TY - JOUR A1 - Kleiner, Jan A1 - Komsiyska, Lidiya A1 - Elger, Gordon A1 - Endisch, Christian T1 - Thermal modelling of a prismatic lithium-ion cell in a battery electric vehicle environment BT - influences of the experimental validation setup JF - Energies N2 - In electric vehicles with lithium-ion battery systems, the temperature of the battery cells has a great impact on performance, safety, and lifetime. Therefore, developing thermal models of lithium-ion batteries to predict and investigate the temperature development and its impact is crucial. Commonly, models are validated with experimental data to ensure correct model behaviour. However, influences of experimental setups or comprehensive validation concepts are often not considered, especially for the use case of prismatic cells in a battery electric vehicle. In this work, a 3D electro–thermal model is developed and experimentally validated to predict the cell’s temperature behaviour for a single prismatic cell under battery electric vehicle (BEV) boundary conditions. One focus is on the development of a single cell’s experimental setup and the investigation of the commonly neglected influences of an experimental setup on the cell’s thermal behaviour. Furthermore, a detailed validation is performed for the laboratory BEV scenario for spatially resolved temperatures and heat generation. For validation, static and dynamic loads are considered as well as the detected experimental influences. The validated model is used to predict the temperature within the cell in the BEV application for constant current and Worldwide harmonized Light vehicles Test Procedure (WLTP) load profile. UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/en13010062 KW - Lithium-Ionen-Batterie KW - Elektrofahrzeug Y1 - 2019 UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/en13010062 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-7532 SN - 1996-1073 VL - 13 IS - 1 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kotak, Bhavya A1 - Kotak, Yash A1 - Brade, Katja A1 - Kubjatko, Tibor A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg T1 - Battery Crush Test Procedures in Standards and Regulation: Need for Augmentation and Harmonisation JF - Batteries N2 - Battery safety is a prominent concern for the deployment of electric vehicles (EVs). The battery powering an EV contains highly energetic active materials and flammable organic electrolytes. Usually, an EV battery catches fire due to its thermal runaway, either immediately at the time of the accident or can take a while to gain enough heat to ignite the battery chemicals. There are numerous battery abuse testing standards and regulations available globally. Therefore, battery manufacturers are always in dilemma to choose the safest one. Henceforth, to find the optimal outcome of these two major issues, six standards (SAE J2464:2009, GB/T 31485-2015:2015, FreedomCAR:2006, ISO 12405-3:2014, IEC 62660-2:2010, and SAND2017-6295:2017) and two regulations (UN/ECE-R100.02:2013 and GTR 20:2018), that are followed by more than fifty countries in the world, are investigated in terms of their abuse battery testing conditions (crush test). This research proves that there is a need for (a) augmenting these standards and regulations as they do not consider real-life vehicle crash scenarios, and (b) one harmonised framework should be developed, which can be adopted worldwide. These outcomes will solve the battery manufacturers dilemma and will also increase the safety of EV consumers. UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries7030063 KW - lithium-ion battery KW - electric vehicle battery KW - battery standard KW - battery regulation KW - battery testing standard KW - battery testing regulation KW - abuse testing KW - harmonising battery standard KW - crush test procedure KW - battery incidents KW - battery standard and regulation augmentation Y1 - 2021 UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries7030063 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-11083 SN - 2313-0105 VL - 7 IS - 3 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Obermaier, Christina A1 - Riebl, Raphael A1 - Al-Bayatti, Ali H. A1 - Khan, Sarmadullah A1 - Facchi, Christian T1 - Measuring the Realtime Capability of Parallel-Discrete-Event-Simulations JF - Electronics N2 - Speeding up Discrete Event Simulations (DESs) is a broad research field. Promising Parallel Discrete Event Simulation (PDES) approaches with optimistic and conservative synchronisation schemes have emerged throughout the years. However, in the area of real-time simulation, PDESs are rarely considered. This is caused by the complex problem of fitting parallel executed DES models to a real-time clock. Hence, this paper gives an extensive review of existing conservative and optimistic synchronisation schemes for PDESs. It introduces a metric to compare their real-time capabilities to determine whether they can be used for soft or firm real-time simulation. Examples are given on how to apply this metric to evaluate PDESs using synthetic and real-world examples. The results of the investigation reveal that no final answer can be given if PDESs can be used for soft or firm real-time simulation as they are. However, boundary conditions were defined, which allow a use-case specific evaluation of the real-time capabilities of a certain parallel executed DES. Using this in-depth knowledge and can lead to predictability of the real-time behaviour of a simulation run. UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics10060636 KW - real-time simulation KW - Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks KW - Discrete Event Simulation KW - network simulation Y1 - 2021 UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics10060636 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-10883 SN - 2079-9292 VL - 10 IS - 6 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Mehta, Kedar A1 - Ehrenwirth, Mathias A1 - Missall, Siegmund A1 - Degembaeva, Nadira A1 - Akmatov, Kuban A1 - Zörner, Wilfried T1 - Energy Profiling of a High-Altitude Kyrgyz Community: Challenges and Motivations to Preserve Floodplain Ecosystems Based on Household Survey JF - Sustainability N2 - The floodplain areas along the Naryn River in Kyrgyzstan are essential as they hold the riparian (local) ecosystems because they provide firewood, pastureland, and areas for recreation and protection against erosion. Due to limited access to adequate, reliable, and sustainable energy services, the rural population usually derived their energy needs from multiple natural energy resources (i.e., firewood, charcoal, agricultural residues, animal dung, and wood branches). This is considered a common and predominant practice in rural Kyrgyzstan. This situation leads to a negative impact on local ecosystem services. In addition to that, the reliance on solid fuels contributes to indoor and outdoor air pollution, which is partially threatening the local ecosystem services. By contrast, the employment of renewable-based energy supply systems would substantially reduce the burden on the environment, which is mainly untapped. To integrate renewable energies, it is important to understand the energy behavior of floodplain communities. In that response, the presented article is the first attempt to capture the energy identity of the floodplain community of Kyrgyzstan based on a quantitative energy-based (on-site) household survey. Furthermore, the present research article synthesizes the driving factors that have a (direct or indirect) impact on the energy and local ecosystem services. In addition, the present article proposes a brief pathway for the sustainable energy transition. The article records the recommendation to integrate renewable energies to preserve the local ecosystems of Kyrgyzstan. UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/su132313086 KW - Central Asia KW - ecosystem services KW - energy pattern KW - energy profiling KW - floodplain community KW - high-altitude KW - household survey KW - Kyrgyzstan KW - renewable energies KW - sustainability Y1 - 2021 UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/su132313086 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-10895 SN - 2071-1050 N1 - This article belongs to the Special Issue "Floodplain Ecology and Sustainable Restoration with Regard to Ecosystem Services" VL - 13 IS - 23 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Mehta, Kedar A1 - Ehrenwirth, Mathias A1 - Trinkl, Christoph A1 - Zörner, Wilfried A1 - Greenough, Richard T1 - The energy situation in Central Asia BT - a comprehensive energy review focusing on rural areas JF - Energies N2 - The northern part of the globe is dominated by industrialisation and is well-developed. For many years, the southern part of the world (South Asia, Africa etc.) has been a target of research concentrating on access to energy (mainly electricity) in rural regions. However, the Central Asian region has not been a focus of energy research compared to South East Asia and Africa. Despite plentiful domestically available energy resources, the energy supply in Central Asia is very unevenly distributed between urban and rural areas. Almost half of the total population of Central Asia lives in rural areas and there is a lack of access to modern energy services to meet primary needs. To analyse the energy situation (i.e., electricity, heating, hot water consumption, cooking, etc.) in rural Central Asia, this paper reviews residential energy consumption trends in rural Central Asian regions as compared to urban areas. Furthermore, the paper illustrates the potential of renewable energies in Central Asia. To perform the study, a qualitative comparative analysis was conducted based on a literature review, data, and statistical information. In summary, the presented article discusses the rural energy situation analytically and provides in-depth insights of Central Asian energy infrastructure. UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/en14102805 KW - Central Asia KW - energy resources KW - rural energy supply KW - energy services KW - renewable energy Y1 - 2021 UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/en14102805 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-10908 SN - 1996-1073 VL - 14 IS - 10 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Sánchez Morales, Eduardo A1 - Dauth, Julian A1 - Huber, Bertold A1 - García Higuera, Andrés A1 - Botsch, Michael T1 - High precision outdoor and indoor reference state estimation for testing autonomous vehicles JF - Sensors N2 - A current trend in automotive research is autonomous driving. For the proper testing and validation of automated driving functions a reference vehicle state is required. Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) are useful in the automation of the vehicles because of their practicality and accuracy. However, there are situations where the satellite signal is absent or unusable. This research work presents a methodology that addresses those situations, thus largely reducing the dependency of Inertial Navigation Systems (INSs) on the SatNav. The proposed methodology includes (1) a standstill recognition based on machine learning, (2) a detailed mathematical description of the horizontation of inertial measurements, (3) sensor fusion by means of statistical filtering, (4) an outlier detection for correction data, (5) a drift detector, and (6) a novel LiDAR-based Positioning Method (LbPM) for indoor navigation. The robustness and accuracy of the methodology are validated with a state-of-the-art INS with Real-Time Kinematic (RTK) correction data. The results obtained show a great improvement in the accuracy of vehicle state estimation under adverse driving conditions, such as when the correction data is corrupted, when there are extended periods with no correction data and in the case of drifting. The proposed LbPM method achieves an accuracy closely resembling that of a system with RTK. UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/s21041131 KW - machine learning KW - autonomous vehicles KW - Inertial Navigation System KW - Satellite Navigation KW - Real-Time Kinematic KW - indoor navigation KW - reference state Y1 - 2021 UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/s21041131 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-10932 SN - 1424-8220 N1 - "This paper is an extended version of our paper published in : Sánchez Morales, E.; Botsch, M.; Huber, B.; García Higuera, A. High precision indoor positioning by means of LiDAR. In Proceedings of the 2019 DGON Inertial Sensors and Systems (ISS), Braunschweig, Germany, 10–11 September 2019." VL - 21 IS - 4 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Vannahme, Anna A1 - Ehrenwirth, Mathias A1 - Schrag, Tobias T1 - Enhancement of a district heating substation as part of a low-investment optimization strategy for district heating systems JF - Resources N2 - In an ongoing project, low-investment measures for the optimization of district heating systems are analyzed. The optimization strategies are collected in a catalog, which is the core of a guideline. The application of this guideline is demonstrated using two concrete district heating networks as examples. In this study, the improvement of an analog controlled district heating substation by an electronic controller is investigated. High supply temperatures and heat losses are often a challenge in district heating networks. The district heating substations have a major influence on the network return temperatures. The comparison of the two substation setups with analog and electronic controllers is carried out by laboratory measurement. It can be shown that the return temperatures can be reduced by an average of 20 K in winter and transition, as well as 16 K in summer. The district heating network losses are calculated for one of both specific district heating networks. They are calculated from the ratio of network losses to generated energy. The generated energy is the sum of network losses and consumer demand. The thermal losses of the network can be reduced by 3%. The volume flow in the heating network can be reduced to a quarter. Therefore, the pumping energy requirement drops sharply since these changes cubically affect the volume flow UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/resources10050053 KW - district heating substation KW - control KW - optimization KW - local district heating networks KW - non-retrofitted single-family houses KW - thermal test rig Y1 - 2021 UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/resources10050053 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-10951 SN - 2079-9276 VL - 10 IS - 5 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Komsiyska, Lidiya A1 - Buchberger, Tobias A1 - Diehl, Simon A1 - Ehrensberger, Moritz A1 - Hanzl, Christian A1 - Hartmann, Christoph A1 - Hölzle, Markus A1 - Kleiner, Jan A1 - Lewerenz, Meinert A1 - Liebhart, Bernhard A1 - Schmid, Michael A1 - Schneider, Dominik A1 - Speer, Sascha A1 - Stöttner, Julia A1 - Terbrack, Christoph A1 - Hinterberger, Michael A1 - Endisch, Christian T1 - Critical review of intelligent battery systems BT - challenges, implementation, and potential for electric vehicles JF - Energies N2 - This review provides an overview of new strategies to address the current challenges of automotive battery systems: Intelligent Battery Systems. They have the potential to make battery systems more performant and future-proof for coming generations of electric vehicles. The essential features of Intelligent Battery Systems are the accurate and robust determination of cell individual states and the ability to control the current of each cell by reconfiguration. They enable high-level functions like fault diagnostics, multi-objective balancing strategies, multilevel inverters, and hybrid energy storage systems. State of the art and recent advances in these topics are compiled and critically discussed in this article. A comprising, critical discussion of the implementation aspects of Intelligent Battery Systems complements the review. We touch on sensing, battery topologies and management, switching elements, communication architecture, and impact on the single-cell. This review contributes to transferring the best technologies from research to product development. UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/en14185989 KW - smart battery KW - intelligent battery system KW - advanced monitoring KW - reconfigurable battery KW - battery management system KW - electric vehicle Y1 - 2021 UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/en14185989 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-10132 SN - 1996-1073 VL - 14 IS - 18 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ahlberg Tidblad, Annika A1 - Edström, Kristina A1 - Hernández, Guiomar A1 - de Meatza, Iratxe A1 - Landa-Medrano, Imanol A1 - Jacas Biendicho, Jordi A1 - Trilla, Lluís A1 - Buysse, Maarten A1 - Ierides, Marcos A1 - Perez Horno, Beatriz A1 - Kotak, Yash A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg A1 - Koch, Daniel A1 - Kotak, Bhavya T1 - Future Material Developments for Electric Vehicle Battery Cells Answering Growing Demands from an End-User Perspective JF - Energies N2 - Nowadays, batteries for electric vehicles are expected to have a high energy density, allow fast charging and maintain long cycle life, while providing affordable traction, and complying with stringent safety and environmental standards. Extensive research on novel materials at cell level is hence needed for the continuous improvement of the batteries coupled towards achieving these requirements. This article firstly delves into future developments in electric vehicles from a technology perspective, and the perspective of changing end-user demands. After these end-user needs are defined, their translation into future battery requirements is described. A detailed review of expected material developments follows, to address these dynamic and changing needs. Developments on anodes, cathodes, electrolyte and cell level will be discussed. Finally, a special section will discuss the safety aspects with these increasing end-user demands and how to overcome these issues. UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/en14144223 KW - electric vehicle KW - battery material KW - anode KW - cathode KW - electrolyte KW - battery safety KW - end-user demands Y1 - 2021 UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/en14144223 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-10149 SN - 1996-1073 VL - 14 IS - 14 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Geisbauer, Christian A1 - Wöhrl, Katharina A1 - Mittmann, Christoph A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg T1 - Review of Safety Aspects of Calendar Aged Lithium Ion Batteries JF - Journal of the Electrochemical Society N2 - Nowadays, lithium ion batteries have found their place in a various field of portable applications. With the upcoming of electrically propelled vehicles, it is mandatory to guarantee a safe and predictable behavior during the whole lifetime and not only after manufacturing during performance tests. To gain a general overview of the abuse behavior, research on the topic of abusive tests on calendar-aged cells is being investigated, split up depending on the electrode composition and lined up against each other. It can be shown, that almost all abuse experiments have been performed with external heating tests in the past, still leaving research gaps that need to be filled. UR - https://doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ab89bf Y1 - 2020 UR - https://doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ab89bf UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-10183 SN - 1945-7111 VL - 167 IS - 9 PB - IOP Publishing CY - Bristol ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schartmüller, Clemens A1 - Weigl, Klemens A1 - Löcken, Andreas A1 - Wintersberger, Philipp A1 - Steinhauser, Marco A1 - Riener, Andreas T1 - Displays for Productive Non-Driving Related Tasks: Visual Behavior and Its Impact in Conditionally Automated Driving JF - Multimodal Technologies and Interaction N2 - (1) Background: Primary driving tasks are increasingly being handled by vehicle automation so that support for non-driving related tasks (NDRTs) is becoming more and more important. In SAE L3 automation, vehicles can require the driver-passenger to take over driving controls, though. Interfaces for NDRTs must therefore guarantee safe operation and should also support productive work. (2) Method: We conducted a within-subjects driving simulator study (N=53) comparing Heads-Up Displays (HUDs) and Auditory Speech Displays (ASDs) for productive NDRT engagement. In this article, we assess the NDRT displays’ effectiveness by evaluating eye-tracking measures and setting them into relation to workload measures, self-ratings, and NDRT/take-over performance. (3) Results: Our data highlights substantially higher gaze dispersion but more extensive glances on the road center in the auditory condition than the HUD condition during automated driving. We further observed potentially safety-critical glance deviations from the road during take-overs after a HUD was used. These differences are reflected in self-ratings, workload indicators and take-over reaction times, but not in driving performance. (4) Conclusion: NDRT interfaces can influence visual attention even beyond their usage during automated driving. In particular, the HUD has resulted in safety-critical glances during manual driving after take-overs. We found this impacted workload and productivity but not driving performance UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/mti5040021 KW - automated driving KW - take-over requests KW - conditional automation KW - non-driving related tasks KW - eye-tracking KW - performance KW - behavior KW - displays KW - productivity KW - visual attention Y1 - 2021 UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/mti5040021 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-10965 SN - 2414-4088 VL - 5 IS - 4 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schmitt, Matthias A1 - Gottwalt, Albin A1 - Winkler, Jakob A1 - Tobie, Thomas A1 - Schlick, Georg A1 - Stahl, Karsten A1 - Tetzlaff, Ulrich A1 - Schlip, Johannes A1 - Reinhart, Gunther T1 - Carbon Particle In-Situ Alloying of the Case-Hardening Steel 16MnCr5 in Laser Powder Bed Fusion JF - Metals N2 - The carbon content of steel affects many of its essential properties, e.g., hardness and mechanical strength. In the powder bed fusion process of metals using a laser beam (PBF-LB/M), usually, pre-alloyed metal powder is solidified layer-by-layer using a laser beam to create parts. A reduction of the carbon content in steels is observed during this process. This study examines adding carbon particles to the metal powder and in situ alloying in the PBF-LB/M process as a countermeasure. Suitable carbon particles are selected and their effect on the particle size distribution and homogeneity of the mixtures is analysed. The workability in PBF-LB is then shown. This is followed by an evaluation of the resulting mechanical properties (hardness and mechanical strength) and microstructure in the as-built state and the state after heat treatment. Furthermore, potential use cases like multi-material or functionally graded parts are discussed. UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/met11060896 KW - additive manufacturing KW - PBF-LB/M KW - in situ alloying KW - case-hardening steel KW - 16MnCr5 KW - gears KW - multi-material Y1 - 2021 UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/met11060896 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-10976 SN - 2075-4701 N1 - This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Additive Manufacturing of Metals VL - 11 IS - 6 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Handwerker, Michael A1 - Kessler, Jörg A1 - Marzbani, Hormoz T1 - Comparison of hydrogen powertrains with the battery powered electric vehicle and investigation of small-scale local hydrogen production using renewable energy JF - Hydrogen N2 - Climate change is one of the major problems that people face in this century, with fossil fuel combustion engines being huge contributors. Currently, the battery powered electric vehicle is considered the predecessor, while hydrogen vehicles only have an insignificant market share. To evaluate if this is justified, different hydrogen power train technologies are analyzed and compared to the battery powered electric vehicle. Even though most research focuses on the hydrogen fuel cells, it is shown that, despite the lower efficiency, the often-neglected hydrogen combustion engine could be the right solution for transitioning away from fossil fuels. This is mainly due to the lower costs and possibility of the use of existing manufacturing infrastructure. To achieve a similar level of refueling comfort as with the battery powered electric vehicle, the economic and technological aspects of the local small-scale hydrogen production are being investigated. Due to the low efficiency and high prices for the required components, this domestically produced hydrogen cannot compete with hydrogen produced from fossil fuels on a larger scale. UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrogen2010005 KW - hydrogen combustion engine KW - hydrogen fuel cell KW - small-scale hydrogen production KW - energy storage KW - alternative fuels KW - power-to-hydrogen Y1 - 2021 UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrogen2010005 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-11015 SN - 2673-4141 VL - 2 IS - 1 SP - 76 EP - 100 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Riegler, Andreas A1 - Riener, Andreas A1 - Holzmann, Clemens T1 - A systematic review of virtual reality applications for automated driving: 2009–2020 JF - Frontiers in human dynamics N2 - While virtual reality (VR) interfaces have been researched extensively over the last decades, studies on their application in vehicles have only recently advanced. In this paper, we systematically review 12 years of VR research in the context of automated driving (AD), from 2009 to 2020. Due to the multitude of possibilities for studies with regard to VR technology, at present, the pool of findings is heterogeneous and non-transparent. We investigated N = 176 scientific papers of relevant journals and conferences with the goal to analyze the status quo of existing VR studies in AD, and to classify the related literature into application areas. We provide insights into the utilization of VR technology which is applicable at specific level of vehicle automation and for different users (drivers, passengers, pedestrians) and tasks. Results show that most studies focused on designing automotive experiences in VR, safety aspects, and vulnerable road users. Trust, simulator and motion sickness, and external human-machine interfaces (eHMIs) also marked a significant portion of the published papers, however a wide range of different parameters was investigated by researchers. Finally, we discuss a set of open challenges, and give recommendation for future research in automated driving at the VR side of the reality-virtuality continuum. UR - https://doi.org/10.3389/fhumd.2021.689856 KW - virtual reality KW - automated driving KW - systematic review KW - user studies KW - augmented reality KW - user experience KW - usability KW - classifications Y1 - 2021 UR - https://doi.org/10.3389/fhumd.2021.689856 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-11067 SN - 2673-2726 VL - 3 PB - Frontiers Media CY - Lausanne ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bugaje, Aminu A1 - Ehrenwirth, Mathias A1 - Trinkl, Christoph A1 - Zörner, Wilfried T1 - Electric two-wheeler vehicle integration into rural off-grid photovoltaic system in Kenya JF - Energies N2 - In both rural and urban areas, two-wheeler vehicles are the most common means of transportation, contributing to local air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions (GHG). Transitioning to electric two-wheeler vehicles can help reduce GHG emissions while also increasing the socioeconomic status of people in rural Kenya. Renewable energy systems can play a significant role in charging electric two-wheeled vehicles, resulting in lower carbon emissions and increased renewable energy penetration in rural Kenya. As a result, using the Conventional and Renewable Energy Optimization (CARNOT) Toolbox in the MATLAB/Simulink environment, this paper focuses on integrating and modeling electric two-wheeled vehicles (e-bikes) into an off-grid photovoltaic Water-Energy Hub located in the Lake Victoria Region of Western Kenya. Electricity demand data obtained from the Water-Energy Hub was investigated and analyzed. Potential solar energy surplus was identified and the surplus was used to incorporate the electric two-wheeler vehicles. The energy consumption of the electric two-wheeler vehicles was also measured in the field based on the rider’s driving behavior. The modeling results revealed an annual power consumption of 27,267 kWh, a photovoltaic (PV) electricity production of 37,785 kWh, and an electricity deficit of 370 kWh. The annual results show that PV generation exceeds power consumption, implying that there should be no electricity deficit. The results, however, do not represent the results in hourly resolution, ignoring the impact of weather fluctuation on PV production. As a result, in order to comprehend the electricity deficit, hourly resolution results are shown. A load optimization method was designed to efficiently integrate the electric 2-wheeler vehicle into the Water-Energy Hub in order to alleviate the electricity deficit. The yearly electricity deficit was decreased to 1 kWh and the annual electricity consumption was raised by 11% (i.e., 30,767 kWh), which is enough to charge four more electric two-wheeler batteries daily using the load optimization technique. UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/en14237956 KW - Lake Victoria KW - photovoltaic KW - off-grid KW - model KW - electric two-wheeled vehicle KW - Water-Energy Hub KW - CARNOT Y1 - 2021 UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/en14237956 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-11070 SN - 1996-1073 VL - 14 IS - 23 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Axmann, Bernhard A1 - Harmoko, Harmoko T1 - The Five Dimensions of Digital Technology Assessment with the Focus on Robotic Process Automation (RPA) JF - Tehnički glasnik N2 - In Technology Management, the assessment of new digital technologies is a challenging process. Most assessments are focusing on cost & benefit. These approaches often fail because main points are neglected. In this paper, the holistic approach of "The Five Dimensions of Digital Technology Assessment" will be described with the example of RPA (Robotic Process Automation). RPA is one of the most promising technologies to save data processing efforts in the office. The Five Dimensions of RPA Assessment is performed by assessing the benefits, technology readiness, usability, company readiness, and the costs that burden the company in the RPA implementation. UR - https://doi.org/10.31803/tg-20210429105337 KW - assessment KW - benefit KW - company readiness KW - cost KW - RPA (Robotic Process Automation) KW - technology readiness KW - usability Y1 - 2021 UR - https://doi.org/10.31803/tg-20210429105337 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-10395 SN - 1848-5588 VL - 15 IS - 2 SP - 267 EP - 274 PB - University North CY - Koprivnica ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schuß, Martina A1 - Wintersberger, Philipp A1 - Riener, Andreas T1 - Security Issues in Shared Automated Mobility Systems: A Feminist HCI Perspective JF - Multimodal Technologies and Interaction N2 - The spread of automated vehicles (AVs) is expected to disrupt our mobility behavior. Currently, a male bias is prevalent in the technology industry in general, and in the automotive industry in particular, mainly focusing on white men. This leads to an under-representation of groups of people with other social, physiological, and psychological characteristics. The advent of automated driving (AD) should be taken as an opportunity to mitigate this bias and consider a diverse variety of people within the development process. We conducted a qualitative, exploratory study to investigate how shared automated vehicles (SAVs) should be designed from a pluralistic perspective considering a holistic viewpoint on the whole passenger journey by including booking, pick-up, and drop-off points. Both, men and women, emphasized the importance of SAVs being flexible and clean, whereas security issues were mentioned exclusively by our female participants. While proposing different potential solutions to mitigate security matters, we discuss them through the lens of the feminist HCI framework. UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/mti5080043 KW - shared automated vehicles KW - feminist HCI KW - gender-bias KW - automated systems Y1 - 2021 UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/mti5080043 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-9191 SN - 2414-4088 VL - 5 IS - 8 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Shirur, Naveen A1 - Birkner, Christian A1 - Henze, Roman A1 - Deserno, Thomas Martin T1 - Tactile Occupant Detection Sensor for Automotive Airbag JF - Energies N2 - Automotive airbags protect occupants from crash forces during severe vehicle collisions. They absorb energy and restrain the occupants by providing a soft cushion effect known as the restraint effect. Modern airbags offer partial restraint effect control by controlling the bag’s vent holes and providing multi-stage deployment. Full restraint effect control is still a challenge because the closed-loop restraint control system needs airbag–occupant contact and interaction feedback. In this work, we have developed novel single and matrix capacitive tactile sensors to measure the occupant’s contact data. They can be integrated with the airbag surface and folded to follow the dynamic airbag shape during the deployment. The sensors are tested under a low-velocity pendulum impact and benchmarked with high-speed test videos. The results reveal that the single sensor can successfully measure occupant–airbag contact time and estimate the area, while the contact position is additionally identified from the matrix sensor. UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/en14175288 KW - automotive airbag KW - capacitive tactile sensor KW - occupant detection KW - passive safety KW - vehicle crash Y1 - 2021 UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/en14175288 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-9210 SN - 1996-1073 VL - 14 IS - 17 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hechelmann, Ron-Hendrik A1 - Seevers, Jan-Peter A1 - Otte, Alexander A1 - Sponer, Jan A1 - Stark, Matthias T1 - Renewable Energy Integration for Steam Supply of Industrial Processes: A Food Processing Case Study JF - Energies N2 - This study highlights the CO2,e -emission reduction potentials and related economic consequences for changing steam generation from fossil to renewable. Seven different utility concepts are developed, including a steam accumulator for load management. Peculiarities for the integration of biogas boilers, biomass-fuelled boilers, electrode steam boilers, biomethane-fuelled solid oxide fuel cells, micro gas turbine, solar energy systems, heat pumps and steam accumulators into a steam system with fluctuating steam demand are explained and the energy balance based models for the simulation study are described. The characteristics of batch processes, start up times and part load efficiency are considered via an annual dynamic simulation. Based on a detailed process analysis and dimensioning of the utilities and the accumulator a comprehensive simulation study is conducted for a pet food processing company having an average steam demand of 18,000 MWh at around 9 bar and 3 t/h. The results show that the highest CO2,e -emissions reduction of up to 63% is achieved by the transition to a solid biomass-fuelled boiler system. This leads to an increase of the operating costs by 27.8% UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/en13102532 KW - biomass boilers KW - fuel cell KW - solar thermal KW - electrode boiler KW - steam systems KW - food processing industry KW - decarbonisation KW - energy costs Y1 - 2020 UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/en13102532 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-9397 SN - 1996-1073 VL - 13 IS - 10 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Cazares, Adrián A1 - García-Contreras, Rodolfo A1 - Pérez-Velázquez, Judith T1 - Eco-evolutionary effects of bacterial cooperation on phage therapy BT - an unknown risk? JF - Frontiers in Microbiology N2 - If there is something we have learned from the antibiotic era, it is that indiscriminate use of a therapeutic agent without a clear understanding of its long-term evolutionary impact can have enormous health repercussions. This knowledge is particularly relevant when the therapeutic agents are remarkably adaptable and diverse biological entities capable of a plethora of interactions, most of which remain largely unexplored. Although phage therapy (PT) undoubtedly holds the potential to save lives, its current efficacy in case studies recalls the golden era of antibiotics, when these compounds were highly effective and the possibility of them becoming ineffective seemed remote. Safe PT schemes depend on our understanding of how phages interact with, and evolve in, highly complex environments. Here, we summarize and review emerging evidence in a commonly overlooked theme in PT: bacteria-phage interactions. In particular, we discuss the influence of quorum sensing (QS) on phage susceptibility, the consequent role of phages in modulating bacterial cooperation, and the potential implications of this relationship in PT, including how we can use this knowledge to inform PT strategies. We highlight that the influence of QS on phage susceptibility seems to be widespread but can have contrasting outcomes depending on the bacterial host, underscoring the need to thoroughly characterize this link in various bacterial models. Furthermore, we encourage researchers to exploit competition experiments, experimental evolution, and mathematical modeling to explore this relationship further in relevant infection models. Finally, we emphasize that long-term PT success requires research on phage ecology and evolution to inform the design of optimal therapeutic schemes. UR - https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2020.590294 KW - phages KW - phage therapy KW - quorum sensing KW - bacteria-phage interactions KW - cheaters KW - anti-phage defense Y1 - 2020 UR - https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2020.590294 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-9408 SN - 1664-302X VL - 11 PB - Frontiers Media CY - Lausanne ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Axenie, Cristian A1 - Kurz, Daria T1 - Role of Kinematics Assessment and Multimodal Sensorimotor Training for Motion Deficits in Breast Cancer Chemotherapy-Induced Polyneuropathy BT - A Perspective on Virtual Reality Avatars JF - Frontiers in Oncology N2 - Chemotherapy-induced polyneuropathy (CIPN), one of the most severe and incapacitating side effects of chemotherapeutic drugs, is a serious concern in breast cancer therapy leading to dose diminution, delay, or cessation. The reversibility of CIPN is of increasing importance since active chemotherapies prolong survival. Clinical assessment tools show that patients experiencing sensorimotor CIPN symptoms not only do they have to cope with loss in autonomy and life quality, but CIPN has become a key restricting factor in treatment. CIPN incidence poses a clinical challenge and has lacked established and efficient therapeutic options up to now. Complementary, non-opioid therapies are sought for both prevention and management of CIPN. In this perspective, we explore the potential that digital interventions have for sensorimotor CIPN rehabilitation in breast cancer patients. Our primary goal is to emphasize the benefits and impact that Virtual Reality (VR) avatars and Machine Learning have in combination in a digital intervention aiming at (1) assessing the complete kinematics of deficits through learning underlying patient sensorimotor parameters, and (2) parameterize a multimodal VR simulation to drive personalized deficit compensation. We support our perspective by evaluating sensorimotor effects of chemotherapy, the metrics to assess sensorimotor deficits, and relevant clinical studies. We subsequently analyse the neurological substrate of VR sensorimotor rehabilitation, with multisensory integration acting as a key element. Finally, we propose a closed-loop patient-centered design recommendation for CIPN sensorimotor rehabilitation. Our aim is to provoke the scientific community toward the development and use of such digital interventions for more efficient and targeted rehabilitation. UR - https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2020.01419 KW - breast cancer KW - chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy KW - virtual reality KW - machine learning KW - sensorimotor rehabilitation KW - body sensors Y1 - 2020 UR - https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2020.01419 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-9418 SN - 2234-943X VL - 10 PB - Frontiers Media CY - Lausanne ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Liu, E A1 - Conti, Fosca A1 - Bhogaraju, Sri Krishna A1 - Signorini, Raffaella A1 - Pedron, Danilo A1 - Wunderle, Bernhard A1 - Elger, Gordon T1 - Thermomechanical stress in GaN-LEDs soldered onto Cu substrates studied using finite element method and Raman spectroscopy JF - Journal of Raman Spectroscopy N2 - Local thermomechanical stress can cause failures in semiconductor packages during long-time operation under harsh environmental conditions. This study helps to explain the packaging-induced stress in blue GaN-LEDs soldered onto copper substrates using AuSn alloy as lead-free interconnect material. Based on the finite element method, a virtual prototype is developed to simulate the thermomechanical behavior and stress in the LED and in the complete LED/AuSn/Cu assembly considering plastic and viscoplastic strain. The investigations were performed by varying the temperature between −50°C and 180°C. To validate the model, the simulation results are compared to experimental data collected with Raman spectroscopy. Studies of the urn:x-wiley:03770486:media:jrs5947:jrs5947-math-0003 phonon mode of GaN semiconductor are elaborated to understand the induced thermomechanical stress. The model enables evaluation of the stress in the interfaces of the assembly, which otherwise cannot be accessed by measurements. It serves to predict how assemblies would perform, before committing resources to build a physical prototype. UR - https://doi.org/10.1002/jrs.5947 KW - finite element method KW - gallium nitride (GaN) KW - LED KW - semiconductor KW - thermomechanical stress Y1 - 2020 UR - https://doi.org/10.1002/jrs.5947 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-9438 SN - 1097-4555 VL - 51 IS - 10 SP - 2083 EP - 2094 PB - Wiley CY - Chichester ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Lenk, Kerstin A1 - Gleirscher, Mario A1 - Nestler, Simon A1 - Rödiger, Stefan A1 - Petersen, Tom A1 - Loebel, Jens-Martin T1 - Lage und Zukunft des wissenschaftlichen Nachwuchses BT - eine Stellungnahme des Beirats des Wissenschaftlichen Nachwuchses (WiN) der Gesellschaft für Informatik (GI e.V.) JF - Informatik Spektrum N2 - Der Beirat des Wissenschaftlichen Nachwuchses (GI-WiN) der Gesellschaft für Informatik (GI) fordert und empfiehlt Maßnahmen zur Verbesserung der Lage von Promovierenden sowie Postdoktoranden und Postdoktorandinnen in der Informatik und anderen Technikwissenschaften. Promovierende sowie Postdoktoranden und Postdoktorandinnen im Bereich der Informatik sind in zunehmendem Maß von den komplexen strukturellen und finanziellen Problematiken des Wissenschafts- und Lehrbetriebs betroffen. Der Flaschenhals auf dem Weg zur Professur führt in der akademischen Karriere zu prekären Beschäftigungsverhältnissen. Die schwierige Vereinbarkeit von Familie und akademischer Karriere erzeugt eine zusätzliche Benachteiligung, insbesondere von Wissenschaftlerinnen. Mangelnde Qualitätssicherung sowie fehlende zuverlässige und vertrauenswürdige Prozesse erschweren die Aufdeckung und Aufarbeitung von Konflikten während der Promotionsphase und der Zeit des Postdoktorats. Fehlanreize im akademischen System beeinträchtigen eine direkte, intensive und regelmäßige Betreuung der jungen Akademiker durch Professorinnen und Professoren. Eine zeitnahe Bewältigung der in diesem Beitrag skizzierten Herausforderungen ist für den zukünftigen Fortbestand von Forschungseinrichtungen an Hochschulen sowie für eine erfolgreiche Fortführung des Prinzips der Bestenauslese von zentraler Bedeutung. Vor dem Hintergrund von bereits geplanten und durchgeführten Maßnahmen zur Stärkung des wissenschaftlichen Nachwuchses skizziert dieser Beitrag konkrete Maßnahmen; einerseits zur Verbesserung der Betreuung während der Promotionsphase und andererseits zur Strukturierung und Schaffung weiterer Karrierewege. N2 - The Advisory Board for Junior Scientific Staff (WiN) of the German Informatics Society (GI) calls for and recommends measures to improve the situation of doctoral candidates and post-doctoral researchers in computer science and other technical sciences. Doctoral and postdoctoral scientists in the field of computer science are increasingly affected by the complex structural and financial problems of academia. The bottleneck on the way to a professorship leads to precarious employment conditions in academic careers. The difficulty in combining family and academic careers creates an additional disadvantage, especially for female scientists. A lack of quality assurance and reliable and transparent decision-making processes make it difficult to identify and deal with conflicts during the doctoral and postdoctoral period. Misguided incentives in the academic system impair the direct, intensive and regular supervision of early career researchers. Timely coping with the challenges outlined in this paper is of central importance for the future survival of university research institutions and for a successful continuation of the principle of best selection. In addition to measures already planned and implemented to empower early career researchers, this paper outlines concrete measures to improve supervision during the doctoral phase, and to structure and create further career paths in academia. UR - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00287-020-01250-x Y1 - 2020 UR - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00287-020-01250-x UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-9446 SN - 1432-122X VL - 43 IS - 2 SP - 94 EP - 102 PB - Springer CY - Berlin ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Mathias, Selvine George A1 - Schmied, Sebastian A1 - Großmann, Daniel T1 - A framework for monitoring multiple databases in industries using OPC UA JF - Journal of Ambient Intelligence and Humanized Computing N2 - Database management and monitoring is an inseparable part of any industry. A uniform scheme of monitoring relational databases without explicit user access to database servers is not much explored outside the database environment. In this paper, we present an information distribution scheme related to databases using Open Platform Communication Unified Architecture (OPC UA) servers to clients when multiple databases are involved in a factory. The aim is for external, but relevant clients, to be able to monitor this information mesh independent of explicit access to user schemas. A methodology to dispense data from, as well as check changes in databases using SQL queries and events is outlined and implemented using OPC UA servers. The structure can be used as a remote viewing application for multiple databases in one address space of an OPC UA server. UR - https://doi.org/10.1007/s12652-020-02850-x KW - OPC UA KW - Relational databases KW - Servers KW - Clients KW - Monitoring KW - Aggregation KW - SQL Y1 - 2020 UR - https://doi.org/10.1007/s12652-020-02850-x UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-9464 SN - 1868-5145 VL - 12 IS - 1 SP - 47 EP - 56 PB - Springer CY - Berlin ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kondylakis, Haridimos A1 - Axenie, Cristian A1 - Bastola, Dhundy A1 - Katehakis, Dimitrios G. A1 - Kouroubali, Angelina A1 - Kurz, Daria A1 - Larburu, Nekane A1 - Macía, Iván A1 - Maguire, Roma A1 - Maramis, Christos A1 - Marias, Kostas A1 - Morrow, Philip A1 - Muro, Naiara A1 - Núñez-Benjumea, Francisco José A1 - Rampun, Andrik A1 - Rivera-Romero, Octavio A1 - Scotney, Bryan A1 - Signorelli, Gabriel A1 - Wang, Hui A1 - Tsiknakis, Manolis A1 - Zwiggelaar, Reyer T1 - Status and Recommendations of Technological and Data-Driven Innovations in Cancer Care: Focus Group Study JF - Journal of Medical Internet Research N2 - Background: The status of the data-driven management of cancer care as well as the challenges, opportunities, and recommendations aimed at accelerating the rate of progress in this field are topics of great interest. Two international workshops, one conducted in June 2019 in Cordoba, Spain, and one in October 2019 in Athens, Greece, were organized by four Horizon 2020 (H2020) European Union (EU)–funded projects: BOUNCE, CATCH ITN, DESIREE, and MyPal. The issues covered included patient engagement, knowledge and data-driven decision support systems, patient journey, rehabilitation, personalized diagnosis, trust, assessment of guidelines, and interoperability of information and communication technology (ICT) platforms. A series of recommendations was provided as the complex landscape of data-driven technical innovation in cancer care was portrayed. Objective: This study aims to provide information on the current state of the art of technology and data-driven innovations for the management of cancer care through the work of four EU H2020–funded projects. Methods: Two international workshops on ICT in the management of cancer care were held, and several topics were identified through discussion among the participants. A focus group was formulated after the second workshop, in which the status of technological and data-driven cancer management as well as the challenges, opportunities, and recommendations in this area were collected and analyzed. Results: Technical and data-driven innovations provide promising tools for the management of cancer care. However, several challenges must be successfully addressed, such as patient engagement, interoperability of ICT-based systems, knowledge management, and trust. This paper analyzes these challenges, which can be opportunities for further research and practical implementation and can provide practical recommendations for future work. Conclusions: Technology and data-driven innovations are becoming an integral part of cancer care management. In this process, specific challenges need to be addressed, such as increasing trust and engaging the whole stakeholder ecosystem, to fully benefit from these innovations. UR - https://doi.org/10.2196/22034 KW - neoplasms KW - inventions KW - data-driven science Y1 - 2020 UR - https://doi.org/10.2196/22034 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-9473 SN - 1438-8871 VL - 22 IS - 12 PB - JMIR Publications CY - Toronto ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schmied, Sebastian A1 - Großmann, Daniel A1 - Mathias, Selvine George A1 - Mueller, Ralph T1 - Integration of manufacturing information via dynamic information model aggregation JF - Vietnam Journal of Computer Science N2 - An important part of the industry 4.0 concept is the horizontal and vertical integration of manufacturing systems. Information exchange in traditional production environments happens through interfaces that are connections between strictly defined senders and receivers. This limits the possibility for changing and extending the manufacturing system. A possible approach to enable the information exchange between all system entities uniformly are information models. Such models are semantic descriptions of the available data. The creation of these models needs to follow the manufacturing process, but also requires certain standardization to improve efficiency. Another challenge is the actual technical integration of the information into a common address space. This paper connects an approach for information modeling with a concept for dynamic aggregation. The approach is described with the help of a continuous example that uses OPC UA as a middleware technology. UR - https://doi.org/10.1142/S219688882150010X KW - Integration KW - OPC UA KW - interoperability KW - aggregation Y1 - 2020 UR - https://doi.org/10.1142/S219688882150010X UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-9495 SN - 2196-8896 VL - 8 IS - 2 SP - 245 EP - 262 PB - Singapore CY - World Scientific ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Riener, Andreas A1 - Schlackl, Dominik A1 - Malsam, Julia A1 - Huber, Josef A1 - Homm, Benjamin A1 - Kaczmar, Marion A1 - Kleitsch, Iris A1 - Megos, Alina A1 - Park, Eunji A1 - Sanverdi, Gülsüm A1 - Schmidt, Sabrina A1 - Bracaci, Daniel A1 - Anees, Esha T1 - Improving the UX for Users of Automated Shuttle Buses in Public Transport: Investigating Aspects of Exterior Communication and Interior Design JF - Multimodal Technologies and Interaction N2 - As a precursor to future public transportation, automated shuttle buses can already be experienced in some test regions, but the general public still has reservations and may not yet be ready for this change. For example, the fact that such vehicles might operate independently (without a human driver) creates a barrier of uncertainty and mistrust among people. In this work, we aim to identify and classify the prevailing reservations and propose solutions. We followed the User Centered Design (UCD) process to design concepts that are specifically tailored to the needs of future public transport users. After related work analysis, on-site research, and pre-studies, two main studies were conducted specifically to address communication in the exterior (n = 24) and interior/service design (n = 21). For both studies, we applied a mixed-methods approach combining quantitative and qualitative measures. Our results indicate that, in general, existing ways of communication in the exterior are insufficient to meet future needs. The two visualization concepts for external communication developed in this work were rated (significantly) better in most dimensions of the User Experience Questionnaire (UEQ), when compared to the baseline condition with no additional visualization. Furthermore, preferences among the study participants towards simple, highly visible, and well-known lighting concepts could be observed. As for the interior, the results show that participants rated attractiveness highly for the two design concepts (closer, further in the future) as compared to current, state-of-the-art solutions (automated buses currently in operation). For the “near future” concept, the pragmatic quality dominated, while in the other (the “far future”) concept the hedonic quality was in the foreground. From the results, design recommendations in different categories were derived, which reflect the general openness of the public towards new technologies and interior approaches, but also point out the importance for privacy and designated personal spaces inside an (automated) shuttle bus. Some of the results do not strictly apply to automated shuttle buses, and can serve as valuable suggestions for improving conventional shuttle buses. UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/mti5100061 KW - automated shuttle buses KW - public transport KW - user experience KW - user centered design KW - exterior communication KW - interior design KW - future mobility services Y1 - 2021 UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/mti5100061 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-9220 SN - 2414-4088 VL - 5 IS - 10 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Dey, Debargha A1 - Habibovic, Azra A1 - Löcken, Andreas A1 - Wintersberger, Philipp A1 - Pfleging, Bastian A1 - Riener, Andreas A1 - Martens, Marieke A1 - Terken, Jacques T1 - Taming the eHMI jungle: A classification taxonomy to guide, compare, and assess the design principles of automated vehicles' external human-machine interfaces JF - Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives N2 - There is a growing body of research in the field of interaction between automated vehicles and other road users in their vicinity. To facilitate such interactions, researchers and designers have explored designs, and this line of work has yielded several concepts of external Human-Machine Interfaces (eHMI) for vehicles. Literature and media review reveals that the description of interfaces is often lacking in fidelity or details of their functionalities in specific situations, which makes it challenging to understand the originating concepts. There is also a lack of a universal understanding of the various dimensions of a communication interface, which has impeded a consistent and coherent addressal of the different aspects of the functionalities of such interface concepts. In this paper, we present a unified taxonomy that allowsa systematic comparison of the eHMI across 18 dimensions, covering their physical characteristics and communication aspects from the perspective of human factors and human-machine interaction. We analyzed and coded 70eHMI concepts according to this taxonomy to portray the state of the art and highlight the relative maturity of different contributions. The results point to a number of unexplored research areas that could inspire future work. Additionally, we believe that our proposed taxonomy can serve as a checklist for user interface designers and researchers when developing their interfaces. UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trip.2020.100174 KW - Automated vehicle KW - Vulnerable road user KW - Pedestrian KW - External human-machine interface KW - Taxonomy KW - Human factors KW - Human-computer interaction Y1 - 2020 UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trip.2020.100174 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-9241 SN - 2590-1982 VL - 2020 IS - 7 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Böhm, Klaus A1 - Kubjatko, Tibor A1 - Paula, Daniel A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg T1 - New developments on EDR (Event Data Recorder) for automated vehicles JF - Open Engineering N2 - With the upcoming new legislative rules in the EU on Event Data Recorder beginning 2022 the question is whether the discussed data base is sufficient for the needs of clarifying accidents involving automated vehicles. Based on the reconstruction of real accidents including vehicles with ADAS combined with specially designed crash tests a broader data base than US EDR regulation (NHTSA 49 CFR Part 563.7) is proposed. The working group AHEAD, to which the authors contribute, has already elaborated a data model that fits the needs of automated driving. The structure of this data model is shown. Moreover, the special benefits of storing internal video or photo feeds form the vehicle camera systems combined with object data is illustrated. When using a sophisticate 3D measurement method of the accident scene the videos or photos can also serve as a control instance for the stored vehicle data. The AHEAD Data Model enhanced with the storage of the video and photo feeds should be considered in the planned roadmap of the Informal Working Group (IWG) on EDR/ DSSAD (Data Storage System for Automated Driving) reporting to UNECE WP29. Also, a data access over the air using technology already applied in China for electric vehicles called Real Time Monitoring would allow a quantum leap in forensic accident reconstruction. UR - https://doi.org/10.1515/eng-2020-0007 KW - Event Data Recorder (EDR) KW - automated vehicles KW - video and photo feeds KW - Real Time Monitoring (RTM) KW - AHEAD (Aggregated Homologation proposal for Event data recorder for Automated Driving) Y1 - 2020 UR - https://doi.org/10.1515/eng-2020-0007 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-9263 SN - 2391-5439 VL - 10 IS - 1 SP - 140 EP - 146 PB - De Gruyter CY - Berlin ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Conti, Fosca A1 - Saidi, Abdessamad A1 - Goldbrunner, Markus T1 - Evaluation Criteria and Benefit Analysis of Mixing Process in Anaerobic Digesters of Biogas Plants JF - Environmental and Climate Technologies N2 - A valid method to evaluate decisions of a project proposal is the so-called cost-benefit analysis. Criteria are selected and properly weighted to determine if the project is effective and feasible. The present research study is focused on methodical selection of design parameters to install two propeller mixers inside anaerobic digesters of biogas plants. A cylindrical tank of 1400 m3 was considered. For the model-based optimisation, the substrate was considered as a non-Newtonian fluid with a density of 1090 kg/m3. The Oswald-de Waele power-law model was selected to account for the rheological behaviour of the fluid. Installation parameters of the mixers were rotational angles and heights of the shafts of the two propellers. A computational model was developed to simulate the fluid dynamics depending on the mixing process inside the tank. Several configurations were analysed according to evaluating criteria such as the value of the fluid velocity, its distribution along the three spatial dimensions, and the power consumption to rotate the mixers. The maximum fluid velocity and minimum power consumption were observed when the propellers are located at intermediate height inside the tank and with the shafts perpendicular to the tank radius. With this configuration, the fluid reaches a maximum velocity of 0.28 m/s. According to the investigation, it is evident that mixing systems with propeller shafts deep-seated and parallel to the tank radius should be avoided, both in term of efficiency of the fluid mixing distribution and in term of power consumption. UR - https://doi.org/10.2478/rtuect-2020-0105 KW - Anaerobic digester KW - biomass KW - computational fluid dynamics (CFD) KW - Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA) KW - evaluation criteria KW - flow velocity KW - full scale biogas digester KW - mixing KW - propeller Y1 - 2020 UR - https://doi.org/10.2478/rtuect-2020-0105 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-9274 SN - 2255-8837 VL - 24 IS - 3 SP - 305 EP - 317 PB - De Gruyter Poland CY - Warsaw ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bano, Tayyaba A1 - Hegner, Franziska A1 - Heinrich, Martin A1 - Schwarze, Rüdiger T1 - Investigation of Fluid-Structure Interaction Induced Bending for Elastic Flaps in a Cross Flow JF - Applied Sciences N2 - With the recent increase in the design of light and flexible structures, numerical investigations of fluid and structure together play a significant role in most engineering applications. Therefore, the current study presents an examination of fluid-structure interaction involving flexible structures. The problem is numerically solved by a commercial software ANSYS-Workbench. Two-way coupled three-dimensional transient simulations are carried out for the flexible flaps of different thicknesses in glycerin for a laminar flow and Reynolds number ranging from 3 < Re < 12. The bending line of the flaps is compared with experimental data for different alignments of the flaps relative to the fluid flow. The study reports the computation of the maximum tip-deflection and deformation of flaps fixed at the bottom and mounted normal to the flow. Additionally, drag coefficients for flexible flaps are computed and flow regimes in the wake of the flaps are presented. As well, the study gives an understanding on how the fluid response changes as the structure deforms and the model is appropriate to predict the behavior of thick and comparatively thinner flaps. The results are sufficiently encouraging to consider the present model for analyzing turbulent flow processes against flexible objects. UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/app10186177 KW - fluid-structure interaction KW - flexible flaps KW - bending line KW - deformation Y1 - 2020 UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/app10186177 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-9299 SN - 2076-3417 VL - 10 IS - 18 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Frison, Anna-Katharina A1 - Forster, Yannick A1 - Wintersberger, Philipp A1 - Geisel, Viktoria A1 - Riener, Andreas T1 - Where We Come from and Where We Are Going: A Systematic Review of Human Factors Research in Driving Automation JF - Applied Sciences N2 - During the last decade, research has brought forth a large amount of studies that investigated driving automation from a human factor perspective. Due to the multitude of possibilities for the study design with regard to the investigated constructs, data collection methods, and evaluated parameters, at present, the pool of findings is heterogeneous and nontransparent. This literature review applied a structured approach, where five reviewers investigated n = 161 scientific papers of relevant journals and conferences focusing on driving automation between 2010 and 2018. The aim was to present an overview of the status quo of existing methodological approaches and investigated constructs to help scientists in conducting research with established methods and advanced study setups. Results show that most studies focused on safety aspects, followed by trust and acceptance, which were mainly collected through self-report measures. Driving/Take-Over performance also marked a significant portion of the published papers; however, a wide range of different parameters were investigated by researchers. Based on our insights, we propose a set of recommendations for future studies. Amongst others, this includes validation of existing results on real roads, studying long-term effects on trust and acceptance (and of course other constructs), or triangulation of self-reported and behavioral data. We furthermore emphasize the need to establish a standardized set of parameters for recurring use cases to increase comparability. To assure a holistic contemplation of automated driving, we moreover encourage researchers to investigate other constructs that go beyond safety. UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/app10248914 KW - automated driving KW - literature review KW - human–automation interaction KW - method development Y1 - 2020 UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/app10248914 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-9369 SN - 2076-3417 VL - 10 IS - 24 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Conti, Fosca A1 - Saidi, Abdessamad A1 - Goldbrunner, Markus T1 - Numeric Simulation-Based Analysis of the Mixing Process in Anaerobic Digesters of Biogas Plants JF - Chemical Engineering & Technology N2 - Stirring systems with two rotational three-bladed propellers were analyzed using computational fluid dynamics. The propellers are located at three heights and seven angles in a tank with 9 m radius. The fluid was characterized by non-Newtonian rheology and simulated by applying the k-ε turbulence model and the standard k-ω model. Reynolds numbers were estimated. High fluid speeds were obtained with the propellers located at a height of 2 m and oriented at 90° with respect to the tank radius. In the top regions of the tank, the fluid velocity was generally less intense and less affected by the angle setting. The configurations identified as good mixing systems showed power consumptions broadly distributed around 30 kW. UR - https://doi.org/10.1002/ceat.201900650 KW - Anaerobic digester KW - Biogas plant KW - Biomass KW - Fluid dynamics KW - Mixing Y1 - 2020 UR - https://doi.org/10.1002/ceat.201900650 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-9379 SN - 1521-4125 VL - 43 IS - 8 SP - 1522 EP - 1529 PB - Wiley CY - Weinheim ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bär, Katharina A1 - Wageneder, Stefanie A1 - Solka, Felix A1 - Saidi, Abdessamad A1 - Zörner, Wilfried T1 - Flexibility Potential of Photovoltaic Power Plant and Biogas Plant Hybrid Systems in the Distribution Grid JF - Chemical Engineering & Technology N2 - The potential of combining biogas and photovoltaic (PV) power plants in hybrid systems in the German distribution grid is analyzed. The focus of the present research is on balancing the intermittent power supply from PV power plants with the controllable power production of combined heat and power (CHP) units of biogas plants within a period of seconds. To achieve an increase of the total energy feed-in of biogas and PV power plants to the electricity grid, a biogas plant energy management system is described. System parameters, such as the variable feed-in of PV power plants or power ramps of the start-up process of controllable biogas plant CHP unit, are described and adapted to the global installed capacity of PV power plant and biogas plants in the German distribution grid. UR - https://doi.org/10.1002/ceat.202000025 KW - Biogas KW - Combined heat and power units KW - Distribution grid KW - Flexible electricity production KW - Photovoltaic power plants Y1 - 2020 UR - https://doi.org/10.1002/ceat.202000025 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-9380 SN - 1521-4125 VL - 43 IS - 8 SP - 1571 EP - 1577 PB - Wiley CY - Weinheim ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Steger, Fabian A1 - Nitsche, Alexander A1 - Arbesmeier, Alexander A1 - Brade, Katja A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg A1 - Belski, Iouri T1 - Teaching Battery Basics in Laboratories: Hands-On Versus Simulated Experiments JF - IEEE Transactions on Education N2 - Contribution: Prior studies comparing the effectiveness of different laboratory learning modes do not allow one to draw a universally valid conclusion, as other influences are mixed with the learning modes. In order to contribute to the existing body of work and to add another piece to the puzzle, this article demonstrates an improved methodology to evaluate the effectiveness of computer-simulated laboratories in comparison to hands-on exercises using a battery basics practical course as a case study. Background: Computer-simulated experiments are becoming increasingly popular for conducting laboratory exercises in higher education and vocational training institutions. To ensure the consistent quality of laboratory learning, an accurate comparison between the results of simulated experiments and practical hands-on experiments is required. Intended Outcomes: In this article, the achievement of the following learning objectives were compared between the two laboratory modes: 1) comprehension of the most important parameters of battery cells and 2) knowledge on how these parameters can be determined using adequate experimental procedures. Application Design: To avoid interference of factors other than laboratory mode on the learning, laboratory instructions and experimental interfaces ensured identical execution of the experiments in the compared modes. Using a counterbalanced methodology, the two laboratory modes alternated by the session, while the experimental procedures remained constant regardless of the respective modes. Findings: Tests taken by the participants after conducting the laboratory experiments revealed that hands-on laboratories resulted in statistically significantly better student performance than simulated laboratories. This difference was even more pronounced for the participants that finished a vocational education and training program before the university studies. UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/TE.2020.2970554 KW - battery KW - electrical engineering KW - energy storages KW - hands-on KW - knowledge gain KW - laboratory learning KW - simulation KW - student experience Y1 - 2020 UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/TE.2020.2970554 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-9517 SN - 1557-9638 VL - 63 IS - 3 SP - 198 EP - 208 PB - IEEE CY - Piscataway ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Dotzauer, Martin A1 - Pfeiffer, Diana A1 - Lauer, Markus A1 - Pohl, Marcel A1 - Mauky, Eric A1 - Bär, Katharina A1 - Sonnleitner, Matthias A1 - Zörner, Wilfried A1 - Hudde, Jessica A1 - Schwarz, Björn A1 - Faßauer, Burkhardt A1 - Dahmen, Markus A1 - Rieke, Christian A1 - Herbert, Johannes A1 - Thrän, Daniela T1 - How to measure flexibility - Performance indicators for demand driven power generation from biogas plants JF - Renewable Energy N2 - Flexible power provision from biogas can significantly contribute to energy systems with high shares of renewables. However, the characteristics and demands for this flexibility are not clearly defined or measured. In this paper eight indicators are defined to shape “flexibility” and perform a downstream investigation of eight research projects focusing on flexible energy provision of biogas plants. The indicators are structured in three dimensions (1) velocity (ramps) by which the system can be modulated, (2) power range (bandwidth) and (3) duration for specific load conditions. Based on these indicators bottlenecks for the flexibility potential were identified. One crucial result shows that short-term flexibility of biogas plants is mainly driven by properties of the combined heat and power unit (velocity and bandwidth). The long-term flexibility depends mainly on gas storage, mode of operation and ability for modulation of the target gas production. UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2018.10.021 KW - Demand-orientated power generation KW - Flexible bioenergy generation KW - Biogas plants KW - Flexibility indicators KW - Gas production modulation KW - Anaerobic digestion Y1 - 2018 UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2018.10.021 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-9538 SN - 1879-0682 SN - 0960-1481 VL - 2019 IS - 134 SP - 135 EP - 146 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Conti, Fosca A1 - Saidi, Abdessamad A1 - Goldbrunner, Markus T1 - CFD Modelling of Biomass Mixing in Anaerobic Digesters of Biogas Plants JF - Environmental and Climate Technologies N2 - Cut in greenhouse gas emissions, increment of energy from renewables and improvement in energy efficiency represent the three key targets for future energy systems. Among the available bioenergy technologies, biogas production via biodegradation and anaerobic digestion is a widely applied approach, not only to produce biofuels but also to manage industrial and domestic organic waste. Within the biogas production, a sufficient mixing of the organic mass is a crucial step to ensure high biogas yields by bacteria and enzymes. Measurements of the electric power consumption of biogas plants revealed that the electrical energy demand of the stirrer system has a high share of the total electricity consumption of a biogas plant. Investigations on real biogas digesters to optimize the mixing process are cost and time intensive. Therefore, laboratory prototypes and computational simulations represent promising alternatives to analyse and improve the efficiency of mixing systems. In this paper, a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model is presented, which is applied to commercial stirring systems. The case of two propeller stirrers, located in diametrically opposite positions in a tank filled with ca. 1400 m3 of substrate is described in detail. For the simulation, the rheology of the fluid is adapted to a biomass with 12 wt % dry matter content and obeying the non-Newtonian generalized Ostwald-de Waele power law. The developed simulation procedure considers the rotation angle of each propeller and its height. A total of 441 mixing configurations are calculated and evaluated in terms of the technical benefit. The investigation reveals that locations of the rotors far away from the bottom and high rotational angles cause advantageous fluid dynamics. UR - https://doi.org/10.2478/rtuect-2019-0079 KW - Anaerobic digester KW - biomass KW - cellulose KW - computational fluid dynamics (CFD) KW - full scale biogas digester KW - laboratory digester KW - mixing KW - rheology KW - viscosity Y1 - 2019 UR - https://doi.org/10.2478/rtuect-2019-0079 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-9544 SN - 2255-8837 VL - 23 IS - 3 SP - 57 EP - 69 PB - RTU Press CY - Riga ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Clostermann, Jörg A1 - Seitz, Franz T1 - Effektivverzinsung und Volatilität bei Finanzierung mit Zinsbindung und variablen Zinsen BT - Eine empirische Untersuchung für Deutschland BT - An empirical investigation for Germany JF - Zeitschrift für Immobilienökonomie N2 - Wir stellen einer festen Zinsbindung von 10 Jahren bei Wohnungsbaukrediten eine monatliche an einem Kurzfristzins angepasste Zinsbelastung bei unterschiedlichen Rückzahlungsfristen gegenüber. Dafür werten wir Monatsdaten seit den 1950er Jahren für Deutschland aus. Damit greifen wir mehrere Zinszyklen, Zinserhöhungs- und Zinssenkungsphasen ab. Im Ergebnis finden wir, dass in der überwiegenden Mehrzahl der Fälle kurzfristig variable Zinsen eine geringere Zinsbelastung nach sich ziehen. Und diese weisen auch noch geringere Schwankungen auf. N2 - We compare fixed-rate (10 years) and adjustable-rate loans (mortgages) with different repayment periods for Germany. The sample starts in the 1950s, i.e. we include several interest rate cycles, periods with increasing and periods with decreasing interest rates, and use monthly data. Our findings reveal that in the overwhelming majority of cases variable rates yield lower interest rate costs. Furthermore, the total volatility of these costs is lower than that of fixed-rate loans. T2 - Effective interest rates and volatility for fixed-rate and adjustable-rate mortages UR - https://doi.org/10.1365/s41056-019-00029-w KW - Festzinsbindung KW - Zinsspread KW - Variable Zinsen KW - Zinsstruktur KW - Immobilienfinanzierung Y1 - 2019 UR - https://doi.org/10.1365/s41056-019-00029-w UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-9558 SN - 2198-8021 VL - 6 IS - 1 SP - 29 EP - 46 PB - Springer Gabler CY - Wiesbaden ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kim, Woong-Ki A1 - Steger, Fabian A1 - Kotak, Bhavya A1 - Knudsen, Peter V. R. A1 - Girgsdies, Uwe A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg T1 - Water Condensation in Traction Battery Systems JF - Energies N2 - Lithium-ion traction battery systems of hybrid and electric vehicles must have a high level of durability and reliability like all other components and systems of a vehicle. Battery systems get heated while in the application. To ensure the desired life span and performance, most systems are equipped with a cooling system. The changing environmental condition in daily use may cause water condensation in the housing of the battery system. In this study, three system designs were investigated, to compare different solutions to deal with pressure differences and condensation: (1) a sealed battery system, (2) an open system and (3) a battery system equipped with a pressure compensation element (PCE). These three designs were tested under two conditions: (a) in normal operation and (b) in a maximum humidity scenario. The amount of the condensation in the housing was determined through a change in relative humidity of air inside the housing. Through PCE and available spacing of the housing, moisture entered into the housing during the cooling process. While applying the test scenarios, the gradient-based drift of the moisture into the housing contributed maximum towards the condensation. Condensation occurred on the internal surface for all the three design variants. UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/en12061171 KW - traction battery system KW - condensation KW - durability test KW - pressure compensation element KW - behavior of an enclosed system Y1 - 2019 UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/en12061171 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-9560 SN - 1996-1073 VL - 12 IS - 6 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Sequeira, Gerald Joy A1 - Lugner, Robert A1 - Jumar, Ulrich A1 - Brandmeier, Thomas T1 - A validation sensor based on carbon-fiber-reinforced plastic for early activation of automotive occupant restraint systems JF - Journal of sensors and sensor systems (JSSS) N2 - In the automotive industry, sensors and sensor systems are one of the most important components in upcoming challenges like highly automated and autonomous driving. Forward-looking sensors (radar, lidar and cameras) have the technical capability to already provide important (pre-)crash information, such as the position of contact, relative crash velocity and overlap (width of contact) before the crash occurs. Future safety systems can improve crash mitigation with sophisticated vehicle safety strategies based on this information. One such strategy is an early activation of restraint systems compared with conventional passive safety systems. These integrated safety systems consist of a combination of predictive forward-looking sensors and occupant restraint systems (airbags, belt tensioners, etc.) to provide the best occupant safety in inevitable crash situations. The activation of the restraint systems is the most critical decision process and requires a very robust validation system to avoid false activation. Hence, the information provided by the forward-looking sensor needs to be highly reliable. A validation sensor is required to check the plausibility of crucial information from forward-looking sensors used in integrated safety systems for safe automated and autonomous driving. This work presents a CFRP-based (carbon-fiber-reinforced plastic) validation sensor working on the principle of change in electrical resistance when a contact occurs. This sensor detects the first contact, gives information on impact position (where the contact occurs) and provides information on the overlap. The aim is to activate the vehicle restraint systems at near T0 (time of first contact). Prototypes of the sensor were manufactured in house and manually and were evaluated. At first, the sensor and its working principle were tested with a pendulum apparatus. In the next stage, the sensor was tested in a real crash test. The comparison of the signals from the CFRP-based sensor with presently used crash sensors in the vehicle highlights its advantages. The crash event can be identified at 0.1 ms after the initial contact. The sensor also provides information on impact position at 1.2 ms and enables a validation of the overlap development. Finally, a possible algorithm for the vehicle safety system using forward-looking sensors with a validation sensor is described. UR - https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-8-19-2019 Y1 - 2019 UR - https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-8-19-2019 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-9578 SN - 2194-878X VL - 8 IS - 1 SP - 19 EP - 35 PB - Copernicus Publ. CY - Göttingen ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Graf, Karin A1 - Tetzlaff, Ulrich A1 - Biscaia de Souza, Gelson A1 - Scheid, Adriano T1 - Effect of Dilution on the Microstructure and Properties of CoCrMoSi alloy Coatings Processed on High-Carbon Substrate JF - Materials Research: Revista Ibero-Americana de Materiais N2 - The Laves phase reinforced CoCrMoSi alloy system has emerged as a candidate material to protect the surface of components to withstand harsh environments under wear and/or corrosion. However, previous reports have raised some concerns and restricted a wider selection of iron-based substrates to be coated, especially limiting the carbon content. This work aims to outline the Laves - Carbides phases in the microstructure and its effect on the properties of T400 alloy deposited on GGG40 ductile iron. Dilution of 26 % ensured Laves formation either as primary or secondary, due to high-silicon substrate selected. Departing from 41 % dilution, the alloy changed to a completely carbide strengthened system. Therefore, for the lowest dilution the coatings hardness is dictated by Laves phase whereas, for higher ones, carbides are the most influent phases. UR - https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-5373-MR-2018-0502 KW - CoCrMoSi Alloy KW - Microstructure KW - Coatings KW - High-Carbon Substrate Y1 - 2018 UR - https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-5373-MR-2018-0502 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-9593 SN - 1980-5373 SN - 1516-1439 VL - 22 IS - 1 PB - Associação Brasileira de Metalurgia e Materiais (ABM); Associação Brasileira de Cerâmica (ABC); Associação Brasileira de Polímeros (ABPol) CY - São Carlos ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Notomista, Gennaro A1 - Botsch, Michael T1 - A Machine Learning Approach for the Segmentation of Driving Maneuvers and its Application in Autonomous Parking JF - Journal of Artificial Intelligence and Soft Computing Research (JAISCR) N2 - A classification system for the segmentation of driving maneuvers and its validation in autonomous parking using a small-scale vehicle are presented in this work. The classifiers are designed to detect points that are crucial for the path-planning task, thus enabling the implementation of efficient autonomous parking maneuvers. The training data set is generated by simulations using appropriate vehicle–dynamics models and the resulting classifiers are validated with the small-scale autonomous vehicle. To achieve both a high classification performance and a classification system that can be implemented on a microcontroller with limited computational resources, a two-stage design process is applied. In a first step an ensemble classifier, the Random Forest (RF) algorithm, is constructed and based on the RF-kernel a General Radial Basis Function (GRBF) classifier is generated. The GRBF-classifier is integrated into the small-scale autonomous vehicle leading to excellent performance in parallel-, cross- and oblique- parking maneuvers. The work shows that segmentation using classifies and open-loop control are an efficient approach in autonomous driving for the implementation of driving maneuvers. UR - https://doi.org/10.1515/jaiscr-2017-0017 KW - autonomous parking KW - ensemble learning KW - maneuver segmentation Y1 - 2017 UR - https://doi.org/10.1515/jaiscr-2017-0017 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-9604 SN - 2449-6499 VL - 7 IS - 4 SP - 243 EP - 255 PB - De Gruyter Open CY - Warschau ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hofbauer, Günter A1 - Klimontowicz, Monika A1 - Nocoń, Aleksandra T1 - Basel III Equity Requirements and a Contemporary Rating Approach JF - Copernican Journal of Finance & Accounting N2 - The new equity regulations of Basel III are more restrictive. Therefore the research objective of this article is to show the impact of equity regulations and to provide a proposal for professional preparation for the rating procedure for credit seeking companies. The research method applied is to give an overview of the relevant equity regulations of Basel III. From this research, we can derive that risk is the most important issue to be considered. In consequence, the outcome is a proposal for a contemporary rating approach for companies, containing an appropriate way how to control risk and perform in an excellent way. We can conclude, that the new equity regulations will not only have an impact on banks, but also on credit taking companies. Especially small and medium-sized companies will be affected. Furthermore in future banks intend to get an exhaustive insight into companies. The risks identified in the business will serve as a measure to calculate a risk adequate interest rate, depending on the rating class. Therefore it won’t be sufficient anymore to use only backward looking statements from the balance sheet or profit and loss statement. In this article we propose an evidence based approach for executing a professional and sustainable rating. Supporting this, we provide six dimensions for a contemporary rating approach. UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/CJFA.2016.005 KW - Basel III KW - equity regulation KW - rating classes KW - risk KW - sustainability Y1 - 2016 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/CJFA.2016.005 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-9616 SN - 2300-3065 VL - 5 IS - 1 SP - 91 EP - 105 PB - Nicolaus Copernicus University CY - Torun ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schlingensiepen, Jörn A1 - Mehmood, Rashid A1 - Nemtanu, Florin Codrut T1 - Framework for an Autonomic Transport System in Smart Cities JF - Cybernetics and information technologies N2 - Today the concept of smart cities is discussed in scientific society and politics. A core function of smart cities is transportation. This paper gives a short overview on the concepts for Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) for smart cities and proposes a framework for the design of an autonomic transportation system that provides personalized mobility services to its users in a smart city setting. The transportation poses extreme environment for ICT systems due to fast moving vehicles and users, requiring real-time acquisition and high performance processing of large scale data, and rapidly changing communication networks topologies and node densities. The aim of this paper is to propose a framework that will act as a reference for the design of future transportation systems that are able to cope with the ever rising system complexities and users’ demands. Therefore, a backbone system providing information at different levels was designed following the principles of a corporative ICT that were proposed in [1]. The framework fulfills the main requirement providing suitable information about the local decision engines in vehicles and infrastructure interacting in smart cities traffic systems. UR - https://doi.org/10.1515/cait-2015-0016 KW - Autonomic Road Transport System (ARTS) KW - COST-ARTS KW - autonomic ICT systems KW - Intelligent Transport System (ITS) KW - service assessment KW - service discovery KW - corporative ICT architecture Y1 - 2015 UR - https://doi.org/10.1515/cait-2015-0016 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-9620 SN - 1314-4081 VL - 15 IS - 5 SP - 50 EP - 62 PB - De Gruyter CY - Berlin ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Reiter, Christoph A1 - Trinkl, Christoph A1 - Zörner, Wilfried A1 - Hanby, Victor Ian T1 - A Dynamic Multinode Model for Component-Oriented Thermal Analysis of Flat-Plate Solar Collectors JF - Journal of Solar Energy N2 - A mathematical model of a flat-plate solar collector was developed on the basis of the physical principles of optics and heat transfer in order to determine collector’s component temperatures as well as collector efficiency. In contrast to many available models, the targeted use of this dynamic model is the detailed, theoretical investigation of the thermal behaviour of newly developed or adjusted collector designs on component level, for example, absorber, casing, or transparent cover. The defined model is based on a multinode network (absorber, fluid, glazing, and backside insulation) containing the relevant physical equations to transfer the energy. The heat transfer network covers heat conduction, convection, and radiation. Furthermore, the collector optics is defined for the plane glazing and the absorber surface and also considers interactions between them. The model enables the variation of physical properties considering the geometric parameters and materials. Finally, the model was validated using measurement data and existing efficiency curve models. Both comparisons proved high accuracy of the developed model with deviation of up to 3% in collector efficiency and 1 K in component temperatures. UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/280694 Y1 - 2015 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/280694 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-9637 SN - 2314-6230 VL - 2015 PB - Hindawi Publ. CY - New York; Cairo ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Geisbauer, Christian A1 - Wöhrl, Katharina A1 - Koch, Daniel A1 - Wilhelm, Gudrun A1 - Schneider, Gerhard A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg T1 - Comparative Study on the Calendar Aging Behavior of Six Different Lithium-Ion Cell Chemistries in Terms of Parameter Variation JF - Energies N2 - The degradation of lithium-ion cells is an important aspect, not only for quality management, but also for the customer of the application like, e.g., scooters or electric vehicles. During the lifetime of the system, the overall health on the battery plays a key role in its depreciation. Therefore, it is necessary to monitor the health of the battery during operation, i.e., cycle life, but also during stationary conditions, i.e., calendar aging. In this work, the degradation due to calendar aging is analyzed for six different cell chemistries in terms of capacity degradation and impedance increase and their performance are being compared. In a new proposed metric, the relative deviations between various cells with the exact identical aging history are being analyzed for their degradation effects and their differences, which stands out in comparison to similar research. The capacity loss was found to be most drastic at 60 °C and at higher storage voltages, even for titanate-oxide cells. LiNiMnCoO2 (NMC), LiNiCoAlO2 (NCA) and Li2TiO3 (LTO) cells at 60 °C showed the most drastic capacity decrease. NMC and NCA cells at 60 °C and highest storage voltage did not show any open circuit voltage, as their current interrupt mechanism triggered. The effect of aging shows no uniform impact on the changes in the capacity variance when comparing different aging conditions, with respect to the evaluated standard deviation for all cells. The focus of this work was on the calendar aging effect and may be supplemented in a second study for cyclic aging. UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/en14113358 KW - electromobility KW - batteries KW - lithium-ion KW - calendar aging KW - electric vehicle KW - capacity degradation KW - storage KW - parameter distribution Y1 - 2021 UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/en14113358 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-10091 SN - 1996-1073 VL - 14 IS - 11 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kotak, Yash A1 - Marchante Fernández, Carlos A1 - Canals Casals, Lluc A1 - Kotak, Bhavya A1 - Koch, Daniel A1 - Geisbauer, Christian A1 - Trilla, Lluís A1 - Gómez-Nuñez, Alberto A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg T1 - End of Electric Vehicle Batteries BT - Reuse vs. Recycle JF - Energies N2 - It is a fact that electric vehicles (EVs) are beneficial for climate protection. However, the current challenge is to decide on whether to reuse an EV battery or to recycle it after its first use. This paper theoretically investigates these areas i.e., recycle and reuse. It was found that there are several commercially used recycling processes and also some are under research to regain maximum possible materials and quantity. The concept of reusing (second life) of the battery is promising because, at the end of the first life, batteries from EVs can be used in several applications such as storing energy generated from renewable sources to support the government grid. However, the cost and life-cycle analysis (LCA) demonstrated that there are several aspects involved in battery reuse applications. Henceforth, one LCA generalised method cannot provide an optimal approach for all cases. It is important to have a detailed study on each of the battery reusing applications. Until then, it is safe to say that reusing the battery is a good option as it would give some time to recycling companies to develop cost and energy-efficient methods. UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/en14082217 KW - battery recycling KW - battery reuse KW - battery second life KW - circular economy KW - lithium-ion cells KW - electric vehicles KW - battery components recycling KW - sustainability in mobility KW - battery safety KW - battery cost analysis Y1 - 2021 UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/en14082217 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-10115 SN - 1996-1073 VL - 14 IS - 8 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wöhrl, Katharina A1 - Geisbauer, Christian A1 - Nebl, Christoph A1 - Lott, Susanne A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg T1 - Crashed Electric Vehicle Handling and Recommendations - State of the Art in Germany JF - Energies N2 - In the near future, electric powered vehicles will represent a major part of the road traffic. Accordingly, there will be a natural increase of accidents involving electric vehicles. There are not many cases of such accidents yet and therefore the experience and correct handling are still partially open points for the involved parties, such as the rescue services for example. The aim of this work is to provide a complete overview of the accident handling sequence in Germany, starting with the damaged vehicle on site and moving on to the risks and challenges for the stakeholders, such as transport and recycling companies. Arising from the developed overview, a handling recommendation for yet undiscussed points is given. Especially, different extinguishing and deactivation methods are compared and discussed. Due to a lack of a common live-feed from battery data on site, other criteria have to be taken into account to assess the state of the battery. The wrecked vehicle—including the high voltage system—needs to be in a definite safe state at the handover to a towing service. Depending on the case, different options for securing the vehicle will be considered in this work. UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/en14041040 KW - electric vehicle KW - battery KW - high voltage KW - accident KW - recommendation KW - energy storage KW - thermal runaway KW - fire extinguishing KW - rescue service KW - handling Y1 - 2021 UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/en14041040 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-10123 SN - 1996-1073 VL - 14 IS - 4 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Ritz, Fabian A1 - Ratke, Daniel A1 - Phan, Thomy A1 - Belzner, Lenz A1 - Linnhoff-Popien, Claudia T1 - A sustainable ecosystem through emergent cooperation in multi-agent reinforcement learning T2 - Proceedings of the Artificial Life Conference 2021 UR - https://doi.org/10.1162/isal_a_00399 Y1 - 2021 UR - https://doi.org/10.1162/isal_a_00399 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-12975 VL - 2021 PB - MIT Press CY - Cambridge ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hofmann, Lorenz A1 - Ebert, Martin A1 - Hauptmann, Peter Alexander A1 - Hauptmann, Christian T1 - Modified pulse shapes for effective neural stimulation JF - Frontiers in Neuroengineering N2 - The electrical stimulation of neuronal structures is used as a treatment for many neurological disorders, e.g., for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease via deep brain stimulation (DBS). To reduce side effects, to avoid tissue or electrode damage, and to increase battery lifetimes, an effective but gentle electrical stimulation is of prime importance. We studied different modified pulse shapes for application in DBS with respect to their efficiency to initiate neuronal activity. Numerical simulations of two mathematical neuron models were performed to investigate the effectiveness of different modified pulse shapes. According to our results, the pulse shapes considered showed a considerably increased efficiency in terms of both activation and entrainment of neural activity. We found that the introduction of a gap with a specific and optimized duration in a biphasic pulse and the reversal of the standard pulse phase order yielded stimulation protocols that could increase the efficiency and therefore reduce the energy consumption of stimulation. The improvements were achieved by simple modifications of existing stimulation techniques. The modification of the pulse shapes resulted in an improvement of up to 50% for both the activation of resting neurons and the entrainment of bursting neurons. UR - https://doi.org/10.3389/fneng.2011.00009 KW - computational neuroscience KW - deep brain stimulation KW - entrainment KW - pulsatile stimulation Y1 - 2011 UR - https://doi.org/10.3389/fneng.2011.00009 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-13005 VL - 4 PB - Frontiers Research Foundation CY - Lausanne ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ebert, Martin A1 - Hauptmann, Christian A1 - Tass, Peter Alexander T1 - Coordinated reset stimulation in a large-scale model of the STN-GPe circuit JF - Frontiers in Computational Neuroscience N2 - Synchronization of populations of neurons is a hallmark of several brain diseases. Coordinated reset (CR) stimulation is a model-based stimulation technique which specifically counteracts abnormal synchrony by desynchronization. Electrical CR stimulation, e.g., for the treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD), is administered via depth electrodes. In order to get a deeper understanding of this technique, we extended the top-down approach of previous studies and constructed a large-scale computational model of the respective brain areas. Furthermore, we took into account the spatial anatomical properties of the simulated brain structures and incorporated a detailed numerical representation of 2 · 104 simulated neurons. We simulated the subthalamic nucleus (STN) and the globus pallidus externus (GPe). Connections within the STN were governed by spike-timing dependent plasticity (STDP). In this way, we modeled the physiological and pathological activity of the considered brain structures. In particular, we investigated how plasticity could be exploited and how the model could be shifted from strongly synchronized (pathological) activity to strongly desynchronized (healthy) activity of the neuronal populations via CR stimulation of the STN neurons. Furthermore, we investigated the impact of specific stimulation parameters especially the electrode position on the stimulation outcome. Our model provides a step forward toward a biophysically realistic model of the brain areas relevant to the emergence of pathological neuronal activity in PD. Furthermore, our model constitutes a test bench for the optimization of both stimulation parameters and novel electrode geometries for efficient CR stimulation. UR - https://doi.org/10.3389/fncom.2014.00154 KW - deep brain stimulation KW - high-performance computing KW - coordinated reset stimulation KW - electrode design Y1 - 2014 UR - https://doi.org/10.3389/fncom.2014.00154 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-13027 SN - 1662-5188 VL - 8 PB - Frontiers Research Foundation CY - Lausanne ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Axenie, Cristian A1 - Bauer, Roman A1 - Rodríguez Martínez, María T1 - The Multiple Dimensions of Networks in Cancer: A Perspective JF - Symmetry N2 - This perspective article gathers the latest developments in mathematical and computational oncology tools that exploit network approaches for the mathematical modelling, analysis, and simulation of cancer development and therapy design. It instigates the community to explore new paths and synergies under the umbrella of the Special Issue “Networks in Cancer: From Symmetry Breaking to Targeted Therapy”. The focus of the perspective is to demonstrate how networks can model the physics, analyse the interactions, and predict the evolution of the multiple processes behind tumour-host encounters across multiple scales. From agent-based modelling and mechano-biology to machine learning and predictive modelling, the perspective motivates a methodology well suited to mathematical and computational oncology and suggests approaches that mark a viable path towards adoption in the clinic. UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/sym13091559 KW - mathematical and computational oncology KW - cancer KW - networks KW - mechano-biology KW - machine learning Y1 - 2021 UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/sym13091559 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-13053 SN - 2073-8994 VL - 13 IS - 9 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kleiner, Jan A1 - Stuckenberger, Magdalena A1 - Komsiyska, Lidiya A1 - Endisch, Christian T1 - Advanced monitoring and prediction of the thermal state of intelligent battery cells in electric vehicles by physics-based and data-driven modeling JF - Batteries N2 - Novel intelligent battery systems are gaining importance with functional hardware on the cell level. Cell-level hardware allows for advanced battery state monitoring and thermal management, but also leads to additional thermal interactions. In this work, an electro-thermal framework for the modeling of these novel intelligent battery cells is provided. Thereby, a lumped thermal model, as well as a novel neural network, are implemented in the framework as thermal submodels. For the first time, a direct comparison of a physics-based and a data-driven thermal battery model is performed in the same framework. The models are compared in terms of temperature estimation with regard to accuracy. Both models are very well suited to represent the thermal behavior in novel intelligent battery cells. In terms of accuracy and computation time, however, the data-driven neural network approach with a Nonlinear AutoregRessive network with eXogeneous input (NARX) shows slight advantages. Finally, novel applications of temperature prediction in battery electric vehicles are presented and the applicability of the models is illustrated. Thereby, the conventional prediction of the state of power is extended by simultaneous temperature prediction. Additionally, temperature forecasting is used for pre-conditioning by advanced cooling system regulation to enable energy efficiency and fast charging. UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries7020031 KW - lithium-ion battery KW - electro-thermal model KW - smart cell KW - intelligent battery KW - neural network KW - temperature prediction Y1 - 2021 UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries7020031 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-13068 SN - 2313-0105 VL - 7 IS - 2 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER -