TY - CHAP A1 - Schobert, Marvin A1 - Gmeiner, Christian A1 - Franke, Jörg A1 - Schuderer, Peter ED - Rank, Sebastian ED - Kühn, Mathias ED - Schmidt, Thorsten T1 - BPMN2.0 for the formal specification of discrete event simulation models T2 - Simulation in Produktion und Logistik 2025 N2 - Discrete Event Simulation (DES) is essential for planning in logistics, material flow, and production but remains time- and knowledge-intensive due to fragmented modelling practices and tool-specific requirements, as noted in VDI 3633 and VDI 4465. This paper proposes addressing these challenges by transferring concepts from Business Process Management, leveraging its formal modelling languages and validation frameworks. A style guide based on the Business Process Model and Notation 2.0 (BPMN) is introduced, structured around the principles of correctness, completeness, consistency, and clarity to support both communication and simulation. These principles enable reusable, verifiable process models suitable for execution in different DES tools, which serves as a step towards automated experimentation and verification. Through a first-ever evaluation of state of the art approaches against those principles, this work contributes to the ongoing definition of a semi-formal BPMN modelling layer developed in the ASIM SPL working group for formal methods in procedural models. T2 - BPMN2.0 für die formale Spezifikation von Modellen für die ereignisdiskrete Simulation UR - https://doi.org/10.25368/2025.285 Y1 - 2025 UR - https://doi.org/10.25368/2025.285 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-62911 SN - 978-3-86780-806-4 SN - 978-3-86780-809-5 VL - 2025 SP - 52-1 EP - 52-10 PB - Technische Universität Dresden CY - Dresden ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Schrage, Tobias A1 - Schuderer, Peter A1 - Barth, Martin A1 - Franke, Jörg ED - Rank, Sebastian ED - Kühn, Mathias ED - Schmidt, Thorsten T1 - Konzeptionierung und Integration eines KI-basierten Autoklavenmodells in ein simulationsbasiertes Entscheidungsunterstützungssystem in der Kalksandsteinproduktion T2 - Simulation in Produktion und Logistik 2025 N2 - The calcium silicate brick (CSB) industry faces increasing pressure to improve the efficiency and sustainability of its production processes, especially due to the high energy consumption and CO₂ emissions associated with autoclaving. To support operational and strategic decision-making, a simulation-based decision support system (DSS) has been developed, utilizing a modular material flow simulation framework. However, the energy-intensive steam curing process in autoclaves remains insufficiently represented in existing simulation models. This paper presents a methodological approach for integrating an AI-based optimization agent for autoclave systems into the existing DSS used in CSB production. A review of current techniques for coupling AI assistance systems with discrete event simulation in production and logistics, within the building materials sector, provides the foundation. Building on this, the autoclaving process is modeled using a hybrid approach, combining thermodynamic domain knowledge with machine learning methods. This contribution highlights how the combination of simulation-based production planning and intelligent process modelling can drive digital transformation in energy-intensive industries. T2 - Conceptual design and integration of an AI-based autoclave model into a simulation-based decision support system in sand-lime brick production UR - https://doi.org/10.25368/2025.288 Y1 - 2025 UR - https://doi.org/10.25368/2025.288 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-62862 SN - 978-3-86780-809-5 SN - 978-3-86780-806-4 SP - 55-1 EP - 55-10 PB - Technische Universität Dresden CY - Dresden ER - TY - INPR A1 - König, Thomas A1 - Paula, Daniel A1 - Quaschner, Stefan A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg T1 - Influence of Blind Spot Assistance Systems in Heavy Commercial Vehicles on Accident Reconstruction N2 - Accidents between right-turning commercial vehicles and crossing vulnerable road users (VRU) in urban environments often lead to serious or fatal injuries and therefore play a significant role in forensic accident analysis. To reduce the risk of accidents, blind spot assistance systems have been installed in commercial vehicles for several years, among other things, to detect VRUs and warn the driver in time. However, since such systems cannot reliably prevent all turning accidents, an investigation by experts must clarify how the accident occurred and to what extent the blind spot assistance system influenced the course of the accident. The occurrence of the acoustic warning message can be defined as an objective reaction prompt for the driver, so that the blind spot assistance system can significantly influence the avoidability assessment. In order to be able to integrate the system into forensic accident analysis, a precise knowledge of how the system works and its limitations is required. For this purpose, tests with different systems and accident constellations were conducted and evaluated. It was found that the type of sensor used for the assistance systems has a great influence on the system’s performance. The lateral distance between the right side of the commercial vehicle and the VRU as well as obstacles between them and the speed difference can take great influence on the reliability of the assistance system. Depending on the concrete time of the system’s warning signal the accident can be avoided or not by the driver when reacting on this signal. UR - https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202311.1308.v1 Y1 - 2023 UR - https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202311.1308.v1 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-58430 PB - Preprints CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Haiden, Michael A1 - Richter, Florian T1 - Autonomous weapons: considering the rights and interests of soldiers JF - Ethics and Information Technology N2 - The development of autonomous weapons systems (AWSs), which would make decisions on the battlefield without direct input from humans, has the potential to dramatically change the nature of war. Due to the revolutionary potential of these technologies, it is essential to discuss their moral implications. While the academic literature often highlights their morally problematic nature, with some proposing outright banning them, this paper highlights an important benefit of AWSs: protecting the lives, as well as the mental and physical health of soldiers. If militaries can avoid sending humans into dangerous situations or relieve drone operators from tasks that lead to lifelong trauma, this obviously appears morally desirable – especially in a world where many soldiers are still drafted against their will. Nonetheless, there are many arguments against AWSs. However, we show that although AWSs are potentially dangerous, criticisms apply equally to human soldiers and weapons steered by them. The combination of both claims makes a strong case against a ban on AWSs where it is possible. Instead, researchers should focus on mitigating their drawbacks and refining their benefits. UR - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10676-025-09859-w Y1 - 2025 UR - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10676-025-09859-w UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-63280 SN - 1388-1957 SN - 1572-8439 VL - 27 IS - 4 PB - Springer CY - Dordrecht ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Krügel, Sebastian A1 - Uhl, Matthias A1 - Balcombe, Bryn T1 - Automated vehicles and the morality of post-collision behavior JF - Ethics and Information Technology N2 - We address the considerations of the European Commission Expert Group on the ethics of connected and automated vehicles regarding data provision in the event of collisions. While human drivers’ appropriate post-collision behavior is clearly defined, regulations for automated driving do not provide for collision detection. We agree it is important to systematically incorporate citizens’ intuitions into the discourse on the ethics of automated vehicles. Therefore, we investigate whether people expect automated vehicles to behave like humans after an accident, even if this behavior does not directly affect the consequences of the accident. We find that appropriate post-collision behavior substantially influences people’s evaluation of the underlying crash scenario. Moreover, people clearly think that automated vehicles can and should record the accident, stop at the site, and call the police. They are even willing to pay for technological features that enable post-collision behavior. Our study might begin a research program on post-collision behavior, enriching the empirically informed study of automated driving ethics that so far exclusively focuses on pre-collision behavior. UR - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10676-021-09607-w KW - Post-collision behavior KW - Detection of accidents KW - Accident data KW - Trolley KW - Experiment Y1 - 2021 UR - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10676-021-09607-w UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-10987 SN - 1572-8439 VL - 23 IS - 4 SP - 691 EP - 701 PB - Springer CY - Dordrecht ER - TY - INPR A1 - Kettelgerdes, Marcel A1 - Hillmann, Tjorven A1 - Hirmer, Thomas A1 - Erdogan, Hüseyin A1 - Wunderle, Bernhard A1 - Elger, Gordon T1 - Accelerated Real-Life (ARL) Testing and Characterization of Automotive LiDAR Sensors to facilitate the Development and Validation of Enhanced Sensor Models N2 - In the realm of automated driving simulation and sensor modeling, the need for highly accurate sensor models is paramount for ensuring the reliability and safety of advanced driving assistance systems (ADAS). Hence, numerous works focus on the development of high-fidelity models of ADAS sensors, such as camera, Radar as well as modern LiDAR systems to simulate the sensor behavior in different driving scenarios, even under varying environmental conditions, considering for example adverse weather effects. However, aging effects of sensors, leading to suboptimal system performance, are mostly overlooked by current simulation techniques. This paper introduces a cutting-edge Hardware-in-the-Loop (HiL) test bench designed for the automated, accelerated aging and characterization of Automotive LiDAR sensors. The primary objective of this research is to address the aging effects of LiDAR sensors over the product life cycle, specifically focusing on aspects such as laser beam profile deterioration, output power reduction and intrinsic parameter drift, which are mostly neglected in current sensor models. By that, this proceeding research is intended to path the way, not only towards identifying and modeling respective degradation effects, but also to suggest quantitative model validation metrics. UR - https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2312.04229 Y1 - 2023 UR - https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2312.04229 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-59856 PB - arXiv CY - Ithaca ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Behbehani, Mehri A1 - Glen, Adam A1 - S. Taylor, Caroline A1 - Schuhmacher, Alexander A1 - Claeyssens, Frederik A1 - W. Haycock, John T1 - Pre-clinical evaluation of advanced nerve guideconduits using a novel 3D in vitro testing model JF - International Journal of Bioprinting N2 - Autografts are the current gold standard for large peripheral nerve defects in clinics despite the frequentlyoccurring side effects like donor site morbidity. Hollow nerve guidance conduits (NGC) are proposed alternatives toautografts, but failed to bridge gaps exceeding 3 cm in humans. Internal NGC guidance cues like microfibresare believed to enhance hollow NGCs by giving additional physical support for directed regeneration of Schwann cellsand axons. In this study, we report a new 3D in vitro model that allows the evaluation of different intraluminal fibrescaffolds inside a complete NGC. The performance of electrospun polycaprolactone (PCL) microfibres inside 5 mmlong polyethylene glycol (PEG) conduits were investigated in neuronal cell and dorsal root ganglion (DRG) culturesinvitro. Z-stack confocal microscopy revealed the aligned orientation of neuronal cells along the fibres throughout thewhole NGC length and depth. The number of living cells in the centre of the scaffold was not significantly different tothe tissue culture plastic (TCP) control. For ex vivo analysis, DRGs were placed on top of fibre-filled NGCs to simulatethe proximal nerve stump. In 21 days of culture, Schwann cells and axons infiltrated the conduits along the microfibreswith 2.2 ± 0.37 mm and 2.1 ± 0.33 mm, respectively. We conclude that this in vitro model can help define internal NGCscaffolds in the future by comparing different fibre materials, composites and dimensions in one setup prior to animal testing. UR - https://doi.org/10.18063/IJB.v4i1.123 Y1 - 2017 UR - https://doi.org/10.18063/IJB.v4i1.123 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-54035 SN - 2424-8002 SN - 2424-7723 VL - 4 IS - 1 PB - AccScience Publishing CY - Singapur ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schuhmacher, Alexander A1 - Hinder, Markus A1 - Brief, Elazar A1 - Gassmann, Oliver A1 - Hartl, Dominik T1 - Benchmarking R&D success rates of leading pharmaceutical companies: an empirical analysis of FDA approvals (2006–2022) JF - Drug Discovery Today N2 - Previous analyses provide an industry benchmark of ∼10% for the success rate in clinical development. However, prior analyses were limited by a narrow timeframe, a diverse research focus, biases in phase-to-phase transition methodology or a focus on specific use cases. We calculated unbiased input:output ratios (Phase I to FDA new drug approval) to analyze the likelihood of first approval using data from clinicaltrials.gov, encompassing a total of 2092 active ingredients, 19 927 clinical trials conducted by 18 leading pharmaceutical companies (2006–2022) and 274 new drug approvals. Our study reveals an average likelihood of first approval rate of 14.3% across leading research-based pharmaceutical companies, broadly ranging from 8% to 23%. UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drudis.2025.104291 Y1 - 2025 UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drudis.2025.104291 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-56382 SN - 1878-5832 N1 - Corrigendum verfügbar unter https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drudis.2025.104326 VL - 30 IS - 2 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Germann, Paul-Georg A1 - Schuhmacher, Alexander A1 - Harrison, Juan A1 - Law, Ronald A1 - Haug, Kevin A1 - Wong, Gordon T1 - How to create innovation by building the translation bridge from basic research into medicinal drugs: an industrial perspective JF - Human Genomics UR - https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-7364-7-5 Y1 - 2013 UR - https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-7364-7-5 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-54053 SN - 1479-7364 VL - 7 IS - 1 PB - BioMedCentral CY - London ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schuhmacher, Alexander A1 - Grinchenko, Kyrylo A1 - Gassmann, Oliver A1 - Hartl, Dominik A1 - Hinder, Markus T1 - A case study assessing the impact of M&A and licensing on FDA drug approvals of leading pharmaceutical companies JF - Drug Discovery Today N2 - Despite a recent increase in FDA new drug approvals, leading pharmaceutical companies continue to face R&D productivity challenges. This highlights the need to better understand the context of their R&D concepts and related R&D outputs. Consequently, we conducted a systematic assessment of the impact of R&D expenditures, R&D intensities, mergers & acquisitions (M&A) deals and licensing agreements on new drug approvals of leading pharmaceutical companies between 2012 and 2021. Our analysis provides key insights into differentiating R&D factors: whereas R&D expenditures and the number of M&A deals correlate with the number of new drug approvals, our analysis shows no correlation with R&D intensity or the number of licensing agreements. UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drudis.2025.104306 Y1 - 2025 UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drudis.2025.104306 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-57756 SN - 1878-5832 VL - 30 IS - 3 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schuhmacher, Alexander T1 - Pharma innovation: how evolutionary economics is shaping the future of pharma R&D JF - Drug Discovery Today N2 - This paper describes the theory of evolutionary economics in the context of pharmaceutical R&D. In this context, the R&D productivity crisis acts as a key selection mechanism, and R&D, technology and industry trends provide mechanisms of variation. Drawing on today’s prevailing business model among leading pharmaceutical companies, the biotech-leveraged pharma company (BIPCO), I propose two new value creation logics: the technology-investigating pharma company (TIPCO) and the asset-integrating pharma company (AIPCO). Although some companies already share aspects of these business models, it is not yet clear, in terms of evolutionary economics, what the ultimate outcome of the evolutionary process in pharma R&D will be. UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drudis.2024.104222 Y1 - 2024 UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drudis.2024.104222 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-53311 SN - 1878-5832 VL - 29 IS - 12 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schuhmacher, Alexander A1 - Gassmann, Oliver A1 - Hinder, Markus A1 - Hartl, Dominik T1 - Comparative analysis of FDA approvals by top 20 pharma companies (2014–2023) JF - Drug Discovery Today N2 - This article addresses the research and development (R&D) productivity challenge of the pharmaceutical industry, focusing on United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-related new drug approvals of the top 20 pharmaceutical companies (2014–2023). We evaluated the degree of innovation in new drugs to determine the innovativeness of these leading companies. A key finding of our analysis is the decline in the number of new drugs approved by the FDA for these leading companies over the investigated time period. This trend suggests that some of the leading companies are losing ground in R&D innovation, raising concerns about their ability to sustain competitive advantage, ensure long-term market success, and maintain viable business models. UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drudis.2024.104128 Y1 - 2024 UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drudis.2024.104128 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-50058 SN - 1878-5832 VL - 29 IS - 9 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kwisda, Sebastian A1 - Kremer, Malte A1 - Sievertsen, Niels A1 - Gassmann, Oliver A1 - Hartl, Dominik A1 - Schuhmacher, Alexander T1 - Does pharma R&D need a strategic reset? Adapting to a changing US landscape JF - Drug Discovery Today N2 - R&D productivity has long challenged research-based pharmaceutical companies, raising concerns about the sustainability of their research-driven business models. These firms have traditionally relied on the U.S. as a stable hub for biomedical innovation, skilled talent, and high-price markets—supporting the biotech-leveraged pharma company (BIPCO) model However, recent geopolitical shifts—especially under the new Trump administration, including FDA budget cuts, reduced U.S. research funding, and pharmaceutical tariffs—are destabilizing this foundation. The once-reliable “safe harbor” is no longer secure. As a result, pharma R&D now faces strategic risks beyond its prior scope. With the weakening of the U.S.-centered innovation model, companies must rethink R&D pipelines, secure key technologies, maintain global clinical networks, and adjust supply chain and tax strategies. The viability of the current R&D model—rooted in U.S. leadership and premium markets—is now uncertain, requiring urgent strategic realignment. UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drudis.2025.104442 Y1 - 2025 UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drudis.2025.104442 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-61966 SN - 1878-5832 VL - 30 IS - 9 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Jamadar, Mohammad I. A1 - Sekhar, Ravi A1 - Yada, Vijay Ramarao A1 - Rairikar, Sandeep D. A1 - Thipse, Sukrut T1 - Emission Testing of Flex Fuel Vehicles up to M100/E100: Upgradation of Existing Test Facility for Vehicles below 3.5-ton GVW for Testing Methanol or Ethanol Operated Vehicles JF - Journal Européen des Systèmes Automatisés​ N2 - This paper is focused on enhancing the existing dilute emission measurement system to accommodate the emission testing of vehicles operating with gasoline blends with methanol and ethanol, dedicated M100/E100 etc. India is moving towards achieving the E20 blend on the pan-country level by April 2025 with the initiations of NITI Aayog and exploring alternate fuels like 100% methanol and ethanol. Government of India is now focused on introducing the flex fuel vehicle (FFV) technology that supports the usage of higher ethanol blends. As per CMVR guidelines for M and N category vehicles with a gross vehicle weight less than 3,500 kg; a dilute emission measurement system is used to evaluate tailpipe pollutants and fuel economy. Most of the present emission systems are compatible with testing the vehicle till M15 and E20 blends. Beyond this percentage, usage of a test facility for M100, E100, and other flex-fuel vehicles, require certain modifications in existing test facility to maintain the precision and reliability of the results considering higher water content in exhaust and effect of condensation on emission measurement due to dilution. The modifications needed, implementation and their impact are experimentally briefed in the present paper. UR - https://doi.org/10.18280/jesa.580816 Y1 - 2025 UR - https://doi.org/10.18280/jesa.580816 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-64502 SN - 2116-7087 VL - 58 IS - 8 SP - 1721 EP - 1732 PB - IIETA CY - Edmonton ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Denk, Florian A1 - Fröhling, Felix A1 - Brunner, Pascal A1 - Huber, Werner A1 - Margreiter, Martin A1 - Bogenberger, Klaus A1 - Kates, Ronald T1 - Influence of gaze strategies and cognitive load on safeguarding performance of motorists in right-turning scenarios involving potential conflicts with vulnerable road users JF - Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour N2 - In urban traffic, while the fraction of collisions involving Vulnerable Road Users (VRU) is low, their importance is high due to the higher injury risk for VRU. Their infrequent occurrence on average (compared with far more common individual perceptual and behavioral errors by both drivers and VRUs) reflects an underlying fault tolerance in traffic processes. However, the degree of fault tolerance varies among traffic situations. The underlying perceptual and cognitive processes involved are complex and can require a high level of attention and concentration, particularly in situations with intersecting trajectories. These processes can occasionally fail, leading to collision risk. The situation of right-turning motorists (in right-hand-drive countries) encountering cyclists moving straight on a bike lane (with right of way) has a particularly low error tolerance, since motorists must actively scan for cyclists approaching from behind. In order to develop, test and assess solutions that mitigate collision risk in this situation, the behavior-related causation mechanisms need investigation. This is the focus of this article. We conducted a trial on our closed test track with n = 35 subjects. The experiment was designed as a within-subject design with three independent factors: maneuver, target velocity, and cognitive load in an n-back task. The trial included observations of participants' gaze control. A primary research focus was the quality and efficiency of the safeguarding gaze behavior of participants in order to draw conclusions on the causation mechanisms of collisions in this situation. For this purpose we define metrics in order to quantify the quality and efficiency of a specific gaze behavior. Furthermore, we studied the effect of factors cognitive load and target velocity on safety and secondary (n-back) task performance. Remarkably, only four out of 35 participants reached a collision risk of 0% relating to the defined quality metric. Furthermore, we identified four distinct gaze strategy groups through hierarchical clustering, where one group performed particularly few glances overall. This group showed significant differences with respect to the defined quality metric whereas the other groups showed only slight differences to each other. The results have implications on subsequent crash causation model development. UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2024.11.012 Y1 - 2024 UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2024.11.012 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-63967 SN - 1873-5517 VL - 2025 IS - 109 SP - 32 EP - 49 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Bechthold, Laura A1 - Chugunova, Marina A1 - Friess, Svenja A1 - Hoisl, Karin A1 - Rose, Michael E. ED - Weber, Ulla T1 - Women in Creative Labor: Inventors, Entrepreneurs and Academics T2 - Fundamental Questions: Gender Dimensions in Max Planck Research Projects N2 - This article provides an overview of the latest empirical research on the gender gap in knowledge-intensive occupations from an economics perspective. It studies contributing factors both from an institutional and behavioral perspective, and considers potential solutions. The persisting gender gap is not only an issue of social fairness; it also hampers innovation and has direct negative implications for individual productivity as well as economic growth. The overview of the existing gender literature, as well as our own research, emphasize that it is imperative to fight the gender gap with well-tailored policies and to support gender equality at the institutional and personal level. UR - doi.org/10.5771/9783748924869-135 Y1 - 2021 UR - doi.org/10.5771/9783748924869-135 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-25188 SN - 978-3-8487-7096-0 SN - 978-3-7489-2486-9 SP - 135 EP - 154 PB - Nomos CY - Baden-Baden ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Panchal, Dhruv A1 - Patel, Bhavesh A1 - Gohil, Hardik T1 - Experimental Investigation on Performance Characteristics of Dry Centrifugal Clutch with Grooved Friction Liners JF - International Journal of Automotive and Mechanical Engineering N2 - The deteriorated condition of friction liners after prolonged use is one of the primary causes of judder in centrifugal clutches. The friction characteristics can be retained by generating specific textures or grooves on the friction liner. An attempt has been made to study the characteristics of centrifugal clutch using grooved friction liners. A test cycle for centrifugal clutch has been developed using a number of engagements as the basis. A vehicle test bench was used for the experiment where the developed test cycle was automated. The performance characteristics of the centrifugal clutch have been recorded and analyzed with normal friction liners and grooved friction liners for 100 test cycles. For this study, the groove area ratio was retained at 0.15, and the grooves were cut at 90°. After completing 100 test cycles, the clutch with a grooved friction liner exhibited better characteristics. After completing 100 test cycles, the surface roughness reduction at the leading section of the grooved friction liner and normal friction liner has been found to be 6.44% and 8.11%, respectively. The thickness reduction at the leading section of the grooved friction liner and normal friction liner has been reported to be 3.73% and 4.98%, respectively. Throughout the run of 100 test cycles, the higher clutch housing temperature has been witnessed in the case of a clutch with a grooved friction liner. At the 100th test cycle, the clutch torque with a grooved friction liner was 15.22% more than the clutch torque with a normal friction liner. Even after prolonged use, the clutch with grooved friction liner exhibited better judder characteristics and also provided higher fuel economy for vehicles. UR - https://doi.org/10.15282/ijame.20.1.2023.01.0786 Y1 - 2023 UR - https://doi.org/10.15282/ijame.20.1.2023.01.0786 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-63929 SN - 2180-1606 VL - 20 IS - 1 SP - 10152 EP - 10164 PB - Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah Publishing CY - Pekan ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Keler, Andreas A1 - Denk, Florian A1 - Brunner, Pascal A1 - Grigoropoulos, Georgios A1 - Malcom, Patrick A1 - Bogenberger, Klaus T1 - Varying Bicycle Infrastructures BT - an Interconnected Simulator Study for Inspecting Motorist-Cyclist Conflicts N2 - In this research, we estimate the influence of different bicycle infrastructure on the severity of motorist-cyclist conflicts via an interconnected simulator study. Our focus is a specific conflict type: motorist is turning at an intersection and the cyclist is going straight, crossing the intersection based on previous evaluations from literature. Additionally, we reason on previously-conducted bicycle simulator studies and adapt specific methodological components of investigation area depiction in VR and scenario definition. In the end, we present four scenarios of a case study based on a signalized intersection in Ingolstadt, Germany, where we inspect motorist-cyclist conflicts in an interconnected simulator environment. After every simulator run both test subjects will be teleported to specific starting positions. UR - https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5513664 KW - Interconnected Simulator Studies KW - Bicycle Simulator KW - Traffic Safety KW - Motorist-Cyclist Conflicts KW - Visibility Fields Y1 - 2021 UR - https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5513664 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-12899 PB - Zenodo CY - Genf ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Rodríguez-Arozamena, Mario A1 - Matute, Jose A1 - Pérez, Joshué A1 - Ozbay, Burcu A1 - Tezcan, Deryanur A1 - Begecarslan, Enes A1 - Mutlukaya, Irem A1 - Mayer, Kevin A1 - Volkersdorfer, Tina A1 - Hof, Hans-Joachim T1 - TRA2024 Poster - A Fail-Safe Decision Architecture for CCAM Applications T2 - Proceedings of the Transport Research Arena (TRA2024) Conference UR - https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10995953 Y1 - 2024 UR - https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10995953 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-55180 PB - Zenodo CY - Genf ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Nadri, Chihab A1 - Alvarez, Ignacio A1 - Bosch, Esther A1 - Oehl, Michael A1 - Braun, Michael A1 - Healey, Jennifer A1 - Jallais, Christophe A1 - Ju, Wendy A1 - Li, Jingyi A1 - Jeon, Myounghoon ED - Diniz Junqueira Barbosa, Simone ED - Lampe, Cliff ED - Appert, Caroline ED - Shamma, David T1 - Empathic vehicle design: Use cases and design directions from two workshops T2 - CHI'22: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems N2 - Empathic vehicles are expected to improve user experience in automated vehicles and to help increase user acceptance of technology. However, little is known about potential real-world implementations and designs using empathic interfaces in vehicles with higher levels of automation. Given advances in affect detection and emotion mitigation, we conducted two workshops (N1 =24, N2 = 22, Ntotal = 46) on the design of empathic vehicles and their potential utility in a variety of applications. This paper recapitulates key opportunities in the design and application of empathetic interfaces in automated vehicles which emerged from the two workshops hosted at the ACM AutoUI conferences. UR - https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519623 Y1 - 2022 UR - https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519623 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-59944 SN - 978-1-4503-9156-6 PB - ACM CY - New York ER - TY - INPR A1 - Pagonis, Panagiotis A1 - Hartung, Kai A1 - Wu, Di A1 - Georges, Munir A1 - Gröttrup, Sören T1 - Analysis of Knowledge Tracing performance on synthesised student data N2 - Knowledge Tracing (KT) aims to predict the future performance of students by tracking the development of their knowledge states. Despite all the recent progress made in this field, the application of KT models in education systems is still restricted from the data perspectives: 1) limited access to real life data due to data protection concerns, 2) lack of diversity in public datasets, 3) noises in benchmark datasets such as duplicate records. To resolve these problems, we simulated student data with three statistical strategies based on public datasets and tested their performance on two KT baselines. While we observe only minor performance improvement with additional synthetic data, our work shows that using only synthetic data for training can lead to similar performance as real data. UR - https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2401.16832 Y1 - 2024 UR - https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2401.16832 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-44771 PB - arXiv CY - Ithaca ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Hartung, Kai A1 - Jäger, Gerhard A1 - Gröttrup, Sören A1 - Georges, Munir ED - Vylomova, Ekaterina ED - Ponti, Edoardo ED - Cotterell, Ryan T1 - Typological Word Order Correlations with Logistic Brownian Motion T2 - Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Computational Typology and Multilingual NLP (SIGTYP 2022) N2 - In this study we address the question to what extent syntactic word-order traits of different languages have evolved under correlation and whether such dependencies can be found universally across all languages or restricted to specific language families.To do so, we use logistic Brownian Motion under a Bayesian framework to model the trait evolution for 768 languages from 34 language families. We test for trait correlations both in single families and universally over all families. Separate models reveal no universal correlation patterns and Bayes Factor analysis of models over all covered families also strongly indicate lineage specific correlation patters instead of universal dependencies. KW - Typology KW - Brownian Motion Y1 - 2022 UR - https://aclanthology.org/2022.sigtyp-1.3 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-25798 SN - 978-1-955917-93-3 SP - 22 EP - 26 PB - Association for Computational Linguistics CY - Stroudsburg ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schuhmacher, Alexander A1 - Gassmann, Oliver A1 - Kwisda, Sebastian A1 - Kremer, Malte A1 - Hinder, Markus A1 - Hartl, Dominik T1 - The R&D productivity challenge: transforming the pharmaceutical ecosystem JF - Drug Discovery Today N2 - The persistent decline in pharmaceutical R&D productivity has been extensively analyzed and debated for over two decades, with profound implications for the structure and strategy of the pharmaceutical industry. This systemic challenge forced many leading companies to adapt their R&D models, influencing internal capabilities and external innovation strategies. In response, the industry has evolved into a complex, interdependent biopharmaceutical ecosystem encompassing large pharmaceutical corporations, biotech innovators and specialized service providers. Although R&D productivity affects all research-driven companies, its consequences are particularly pronounced for large pharmaceutical firms, because the scale and capital intensity of their R&D activities make productivity a crucial determinant of long-term competitiveness and sustainability. By contrast, other stakeholders are only partially adversely affected, whereas some can even obtain value from it. UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drudis.2025.104494 Y1 - 2025 UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drudis.2025.104494 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-64218 SN - 1878-5832 VL - 30 IS - 11 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - INPR A1 - Suciu, Tobias A1 - Bock, Jürgen T1 - A Practical Approach to Multivariate Time Series Anomaly Detection in Automotive Bus Systems Testing T2 - Research Square N2 - The increasing complexity of modern vehicles and their testing procedures generates vast amounts of multivariate time series data, making manual anomaly detection during automotive testing increasingly challenging. This article investigates the application of deep learning algorithms for automated anomaly detection in automotive bus data collected during dynamic driving scenarios. Three distinct architectures are implemented and compared: a CNN-based forecasting approach (DeepAnT), an LSTM-based model (LSTM-AD), and a Convolutional Autoencoder (CAE). Real-world driving data collected across various scenarios, ranging from normal operation to extreme maneuvers, is employed. Through evaluation across seven distinct test scenarios, findings reveal that while each architecture demonstrates specific strengths, their effectiveness varies significantly based on anomaly type and driving context. DeepAnT shows the most consistent performance across different scenarios, while LSTM-AD achieves superior detection capability for complex temporal patterns, particularly in scenarios involving coordinated changes across multiple features. The CAE excels at identifying pronounced deviations but shows limitations in detecting subtle anomalies. This study demonstrates that while deep learning models effectively detect anomalies in automotive time series data, their practical implementation requires careful consideration of specific use cases, emphasizing the critical role of data preprocessing and threshold calculation in ensuring reliable anomaly detection. UR - https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7778102/v1 Y1 - 2025 UR - https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7778102/v1 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-64551 SN - 2693-5015 PB - Research Square CY - Durham ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Manger, Carina A1 - Albrecht, Kathrin A1 - Riener, Andreas ED - Maedche, Alexander ED - Beigl, Michael ED - Gerling, Kathrin ED - Mayer, Sven T1 - Explanation Needs in Automated Driving: Insights from German Driving Education and Vehicle Acquisition T2 - MuC'24: Proceedings of the 2024 Conference on Mensch und Computer N2 - As driving assistance driving systems become increasingly advanced, a correct understanding of the functionality of these systems is crucial for safe use. In this work we explored drivers’ explanation needs and current explanation methods from an important but underlooked perspective: driver training and vehicle acquisition. In a two-step approach, we conducted expert interviews with n = 7 driving instructors and vehicle salespeople in Germany and validated these results with an online survey of n = 105. Our results show that Driver Assistance Systems (DASs) and Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADASs), are currently covered in both driver training and vehicle acquisition but to a varying extent and in a very application-oriented manner. A drivers’ tendency for preferring comparative explanations that build upon knowledge about similar systems was found. Based on the combined results, we emphasize the need for mandatory and standardized explanation methods to ensure a safe transition to automated driving. UR - https://doi.org/10.1145/3670653.3670679 Y1 - 2024 UR - https://doi.org/10.1145/3670653.3670679 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-50497 SN - 979-8-4007-0998-2 SP - 288 EP - 298 PB - ACM CY - New York ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Mehta, Kedar A1 - Lamba, Ravita A1 - Sinha, Sunanda A1 - Kumar, Nand T1 - BIPV in India: Opportunities, challenges, and pathways for urban planning and smart cities JF - Solar Compass N2 - As India urbanizes rapidly, sustainable energy solutions have become a priority to meet rising energy demands and mitigate environmental impacts. Building-Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV) offer a promising approach to harness solar energy within urban infrastructure, transforming buildings into renewable energy assets. Unlike conventional rooftop PV systems, BIPV maximizes urban space utilization while enhancing architectural aesthetics and energy efficiency. However, the adoption of BIPV in India remains limited due to factors such as regulatory barriers, lack of standardized designs, and high initial costs. This study uses SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats) and TOWS (Threats, Opportunities, Weaknesses, Strengths) analyses to assess the potential, opportunities, and challenges of BIPV in India’s urban planning. It then discusses policy implications and offers practical recommendations for implementation in Indian cities. Key findings of this study indicate that BIPV adoption in India can significantly contribute to urban sustainability by reducing carbon emissions, improving energy self-sufficiency, and lowering long-term operational costs. The SWOT and TOWS analysis reveal that while BIPV presents opportunities for smart urban integration, challenges such as high initial investments and lack of awareness must be addressed through targeted policies and incentives. Additionally, global case studies highlight successful BIPV implementations, providing valuable lessons for India’s urban planning strategies. UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solcom.2025.100133 Y1 - 2025 UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solcom.2025.100133 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-61824 SN - 2772-9400 VL - 2025 IS - 15 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Escher, Bengt A1 - Peintner, Jakob A1 - Riener, Andreas T1 - The Significance of the Bystander Effect on Personal Responsibility in Critical Situations in Shared Automated Vehicles T2 - 16th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications, September 22–25, 2024, Stanford, USA, Main Conference Proceedings N2 - Shared Automated Vehicles (SAVs) present a promising solution for future urban mobility. However, SAVs will reach the limits of their capabilities in some edge cases. Similar to personal AVs, passengers in SAVs might be utilized for this purpose, thus, methods for interaction between passengers and the automation or a teleoperator need to be explored. This study investigates whether the presence of other passengers leads to more passive behavior in critical situations (bystander effect). The results did not show significant differences in the participants’ behavior depending on whether the ride was experienced alone or with other passengers. However, the qualitative data indicate that the presence of other passengers can trigger psychological processes that promote a bystander effect. The findings emphasize the importance of considering group effects in the context of SAVs. By understanding these dynamics, we aim to help design SAVs to promote safer and more inclusive future transport systems. UR - https://doi.org/10.1145/3640792.3675704 Y1 - 2024 UR - https://doi.org/10.1145/3640792.3675704 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-51643 SN - 979-8-4007-0510-6 SP - 384 EP - 394 PB - ACM CY - New York ER - TY - INPR A1 - Okumus, Fazli Faruk A1 - Ramic, Amra A1 - Kugele, Stefan T1 - A Systematic Mapping Study on Contract-based Software Design for Dependable Systems N2 - Background: Contract-based Design (CbD) is a valuable methodology for software design that allows annotation of code and architectural components with contracts, thereby enhancing clarity and reliability in software development. It establishes rules that outline the behaviour of software components and their interfaces and interactions. This modular approach enables the design process to be segmented into smaller, independently developed, tested, and verified system components, ultimately leading to more robust and dependable software. Aim: Despite the significance and well-established theoretical background of CbD, there is a need for a comprehensive systematic mapping study for reliable software systems. Our study provides an evidence-based overview of a method and demonstrates its practical feasibility. Method: To conduct this study, we systematically searched three different databases using specially formulated queries, which initially yielded 1,221 primary studies. After voting, we focused on 288 primary studies for more detailed analysis. Finally, a collaborative review allowed us to gather relevant evidence and information to address our research questions. Results: Our findings suggest potential avenues for future research trajectories in CbD, emphasising its role in improving the dependability of software systems. We highlight maturity levels across different domains and identify areas that may benefit from further research. Conclusion: Although CbD is a well-established software design approach, a more comprehensive literature review is needed to clarify its theoretical state about dependable systems. Our study addresses this gap by providing a detailed overview of CbD from various perspectives, identifying key gaps, and suggesting future research directions. UR - https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2505.07542 Y1 - 2025 UR - https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2505.07542 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-61552 PB - arXiv CY - Ithaca ER - TY - JOUR A1 - de Borba, Thiago A1 - Vaculin, Ondrej A1 - Marzbani, Hormoz A1 - Jazar, Reza T1 - Increasing Safety of Automated Driving by Infrastructure-Based Sensors JF - IEEE Access N2 - This paper describes the development of an intelligent infrastructure, a test field, for the safety assurance of automated vehicles within the research project Ingolstadt Innovation Laboratory (IN2Lab). It includes a description of the test field architecture, the RoadSide Units (RSU) concept based on infrastructure-based sensors, the environment perception system, and the mission control system. The study also proposes a global object fusion method to fuse objects detected by different RSUs and investigate the overall measurement accuracy obtained from the usage of different infrastructure-based sensors. Furthermore, it presents four use cases: traffic monitoring, assisted perception, collaborative perception, and extended perception. The traffic monitoring, based on the perception information provided by each roadside unit, generates a global fused object list and monitors the state of the traffic participants. The assisted perception, using vehicle-to-infrastructure communication, broadcasts the state information of the traffic participants to the connected vehicles. The collaborative perception creates a global fused object list with the local detections of connected vehicles and the detections provided by the roadside units, making it available for all connected vehicles. Lastly, the extended environment perception monitors specific locations, recognizes critical scenarios involving vulnerable road users and automated vehicles, and generates a suitable avoidance maneuver to avoid or mitigate the occurrence of collisions. UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3311136 KW - Automated vehicles KW - infrastructure-based sensors KW - safety KW - test field Y1 - 2023 UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3311136 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-39623 SN - 2169-3536 VL - 11 SP - 94974 EP - 94991 PB - IEEE CY - New York ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Afraj, Shahabaz A1 - Vaculin, Ondrej A1 - Böhmländer, Dennis A1 - Hynčík, Luděk T1 - Vehicle crash simulation models for reinforcement learning driven crash-detection algorithm calibration JF - Advanced Modeling and Simulation in Engineering Sciences N2 - The development of finite element vehicle models for crash simulations is a highly complex task. The main aim of these models is to simulate a variety of crash scenarios and assess all the safety systems for their respective performances. These vehicle models possess a substantial amount of data pertaining to the vehicle’s geometry, structure, materials, etc., and are used to estimate a large set of system and component level characteristics using crash simulations. It is understood that even the most well-developed simulation models are prone to deviations in estimation when compared to real-world physical test results. This is generally due to our inability to model the chaos and uncertainties introduced in the real world. Such unavoidable deviations render the use of virtual simulations ineffective for the calibration process of the algorithms that activate the restraint systems in the event of a crash (crash-detection algorithm). In the scope of this research, authors hypothesize the possibility of accounting for such variations introduced in the real world by creating a feedback loop between real-world crash tests and crash simulations. To accomplish this, a Reinforcement Learning (RL) compatible virtual surrogate model is used, which is adapted from crash simulation models. Hence, a conceptual methodology is illustrated in this paper for developing an RL-compatible model that can be trained using the results of crash simulations and crash tests. As the calibration of the crash-detection algorithm is fundamentally dependent upon the crash pulses, the scope of the expected output is limited to advancing the ability to estimate crash pulses. Furthermore, the real-time implementation of the methodology is illustrated using an actual vehicle model. UR - https://doi.org/10.1186/s40323-025-00288-4 Y1 - 2025 UR - https://doi.org/10.1186/s40323-025-00288-4 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-60861 SN - 2213-7467 VL - 12 IS - 1 PB - SpringerOpen CY - Berlin ER - TY - JOUR A1 - de Borba, Thiago A1 - Vaculin, Ondrej A1 - Marzbani, Hormoz A1 - Jazar, Reza T1 - Increasing Safety of Vulnerable Road Users in Scenarios With Occlusion: A Collaborative Approach for Smart Infrastructures and Automated Vehicles JF - IEEE Access N2 - The impact of Automated Vehicles (AVs) on road traffic safety has become the focus of discussions among governmental organizations, academia, stakeholders, and OEMs. Questions about how safe the automated driving features should be and how the road infrastructure should be improved for the arrival of this new technology must be clarified to enable full acceptance by the customers and society and prepare the mobility of future cities. The fundamental architecture of automated vehicles comprises perception, planning, decision, and actuation. The operation of the perception system, which is responsible for understanding the environment in which the vehicle is inserted, relies mainly on the onboard sensors. However, the available ranging and vision sensors, e.g., LiDAR, radar, and camera, have several limitations. Scenarios with occlusion present a real challenge for state-of-the-art perception systems. The occlusion, caused by obstructing the sensors’ detection field, limits the vehicle’s perception ability and inhibits the detection of other road users in the surroundings, especially Vulnerable Road Users (VRUs). Infrastructure composed of Roadside Units (RSUs) equipped with infrastructure-based sensors can overcome the perception limitations of a system based solely on onboard sensors by monitoring the road environment with a larger field of view and reduced sensitivity to occlusion. This paper presents a collaborative approach for smart infrastructures and automated vehicles for vulnerable road users’ collision avoidance. The proposed extended perception system comprises four main modules: traffic monitoring, long-term motion prediction, collision risk assessment, and trajectory planning. In the event of a safety-critical scenario, the infrastructure generates a safe and comfortable evasive maneuver to avoid a possible collision. Hence, the proposed approach provides a complete solution to overcome scenarios with occluded VRUs. It allows AVs to react to a critical situation with a longer time-to-collision than other systems relying only on onboard sensors, increasing the chance of successful avoidance even when implementing smoother maneuvers. This contributes considerably to the safe and comfortable operation of automated vehicles. UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2025.3527865 Y1 - 2025 UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2025.3527865 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-56466 SN - 2169-3536 VL - 13 SP - 8851 EP - 8885 PB - IEEE CY - New York ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Dönmez, Ömer A1 - Vaculin, Ondrej A1 - de Borba, Thiago T1 - A Cost Effective Solution to an Automated Valet Parking System JF - International Journal of Automotive Technology N2 - Automated Valet Parking Systems (AVPS) relieve the driver of the entire parking process. Many of the systems known today rely on a combination of automotive sensors with sensors of the infrastructure. For this purpose, parking facilities are equipped with comprehensive sensor technology to support the vehicles in environment sensing and route planning. This approach is comparatively expensive which is why many parking operators don’t provide that technology to their customers. This paper proposes a lean AVPS system architecture that requires minimal effort to adapt the infrastructure. At the same time, state-of-the-art vehicle technology is used to make AVPS more profitable overall. At the beginning, an overview will be given describing the state of the art of AVPS. Subsequently, requirements for the AVPS will be elaborated, whereby the system can be designed and implemented in the following. Finally, the presentation of simulation results shows that one doesn’t have to extend the infrastructure with sensors to develop a safe and reliable AVPS. UR - https://doi.org/10.1007/s12239-024-00031-9 KW - Automated driving KW - Automated valet parking KW - Trajectory planning KW - Smart parking KW - System architecture Y1 - 2024 UR - https://doi.org/10.1007/s12239-024-00031-9 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-46333 SN - 1976-3832 SN - 1229-9138 VL - 25 IS - 2 SP - 369 EP - 380 PB - Springer CY - Heidelberg ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Vaculin, Ondrej A1 - Gellrich, Michael A1 - Matawa, Robert A1 - Witschass, Steffen T1 - Testing of automated driving systems JF - MECCA : Journal of Middle European Construction and Design of Cars N2 - The automated driving requires new testing approaches, which are more complex than the current testing systems. The complexity and requirements for accuracy is important, because of interconnection of virtual with physical testing. This paper presents a generic approach to testing of automated driving functions and demonstrates its implementation on measurement of two scenarios. N2 - Automatizované rízení vyžaduje nové testovací prístupy, které jsou daleko komplexnejší než soucasné testovací systémy. Komplexnost a požadavky na presnost jsou duležité z pohledu na propojení fyzického a virtuálního testování. Tento clánek prezentuje obecný prístup k testování funkcí automatizovaného rízení a demonstruje jeho implementaci na mereních dvou scénáru. UR - https://doi.org/10.14311/mecdc.2020.01.02 KW - automated driving KW - testing KW - testing scenarios Y1 - 2020 UR - https://doi.org/10.14311/mecdc.2020.01.02 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-16888 SN - 1804-9338 VL - 17 IS - 1 SP - 7 EP - 13 PB - Czech Technical University CY - Prag ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Itzek, Andreas A1 - Weißbach, Victoria A1 - Meintrup, David A1 - Rieß, Beate A1 - van der Linden, Mark A1 - Borgmann, Stefan T1 - Epidemiological and Clinical Features of Streptococcus dysgalactiae ssp. equisimilis stG62647 and Other emm Types in Germany JF - Pathogens N2 - (1) Background: Streptococcus dysgalactiae subspecies equisimilis (SDSE) is an important β-hemolytic pathogen historically described as mainly affecting animals. Studies epidemiologically assessing the pathogenicity in the human population in Germany are rare. (2) Methods: the present study combines national surveillance data from 2010 to 2022 with a single-center clinical study conducted from 2016 to 2022, focusing on emm type, Lancefield antigen, antimicrobial resistance, patient characteristics, disease severity, and clinical infection markers. (3) Results: The nationwide reported invasive SDSE infections suggest an increasing infection burden for the German population. One particular emm type, stG62647, increased over the study period, being the dominant type in both study cohorts, suggesting a mutation-driven outbreak of a virulent clone. The patient data show that men were more affected than women, although in the single-center cohort, this trend was reversed for patients with stG62647 SDSE. Men affected by stG62647 developed predominantly fascial infections, whereas women suffering from superficial and fascial non-stG62647 SDSE infections were significantly younger than other patients. Increasing age was a general risk factor for invasive SDSE infections. (4) Conclusions: further studies are needed to further elucidate the raised questions regarding outbreak origin, underlying molecular mechanisms as well as sex-dependent pathogen adaptation. UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12040589 KW - Streptococcus dysgalactiae subspecies equisimilis KW - SDSE KW - Germany KW - stG62647 KW - emm type KW - surveillance KW - clinical study Y1 - 2023 UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12040589 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-35164 SN - 2076-0817 VL - 12 IS - 4 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kubis, Lea A1 - Schwab, Julian D. A1 - Werle, Silke D. A1 - Lausser, Ludwig A1 - Tümpel, Stefan A1 - Pfister, Astrid S. A1 - Kühl, Michael A1 - Kestler, Hans A. T1 - A Boolean network of the crosstalk between IGF and Wnt signaling in aging satellite cells JF - PLOS ONE N2 - Aging is a complex biological process, which determines the life span of an organism. Insulin-like growth factor (IGF) and Wnt signaling pathways govern the process of aging. Both pathways share common downstream targets that allow competitive crosstalk between these branches. Of note, a shift from IGF to Wnt signaling has been observed during aging of satellite cells. Biological regulatory networks necessary to recreate aging have not yet been discovered. Here, we established a mathematical in silico model that robustly recapitulates the crosstalk between IGF and Wnt signaling. Strikingly, it predicts critical nodes following a shift from IGF to Wnt signaling. These findings indicate that this shift might cause age-related diseases. UR - https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0195126 Y1 - 2018 UR - https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0195126 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-27280 SN - 1932-6203 VL - 13 IS - 3 PB - PLOS CY - San Francisco ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bott, Christoph A1 - Dressel, Ingo A1 - Bayer, Peter T1 - Paraffin wax as self-sealing insulation material of seasonal sensible heat storage systems—A laboratory study JF - PLOS ONE N2 - Seasonal heat storage is considered as one of the key elements on the path to a low-emission economy. Embedded in local district heating networks, they raise the share of renewable energies and balance out highly fluctuating supplies of e.g. solar systems or windmills. The technology of seasonal heat storage can be described as almost technically mature, with well-established concepts and some systems being in operation for a considerable time. Nevertheless, the operating experience gained to date also revealed two critical problems. On the one hand, even smallest leakages in sealing foils led to irreparable breakdowns. On the other hand, heat loss in the marginal areas was revealed as a key deficiency, preventing the technology from advancing towards global marketability. This study presents an experimental approach to address these two key issues in the field of seasonal energy storage. Two small-scale laboratory tests were carried out to test paraffin wax as a completely novel component in the marginal area of seasonal storages. This is based on two material properties: As hydrophobic and mobile medium, the warmed and molten paraffin should actively seal the fissures and holes in the event of leakage. Additionally, the latent heat storage properties of the paraffin wax should increase the systems’ total storage capacity and reduce lateral heat losses via its low thermal conductivity. With retardation periods from 2.5 to 4 hours, the results show an effective phase change effect of the paraffin wax, which reduces energy losses and allows to buffer short-term, intensive loading and unloading processes. By storing up to 138 kJ/kg energy in the paraffin wax, increased capacities of application-scale pit storages by up to 40.70 MWh are to be expected. Additionally, the self-healing features could be successfully demonstrated: With only small losses of between 1.5 and 17%, the paraffin wax effectively sealed artificially incised leaks. Thereby, the mechanism was most effective for local defects. Following these positive demonstrations of feasibility, technical design questions still remain, which concern prevention of deformation of the paraffin wax. Once solved, this new component can then provide a path for further optimization of seasonal heat storage technologies. UR - https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0236056 Y1 - 2020 UR - https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0236056 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-34535 SN - 1932-6203 VL - 15 IS - 7 PB - PLOS CY - San Francisco ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Yarza Navarro-Schär, Vanessa Gabriela A1 - Eller, Eric A1 - Schulz, Marco A1 - Lermer, Eva T1 - The trust–NPS correlation: The role of trust in promoting customer loyalty in Swiss financial institutions JF - PLOS ONE N2 - The Net Promoter Score (NPS) is a widely used key performance indicator (KPI) for measuring customer loyalty and guiding customer-centric strategies. While customer trust has been identified as an important influencing factor for NPS, existing research treats trust as a unidimensional construct, leaving the specific trust components that drive customer loyalty behaviors largely unexplored. This study addresses this theoretical gap by examining the relationship between various trust components and NPS in the financial services sector. A survey of 1,370 Swiss consumers assessed trust across ten theoretically-derived dimensions alongside their NPS ratings for five financial service companies. Employing median-split analysis, results demonstrate that high customer trust is associated with a significantly higher NPS (+36.5) compared to low trust (−68.6). Critically, quantile regression analysis revealed heterogeneous effects of trust components across different NPS distribution levels, with ability, experience, and reputation showing consistent positive effects across all quantiles. In contrast, joint interests and continuity emerged as relevant only at higher NPS quantiles, while reciprocity proved significant exclusively at the 25th percentile, demonstrating that distinct trust determinants become salient depending on customers’ advocacy levels. These findings challenge prevailing theoretical assumptions about customer trust’s homogeneous influence on customer loyalty, revealing instead a differentiated pattern of trust component effects. The study advances trust theory by demonstrating that trust dimensions not only vary in their influence on customer advocacy behaviors but also exhibit different effect patterns across the NPS distribution, contradicting assumptions of uniform trust impact on loyalty outcomes. The results indicate that NPS optimization requires strategic focus on specific trust dimensions, particularly those demonstrating consistent positive associations across quantile levels. This research contributes novel theoretical insights into the conditional trust-loyalty relationship while providing empirically-grounded guidance for customer-centric business strategies. UR - https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0334423 Y1 - 2025 UR - https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0334423 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-63488 SN - 1932-6203 VL - 20 IS - 11 PB - PLOS CY - San Francisco ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Max, Raphael A1 - Uhl, Matthias T1 - Moral luck in investment contexts: We consciously find unprofitable investments less moral JF - PLOS ONE N2 - Moral luck refers to whether an actor is morally praised or blamed for an action whose outcome they could not influence. In two studies, we investigated the behavioral importance of this phenomenon in the realm of investments, which has become increasingly subject to ethical evaluations. In our first online experiment, we examined whether people’s moral evaluation of an investment decision depended on its arbitrary outcome and whether their interpretation of the nature of the decision was driven by this outcome. Our results showed that profitable investments were considered more moral than unprofitable investments. Moreover, profitable investments were labeled “investments” instead of “speculation” or “gambling” more often than unprofitable ones. In our second study, we asked the subjects to assess investments independent of the outcome. After the outcome was announced, the subjects were given the opportunity to reflect and change their initial decision. The results show that people change the moral evaluation and label of investments when told that it had a bad outcome. This observation was stable across different investment contexts. These findings suggest that we must be careful with the increasing moralization of investment decisions and be sensitive to our cognitive biases. UR - https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0278677 Y1 - 2023 UR - https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0278677 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-32059 SN - 1932-6203 VL - 18 IS - 1 PB - PLOS CY - San Francisco ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hebestreit, Katja A1 - Gröttrup, Sören A1 - Emden, Daniel A1 - Veerkamp, Jannis A1 - Ruckert, Christian A1 - Klein, Hans-Ulrich A1 - Müller-Tidow, Carsten A1 - Dugas, Martin T1 - Leukemia Gene Atlas – A Public Platform for Integrative Exploration of Genome-Wide Molecular Data JF - PLOS ONE N2 - Leukemias are exceptionally well studied at the molecular level and a wealth of high-throughput data has been published. But further utilization of these data by researchers is severely hampered by the lack of accessible integrative tools for viewing and analysis. We developed the Leukemia Gene Atlas (LGA) as a public platform designed to support research and analysis of diverse genomic data published in the field of leukemia. With respect to leukemia research, the LGA is a unique resource with comprehensive search and browse functions. It provides extensive analysis and visualization tools for various types of molecular data. Currently, its database contains data from more than 5,800 leukemia and hematopoiesis samples generated by microarray gene expression, DNA methylation, SNP and next generation sequencing analyses. The LGA allows easy retrieval of large published data sets and thus helps to avoid redundant investigations. It is accessible at www.leukemia-gene-atlas.org. UR - https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0039148 Y1 - 2012 UR - https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0039148 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-31698 SN - 1932-6203 VL - 7 IS - 6 PB - PLOS CY - San Francisco ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schwan, Hannes A1 - Mohan, Nihesh A1 - Schmid, Maximilian A1 - Saha, Rocky Kumar A1 - Klassen, Holger A1 - Müller, Klaus A1 - Elger, Gordon T1 - Sintering for High Power Optoelectronic Devices JF - Micromachines N2 - Residual-free eutectic Au80Sn20 soldering is still the dominant assembly technology for optoelectronic devices such as high-power lasers, LEDs, and photodiodes. Due to the high cost of gold, alternatives are desirable. This paper investigates the thermal performance of copper-based sintering for optoelectronic submodules on first and second level to obtain thermally efficient thin bondlines. Sintered interconnects obtained by a new particle-free copper ink, based on complexed copper salt, are compared with copper flake and silver nanoparticle sintered interconnects and benchmarked against AuSn solder interconnects. The copper ink is dispensed and predried at 130 °C to facilitate in situ generation of Cu nanoparticles by thermal decomposition of the metal salt before sintering. Submounts are then sintered at 275 °C for 15 min under nitrogen with 30 MPa pressure, forming uniform 2–5 µm copper layers achieving shear strengths above 31 MPa. Unpackaged LEDs are bonded on first level using the copper ink but applying only 10 MPa to avoid damaging the semiconductor dies. Thermal performance is evaluated via transient thermal analysis. Results show that copper ink interfaces approach the performance of thin AuSn joints and match silver interconnects at second level. However, at first level, AuSn and sintered interconnects of commercial silver and copper pastes remained superior due to the relative inhomogeneous thickness of the thin Cu copper layer after predrying, requiring higher bonding pressure to equalize surface inhomogeneities. UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/mi16101164 Y1 - 2025 UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/mi16101164 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-64984 SN - 2072-666X VL - 16 IS - 10 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Meintrup, David A1 - Singer, Peter T1 - A Friendly Guide to the Real Exponential Function JF - The American Mathematical Monthly N2 - We propose an elementary introduction to the real exponential function of Leonhard Euler that combines ideas of Felix Klein and Adolf Hurwitz and uses an approximation of the primitive of the hyperbola. In this way, we can avoid the difficulties of common approaches yet still obtain classical results. UR - https://doi.org/10.1080/00029890.2025.2554556 Y1 - 2025 UR - https://doi.org/10.1080/00029890.2025.2554556 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-65107 SN - 1930-0972 VL - 132 IS - 10 SP - 1043 EP - 1047 PB - Taylor & Francis CY - London ER - TY - THES A1 - Bilal, Mühenad T1 - Entwicklung eines reflexionsmindernden Bildgebungsverfahrens mit homogener Ausleuchtung und konvolutionalen neuronalen Netzen zur Verschleißerkennung und Klassifizierung komplexer, spiegelnder Zerspanungswerkzeuge N2 - Im Zuge der Digitalisierung stehen Unternehmen, insbesondere Klein- und Mittelständische Unternehmen (KMUs), bei der Etablierung von Künstliche Intelligenz (KI) in industriellen Fertigungsprozessen zunehmend vor großen Herausforderungen. Im letzten Jahrhundert hat die klassische Automatisierung in der Fertigung maßgeblich zur Produktivitätssteigerung und damit auch zur Wettbewerbsfähigkeit von Unternehmen beigetragen. Die Entwicklung und Etablierung von KIgestützter Automatisierung in Unternehmen stellen die nächste Stufe der Produktivitätssteigerung dar und werden die bisherige regelbasierte, klassische Automatisierung zunehmend ablösen. Der Bedarf nach KI-gestützter Automatisierung in der Zerspanungsindustrie, insbesondere in den Bereichen der Werkzeugfertigung und -instandsetzung, gewinnt zunehmend an Bedeutung. Das liegt an den steigenden Kundenanforderungen und am demografischen Wandel, aber auch am Fachkräftemangel, an kostenintensiven Messverfahren sowie an zeit- und ressourcenaufwendigen Schulungen, die zur Bedienung komplexer Messverfahren relevant sind. Das stellt eine Gefahr für die Wettbewerbsfähigkeit der KMUs dar. Klassische Messverfahren wie die Fokusvariation oder triangulationsbasierte Messtechniken liefern zwar eine hohe Genauigkeit, sind jedoch mit erheblichem Zeit- und Kostenaufwand verbunden. Daher eignen sie sich nur bedingt für den Serieneinsatz in der Qualitätskontrolle, insbesondere bei der Vermessung von Schneidwerkzeugen im Rahmen stichprobenbasierter Prüfungen. Um diese Herausforderungen entgegenzuwirken, wurde im Rahmen dieser Dissertation ein vollständiges KI-gestütztes System zur automatisierten Werkzeuginspektion und -Klassifizierung entwickelt und fundierte Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs)-basierte Forschung betrieben. Eine der zentralen Kerninnovationen dieser Arbeit liegt in der Entwicklung einer werkzeugspezifischen Lichtquelle, die gezielt auf die optischen Eigenschaften der zylindrischen Schneidwerkzeuge wie Schaftfräser abgestimmt ist und neue Möglichkeiten in der bildbasierten Qualitätskontrolle von glänzenden Oberflächen eröffnet. Die dabei erzeugten hochauflösenden Aufnahmen zeichnen sich durch eine hohe Tiefenschärfe, Farbtreue und gleichmäßige Ausleuchtung aus und ermöglichen eine zuverlässige Verschleißanalyse. Um die Funktionalität dieses neuen Bildgebungsverfahrens zu demonstrieren, wurde zunächst mit regelbasierten Verfahren wie adaptiver Schwellenwertbildung ein Verschleißdetektionsalgorithmus entwickelt und in Gegenüberstellung mit standardisierten Bildaufnahmen aus der Fertigung erforscht. Die ersten vielversprechenden Ergebnisse führten zur Anwendung bestehender Architekturen wie Mask Region-Based Convolutional Neural Network (Mask R-CNN). Diese wurden für die Lokalisierung und Detektion von Verschleiß anhand weniger Bilder genutzt. Außerdem wurde ein CNN-basiertes Verfahren für die semantische Segmentierung entwickelt, das in der Lage ist, normalen und abnormalen Verschleiß an hochreflektierenden Schaftfräsern mit komplexen Freiformflächen zu detektieren und mit hoher Genauigkeit trennscharf voneinander zu unterscheiden. Bei der semantischen Segmentierung wurden unterschiedliche Ansätze für die Modelloptimierung verfolgt, darunter Variationen der Ankerboxen und des Intersection over Union (IoU)-Schwellenwerts bei Mask R-CNN, um die bestmögliche Modellperformance zu erhalten. Weitere CNN-basierte Ansätze folgten. Hierbei wurden bewährte Architekturen wie U-Net Architecture (UNet) für die Verschleißdetektion modifiziert, aber auch eine kompakte, dimensionsreduzierte Form entwickelt, um normalen von abnormalem Verschleiß mit hoher Genauigkeit zu detektieren und Aussagen über das Verschleißverhalten zu treffen. Dabei wurden unterschiedliche Regularisierungstechniken und Hyperparameteroptimierung angewandt, um die beste Modellleistung an zwei unterschiedlichen hochreflektierenden Werkzeugtypen zu erreichen. Es wurden im Rahmen dieser Arbeit auch die State of the Art (SOTA) CNNs-Architekturen für die Klassifizierung von Werkzeugen erforscht. Hierbei wurde die Auswirkung unterschiedlicher Beleuchtungsbedingungen, der Bildqualität sowie der unterschiedlichen Trainingsstrategien untersucht, um die am besten geeignete Architektur und Trainingsstrategie für eine KI-basierte Werkzeugklassifizierung zu identifizieren. N2 - In the context of digitalization, companies, especially Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs), are increasingly facing major challenges in establishing Artificial Intelligence (AI) in industrial manufacturing processes. In the last century, classic automation in manufacturing contributed significantly to productivity increases and thus also to the competitiveness of companies. Developing and establishing AI-supported automation in companies represents the next stage of increasing productivity and will increasingly replace the existing rule-based, classic automation. Developing and setting up AI-based automation in companies is the next step in boosting productivity and will gradually replace the traditional rule-based automation we’ve seen so far. There’s a growing need for AI-based automation in the machining industry, especially in tool manufacturing and restoration. This is because of increasing customer demands and demographic change, but also because of a shortage of skilled workers, costly measurement methods, and time-consuming and resource-intensive training that’s needed to use complex measurement methods. The classic measurement methods such as focus variation or triangulation-based measurement techniques provide high accuracy, but they are associated with considerable time and cost. Therefore, they are only suitable for limited use in quality control, especially when measuring cutting tools in sample-based tests. The AI-based measurement method is a promising alternative to traditional measurement methods. To address these challenges, a complete AI-based system for automated tool inspection and classification was developed as part of this dissertation, and in-depth research based on CNNs was carried out. One of the central core innovations of this work lies in the development of a tool-specific light source that is specifically tuned to the optical properties of cylindrical cutting tools such as end mills, opening up new possibilities in image-based quality control of shiny surfaces. High-resolution images generated in this way are characterized by high depth of field, color fidelity, and uniform illumination, enabling reliable wear analysis. To demonstrate the functionality of this new imaging method, a wear detection algorithm was first developed using rule-based methods such as adaptive thresholding and researched in comparison with standardized images from production. The first promising results led to the implementation of existing architectures such as Mask R-CNN. These were used to localize and detect wear based on a small number of images. In addition, a CNN-based method for semantic segmentation was developed that is capable of detecting normal and abnormal wear on highly reflective end mills with complex free-form surfaces and distinguishing between them with high accuracy. In semantic segmentation, different approaches were pursued for model optimization, including variations of anchor boxes and the IoU threshold in Mask R-CNN, in order to achieve the best possible model performance. Further CNN-based approaches followed. Here, proven architectures such as UNet were modified for wear detection, but a compact, reduced-dimension form was also developed to detect normal and abnormal wear with high accuracy and to make statements about wear behavior. Different regularization techniques and hyperparameter optimization were applied to achieve the best model performance on two different highly reflective tool types. As part of this work, SOTA CNNs architectures for tool classification were also investigated. The effect of different lighting conditions, image quality, and different training strategies was studied to identify the most suitable architecture and training strategy for AI-based tool classification. In semantic segmentation, different approaches were pursued for model optimization, including variations of anchor boxes and the intersection-over-union (IoU) threshold in Mask-R-CNN, in order to achieve the best possible model performance. Further CNN-based approaches followed. Here, proven architectures such as U-Net4 were modified for wear detection, but a compact, reduceddimension form was also developed to detect normal and abnormal wear with high accuracy and to make statements about wear behavior. Different regularization techniques and hyperparameter optimization were applied to achieve the best model performance on two different highly reflective tool types. As part of this work, state-of-the-art (SOTA) convolutional neural network (CNN) architectures for tool classification were also investigated. The effect of different lighting conditions, image quality, and different training strategies was studied to identify the most suitable architecture and training strategy for AI-based tool classification. Y1 - 2025 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-64997 PB - Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt CY - Ingolstadt ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Meintrup, David A1 - Borgmann, Stefan A1 - Seidl, Karlheinz A1 - Stecher, Melanie A1 - Jakob, Carolin E. M. A1 - Pilgram, Lisa A1 - Spinner, Christoph D. A1 - Rieg, Siegbert A1 - Isberner, Nora A1 - Hower, Martin A1 - Vehreschild, Maria A1 - Göpel, Siri A1 - Hanses, Frank A1 - Nowak-Machen, Martina T1 - Specific Risk Factors for Fatal Outcome in Critically Ill COVID-19 Patients BT - Results from a European Multicenter Study JF - Journal of Clinical Medicine N2 - (1) Background: The aim of our study was to identify specific risk factors for fatal outcome in critically ill COVID-19 patients. (2) Methods: Our data set consisted of 840 patients enclosed in the LEOSS registry. Using lasso regression for variable selection, a multifactorial logistic regression model was fitted to the response variable survival. Specific risk factors and their odds ratios were derived. A nomogram was developed as a graphical representation of the model. (3) Results: 14 variables were identified as independent factors contributing to the risk of death for critically ill COVID-19 patients: age (OR 1.08, CI 1.06–1.10), cardiovascular disease (OR 1.64, CI 1.06–2.55), pulmonary disease (OR 1.87, CI 1.16–3.03), baseline Statin treatment (0.54, CI 0.33–0.87), oxygen saturation (unit = 1%, OR 0.94, CI 0.92–0.96), leukocytes (unit 1000/μL, OR 1.04, CI 1.01–1.07), lymphocytes (unit 100/μL, OR 0.96, CI 0.94–0.99), platelets (unit 100,000/μL, OR 0.70, CI 0.62–0.80), procalcitonin (unit ng/mL, OR 1.11, CI 1.05–1.18), kidney failure (OR 1.68, CI 1.05–2.70), congestive heart failure (OR 2.62, CI 1.11–6.21), severe liver failure (OR 4.93, CI 1.94–12.52), and a quick SOFA score of 3 (OR 1.78, CI 1.14–2.78). The nomogram graphically displays the importance of these 14 factors for mortality. (4) Conclusions: There are risk factors that are specific to the subpopulation of critically ill COVID-19 patients. UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10173855 KW - COVID-19 KW - SARS-CoV-2 KW - risk factors KW - critically ill patients KW - comorbidities KW - lasso regression KW - nomogram Y1 - 2021 UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10173855 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-10999 SN - 2077-0383 VL - 10 IS - 17 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Meintrup, David A1 - Nowak-Machen, Martina A1 - Borgmann, Stefan T1 - Nine months of COVID-19 pandemic in Europe BT - a comparative time series analysis of cases and fatalities in 35 countries JF - International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health N2 - (1) Background: to describe the dynamic of the pandemic across 35 European countries over a period of 9 months. (2) Methods: a three-phase time series model was fitted for 35 European countries, predicting deaths based on SARS-CoV-2 incidences. Hierarchical clustering resulted in three clusters of countries. A multiple regression model was developed predicting thresholds for COVID-19 incidences, coupled to death numbers. (3) Results: The model showed strongly connected deaths and incidences during the waves in spring and fall. The corrected case-fatality rates ranged from 2% to 20.7% in the first wave, and from 0.5% to 4.2% in the second wave. If the incidences stay below a threshold, predicted by the regression model (R2=85.0%), COVID-19 related deaths and incidences were not necessarily coupled. The clusters represented different regions in Europe, and the corrected case-fatality rates in each cluster flipped from high to low or vice versa. Severely and less severely affected countries flipped between the first and second wave. (4) Conclusions: COVID-19 incidences and related deaths were uncoupled during the summer but coupled during two waves. Once a country-specific threshold of infections is reached, death numbers will start to rise, allowing health care systems and countries to prepare. UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18126680 KW - COVID-19 KW - SARS-CoV-2 KW - corrected case fatality rate KW - time series analysis KW - multiple regression KW - flip effect KW - death threshold Y1 - 2021 UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18126680 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-11001 SN - 1660-4601 VL - 18 IS - 12 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Borgmann, Stefan A1 - Rieß, Beate A1 - Meintrup, David A1 - Klare, Ingo A1 - Werner, Guido T1 - Long-Lasting Decrease of the Acquisition of Enterococcus faecium and Gram-Negative Bacteria Producing Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (ESBL) by Transient Application of Probiotics JF - International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (IJERPH) N2 - Previously it was shown that application of probiotics stopped the acquisition of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VRE) by patients in an early rehabilitation ward. Once the application of probiotics ended, we examined whether acquisition of VRE reoccurred. Furthermore, we examined whether probiotics altered prevalence of vancomycin-susceptible E. faecium (VSE) and Gram-negative bacteria, which produce extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL). Although probiotic application ceased in April 2018, VRE-colonized patients rarely presented on that ward until 2019. Probiotic treatment also resulted in a decreased number of patients with VSE and ESBL. While decreased incidence of VRE occurred immediately, decreased VSE and ESBL numbers occurred months later. A probiotic-mediated decrease of VSE and ESBL incidence cannot be explained when assuming bacterial transmission exclusively as a linear cause and effect event. The decrease is better understood by considering bacterial transmissions to be stochastic events, which depend on various driving forces similar to an electric current. We hypothesize that VRE, VSE and ESBL uptake by patients and by staff members mutually reinforced each other, leading staff members to form a bacterial reservoir, similar to a condenser that stores electrical energy. Probiotic treatment then inhibited regeneration of that store, resulting in a breakdown of the driving force. UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176100 KW - colonic bacteria KW - Enterococcus faecium KW - vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium KW - vancomycin-susceptible E. faecium KW - Staphylococcus aureus KW - beta-lactamase KW - probiotics KW - health care co-workers KW - electric current KW - transistor KW - condenser KW - electrical current hypothesis of bacterial transmission Y1 - 2020 UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176100 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-9425 SN - 1660-4601 VL - 17 IS - 17 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Borgmann, Stefan A1 - Meintrup, David A1 - Reimer, Kerstin A1 - Schels, Helmut A1 - Nowak-Machen, Martina T1 - Incidence and Death Rates from COVID-19 Are Not Always Coupled: An Analysis of Temporal Data on Local, Federal, and National Levels JF - Healthcare N2 - SARS-CoV-2 has caused a deadly pandemic worldwide, placing a burden on local health care systems and economies. Infection rates with SARS-CoV-2 and the related mortality of COVID-19 are not equal among countries or even neighboring regions. Based on data from official German health authorities since the beginning of the pandemic, we developed a case-fatality prediction model that correctly predicts COVID-19-related death rates based on local geographical developments of infection rates in Germany, Bavaria, and a local community district city within Upper Bavaria. Our data point towards the proposal that local individual infection thresholds, when reached, could lead to increasing mortality. Restrictive measures to minimize the spread of the virus could be applied locally based on the risk of reaching the individual threshold. Being able to predict the necessity for increasing hospitalization of COVID-19 patients could help local health care authorities to prepare for increasing patient numbers. UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9030338 KW - time series analysis KW - COVID-19 incidence KW - case-fatality rate KW - herd immunity KW - Upper Bavaria Y1 - 2021 UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9030338 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-11023 SN - 2227-9032 VL - 9 IS - 3 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - CHAP A1 - de Andrade, Mauren Louise S. C. A1 - Velloso Nogueira, Matheus A1 - Fidelis, Eduardo A1 - Aguiar Campos, Luiz Henrique A1 - Campos, Pietro A1 - Schön, Torsten A1 - de Abreu Faria, Lester ED - Radeva, Petia ED - Farinella, Giovanni Maria ED - Bouatouch, Kadi T1 - Exploiting GAN Capacity to Generate Synthetic Automotive Radar Data T2 - Proceedings of the 18th International Joint Conference on Computer Vision, Imaging and Computer Graphics Theory and Applications - Volume 4 N2 - In this paper, we evaluate the training of GAN for synthetic RAD image generation for four objects reflected by Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave radar: car, motorcycle, pedestrian and truck. This evaluation adds a new possibility for data augmentation when radar data labeling available is not enough. The results show that, yes, the GAN generated RAD images well, even when a specific class of the object is necessary. We also compared the scores of three GAN architectures, GAN Vanilla, CGAN, and DCGAN, in RAD synthetic imaging generation. We show that the generator can produce RAD images well enough with the results analyzed. UR - https://doi.org/10.5220/0011672400003417 KW - Radar Application KW - Generative Adversarial Network KW - Ground-Based Radar Dataset KW - Synthetic Automotive Radar Data Y1 - 2023 UR - https://doi.org/10.5220/0011672400003417 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-32029 SN - 978-989-758-634-7 SP - 262 EP - 271 PB - SciTePress CY - Setúbal ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Schwerd, Simon A1 - Schulte, Axel ED - Paljic, Alexis ED - Ziat, Mounia ED - Bouatouch, Kadi T1 - Interaction-based Implicit Calibration of Eye-Tracking in an Aircraft Cockpit T2 - Proceedings of the 18th International Joint Conference on Computer Vision, Imaging and Computer Graphics Theory and Applications - Volume 2 N2 - We present a method to calibrate an eye-tracking system based on cockpit interactions of a pilot. Many studies show the feasibility of implicit calibration with specific interactions such as mouse clicks or smooth pursuit eye movements. In real-world applications, different types of interactions often co-exist in the “natural” operation of a system. Therefore, we developed a method that combines different types of interaction to enable implicit calibration in operational work environments. Based on a preselection of calibration candidates, we use an algorithm to select suitable samples and targets to perform implicit calibration. We evaluated our approach in an aircraft cockpit simulator with seven pilot candidates. Our approach reached a median accuracy between 2° to 4° on different cockpit displays dependent on the number of interactions. Differences between participants indicated that the correlation between gaze and interaction position is influenced by individual factors such as experience. UR - https://doi.org/10.5220/0011657200003417 Y1 - 2023 UR - https://doi.org/10.5220/0011657200003417 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-65971 SN - 978-989-758-634-7 SP - 55 EP - 62 PB - SciTePress CY - Setúbal ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Schwerd, Simon A1 - Schulte, Axel ED - Bashford-Rogers, Thomas ED - Meneveaux, Daniel ED - Ziat, Mounia ED - Ammi, Mehdi ED - Jänicke, Stefan ED - Purchase, Helen ED - Bouatouch, Kadi ED - Sousa, A. Augusto T1 - Evaluating Blink Rate as a Dynamic Indicator of Mental Workload in a Flight Simulator T2 - Proceedings of the 19th International Joint Conference on Computer Vision, Imaging and Computer Graphics Theory and Applications - Volume 1 N2 - This study assesses blink rate as a potential indicator for mental workload (MWL) in a dual task scenario in a flight simulator. Prior research indicated that blink rate decreases as mental workload increases across various tasks and domains. In our study, we aimed to determine if these findings are consistent in a dual task environment within a fast jet simulator. Furthermore, we evaluated blink rate fluctuations caused by the dynamic shifts in MWL as tasks are executed, switched, or completed. To investigate this, we executed a flight simulator experiment involving ten participants. They were tasked with two distinct activities: first, classifying air and ground targets, and second, maintaining a specific flight altitude. The results validated that blink rate decreases with increasing task difficulty. However, when a secondary task imposes significant workload, blink rates did not reliably indicate the primary task’s difficulty. We also found that the timing of spontaneous blinks w as influenced by task completion and switches. Specifically, blink rates surged immediately after decision-making points and during transitions between tasks. UR - https://doi.org/10.5220/0012319100003660 Y1 - 2024 UR - https://doi.org/10.5220/0012319100003660 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-65924 SN - 978-989-758-679-8 SP - 362 EP - 368 PB - SciTePress CY - Setúbal ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schönhofer, Gerhard A1 - Komonen, Pauli A1 - Schwarz, Jan Oliver A1 - Bechthold, Laura T1 - Futures of Everyday Life: A Qualitative Content Analysis of Future Personas in Scenarios JF - Futures & Foresight Science N2 - Scenario reports, holding a long‐standing tradition in foresight and futures studies, act as an essential document for organizations to prepare for possible, plausible, and alternative futures. Focusing on descriptions and representations of everyday life, we examined 29 future persona narratives from six publications—covering a wide field from public to private sector—through qualitative content analysis. Our guiding question is: How can anthropological perspectives such as cultural relativism or postcolonial discourses contribute to an in‐depth, qualitative interpretation depictions of future everyday life? Acknowledging anthropology's colonial origins and its growing commitment to the interests of indigenous and other marginalized groups, we offer alternative readings of prominent scenario reports. Our findings suggest that scenario reports, in addition to anticipating possible futures, construct certain futures based on a systematic analysis of empirical data but also speculative interpretation. The results of these interpretative acts often appear elitist, stereotypical, and technocratic, often replicating dominant societal narratives rather than fostering substantive shifts in how the future is imagined. We therefore call for a more polyphonic representation of futures in scenario writing and foresight work that can produce more discontinuous and transformative images of the future. We understand polyphonic representations as coined by various independent, predominant as well as subaltern perspectives on the same issue at stake while being offered the same amount of space. Therefore, as we will indicate in our analysis, most of the reports referred to are rather monophonic and do not offer discuptive perspectives on the future of everyday life. As an avenue of methodological development, we propose a more nuanced and comprehensive perception of culture and social structures in scenario narrative writing. In addition, ethnographic methods could increase our understanding of how futures are collaboratively constructed and produced by different actors and their respective backgrounds and knowledge in scenario processes. UR - https://doi.org/10.1002/ffo2.70030 Y1 - 2026 UR - https://doi.org/10.1002/ffo2.70030 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-66024 SN - 2573-5152 VL - 8 IS - 1 PB - Wiley CY - Hoboken ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schwerd, Simon A1 - Schulte, Axel T1 - Triggering Cockpit Alerts Using an Eye-Tracking-Based Measure of Monitoring Performance JF - Aviation Psychology and Applied Human Factors N2 - This study explored the potential for enhancing pilot performance via an alerting system that adapts according to an eye-tracking-based measure of monitoring. The novel measure combines gaze analysis with system state assessment to estimate the pilot’s understanding of the current system state. On this basis, an alerting system was developed to direct pilot attention to unnoticed system state changes, thereby improving system state monitoring. In a flight simulator study involving 10 participants in a generic jet cockpit, we compared the adaptive alerting system with a no-assistance condition. Although alerting improved the participants’ performance in two tracking tasks, it adversely impacted performance in a third task. Nonetheless, alerting resulted in a decrease in both variance and mean detection time of critical changes. Participants’ subjective ratings were generally positive, yet they criticized the lack of transparency of the alerting mechanism. Alerts triggered based on eye-tracking and system state show potential for improving operator task performance. Nonetheless, for the system to reach its full performance potential, it is critical that the operator understand the principles underlying the alert triggers. False positives and alert design were identified as key areas for improvement to maintain user trust and task flow. UR - https://doi.org/10.1027/2192-0923/a000263 Y1 - 2024 UR - https://doi.org/10.1027/2192-0923/a000263 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-65916 SN - 2192-0931 VL - 14 IS - 1 SP - 22 EP - 37 PB - Hogrefe CY - Göttingen ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Maksimovski, Daniel A1 - Festag, Andreas A1 - Facchi, Christian T1 - Adaptive Message Generation Rules for V2X Maneuver Coordination Service JF - IEEE Access N2 - Maneuver coordination enables connected and automated vehicles (CAVs) to collaboratively plan, negotiate, and execute driving maneuvers, aiming to enhance safety, traffic flow, and energy efficiency. As part of the Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) communication system, it operates as a dedicated service that relies on detailed, bidirectional interactions between vehicles, unlike traditional broadcast-based V2X services. While maneuver coordination is the focus of ongoing research and standardization, the rules that govern when and how vehicles generate Maneuver Coordination Messages (MCMs) within the Maneuver Coordination Service (MCS) are still not fully defined. These rules are essential for ensuring timely and reliable coordination. This paper proposes three adaptive MCM generation strategies based on the operation mode of the MCS, maneuver priority, and current channel load. The first approach defines MCM rules for intent sharing, maneuver negotiation, and execution phases, factoring in maneuver importance. The second adjusts the frequency of intent MCMs when a negotiation message is received from another vehicle. The third adapts frequency based on real-time channel load during intent sharing. For comparison, two baseline strategies are also evaluated. The proposed rules are tested for highway merging and lane change use cases in traffic scenarios with increasing vehicle density and high channel loads. A comprehensive evaluation is conducted using metrics related to the network, message generation frequency, congestion control, and maneuver coordination. The results demonstrate significantly enhanced channel efficiency and communication reliability across all metrics. For example, under the final approach, maneuver negotiation time is reduced by a factor of five in congested V2X environments. UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2026.3652364 Y1 - 2026 UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2026.3652364 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-66051 SN - 2169-3536 VL - 14 SP - 6417 EP - 6437 PB - IEEE CY - New York ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Reuthlinger, Eva A1 - Sinha, Tanja T1 - Impact Investing from an European Perspective – Do Good and Earn Money? JF - Copernican Journal of Finance & Accounting N2 - Impact Investing provides a promising way to fund sustainable development while balancing financial, social, and environmental goals. This study compares the performance of Impact, Conventional, and ESG Portfolios in the European stock market over more than 10 years, using Markowitz Optimization and Naive Diversification. The findings show that Impact Portfolios yield the highest returns, without sacrificing financial performance when integrating sustainability criteria that go beyond the classical ESG investing. UR - http://dx.doi. org/10.12775/CJFA.2025.005 Y1 - 2025 UR - http://dx.doi. org/10.12775/CJFA.2025.005 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-65823 SN - 2300-3065 VL - 14 IS - 1 SP - 87 EP - 109 PB - Nicolaus Copernicus University CY - Toruń ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zieher, Simon A1 - Olcay, Ertug A1 - Kefferpütz, Klaus A1 - Salamat, Babak A1 - Olzem, Sebastian-Sven A1 - Elsbacher, Gerhard A1 - Meeß, Henri T1 - Drones for automated parcel delivery: Use case identification and derivation of technical requirements JF - Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives N2 - Drone-based parcel delivery is a rapidly growing domain posing many technological and operational challenges. Drone technologies have been under increasing levels of investigation and development over the past years. Since the realization of drone-based delivery can only be economically feasible at large scales, it requires processes that address the outstanding challenges holistically. However, the majority of research focuses on individual aspects such as environmental perception, route planning, operational design, and business models without addressing the challenges in the overall system. This paper conducts a quantitative analysis of the requirements for identified use cases that are considered relevant for the upcoming future. We provide a comprehensive technology overview and derive requirements and specifications for the targeted use cases that are not fulfilled by the current state-of-the-art. The use cases are not only related to last-mile delivery but also long-distance (hub-to-hub) logistics as well as courier and express delivery. UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trip.2024.101253 Y1 - 2024 UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trip.2024.101253 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-53303 SN - 2590-1982 VL - 2024 IS - 28 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER -