—passing parked vehicles that still have occupants inside. These occupants could open the vehicle door unexpectedly in the cyclist’s path—requiring a quick evasive response by the cyclist to avoid a collision. Dooring can be very poorly anticipated; as a possible solution, we propose in this work a system that notifies the cyclist of opening doors based on a networked intelligent transportation infrastructure. In a user study with a bicycle simulator (N = 24), we examined the effects of three user interface designs compared to a baseline (no notifications) on cycling behavior (speed and lateral position), perceived safety, and ease of use. Awareness messages (either visual message, visual message + auditory icon, or visual + voice message) were displayed on a smart bicycle helmet at different times before passing a parked, still-occupied vehicle. Our participants found the notifications of potential hazards very easy to understand and appealing and felt that the alerts could help them navigate traffic more safely. Those concepts that (additionally) used auditory icons or voice messages were preferred. In addition, the lateral distance increased significantly when a potentially opening door was indicated. In these situations, cyclists were able to safely pass the parked vehicle without braking. In summary, we are convinced that notification systems, such as the one presented here, are an important component for increasing road safety, especially for vulnerable road users. UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/mti6010003 KW - accident prevention KW - awareness message KW - connected traffic KW - cycling KW - head-mounted display KW - lateral position KW - simulation KW - vulnerable road users Y1 - 2021 UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/mti6010003 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-13079 SN - 2414-4088 VL - 6 IS - 1 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - BOOK ED - Riener, Andreas ED - Appel, Alexandra ED - Dorner, Wolfgang ED - Huber, Thomas ED - Kolb, Jan Christopher ED - Wagner, Harry T1 - Autonome Shuttlebusse im ÖPNV BT - Analysen und Bewertungen zum Fallbeispiel Bad Birnbach aus technischer, gesellschaftlicher und planerischer Sicht N2 - Automatisiertes Fahren wird aktuell auf allen Ebenen diskutiert. Dieses Open Access Buch greift das Thema aus Sicht des ÖPNV auf und stellt Chancen und Risiken des Einsatzes automatisierter Shuttlebusse im Nahverkehr dar. Am Beispiel Bad Birnbach/Niederbayern wird gezeigt, welche Herausforderungen bei der Einführung eines solchen Services zu erwarten sind und wie diese gelöst werden können. Dabei fokussiert sich das Buch auf die Vermittlung von im Feld erhobenen Daten, z.B. zu technischen Schwierigkeiten, Erfahrungsberichten von Anwohnern und Gästen, Akzeptanz in der Bevölkerung, infrastrukturellen Anforderungen, etc. Konkrete Handlungsempfehlungen für Städteplaner, ÖPNV-Betreiber/-Strategen oder Kommunen, die eine Einführung automatisierter Busse in Erwägung ziehen, runden das Werk ab. UR - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-59406-3 KW - Autonomes Fahren KW - Multimodaler Verkehr KW - Verkehrsplanung für automatisierte Shuttlebusse KW - Gesellschaftliche Akzeptanz KW - Einsatzpotentiale von automatisierten Shuttlebussen KW - Open Access Y1 - 2020 UR - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-59406-3 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-14179 SN - 978-3-662-59406-3 SN - 978-3-662-59405-6 PB - Springer Vieweg CY - Berlin ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schartmüller, Clemens A1 - Weigl, Klemens A1 - Löcken, Andreas A1 - Wintersberger, Philipp A1 - Steinhauser, Marco A1 - Riener, Andreas T1 - Displays for Productive Non-Driving Related Tasks: Visual Behavior and Its Impact in Conditionally Automated Driving JF - Multimodal Technologies and Interaction N2 - (1) Background: Primary driving tasks are increasingly being handled by vehicle automation so that support for non-driving related tasks (NDRTs) is becoming more and more important. In SAE L3 automation, vehicles can require the driver-passenger to take over driving controls, though. Interfaces for NDRTs must therefore guarantee safe operation and should also support productive work. (2) Method: We conducted a within-subjects driving simulator study (N=53) comparing Heads-Up Displays (HUDs) and Auditory Speech Displays (ASDs) for productive NDRT engagement. In this article, we assess the NDRT displays’ effectiveness by evaluating eye-tracking measures and setting them into relation to workload measures, self-ratings, and NDRT/take-over performance. (3) Results: Our data highlights substantially higher gaze dispersion but more extensive glances on the road center in the auditory condition than the HUD condition during automated driving. We further observed potentially safety-critical glance deviations from the road during take-overs after a HUD was used. These differences are reflected in self-ratings, workload indicators and take-over reaction times, but not in driving performance. (4) Conclusion: NDRT interfaces can influence visual attention even beyond their usage during automated driving. In particular, the HUD has resulted in safety-critical glances during manual driving after take-overs. We found this impacted workload and productivity but not driving performance UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/mti5040021 KW - automated driving KW - take-over requests KW - conditional automation KW - non-driving related tasks KW - eye-tracking KW - performance KW - behavior KW - displays KW - productivity KW - visual attention Y1 - 2021 UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/mti5040021 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-10965 SN - 2414-4088 VL - 5 IS - 4 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Wintersberger, Philipp A1 - Frison, Anna-Katharina A1 - Thang, Isabella A1 - Riener, Andreas ED - Riener, Andreas ED - Appel, Alexandra ED - Dorner, Wolfgang ED - Huber, Thomas ED - Kolb, Jan Christopher ED - Wagner, Harry T1 - Mensch oder Maschine? Direktvergleich von automatisiert und manuell gesteuertem Nahverkehr T2 - Autonome Shuttlebusse im ÖPNV N2 - Da erst wenige automatisierte Fahrzeuge auf öffentlichen Straßen in Betrieb sind, ist aktuell noch unklar, ob potenzielle Nutzer diese akzeptieren und ihnen vertrauen. Um diesen Fragen nachzugehen, wurde eine Feldstudie mit 24 (jeweils zwölf älteren und jüngeren) Teilnehmern durchgeführt, wobei ein automatisiertes Fahrzeug direkt mit einem von menschlicher Hand gesteuerten Gruppentaxi verglichen wurde. Benutzerakzeptanz und -erlebnis, Vertrauen sowie subjektives Zeitempfinden wurden sowohl vor als auch nach der Fahrt mit dem jeweiligen Transportmittel mit standardisierten Messverfahren und Interviews erfasst. Die Resultate zeigen, dass automatisierte Fahrzeuge in ähnlichem Ausmaß akzeptiert werden wie auch menschliche Fahrer, jedoch gerade jüngere Probanden aufgrund der geringeren Geschwindigkeit der neuen Technologie gegenüber noch skeptisch eingestellt sind. Für diese Zielgruppe wirkte sich jedoch eine Fahrt mit dem automatisierten Fahrzeug positiv auf das Vertrauen aus. Eine Berücksichtigung der gewonnenen Erkenntnisse ist für eine weitere Implementierung der Technologie zu empfehlen. UR - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-59406-3_6 Y1 - 2020 UR - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-59406-3_6 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-17541 SN - 978-3-662-59405-6 SN - 978-3-662-59406-3 SP - 95 EP - 113 PB - Springer Vieweg CY - Berlin ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Wintersberger, Philipp A1 - Löcken, Andreas A1 - Frison, Anna-Katharina A1 - Riener, Andreas ED - Riener, Andreas ED - Appel, Alexandra ED - Dorner, Wolfgang ED - Huber, Thomas ED - Kolb, Jan Christopher ED - Wagner, Harry T1 - Evaluierung von Benutzeranforderungen für die Kommunikation zwischen automatisierten Fahrzeugen und ungeschützten Verkehrsteilnehmern T2 - Autonome Shuttlebusse im ÖPNV: Analysen und Bewertungen zum Fallbeispiel Bad Birnbach aus technischer, gesellschaftlicher und planerischer Sicht N2 - Es wurden bereits einige Lösungen vorgestellt, um die Kommunikation zwischen automatisierten Fahrzeugen und ungeschützten Verkehrsteilnehmern (sog. „Vulnerable Road Users“, VRUs) zu unterstützen. Noch ist jedoch unklar, ob diese Systeme den Anforderungen zukünftiger Benutzer auch gerecht werden. Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, Benutzeranforderungen von VRUs nach direktem Kontakt mit einem automatisierten Fahrzeug zu erfassen. Hierfür wurde eine Feldstudie mit 32 Teilnehmern durchgeführt. Die Resultate, welche sowohl auf subjektiven (Fragebögen, Interviews) als auch objektiven (Videoanalyse) Daten basieren, legen nahe, dass ungeschützte Verkehrsteilnehmer einfache und bekannte Konzepte (beispielsweise Ampelsysteme oder Hupen) zur Kommunikation bevorzugen. Des Weiteren wurden diverse Problemszenarien identifiziert, welche für eine Bereitstellung von automatisierten Fahrzeugen in „Shared Spaces“ von besonderer Bedeutung sind. UR - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-59406-3_7 Y1 - 2020 UR - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-59406-3_7 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-17601 SN - 978-3-662-59405-6 SN - 978-3-662-59406-3 SP - 115 EP - 132 PB - Springer Vieweg CY - Berlin ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Flores Fernández, Alberto A1 - Wurst, Jonas A1 - Sánchez Morales, Eduardo A1 - Botsch, Michael A1 - Facchi, Christian A1 - García Higuera, Andrés T1 - Probabilistic Traffic Motion Labeling for Multi-Modal Vehicle Route Prediction JF - Sensors N2 - The prediction of the motion of traffic participants is a crucial aspect for the research and development of Automated Driving Systems (ADSs). Recent approaches are based on multi-modal motion prediction, which requires the assignment of a probability score to each of the multiple predicted motion hypotheses. However, there is a lack of ground truth for this probability score in the existing datasets. This implies that current Machine Learning (ML) models evaluate the multiple predictions by comparing them with the single real trajectory labeled in the dataset. In this work, a novel data-based method named Probabilistic Traffic Motion Labeling (PROMOTING) is introduced in order to (a) generate probable future routes and (b) estimate their probabilities. PROMOTING is presented with the focus on urban intersections. The generation of probable future routes is (a) based on a real traffic dataset and consists of two steps: first, a clustering of intersections with similar road topology, and second, a clustering of similar routes that are driven in each cluster from the first step. The estimation of the route probabilities is (b) based on a frequentist approach that considers how traffic participants will move in the future given their motion history. PROMOTING is evaluated with the publicly available Lyft database. The results show that PROMOTING is an appropriate approach to estimate the probabilities of the future motion of traffic participants in urban intersections. In this regard, PROMOTING can be used as a labeling approach for the generation of a labeled dataset that provides a probability score for probable future routes. Such a labeled dataset currently does not exist and would be highly valuable for ML approaches with the task of multi-modal motion prediction. The code is made open source. UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/s22124498 KW - PROMOTING KW - automated driving systems KW - autonomous vehicles KW - multi-modal KW - motion prediction KW - route prediction KW - machine learning KW - real traffic data Y1 - 2022 UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/s22124498 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-24341 SN - 1424-8220 VL - 22 IS - 12 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Riegler, Andreas A1 - Riener, Andreas A1 - Holzmann, Clemens T1 - A systematic review of virtual reality applications for automated driving: 2009–2020 JF - Frontiers in human dynamics N2 - While virtual reality (VR) interfaces have been researched extensively over the last decades, studies on their application in vehicles have only recently advanced. In this paper, we systematically review 12 years of VR research in the context of automated driving (AD), from 2009 to 2020. Due to the multitude of possibilities for studies with regard to VR technology, at present, the pool of findings is heterogeneous and non-transparent. We investigated N = 176 scientific papers of relevant journals and conferences with the goal to analyze the status quo of existing VR studies in AD, and to classify the related literature into application areas. We provide insights into the utilization of VR technology which is applicable at specific level of vehicle automation and for different users (drivers, passengers, pedestrians) and tasks. Results show that most studies focused on designing automotive experiences in VR, safety aspects, and vulnerable road users. Trust, simulator and motion sickness, and external human-machine interfaces (eHMIs) also marked a significant portion of the published papers, however a wide range of different parameters was investigated by researchers. Finally, we discuss a set of open challenges, and give recommendation for future research in automated driving at the VR side of the reality-virtuality continuum. UR - https://doi.org/10.3389/fhumd.2021.689856 KW - virtual reality KW - automated driving KW - systematic review KW - user studies KW - augmented reality KW - user experience KW - usability KW - classifications Y1 - 2021 UR - https://doi.org/10.3389/fhumd.2021.689856 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-11067 SN - 2673-2726 VL - 3 PB - Frontiers Media CY - Lausanne ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Jeon, Myounghoon A1 - Park, Chung Hyuk A1 - Kim, Yunkyung A1 - Riener, Andreas A1 - Mara, Martina T1 - Editorial: Contextualized Affective Interactions With Robots JF - Frontiers in Psychology UR - https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.780685 KW - affect KW - human-robot interaction (HRI) KW - affective robots KW - affective interaction KW - emotions Y1 - 2021 UR - https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.780685 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-34797 SN - 1664-1078 VL - 12 PB - Frontiers CY - Lausanne ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ludwig, Thomas A1 - Weber, Philip A1 - Maedche, Alexander A1 - Riener, Andreas T1 - Special issue on “conversational agents” – Editorial JF - i-com UR - https://doi.org/10.1515/icom-2023-0010 Y1 - 2023 UR - https://doi.org/10.1515/icom-2023-0010 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-38416 SN - 2196-6826 VL - 22 IS - 1 SP - 1 EP - 2 PB - de Gruyter CY - Berlin ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wintersberger, Philipp A1 - Dey, Debargha A1 - Löcken, Andreas T1 - Editorial: Interaction between automated vehicles and other road users JF - Frontiers in Robotics and AI UR - https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1228093 KW - automated driving KW - vulnerable road user (VRU) KW - traffic safety KW - external human-machine interface (eHMI) KW - human-computer interaction Y1 - 2023 UR - https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1228093 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-37603 SN - 2296-9144 VL - 10 PB - Frontiers Media CY - Lausanne ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ju, Wendy A1 - Pfleging, Bastian A1 - Riener, Andreas ED - Ju, Wendy ED - Pfleging, Bastian ED - Riener, Andreas T1 - Radical Innovation and Design for Connected and Automated Vehicles JF - Dagstuhl Reports N2 - This report documents the program and the outcomes of Dagstuhl Seminar 22222 “Radical Innovation and Design for Connected and Automated Vehicles”. Automated driving will most likely be the next big change in individual mobility. While research is still primarily concerned with technical challenges of Automated Driving Systems (ADS), HCI researchers and designers already started to develop concepts on how to use privately owned ADS as a space for non-driving-related activities, going beyond what is possible today. There is, however, room to think about creative ways to use automated vehicles (AV) and connected technology towards the public interest beyond incremental changes, which is what we addressed in this seminar. We challenged the current generative/evaluative research approach for automated driving systems against a radical innovations attempt and questioned whether the current incremental research approach is appropriate for the development of future vehicles. As an integral part of the seminar we wanted participants to learn from each other and to disseminate each individual’s experience for boosting subsequent research by trying out different methods that support the “out of the box” thinking (e.g., brainwriting, bodystorming, focus groups, World Café, amongst others). UR - https://doi.org/10.4230/DagRep.12.5.188 KW - Racidal Innovation KW - Automated Driving KW - Future Mobility KW - Sustainability Y1 - 2022 UR - https://doi.org/10.4230/DagRep.12.5.188 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-40255 SN - 2192-5283 VL - 12 IS - 5 SP - 188 EP - 230 PB - Schloss Dagstuhl CY - Dagstuhl ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Weigl, Klemens A1 - Schuster, Sabrina A1 - Riener, Andreas ED - Pezarat-Correia, Pedro ED - Vilas-Boas, João P. ED - Cabri, Jan T1 - Investigation of UX and Flow Experience in Sports Activities during the Covid-19 Pandemic: A Comparative Analysis of Cycling Apps T2 - icSPORTS 2021: 9th International Conference on Sport Sciences Research and Technology Support: Proceedings N2 - Since the onset of the Covid-19 pandemic, a dramatic increase in mHealth application (app) downloads has been documented. However, overall dwell retention for fitness apps is low, so gamification techniques are used within apps with the goal of positively influencing the user experience and ultimately the user’s motivation. The so-called flow, which is related to intrinsic motivation, has been little explored in the context of cycling apps. Therefore, we conducted a quasi-experimental cycling study with 34 cyclists (20 female, 14 male; 19 to 57 years old) who tested the adidas Running by Runtastic (Adidas Runtastic), Komoot, and Strava cycling apps during a 20-minute bike ride. After testing each cycling app, they completed the User Experience Questionnaire (UEQ) and the Flow State Scale-2 Short (FSS-2S). Our results showed no significant differences across the six factors of the UEQ, nor across the total score of the FSS-2S. Thus, we conclude that the three cycling apps Adidas Runta stic, Komoot, and Strava are perceived and rated almost equally by female and male cyclists. UR - https://doi.org/10.5220/0010688200003059 KW - Outdoor Cycling KW - Smartphone Apps KW - eSports KW - User Experience (UX) KW - Flow KW - Motivation Y1 - 2021 UR - https://doi.org/10.5220/0010688200003059 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-40338 SN - 978-989-758-539-5 SN - 2184-3201 SP - 68 PB - SciTePress CY - Setúbal ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Brewster, Stephen A1 - Kun, Andrew A1 - Riener, Andreas A1 - Shaer, Orit ED - Brewster, Stephen ED - Kun, Andrew ED - Riener, Andreas ED - Shaer, Orit T1 - Human-Computer Interaction to Support Work and Wellbeing in Mobile Environments JF - Dagstuhl Reports N2 - We are living in a world where ubiquitous computing devices are becoming parts of the fabric of our lives. At work and at school, devices such as calculators, tablet computers, mobile phones, and different electronic measurement devices, support our work and learning. Building on all of these technological advancements will be novel human-computer interaction techniques that will allow us to use the devices for work and play in a broad set of circumstances, from riding in automated vehicles, to exploring museums, to walking on the street, to playing with our kids on the beach. The central underlying question Dagstuhl seminar 21232 wanted to address is, "how will we interact with the ubiquitous devices of our near (and not-so-near) future?" To date, there are a number of interaction techniques that show significant promise, including speech, augmented reality, tangible objects, gesture, multitouch screens, as well as simple keyboards and non-touch displays. But, before we address technologies to use, we must first identify the economic and broad societal driving forces that will create the need for interaction with our ubiquitous computing devices. From the economic point of view worker well-being is one such driving force; another one is the need to improve the productivity of workers and firms; yet another is the need to provide access to continuous education to a changing workforce. From the broad perspective of our society, it is important for us to understand how ubiquitous technologies can support living a meaningful and fulfilling life, from childhood to adulthood. In the following, we report the program, activities, and the outcomes of Dagstuhl Seminar 21232 "Human-Computer Interaction to Support Work and Wellbeing in Mobile Environments". UR - https://doi.org/10.4230/DagRep.11.5.23 KW - (Productive) Work KW - Ergonomics KW - Human-computer interaction KW - Wellbeing Y1 - 2021 UR - https://doi.org/10.4230/DagRep.11.5.23 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-31736 SN - 2192-5283 VL - 11 IS - 5 SP - 23 EP - 53 PB - Schloss Dagstuhl CY - Dagstuhl ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Weigl, Klemens A1 - Nees, Michael A. A1 - Eisele, Daniel A1 - Riener, Andreas T1 - Acceptance of automated vehicles: Gender effects, but lack of meaningful association with desire for control in Germany and in the U.S. JF - Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives N2 - Although automated vehicles (AVs) come with many promises such as enabling the driver-passenger to perform non-driving-related-tasks or increased safety, the public’s acceptance of AVs will have a crucial impact on whether or not AVs will be ultimately adopted. In particular, the personality trait desire for control may influence the acceptance of AVs, which has received scant research attention to date. Therefore, we independently carried out two questionnaire studies: Study 1 in Germany and Study 2 in the U.S. In both studies, we applied the self-driving car acceptance scale (SCAS) and the desirability of control scale (DoCS). In Study 1, we queried 114 participants (60 female) and in Study 2 we sampled data from 601 participants (322 female). In both studies, our findings consistently indicate that the overall DoCS factor was not associated with the overall SCAS factor. We only uncovered a weak positive correlation in Study 1, but only for a reduced overall acceptance factor with 10 items obtained by factor analyses instead of the 24 items of the SCAS. Furthermore, our results revealed that women assign significantly lower ratings to the overall acceptance factor of AVs as well as to the desirability for control factor than men, both in Germany and in the U.S., respectively. Despite the influence of gender on acceptance of AVs and DoCS, we conclude that there might be either no or only a weak association between desire for control and acceptance of AVs, which needs to be further investigated in future studies. UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trip.2022.100563 KW - Automated vehicles KW - Technology acceptance KW - Desire for control KW - Gender KW - Cross-cultural study Y1 - 2022 UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trip.2022.100563 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-29092 SN - 2590-1982 VL - 2022 IS - 13 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Weigl, Klemens A1 - Eisele, Daniel A1 - Riener, Andreas T1 - Estimated years until the acceptance and adoption of automated vehicles and the willingness to pay for them in Germany: Focus on age and gender JF - International Journal of Transportation Science and Technology N2 - Automated vehicles (AVs) are expected to enter the market within the next few years. However, their introduction would not only be a technological, but also a societal one – and it is therefore crucial to examine the public’s attitudes, opinions, and beliefs about AVs. It is particularly interesting to study when AVs are estimated to be accepted and adopted, and to query the willingness to pay for them. Hence, we applied a mixed-methods approach to collect quantitative and qualitative data and carried out a cross-sectional survey study. We focused on collecting an almost balanced sample across age and gender from 725 respondents (351 female, 374 male) with an age range from 18 to 96 years. Our results revealed that AVs are estimated to be accepted and adopted in about 10 years at SAE level L3 and in about 20 years at L5. Moreover, on average we found that the participants would be willing to pay 10.6 % more for an AV at L3 and 14.5 % at L5, but those estimates are affected by large outlier values. Nevertheless, we also observed that between 40 and 33 % of women and 41 and 33 % of men would not be willing to pay any more for an AV neither at L3 nor at L5, respectively. Ultimately, manufacturers and policymakers will have to take these findings into account if they really want to establish AVs as a widespread technological and societal revolution. UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijtst.2022.03.006 KW - Automated vehicles KW - Survey study KW - Mixed-methods approach KW - Estimated acceptance KW - Willingness to pay KW - Internal design Y1 - 2022 UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijtst.2022.03.006 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-29023 SN - 2046-0430 VL - 11 IS - 2 SP - 216 EP - 228 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Funk Drechsler, Maikol A1 - Sharma, Varun A1 - Reway, Fabio A1 - Schütz, Christoph A1 - Huber, Werner T1 - Dynamic Vehicle-in-the-Loop BT - A Novel Method for Testing Automated Driving Functions JF - SAE International Journal of Connected and Automated Vehicles N2 - In automated driving functions (ADF) testing, novel methods have been developed to allow the combination of hardware and simulation to ensure safety in usage even at an early stage of development. This article proposes an architecture to integrate an entire test vehicle—denominated Dynamic Vehicle-in-the-Loop (DynViL)—in a virtual environment. This approach enables the interaction of a real vehicle with virtual traffic participants. The vehicle is physically tested on an empty track, but connected to the CARLA simulator, in which virtual driving scenarios are created. The simulated environment is transmitted to the vehicle driving function which controls the real vehicle in reaction to the virtual objects perceived in simulation. Furthermore, the performance of the DynViL in different test scenarios is evaluated. The results show that the reproducibility of the tests with the DynViL is satisfactory. Furthermore, the results indicate that the deviation between simulation and DynViL variates according to the vehicle speed and the complexity of the scenario. Based on the performance of the DynViL in comparison to simulation, the DynViL can be implemented as a complementary test method to be added to the transition between hardware in the loop (HiL) and proving ground. In this test method, erratic or unexpected behavior generated by the driving function and controllers can be detected in the real vehicle dynamics in a risk-free manner. UR - https://doi.org/10.4271/12-05-04-0029 KW - automated driving KW - safety KW - test KW - track KW - vehicle dynamics KW - virtual KW - driving functions KW - automated emergency braking Y1 - 2022 UR - https://doi.org/10.4271/12-05-04-0029 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-24952 SN - 2574-0741 VL - 5 IS - 4 PB - SAE International CY - Warrendale (PA) ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Funk Drechsler, Maikol A1 - Seifert, Georg A1 - Peintner, Jakob A1 - Reway, Fabio A1 - Riener, Andreas A1 - Huber, Werner T1 - How Simulation based Test Methods will substitute the Proving Ground Testing? T2 - 2022 IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium (IV) UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/IV51971.2022.9827394 KW - Wireless LAN KW - Actuators KW - Virtual environments KW - Systems architecture KW - Cameras KW - Software KW - Delays Y1 - 2022 UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/IV51971.2022.9827394 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-27177 SN - 978-1-6654-8821-1 SP - 903 EP - 908 PB - IEEE CY - Piscataway ER -