TY - JOUR A1 - Rufino Júnior, Carlos Antônio A1 - Riva Sanseverino, Eleonora A1 - Gallo, Pierluigi A1 - Koch, Daniel A1 - Diel, Sergej A1 - Gero, Walter A1 - Trilla, Lluís A1 - Ferreira, Victor José A1 - Benveniste, Gabriela A1 - Kotak, Yash A1 - Eichman, Joshua A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg A1 - Zanin, Hudson T1 - Towards to Battery Digital Passport: Reviewing Regulations and Standards for Second-Life Batteries JF - Batteries N2 - Greenhouse gas emissions from transportation harm the environment. In response to these environmental concerns, numerous countries encourage the adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) as a more environmentally friendly option than traditional gasoline-powered vehicles. Advances in battery technology have made batteries an alternative solution for energy storage in stationary applications and for electric mobility. Reduced lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) production costs due to economies of scale, electrode material and cell design developments, and manufacturing process improvements have driven this success. This trend is expected to increase the number of LIBs on the market that may be discarded in the environment at the end of their useful life if more sustainable alternatives are not technologically mature. This coming environmental concern can be mitigated by collecting wasted EV batteries, reconfiguring them, and reusing them for applications with less stringent weight, performance, and size requirements. This method would extend battery life and reduce environmental effects. The present work investigates the main regulatory structures of the second-life battery industry that require rules, technical standards, and laws. To achieve this objective, a systematic review was carried out following a strict protocol that includes identifying relevant studies, extracting data and information, evaluating, and summarizing information. This paper explains the primary rules and technical standards governing the second-life battery business. The findings highlight the need for universities, research institutions, and government agencies to evaluate the second-life battery industry objectively. This would enable the creation of new technological regulations and laws for this burgeoning industry. UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries10040115 Y1 - 2024 UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries10040115 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-46455 SN - 2313-0105 VL - 10 IS - 4 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Nagel, Sylvio A1 - Mast, Tanja A1 - Holzhammer, Uwe A1 - Eltrop, Ludger T1 - Die Rolle der Bioenergie im Energie- und Mobilitätssystem in Deutschland BT - Ergebnisse einer modellgestützten Systemanalyse T2 - Tagungsband 14. Rostocker Bioenergieforum 2020, 19. Dialog Abfallwirtschaft MV UR - https://doi.org/10.18453/rosdok_id00002650 Y1 - 2020 UR - https://doi.org/10.18453/rosdok_id00002650 SN - 978-3-86009- 507-2 SP - 47 EP - 56 PB - Universität Rostock CY - Rostock ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Chandra, Sourav A1 - Maeder, Marcus A1 - Bienert, Jörg A1 - Beinersdorf, H. A1 - Jiang, W. A1 - Matsagar, Vasant A1 - Marburg, S. T1 - Identification of temperature-dependent elastic and damping parameters of carbon–epoxy composite plates based on experimental modal data JF - Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymssp.2022.109945 KW - Operational modal analysis KW - T700 carbon–epoxy KW - Thermal environment KW - Experimental test KW - Inverse method KW - Temperature-dependent elastic and damping parameters Y1 - 2022 UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymssp.2022.109945 SN - 0888-3270 VL - 2023 IS - 187 PB - Elsevier ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Keim, Simon A1 - Tetzlaff, Ulrich A1 - Elger, Gordon T1 - The influence of different-sized Ni micro- and nanopowders on the processing and microstructural properties of Sn-Ag-Cu-solder with low Ag content T2 - Proceedings : IEEE 70th Electronic Components and Technology Conference : ECTC 2020 UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/ECTC32862.2020.00312 KW - Composites KW - Soldering KW - Porosity KW - Microstructure KW - Intermetallics KW - Phase interfaces Y1 - 2020 UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/ECTC32862.2020.00312 SN - 978-1-7281-6180-8 SN - 2377-5726 SP - 2005 EP - 2012 PB - IEEE CY - Piscataway ER - TY - INPR A1 - Jafari Harandi, Mohammad Reza A1 - Salamat, Babak A1 - Elsbacher, Gerhard T1 - Stabilization of a Quadrotor via Energy Shaping UR - https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2406.07682 Y1 - 2024 UR - https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2406.07682 PB - arXiv CY - Ithaca ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ahmed, Arslan A1 - Conti, Fosca A1 - Bayer, Peter A1 - Goldbrunner, Markus T1 - Hydronic Road-Heating Systems BT - Environmental Performance and the Case of Ingolstadt Ramps JF - Environmental and Climate Technologies N2 - Snowfall and ice formation on road surface significantly impact the safety of driving conditions. To resolve this, every year salt and de-icing chemicals are sprinkled on roads. However, use of salts and snow ploughing have environmental as well as economical disadvantages. To resolve these problems, hydronic road heating systems are valid alternatives. Heat transfer fluid, i.e. mixture of ethanol and water, is pumped into a tubular circulation system under the asphalt. By this technology, the road and pavements shall stay ice-free even in times of snowfall and temperatures below the freezing point. The system can also be used to cool the asphalt in case of extreme heat, which – besides the heating effect – could also prevent road from damages in extreme summers. This study aims to compare the environmental impact of use of salts and road-heating system in terms of GHG emissions. To assess the environmental impact, an operational road heating system for a ramp in Ingolstadt, Germany, is considered. A cradle-to-grave analysis technique is used to determine the environmental effects based on a life-cycle assessment (LCA) framework. The analysis includes nine components solemnly responsible for hydronic heating of asphalt surface such as local heating pipe, insulation, pumps, and heat meters. Comparison is performed in terms of relative and total impact over 50-year lifetime of three heated ramps having 1989 m2 surface area in total. The results show that the asphalt and heating-circuit causes the major fraction (65 %) of overall GHG emissions, with total life-time emissions of 28.10 kg CO2 eq./m2 of heated surface. During an operational life of 50 years, road heating systems emit 18 % less CO2 eq./m2 as compared to the use of salts. UR - https://doi.org/10.2478/rtuect-2022-0078 KW - Environmental performance KW - de-icing KW - hydronic road-heating system (HRS) KW - greenhouse gases (GHG) KW - Life cycle assessment (LCA) KW - snow removal Y1 - 2022 UR - https://doi.org/10.2478/rtuect-2022-0078 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-35248 SN - 2255-8837 VL - 26 IS - 1 SP - 1044 EP - 1054 PB - De Gruyter Poland CY - Warsaw ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Mehta, Kedar A1 - Ehrenwirth, Mathias A1 - Missall, Siegmund A1 - Degembaeva, Nadira A1 - Akmatov, Kuban A1 - Zörner, Wilfried T1 - Energy Profiling of a High-Altitude Kyrgyz Community: Challenges and Motivations to Preserve Floodplain Ecosystems Based on Household Survey JF - Sustainability N2 - The floodplain areas along the Naryn River in Kyrgyzstan are essential as they hold the riparian (local) ecosystems because they provide firewood, pastureland, and areas for recreation and protection against erosion. Due to limited access to adequate, reliable, and sustainable energy services, the rural population usually derived their energy needs from multiple natural energy resources (i.e., firewood, charcoal, agricultural residues, animal dung, and wood branches). This is considered a common and predominant practice in rural Kyrgyzstan. This situation leads to a negative impact on local ecosystem services. In addition to that, the reliance on solid fuels contributes to indoor and outdoor air pollution, which is partially threatening the local ecosystem services. By contrast, the employment of renewable-based energy supply systems would substantially reduce the burden on the environment, which is mainly untapped. To integrate renewable energies, it is important to understand the energy behavior of floodplain communities. In that response, the presented article is the first attempt to capture the energy identity of the floodplain community of Kyrgyzstan based on a quantitative energy-based (on-site) household survey. Furthermore, the present research article synthesizes the driving factors that have a (direct or indirect) impact on the energy and local ecosystem services. In addition, the present article proposes a brief pathway for the sustainable energy transition. The article records the recommendation to integrate renewable energies to preserve the local ecosystems of Kyrgyzstan. UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/su132313086 KW - Central Asia KW - ecosystem services KW - energy pattern KW - energy profiling KW - floodplain community KW - high-altitude KW - household survey KW - Kyrgyzstan KW - renewable energies KW - sustainability Y1 - 2021 UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/su132313086 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-10895 SN - 2071-1050 N1 - This article belongs to the Special Issue "Floodplain Ecology and Sustainable Restoration with Regard to Ecosystem Services" VL - 13 IS - 23 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Mast, Tanja A1 - Koller, Maria A1 - Holzhammer, Uwe T1 - Verfügbarkeit und Erlösmöglichkeiten unterschiedlicher Biogasanlagenkonzepte im Smart-Market-Ansatz T2 - Tagungsband 14. Rostocker Bioenergieforum 2020, 19. Dialog Abfallwirtschaft MV UR - https://doi.org/10.18453/rosdok_id00002650 Y1 - 2020 UR - https://doi.org/10.18453/rosdok_id00002650 SN - 978-3-86009- 507-2 SP - 391 EP - 397 PB - Universität Rostock CY - Rostock ER - TY - GEN A1 - Krämer, Wolfgang ED - Der Präsident der Fachhochschule Ingolstadt, T1 - Grenzzyklen in einem Servolenksystem N2 - In einem Servolenksystem, das im Gegensatz zu üblichen Servolenkungen nach dem Winkelüberlagerungsprinzip arbeitet, können sich bei losgelassenem Lenkrad Grenzzyklen einstellen. Eine wichtige Ursache hierfür ist die Begrenzung des Antriebsmoments des Stellmotors. Nach einer Beschreibung und Modellierung des Lenksystems werden die Grenzzyklen untersucht und ihre Periodendauer mit Hilfe einer modalen Betrachtung berechnet. Daraus ergeben sich qualitative Aussagen über die Einflüsse der Systemparameter auf die Existenz der Grenzzyklen. Eine Maßnahme zur Vermeidung der Grenzzyklen wird vorgeschlagen, ihre Wirksamkeit durch Simulation nachgewiesen und ihre Wirkungsweise mit Hilfe der Methode der harmonischen Balance analysiert. Das Ergebnis der Analyse führt zu einer Weiterentwicklung der Maßnahme. T3 - Arbeitsberichte - Working Papers - 12 KW - Servolenkung Y1 - 2006 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-279 SN - 1612-6483 IS - 12 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Ferstl, Stefan ED - Der Präsident der Fachhochschule Ingolstadt, T1 - Model-based development and test of device drivers N2 - The development of device drivers in the automotive industry is often confronted with the problem of not yet available hardware, which can be used for testing. This paper describes how to build up a test environment in Simulink, which contains a model of the physical and logical behavior of an intelligent smart power switch that is used to control multiple bulbs in a car. To get a closed-loop simulation, a bulb model was developed, which calculates the current depending on voltage and temperature for diagnostic purposes. By using this configurable environment, it was possible to develop and test a driver with TargetLink, although the device, which it has to control, was not yet vailable. In order to get experience in HIL tests using the interface between CANoe and Simulink, this approach was analyzed in detail. T3 - Arbeitsberichte - Working Papers - 13 KW - Kraftfahrzeugelektronik KW - Treiber KW - SIMULINK Y1 - 2007 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-283 SN - 1612-6483 IS - 13 ER - TY - THES A1 - Thomas, Julian T1 - Entwicklung eines Algorithmus zur Koordinierung eines Drohnenschwarms für das autonome Ausführen einer generischen Aufgabe N2 - Der Schwerpunkt dieser Masterarbeit liegt auf der Entwicklung eines Algorithmus zur Koordination eines Drohnenschwarms mit dem Ziel, eine generische Aufgabe autonom auszuführen. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurde sich für eine virtuelle Containerentleerung entschieden. Y1 - 2024 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-45310 CY - Ingolstadt ER - TY - THES A1 - Ghorreshi, Amirmahdi T1 - Determining the optimal size of Agri-PV and battery systems in rural areas BT - a case study of Morocco and Algeria N2 - The global population is anticipated to experience a significant surge by 2050, posing profound challenges in ensuring food and energy security. Concurrently, the prevalence of hunger, exacerbated by pandemics, climate shocks, and conflicts, underscores the urgency to enhance agricultural productivity and energy efficiency. Agriculture currently accounts for 70% of freshwater consumption and 30% of global energy usage, requiring innovative solutions to meet increasing demands. In this context, Agri-Photovoltaic (Agri-PV) systems emerge as a promising approach, integrating agricultural practices with solar technology to enhance food production and energy generation simultaneously. These systems not only address the pressing need for sustainable food and energy sources but also offer benefits such as resilience against extreme weather events and income diversification for farmers. This study investigates the potential of Agri-PV systems to address power outages in rural areas of Kissane in Morocco, as well as Bouda in Algeria. These areas are characterized by weak grid networks. After developing the load profiles of farms and households in the case study areas based on real data and literature, the PV-SOL software is utilized to estimate the size of the photovoltaic system. After simulation in the software and considering the type of Agri-PV substructure, three different scenarios for sizing the system are taken into account. The first scenario aims to cover all energy demands for both farms and households, the second focuses solely on farms, and the third focuses only on household energy requirements. The results reveal that with six hours of power outage in a day, Kissane requires a 39 kWp Agri-PV system with an 85.31 kWh battery to fulfill its total energy demands. For farms alone, a 38 kWp system with an 82.04 kWh battery is necessary, while households, due to cooperative arrangements and few houses, need only a 1 kWp system with a 3.27 kWh battery. In Bouda, facing six power outages in a day, a 46 kWp system with a 144.34 kWh battery is required for total energy, 41 kWp with a 125.78 kWh battery for farms, and 5 kWp with an 18.56 kWh battery for households. Economic analysis favors Morocco due to higher electricity prices, yielding Kissane a positive 8.69% internal rate of return (IRR) and a competitive 10.95 cent/kWh levelized cost of electricity (LCOE). In contrast, Bouda faces economic challenges with a -2.93% IRR and a 13.77 cent/kWh LCOE, necessitating financial incentives for viability. Keywords: Agri-Photovoltaic (Agri-PV), power outage, load profile, grid network, rural energy security, Morocco, Algeria Y1 - 2024 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-47614 CY - Ingolstadt ER - TY - THES A1 - Dhavale, Aditya Bhalchandra T1 - Study on potential of energy optimization in German dairy industry N2 - The dairy farms form a vital part of German agriculture and consume significant energy for their operation. Germany is working towards energy transition to transform the existing fossil fuel-nuclear system to a sustainable energy system that relies on renewable sources due to various societal and political demands. As the energy demand is increasing due to the rise in population, there is also a growing push in Germany to adopt energy efficient technologies and measures to reduce energy waste. There is a scope for improving the energy efficiency in dairy farms. Using energy optimization techniques can help reduce the load on energy suppliers as well as increase cost savings for farms. German farmers are adopting newer digital technologies to achieve optimization of energy in their farms. One of the key tools in realizing energy optimization is the Energy Management System (EMS). The use of EMS in the case of dairy farms has been reviewed and presented in this work. The objective of the study is to investigate the potential of energy optimization in dairy farms. Efficiency measures like replacing inefficient farm equipment are necessary to achieve energy efficiency. These measures are discussed in detail and their potential to save energy in dairy farms is presented. A comparison of all these measures is studied and how much energy savings can be obtained is reviewed. The use case scenario of EMS in different applications is presented as an indication of possibilities for energy savings using EMS. Furthermore, how the AI technology in combination with EMS can be used in farms and its benefits in dairy farming is reviewed. The types of farms on which the energy optimization measures can be implemented in an ideal case scenario are reviewed. The result of the study shows that there is vast potential for energy optimization in German dairy farms. Thus, the presented work can be further studied to identify further optimization possibilities with the advancement of AI and newer technologies. Y1 - 2024 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-46977 CY - Ingolstadt ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Gottwalt, Albin A1 - Kubaschinski, Paul A1 - Waltz, Manuela A1 - Tetzlaff, Ulrich T1 - Influence of the cutting method on the fatigue life and crack initiation of non-oriented electrical steel sheets JF - International Journal of Fatigue N2 - The fatigue behavior of thin electrical steel sheets under cyclic loading is investigated in dependence on the edge surface. Therefore, four different edge conditions are compared, whereas the edge is either laser cut, shear cut, wire cut, or polished. Strain- and stress-controlled fatigue tests are performed to determine S-N curves in the low cycle regime as well as in the high cycle regime. Microstructural data is collected by non-contacting (optical) Profilometry, Nanoindentation, X-Ray Diffraction, and Electron Backscatter Diffraction to understand the differences in fatigue life by considering surface roughness, residual stresses, hardness, and microstructure. Shear cut specimens achieve the lowest fatigue life, while the other edge conditions reach relatively similar values in the LCF regime. Crack initiation is mainly intergranular in the case of defect-free edges. This tendency has a considerable influence on the observed fatigue behavior. UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2023.108073 Y1 - 2023 UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2023.108073 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-46260 SN - 1879-3452 SN - 0142-1123 VL - 2024 IS - 180 PB - Elsevier CY - Oxford ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Elhaus, Nora A1 - Kolb, Sebastian A1 - Müller, Jakob A1 - Goldbrunner, Markus A1 - Karl, Jürgen A1 - Herkendell, Katharina T1 - Environmental assessment of anaerobic digestion and biological methanation in power-to-methane systems JF - Journal of Cleaner Production UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.139509 Y1 - 2023 UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.139509 SN - 1879-1786 VL - 2023 IS - 429 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Gottwalt, Albin A1 - Kubaschinski, Paul A1 - Waltz, Manuela A1 - Völkl, Rainer A1 - Glatzel, Uwe A1 - Tetzlaff, Ulrich T1 - Cyclic deformation behavior of non-oriented electrical steel sheets JF - Materials Science and Engineering: A UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2023.145684 Y1 - 2023 UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2023.145684 SN - 0921-5093 VL - 2023 IS - 886 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Salamat, Babak A1 - Bencic, Daniel A1 - Elsbacher, Gerhard A1 - Seidel, Christian A1 - Tonello, Andrea M. T1 - Investigating Integral Reinforcement Learning to Achieve Asymptotic Stability in Underactuated Mechanical Systems JF - IEEE Robotics and Automation Letters UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/LRA.2023.3332556 Y1 - 2023 UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/LRA.2023.3332556 SN - 2377-3766 VL - 9 IS - 1 SP - 191 EP - 198 PB - IEEE CY - New York ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Handwerker, Michael A1 - Kessler, Jörg A1 - Marzbani, Hormoz T1 - Comparison of hydrogen powertrains with the battery powered electric vehicle and investigation of small-scale local hydrogen production using renewable energy JF - Hydrogen N2 - Climate change is one of the major problems that people face in this century, with fossil fuel combustion engines being huge contributors. Currently, the battery powered electric vehicle is considered the predecessor, while hydrogen vehicles only have an insignificant market share. To evaluate if this is justified, different hydrogen power train technologies are analyzed and compared to the battery powered electric vehicle. Even though most research focuses on the hydrogen fuel cells, it is shown that, despite the lower efficiency, the often-neglected hydrogen combustion engine could be the right solution for transitioning away from fossil fuels. This is mainly due to the lower costs and possibility of the use of existing manufacturing infrastructure. To achieve a similar level of refueling comfort as with the battery powered electric vehicle, the economic and technological aspects of the local small-scale hydrogen production are being investigated. Due to the low efficiency and high prices for the required components, this domestically produced hydrogen cannot compete with hydrogen produced from fossil fuels on a larger scale. UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrogen2010005 KW - hydrogen combustion engine KW - hydrogen fuel cell KW - small-scale hydrogen production KW - energy storage KW - alternative fuels KW - power-to-hydrogen Y1 - 2021 UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrogen2010005 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-11015 SN - 2673-4141 VL - 2 IS - 1 SP - 76 EP - 100 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Mehta, Kedar A1 - Ehrenwirth, Mathias A1 - Trinkl, Christoph A1 - Zörner, Wilfried A1 - Greenough, Richard T1 - The energy situation in Central Asia BT - a comprehensive energy review focusing on rural areas JF - Energies N2 - The northern part of the globe is dominated by industrialisation and is well-developed. For many years, the southern part of the world (South Asia, Africa etc.) has been a target of research concentrating on access to energy (mainly electricity) in rural regions. However, the Central Asian region has not been a focus of energy research compared to South East Asia and Africa. Despite plentiful domestically available energy resources, the energy supply in Central Asia is very unevenly distributed between urban and rural areas. Almost half of the total population of Central Asia lives in rural areas and there is a lack of access to modern energy services to meet primary needs. To analyse the energy situation (i.e., electricity, heating, hot water consumption, cooking, etc.) in rural Central Asia, this paper reviews residential energy consumption trends in rural Central Asian regions as compared to urban areas. Furthermore, the paper illustrates the potential of renewable energies in Central Asia. To perform the study, a qualitative comparative analysis was conducted based on a literature review, data, and statistical information. In summary, the presented article discusses the rural energy situation analytically and provides in-depth insights of Central Asian energy infrastructure. UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/en14102805 KW - Central Asia KW - energy resources KW - rural energy supply KW - energy services KW - renewable energy Y1 - 2021 UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/en14102805 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-10908 SN - 1996-1073 VL - 14 IS - 10 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bugaje, Aminu A1 - Ehrenwirth, Mathias A1 - Trinkl, Christoph A1 - Zörner, Wilfried T1 - Electric two-wheeler vehicle integration into rural off-grid photovoltaic system in Kenya JF - Energies N2 - In both rural and urban areas, two-wheeler vehicles are the most common means of transportation, contributing to local air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions (GHG). Transitioning to electric two-wheeler vehicles can help reduce GHG emissions while also increasing the socioeconomic status of people in rural Kenya. Renewable energy systems can play a significant role in charging electric two-wheeled vehicles, resulting in lower carbon emissions and increased renewable energy penetration in rural Kenya. As a result, using the Conventional and Renewable Energy Optimization (CARNOT) Toolbox in the MATLAB/Simulink environment, this paper focuses on integrating and modeling electric two-wheeled vehicles (e-bikes) into an off-grid photovoltaic Water-Energy Hub located in the Lake Victoria Region of Western Kenya. Electricity demand data obtained from the Water-Energy Hub was investigated and analyzed. Potential solar energy surplus was identified and the surplus was used to incorporate the electric two-wheeler vehicles. The energy consumption of the electric two-wheeler vehicles was also measured in the field based on the rider’s driving behavior. The modeling results revealed an annual power consumption of 27,267 kWh, a photovoltaic (PV) electricity production of 37,785 kWh, and an electricity deficit of 370 kWh. The annual results show that PV generation exceeds power consumption, implying that there should be no electricity deficit. The results, however, do not represent the results in hourly resolution, ignoring the impact of weather fluctuation on PV production. As a result, in order to comprehend the electricity deficit, hourly resolution results are shown. A load optimization method was designed to efficiently integrate the electric 2-wheeler vehicle into the Water-Energy Hub in order to alleviate the electricity deficit. The yearly electricity deficit was decreased to 1 kWh and the annual electricity consumption was raised by 11% (i.e., 30,767 kWh), which is enough to charge four more electric two-wheeler batteries daily using the load optimization technique. UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/en14237956 KW - Lake Victoria KW - photovoltaic KW - off-grid KW - model KW - electric two-wheeled vehicle KW - Water-Energy Hub KW - CARNOT Y1 - 2021 UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/en14237956 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-11070 SN - 1996-1073 VL - 14 IS - 23 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Handwerker, Michael A1 - Kessler, Jörg A1 - Marzbani, Hormoz T1 - Review of mechanical properties of and optimisation methods for continuous fibre‑reinforced thermoplastic parts manufactured by fused deposition modelling JF - Progress in Additive Manufacturing N2 - A new way of manufacturing continuous fibre-reinforced plastics is the embedding of fibres in the filament of a 3D printer. This method could be used in manufacturing composite materials with a thermoplastic matrix containing glass, Kevlar and carbon fibres. This paper provides an overview of research on the mechanical and physical properties of these parts as well as optimisation approaches of additively manufactured thermoplastics. Furthermore, applicable testing and analysis methods and their corresponding standards are included. Several studies, which represent the current state of the art, are reviewed in detail for the analysis of the mechanical performance of different fibre reinforcements. In addition, an overview of different optimisation approaches is given. The ultimate tensile strength of Kevlar and glass fibre-reinforced parts are similar to those of common Aluminium alloys whereas the carbon fibre reinforced parts outperform their aluminium counterparts. Major performance limitations include a poor adhesion between layers as well as a high air void ratio. UR - https://doi.org/10.1007/s40964-021-00187-1 KW - fused filament fabrication KW - fused deposition modelling KW - continuous fibre KW - thermoplastics Y1 - 2021 UR - https://doi.org/10.1007/s40964-021-00187-1 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-13103 SN - 2363-9520 VL - 6 IS - 4 SP - 663 EP - 677 PB - Springer Nature CY - Cham ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schmitt, Matthias A1 - Gottwalt, Albin A1 - Winkler, Jakob A1 - Tobie, Thomas A1 - Schlick, Georg A1 - Stahl, Karsten A1 - Tetzlaff, Ulrich A1 - Schlip, Johannes A1 - Reinhart, Gunther T1 - Carbon Particle In-Situ Alloying of the Case-Hardening Steel 16MnCr5 in Laser Powder Bed Fusion JF - Metals N2 - The carbon content of steel affects many of its essential properties, e.g., hardness and mechanical strength. In the powder bed fusion process of metals using a laser beam (PBF-LB/M), usually, pre-alloyed metal powder is solidified layer-by-layer using a laser beam to create parts. A reduction of the carbon content in steels is observed during this process. This study examines adding carbon particles to the metal powder and in situ alloying in the PBF-LB/M process as a countermeasure. Suitable carbon particles are selected and their effect on the particle size distribution and homogeneity of the mixtures is analysed. The workability in PBF-LB is then shown. This is followed by an evaluation of the resulting mechanical properties (hardness and mechanical strength) and microstructure in the as-built state and the state after heat treatment. Furthermore, potential use cases like multi-material or functionally graded parts are discussed. UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/met11060896 KW - additive manufacturing KW - PBF-LB/M KW - in situ alloying KW - case-hardening steel KW - 16MnCr5 KW - gears KW - multi-material Y1 - 2021 UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/met11060896 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-10976 SN - 2075-4701 N1 - This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Additive Manufacturing of Metals VL - 11 IS - 6 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Franke, Florian A1 - Schwab, Michael A1 - Burger, Uli A1 - Hühne, Christian T1 - An analytical model to determine the impact force of drone strikes JF - CEAS Aeronautical Journal N2 - In addition to the well-known threats of bird and hail strikes, small unmanned aerial vehicles (sUAV) pose a new threat to manned aviation. Determining the severity of collisions between sUAVs and aircraft structures is essential for the safe use and integration of drones in airspace. A generic analytical calculation model needs to be developed to supplement the existing test and simulation data. This paper presents an analytic model for drone collisions with perpendicular and inclined targets. The targets have a rigid or elastic material behavior. The aircraft impact model, which is used for the design of nuclear reactor structures, is transferred and adjusted for sUAV impacts to calculate the impact force. A mass- and a burst load distribution are needed as input parameters. Both distributions are determined for an sUAV design depending on the flight direction. Compared to previous calculations, the new approach is to consider a moving target structure, which produces more realistic results. We compare the calculation results with simulation data from sUAV collisions with a commercial airliner windshield from the literature. The calculations show plausible results and a good agreement with literature data. Subsequently, the influence of the input parameters on the impact force is investigated. We see that spring stiffness, target mass, burst load distribution and damping have minor influence on the overall impact force. The impact velocity, mass distribution and flight orientation on the other hand have a major influence on the impact force. Further tests are needed to validate the impact model. UR - https://doi.org/10.1007/s13272-021-00552-4 KW - Drone collision KW - Unmanned aerial vehicle KW - Analytic approach KW - Impact force KW - Drone strike KW - Numerical calculation Y1 - 2021 UR - https://doi.org/10.1007/s13272-021-00552-4 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-16064 SN - 1869-5590 VL - 13 IS - 1 SP - 69 EP - 84 PB - Springer CY - Wien ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Werner, Melanie A1 - Ehrenwirth, Mathias A1 - Muschik, Sebastian A1 - Trinkl, Christoph A1 - Schrag, Tobias T1 - Operational experiences with a temperature-variable district heating network for a rural community JF - Chemical Engineering & Technology N2 - The potential of utilizing temperature-variable district heating systems in rural areas was investigated. A local district heating system in Germany and the related project NATAR are briefly described; measurement data is evaluated. Operational experiences with a seasonal temperature reduction and consequent advantages for different heat generation systems and heat storages are discussed. The analysis of measurement data reveals a high optimization potential for solar thermal systems in case of an integration both into a low- and a high-temperature storage. Furthermore, a combined heat-and-power plant in combination with a CO2 heat pump promises sector-coupling potential and high electricity self-consumption. UR - https://doi.org/10.1002/ceat.202100114 KW - district heating network KW - low temperature KW - sector coupling Y1 - 2021 UR - https://doi.org/10.1002/ceat.202100114 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-20824 SN - 0930-7516 VL - 46 IS - 3 SP - 482 EP - 490 PB - Wiley-VCH CY - Weinheim ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Vannahme, Anna A1 - Ehrenwirth, Mathias A1 - Schrag, Tobias T1 - Enhancement of a district heating substation as part of a low-investment optimization strategy for district heating systems JF - Resources N2 - In an ongoing project, low-investment measures for the optimization of district heating systems are analyzed. The optimization strategies are collected in a catalog, which is the core of a guideline. The application of this guideline is demonstrated using two concrete district heating networks as examples. In this study, the improvement of an analog controlled district heating substation by an electronic controller is investigated. High supply temperatures and heat losses are often a challenge in district heating networks. The district heating substations have a major influence on the network return temperatures. The comparison of the two substation setups with analog and electronic controllers is carried out by laboratory measurement. It can be shown that the return temperatures can be reduced by an average of 20 K in winter and transition, as well as 16 K in summer. The district heating network losses are calculated for one of both specific district heating networks. They are calculated from the ratio of network losses to generated energy. The generated energy is the sum of network losses and consumer demand. The thermal losses of the network can be reduced by 3%. The volume flow in the heating network can be reduced to a quarter. Therefore, the pumping energy requirement drops sharply since these changes cubically affect the volume flow UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/resources10050053 KW - district heating substation KW - control KW - optimization KW - local district heating networks KW - non-retrofitted single-family houses KW - thermal test rig Y1 - 2021 UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/resources10050053 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-10951 SN - 2079-9276 VL - 10 IS - 5 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Funk Drechsler, Maikol A1 - Fiorentin, Thiago Antonio A1 - Göllinger, Harald T1 - Actor-Critic Traction Control Based on Reinforcement Learning with Open-Loop Training JF - Modelling and Simulation in Engineering N2 - The use of actor-critic algorithms can improve the controllers currently implemented in automotive applications. This method combines reinforcement learning (RL) and neural networks to achieve the possibility of controlling nonlinear systems with real-time capabilities. Actor-critic algorithms were already applied with success in different controllers including autonomous driving, antilock braking system (ABS), and electronic stability control (ESC). However, in the current researches, virtual environments are implemented for the training process instead of using real plants to obtain the datasets. This limitation is given by trial and error methods implemented for the training process, which generates considerable risks in case the controller directly acts on the real plant. In this way, the present research proposes and evaluates an open-loop training process, which permits the data acquisition without the control interaction and an open-loop training of the neural networks. The performance of the trained controllers is evaluated by a design of experiments (DOE) to understand how it is affected by the generated dataset. The results present a successful application of open-loop training architecture. The controller can maintain the slip ratio under adequate levels during maneuvers on different floors, including grounds that are not applied during the training process. The actor neural network is also able to identify the different floors and change the acceleration profile according to the characteristics of each ground. UR - https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/4641450 Y1 - 2021 UR - https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/4641450 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-15862 SN - 1687-5605 VL - 2021 PB - Hindawi CY - New York ER - TY - THES A1 - Möckel, Nico Martin T1 - Auslegung und Prototypenbau einer Pelton-Turbine mittels FDM-Technologie für ein hydropneumatisches Energiespeicher- und Rückgewinnungssystem N2 - Diese Arbeit konzentriert sich auf die Entwicklung eines Prototypensystems bestehend aus einem Wasserreservoir, einer Pumpe und einer Turbine, wobei besonderes Augenmerk auf die Auslegung und Konstruktion der Turbine gelegt wird. Die Auswahl der Komponenten basiert auf früheren Arbeiten zu diesem System. Durch Versuchsdurchführungen wurde der Betriebspunkt der Anlage genauer bestimmt und eine entsprechend ausgelegt Pelton-Turbine konstruiert. Die Festigkeitsanalyse zeigt, dass die Turbinenschaufeln den auftretenden Belastungen standhalten. Der Prototyp des Systems erreicht eine Drehzahl von 431 1/min. Y1 - 2024 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-46919 CY - Ingolstadt ER - TY - THES A1 - Duong Quang, Duy T1 - Kennfeldmessung und Modellierung einer Inverter-geregelten Hybridwärmepumpe N2 - In Zeiten der Energiewende und der Abhängigkeit von fossilen Energieträgern beschäftigt sich diese Arbeit mit elektrischen Wärmepumpen sowie den Technologien zur Optimierung ihres Betriebs, wie beispielsweise der Leistungsregelung. Im Fokus der Untersuchung steht die Kennfeldmessung einer Inverter-gesteuerten Hybridwärmepumpe unter verschiedenen Betriebsbedingungen wie der Frequenz, Quell und Senkentemperatur. Es werden 60 Messszenarien festgelegt und für jedes Szenario nach Aufbereitung und Bereinigung der Messdaten der jeweilige COP ermittelt. Die Analyse des COPs zeigt, dass Wärmepumpen bei niedrigen Senketemperaturen optimale Betriebspunkte bei niedriger Inverter-Frequenz verzeichnen. Hingegen arbeiten die Anlagen bei hohen Senkentemperaturen am effizientesten im hohen Frequenzbereich. Aus den Messdaten wird mithilfe einer Kurvenanpassung eine polynomische Funktion abgeleitet. Das daraus entwickelte Modell bildet bei einer Quelltemperatur von 5 °C und Senkentemperatur von 30 °C den optimalen Betriebspunkt bei 25 % Inverter-Frequenz mit einem COP von 5,5 ab. Hierbei liegt unter diesen Bedingung bei 100 % der niedrigste COP von 4,5 vor. Als direktes Gegenbeispiel dazu, liegt bei 5 °C Sole, 50 °C Senke und 100 % Inverter-Frequenz die höchste Effizienz mit einem COP von 3 vor, während bei 25 % der niedrigste COP von etwa 2,3 abgebildet wird. Trotz methodischen Abweichungen an der orientierten Norm DIN EN 14511-2, erweist das mathematische Modell mit einem R2-Score von 0,97 eine gute Übereinstimmung mit den Messdaten auf. Y1 - 2024 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-45950 CY - Ingolstadt ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kiehl, Maximilian A1 - Scheid, Adriano A1 - Graf, Karin A1 - Ernst, Benedikt A1 - Tetzlaff, Ulrich T1 - Coaxial Laser Cladding of Cobalt-Base Alloy Stellite™ 6 on Grey Cast Iron Analysis of the Microstructural and Mechanical Properties Depending on the Laser Power JF - Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance N2 - A high-power diode laser was used to generate single- and multi-bead coatings of Stellite™ 6 by coaxial laser cladding over flat grey cast iron (EN-GJLP-200) as a preliminary study to develop a wear and corrosion resistant coating for brake disks on a cost-effective substrate. In this article, we have focused on a detailed quantitative analysis of the effect of different laser powers (1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5, and 4.0 kW) on the bead geometry, dilution, microstructure, and hardness. Coatings dilution or composition depends directly on the laser power as well as bead geometry. The typical microstructure of the coatings comprises a solid solution of α (hcp)- and β (fcc)-Co with a dendritic structure as a metal matrix and an interdendritic lamellar eutectic, which contains predominantly β-Co, chromium carbides Cr7C3 and Cr23C6 as well as blocky tungsten carbide W2C. Coating hardness depends on the chemical composition and microstructure that is modified by the deposition parameters. Low laser power results in high carbide fraction and most refined microstructures, accounting for harder coatings. UR - https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-022-07358-3 KW - bead geometry KW - grey cast iron KW - hardness KW - laser power KW - microstructure KW - Stellite 6™ Y1 - 2022 UR - https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-022-07358-3 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-31249 SN - 1544-1024 SN - 1059-9495 VL - 32 IS - 8 SP - 3821 EP - 3838 PB - Springer CY - New York ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Besner, Rebekka A1 - Mehta, Kedar A1 - Zörner, Wilfried T1 - How to Enhance Energy Services in Informal Settlements? BT - Qualitative Comparison of Renewable Energy Solutions JF - Energies N2 - More than half of the urban population of Sub-Saharan Africa lives in informal housing conditions. While urban areas are, in general, characterized by a high electrification rate, residents of informal settlements are still affected by energy poverty, the use of traditional energy sources and unreliable electricity supply. The aim of the study is to give an overview of different renewable-energybased solutions which are able to improve local energy provision. These are Solar Home Systems, Mini-Grids, and Energy-Hubs. The technologies are compared to another option for improving energy supply, namely Grid Expansion. The analysis is based on 24 Key Performance Indicators, which can be classified into technical, economic, environmental, social, and political dimensions. The selection of indicators is based on the challenges prevalent in informal settlements that impede a comprehensive, sustainable energy supply. The literature-based indices are used to determine which of the four technologies is a suitable solution for minimizing the challenges prevailing in informal settlements. The resulting matrix provides a holistic comparison and serves as a decision aid in selecting the appropriate technology for future projects in informal settlements, depending on local conditions and the needs of the population. The results show that the Energy-Hub is a valid alternative for energy supply improvement in Informal Settlements. UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/en16124687 KW - informal settlements KW - energy access KW - Sub-Saharan Africa KW - Energy-Hub KW - Mini-Grid Y1 - 2023 UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/en16124687 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-37319 SN - 1996-1073 VL - 16 IS - 12 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kaminski Küster, Kristie A1 - Daniel, Gebbran A1 - Aoki, Alexandre Rasi A1 - Lambert-Torres, Germano A1 - Navarro Gevers, Daniel A1 - Impinnisi, Patricio A1 - da Silva Pinto, Cleverson Luiz T1 - Adoption of Local Peer-to-Peer Energy Markets: Technical and Economical Perspectives for Utilities JF - Energies N2 - Peer-to-peer (P2P) energy markets constitute a promising approach for locally coordinating the increasing amount of distributed energy resources (DERs) in the distribution system. Although the benefits of P2P markets for the prosumers are already well understood, their impact on utilities is not well discussed nor well understood. This hinders the development of regulatory frameworks, which are still needed to allow for the widespread adoption of decentralized energy markets in any interested country. So far, research has been conducted in specific isolated aspects, making it difficult to understand the overall implications for utilities. The present study aims to tackle this research gap by comprehensively evaluating P2P markets’ effects, considering utilities as primary stakeholders. A qualitative roadmap with the overall benefits and challenges of adopting P2P by utilities is outlined to reach this purpose. Technical and economic criteria are assigned for comparing a P2P market to the current regulatory framework. Each criterion is evaluated in a co-simulation platform connecting a market model to a power flow model. Market performance is assessed by revenue analysis, and grid operation indicators evaluate grid performance. Furthermore, network fees are introduced as compensation mechanisms for the net revenue loss. Comparison scenarios encompass network fees and the number of agents, PV, and storage penetration. Results demonstrate that there is no possible benefit for both utilities and prosumers simultaneously if looking exclusively at the financial balance of the market. An equilibrium in benefits for all stakeholders is achievable if non-financial metrics are considered in an integrated market and fee structure analysis. Moreover, results demonstrate that the design of market structures must be sensitive to network configurations and DER penetration changes. This study contributes toward comprehending how the utilities could embrace P2P markets as a feasible solution for grid coordination challenges, opening a new set of questions for further research. UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/en16052364 KW - co-simulation KW - distributed energy resources KW - impact analysis KW - local energy markets KW - microgrids KW - peer-to-peer energy trading Y1 - 2023 UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/en16052364 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-32304 SN - 1996-1073 VL - 16 IS - 5 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Igiligi, Anthony A1 - Vielhauer, Armin A1 - Ehrenwirth, Mathias A1 - Hurm, Christian A1 - Summ, Thorsten A1 - Trinkl, Christoph A1 - Navarro Gevers, Daniel T1 - Assessment of Conservation Voltage Reduction in Distribution Networks with Voltage Regulating Distribution Transformers JF - Energies N2 - The application of voltage reduction in medium and low voltage grids to reduce peak power demand or energy consumption has been implemented since the 1980s using several approaches. Conservation Voltage Reduction (CVR), as one such approach, uses a voltage control device to reduce or increase the voltage setpoint on a busbar, thereby reducing or increasing the amount of active and reactive power supply in the network. Voltage regulation for CVR is always implemented according to established network planning standards in each country. Research in this field has proven that a CVR factor (CVRf) of 0.7–1.5 for peak demand reduction can be achieved. This is an evaluation metric of CVR. The aim of this research is to determine and validate CVRf for peak demand reduction by comparing actual results obtained during regular tap changes with other randomly distributed periods outside tap change operations, using a set of measurement data. It is important to understand CVR deployment capability by evaluating CVR potentials from historical random tap operations before a robust network-wide deployment is introduced. This research provides such guidance. It also provides a novel approach to determining tap changes from voltage measurements using a time-based algorithm. A CVRf ranging from 0.95 to 1.61 was estimated using a measurement dataset from a test field. The result of the entire evaluation shows that the CVRf are smaller during peak PV production and greater during peak demand periods. Further evaluation using statistical hypotheses testing and a control chart was used to validate the evaluation. UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/en16073155 KW - conservation voltage reduction KW - peak power KW - tap change KW - voltage regulating distribution transformers Y1 - 2023 UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/en16073155 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-33449 SN - 1996-1073 VL - 16 IS - 7 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - El Makroum, Reda A1 - Khallaayoun, Ahmed A1 - Lghoul, Rachid A1 - Mehta, Kedar A1 - Zörner, Wilfried T1 - Home Energy Management System Based on Genetic Algorithm for Load Scheduling: A Case Study Based on Real Life Consumption Data JF - Energies N2 - This paper proposes a home energy management system able to achieve optimized load scheduling for the operation of appliances within a given household. The system, based on the genetic algorithm, provides recommendations for the user to improve the way the energy needs of the home are handled. These recommendations not only take into account the dynamic pricing of electricity, but also the optimization for solar energy usage as well as user comfort. Historical data regarding the times at which the appliances have been used is leveraged through a statistical method to integrate the user’s preference into the algorithm. Based on real life appliance consumption data collected from a household in Morocco, three scenarios are established to assess the performance of the proposed system with each scenario having different parameters. Running the scenarios on the developed MATLAB script shows a cost saving of up to 63.48% as compared to a base scenario for a specific day. These results demonstrate that significant cost saving can be achieved while maintaining user comfort. The addition of supplementary shiftable loads (i.e., an electric vehicle) to the household as well as the limitations of such home energy management systems are discussed. The main contribution of this paper is the real data and including the user comfort as a metric in in the home energy management scheme. UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/en16062698 KW - home energy management KW - load scheduling KW - genetic algorithm KW - user comfort Y1 - 2023 UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/en16062698 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-32284 SN - 1996-1073 VL - 16 IS - 6 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Vannahme, Anna A1 - Busch, Jonas A1 - Ehrenwirth, Mathias A1 - Schrag, Tobias T1 - Experimental Study of District Heating Substations in a Hardware-in-the-Loop Test Rig JF - Resources N2 - This study compares two district heating substation systems for implementation in rural district heating networks with non-retrofitted single- and two-family houses. The aim is to determine which system has the potential to provide lower return temperatures and/or lower power peak demand. A hardware-in-the-loop-test rig was utilized to measure the two district heating substations under real operation conditions. This experimental study demonstrates that load balancing of the district heating network is attainable with the district heating substation with storage. This is especially advantageous when there is a high demand for domestic hot water. Overall, both systems yield comparable return temperatures. UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/resources12040043 KW - district heating substation KW - local district heating network KW - non-retrofitted single- and two-family-houses KW - thermal hardware-in-the-loop test rig Y1 - 2023 UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/resources12040043 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-33382 SN - 2079-9276 VL - 12 IS - 4 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kubaschinski, Paul A1 - Gottwalt, Albin A1 - Tetzlaff, Ulrich A1 - Altenbach, Holm A1 - Waltz, Manuela T1 - Modelling and simulation of the hardness profile and its effect on the stress‐strain behaviour of punched electrical steel sheets T1 - Modellierung und Simulation des Härteprofils und dessen Einfluss auf das Spannungs-Dehnungs-Verhalten gestanzter Elektrobleche JF - Materials Science & Engineering Technology N2 - The shear cutting of electrical steel sheets has a significant influence on the magnetic and mechanical material properties. Due to plastic deformation and strain hardening in the area of the punched edge, the electrical steel sheets exhibit a characteristic hardness profile. This study deals with the modelling of the resulting hardness profile by means of finite-element simulations. Elastic-plastic material properties are obtained from spherical nanoindentation testing as a function of the local hardness. In particular, representative stress-strain values are determined by applying Tabor's concept of indentation stress-strain curves. The choice of the appropriate stress- and strain-constraint factors is discussed with respect to the nanoindentation test setup used. Following this, the representative stress-strain values are analytically described to determine true stress-strain curves for the local assignment of different material models depending on the hardness. The implementation of the modelling approach in a finite-element simulation is presented for a punched electrical steel sheet specimen under monotonic loading. The simulation results are basically in good agreement with experimental data and confirm the expected influence on the mechanical material behaviour due to the shear cutting process. N2 - Scherschneiden hat einen wesentlichen Einfluss auf die magnetischen und mechanischen Werkstoffeigenschaften von Elektroblech. Aufgrund plastischer Verformung und Kaltverfestigung im Bereich der Stanzkante weisen Elektroblechschnitte ein charakteristisches Härteprofil auf. Dieses wird in der vorliegenden Arbeit im Rahmen von Finite-Elemente-Simulationen modelliert. Elastisch-plastische Materialeigenschaften werden durch Nanoindentierung mit kugelförmigem Prüfkörper als Funktion der lokalen Härte ermittelt. Dabei handelt es sich um repräsentative Spannungs-Dehnungs- Werte, die sich mithilfe Tabors Konzept aus dem Eindruckversuch bestimmen lassen. Die Wahl geeigneter Spannungs- und Dehnungsproportionalitätsfaktoren wird unter Berücksichtigung des verwendeten Prüfaufbaus diskutiert. Im Anschluss daran erfolgt die analytische Beschreibung der repräsentativen Spannungs-Dehnungs-Werte zur Bestimmung wahrer Spannungs-Dehnungs-Kurven, die basierend auf dem zugehörigen Härtewert zur Zuweisung lokal unterschiedlicher Materialmodelle herangezogen werden. Die Umsetzung des Modellierungsansatzes geschieht für eine gestanzte Elektroblechprobe unter monotoner Beanspruchung. Der Vergleich der Simulationsergebnisse mit experimentellen Daten zeigt grundsätzlich eine gute Übereinstimmung und bestätigt den erwarteten Einfluss des Scherschneidens auf das mechanische Werkstoffverhalten. UR - https://doi.org/10.1002/mawe.202200283 KW - electrical steel KW - hardness distribution KW - material modelling KW - nanoindentation KW - punched edge KW - Elektroblech KW - Härteverteilung KW - Materialmodellierung KW - Nanoindentierung KW - Stanzkante Y1 - 2023 UR - https://doi.org/10.1002/mawe.202200283 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-38333 SN - 0933-5137 VL - 54 IS - 4 SP - 512 EP - 526 PB - Wiley CY - Weinheim ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Handwerker, Michael A1 - Kessler, Jörg A1 - Marzbani, Hormoz A1 - Tetzlaff, Ulrich T1 - Pressure and heat treatment of continuous fibre reinforced thermoplastics produced by fused filament fabrication JF - Progress in Additive Manufacturing N2 - Fused filament fabrication allows for the additive manufacturing of complex geometries without requiring moulds. However, due to large air voids and poor layer adhesion, the mechanical properties of parts manufactured using fused filament fabrication lag behind those of parts manufactured using conventional techniques. A previous study found that the tensile strength and Young’s modulus of such parts could be increased by a heat-treatment process. However, large air voids were still present after annealing. This study, therefore, investigates the influence of a post-pressure-treatment process on the mechanical performance and the air void ratio of continuous glass fibre-reinforced polyamide 6 in the directions perpendicular to the fibres. Without the treatment, Young’s modulus on the plane parallel to the printing bed is eight times higher than Young’s modulus perpendicular to it. Annealing at 1 MPa homogenises the material and leads to a significant increase of both the tensile strength (55 MPa) and Young’s modulus (5 GPa). Increasing the pressure to 3 MPa only slightly increases the mechanical performance, whereas a further increase to 6 MPa causes no significant changes. UR - https://doi.org/10.1007/s40964-022-00315-5 KW - Pressure treatment KW - Fused filament fabrication KW - Continuous glass fibre KW - Polyamide 6 Y1 - 2022 UR - https://doi.org/10.1007/s40964-022-00315-5 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-31239 SN - 2363-9520 SN - 2363-9512 VL - 8 IS - 2 SP - 99 EP - 116 PB - Springer CY - Cham ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Reiter, Christoph A1 - Brandmayr, Sebastian A1 - Trinkl, Christoph A1 - Zörner, Wilfried A1 - Hanby, Victor Ian T1 - Performance Optimisation of Polymeric Collectors by Means of Dynamic Simulation and Sensitivity Analysis JF - Energy Procedia N2 - A dynamic flat-plate collector model for parametric sensitivity studies on polymer-based collector designs was developed. Validation using experimental results of conventional flat-plate collectors showed satisfying results especially regarding the calculation of individual part temperatures of a collector. The model was used to predict system efficiency as well as individual part temperatures in order to analyse a polymeric collector approach in comparison to a conventional collector. The simulation results showed that the fractional energy savings of systems with conventional flat-plate collectors cannot be reached with the analysed polymeric collector approach. Also the stagnation temperatures of more efficient approaches are too high for low-cost polymeric materials. The exemplary analysis of annual temperature loads of the backside insulation for different approaches proved the necessity of careful collector design aiming at temperature reduction for all individual collector parts. UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2014.02.023 KW - mathematical model KW - simulation KW - flat-plate collector KW - collector efficiency KW - stagnation temperature KW - polymeric materials Y1 - 2014 UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2014.02.023 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-23625 SN - 1876-6102 N1 - Part of special issue: "Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Solar Heating and Cooling for Buildings and Industry (SHC 2013)" VL - 2014 IS - 48 SP - 181 EP - 191 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Reisinger, Ellen A1 - Meintrup, David A1 - Oliver, Dominik A1 - Fakler, Bernd T1 - Gene expression associated with the onset of hearing detected by differential display in rat organ of Corti JF - European Journal of Human Genetics UR - https://doi.org/10.1038/ejhg.2010.111 KW - deafness genes KW - hair cells KW - quantitative real-time PCR KW - deafness loci KW - hair cell differentiation Y1 - 2010 UR - https://doi.org/10.1038/ejhg.2010.111 SN - 1018-4813 SN - 1476-5438 VL - 18 IS - 12 SP - 1327 EP - 1332 PB - Springer Nature CY - London ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Mehta, Kedar A1 - Zörner, Wilfried T1 - Cracking the code: mapping residential building energy performance in rural Central Asia through building typologies JF - SN Applied Sciences N2 - AbstractBuildings in rural Central Asia have unique characteristics as they were built during the Soviet era (during 1950–1960) without any energy efficiency measures. The special and aged building stock pose a crucial challenge on energy security and energy supply. However, accurate scientific data on their energy usage is lacking, highlighting a research gap about robust and validated methodology to determine the energy use of rural Central Asian buildings. In response to this need, this research paper proposes a set of generalised residential building typologies for rural Central Asia, with a focus on Kyrgyzstan. The study combines quantitative and qualitative methods, including household surveys, energy demand modelling, EnergyPlus simulations, and result validation. It derives energy-based building typologies from construction year and building envelope characteristics. Through numerous validated simulations, it was identified that the heat demand for rural Kyrgyz houses is 3–5 times here compared to European houses (250–400 kWh/m2). The study revealed the estimated heat demand for homes in rural Kyrgyzstan, indicating a significant potential for improving building energy efficiency in the region. These results can inform specific approaches, such as building renovation plans, energy certification, and renovation strategies. Furthermore, the validated methodology introduced offers opportunities for researchers in the field of building energy efficiency and can be applied to similar regions in Central Asia with comparable building stocks and climates. UR - https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-023-05607-1 Y1 - 2023 UR - https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-023-05607-1 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-41536 SN - 2523-3971 VL - 5 IS - 12 PB - Springer Nature CY - Cham ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Summ, Thorsten A1 - Oyinlola, Muyiwa A1 - Khattak, Sanober A1 - Trinkl, Christoph A1 - Zörner, Wilfried T1 - Statistical analysis of solar thermal collectors in the Solar Keymark Database JF - Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments N2 - Experimental, analytical, or numerical investigations are ordinarily conducted to reveal optimisation potential for solar thermal collectors. At the same time, the ‘Solar Keymark Database’ contains more than 2,000 test reports from certified laboratories featuring properties including thermal efficiency, dimensions, or optical properties. This dataset offers untapped potential for statistical analyses as an alternative optimisation approach. Hence, this paper aims to provide a) the first statistical findings of solar thermal collector properties listed in the Solar Keymark Database and b) insights into statistical relations between these properties. The key correlations observed from the analysis of flat-plate collectors were between efficiency and both gross height (R = 0.30) and gross area (R = 0.27). We concluded that preferable collector designs may be featured with larger area to height ratios. The analyses of evacuated tube collectors revealed a strong correlation between efficiency and transversal incidence angle modifier (R = -0.65) as a result from different tube spacing. It was noticeable that the quasi-dynamic test method reported significantly higher efficiencies (7.14 percentage points) for evacuated tube collectors, which should be carefully considered for future test procedures. Overall, the statistical analysis was in accordance with conventional bottom-up analyses and revealed insightful dependencies for the present collector data. UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seta.2023.103581 Y1 - 2023 UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seta.2023.103581 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-43981 SN - 2213-1396 VL - 2024 IS - 61 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Summ, Thorsten A1 - Ehrenwirth, Mathias A1 - Trinkl, Christoph A1 - Zörner, Wilfried A1 - Pischow, Kaj A1 - Greenough, Richard A1 - Oyinlola, Muyiwa T1 - Effect of argon concentration on thermal efficiency of gas-filled insulating glass flat-plate collectors JF - Applied Thermal Engineering N2 - Insulating glass flat-plate collectors can save cost by being produced quickly and automatically in insulated glass production facilities, and they can be filled with argon to reduce heat loss. During its lifetime, the collector is likely to lose argon because of gradual material degradation of the sealing. However, information on the influence of the argon concentration on the collector efficiency is limited. Therefore, the objective of this research work was to analyse this effect. A theoretical material property calculation of argon-air mixtures was carried out to determine the convective losses with variable argon concentrations. Thermal collector performance was measured experimentally using an outdoor solar tracker test rig. The results strongly suggest, that the influence of argon concentration on both the convective losses and the thermal efficiency is non-linear. The measurements revealed that an argon concentration of 90 % can increase average thermal performance by 6.7 ± 4.8 percentage points. An increase in argon concentration from 0 % to 50 % has almost twice the effect on average thermal efficiency as an increase from 50 % to 90 %. Concluding from these results, an argon leakage threshold of 2.5 percentage points per year is proposed to avoid disproportionate loss of efficiency over time. UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2023.120657 KW - Insulating glass KW - Flat-plate collector KW - Argon KW - Gas concentration KW - Efficiency measurement KW - Convective heat transfer Y1 - 2023 UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2023.120657 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-37875 SN - 1873-5606 SN - 1359-4311 VL - 2023 IS - 230, Part A PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Mehta, Kedar A1 - Ehrenwirth, Mathias A1 - Zörner, Wilfried A1 - Greenough, Richard T1 - Need of energy transition at roof of the world BT - Correlative approach to interpret energy identity of high-altitude Central Asian communities JF - Energy for Sustainable Development UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esd.2023.101271 Y1 - 2023 UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esd.2023.101271 SN - 2352-4669 SN - 0973-0826 VL - 2023 IS - 76 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Lemos, Georges A1 - Fredel, Márcio Celso A1 - Pyczak, Florian A1 - Tetzlaff, Ulrich T1 - Creep resistance improvement of a polycrystalline Ni-based superalloy via TiC particles reinforcement JF - Materials Science and Engineering: A UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2022.143821 Y1 - 2022 UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2022.143821 SN - 1873-4936 SN - 0921-5093 VL - 2022 IS - 854 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bazzi, Ahmed A1 - El Hafdaoui, Hamza A1 - Khallaayoun, Ahmed A1 - Mehta, Kedar A1 - Ouazzani, Kamar A1 - Zörner, Wilfried T1 - Optimization Model of Hybrid Renewable Energy Generation for Electric Bus Charging Stations JF - Energies N2 - This paper introduces a comprehensive approach for sizing grid-connected hybrid renewable energy systems tailored for electric bus fleet operations. The study involves two main steps. First, a mathematical model that optimizes the configuration of such systems by considering daily electric bus consumption, solar irradiance, wind speed, and biomass potential is formulated. The model utilizes Pareto frontier multi-objective optimization to minimize the net present cost, the cost of energy, and greenhouse gas emissions. Second, the model is rigorously applied and tested in a real-world case study in Fez, Morocco, using HOMER Pro; the case study centers on the daily energy requirements of the buses, estimated at 2.5 megawatt hours per day, with a peak demand of 345 kilowatts. Two scenarios are explored, revealing a discernible trade-off dilemma between the full hybrid renewable energy scenario (Scenario 1) and the grid-connected hybrid renewable energy scenario (Scenario 2). In Scenario 2, the grid-connected hybrid renewable energy system demonstrates a notable 42.8% reduction in the net present cost, totaling USD 984,624. Similarly, the levelized cost of energy experiences a significant decrease, reaching approximately 0.08 USD/kWh, marking a 38.1% reduction. However, this apparent economic advantage is juxtaposed with a critical consideration—an increase in greenhouse gas emissions from null to 330,418 kg/year. UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/en17010053 KW - electric buses KW - HOMER KW - on-site renewable energy generation KW - sustainable transport KW - hybrid renewable energy generation KW - grid-connected renewable energy system KW - electric bus charging station Y1 - 2023 UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/en17010053 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-47109 SN - 1996-1073 VL - 17 IS - 1 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Bschorer, Sabine A1 - Költzsch, Konrad T1 - Bernoulli’sche Gleichung für stationäre Strömung T2 - Technische Strömungslehre: mit 262 Aufgaben und 31 Beispielen UR - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-30407-2_2 Y1 - 2021 UR - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-30407-2_2 SN - 978-3-658-30407-2 SN - 978-3-658-30406-5 SP - 35 EP - 77 PB - Springer Vieweg CY - Wiesbaden ET - 12., überarbeitete und ergänzte Auflage ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ernst, Benedikt A1 - Keim, Simon A1 - Tetzlaff, Ulrich T1 - On the anisotropic indentation modulus and anisotropic creep behavior of β-Sn characterized by nanoindentation methods JF - Materials Science and Engineering: A UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2022.143392 Y1 - 2022 UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2022.143392 SN - 1873-4936 SN - 0921-5093 VL - 2022 IS - 848 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Müller, Holger A1 - Brandmayr, Sebastian A1 - Zörner, Wilfried T1 - Development of an evaluation methodology for the potential of solar-thermal energy use in the food industry JF - Energy Procedia N2 - The research project ‘Solar Heat in the Liquid Food Industry’ (part of the FORETA Research Network) focused on the development and optimisation of low-temperature heating systems for the liquid food industry. Its main objectives are in energy efficiency, waste heat recovery and the feasibility of a solar-thermal process heating system. Based on the particular simulation results the overall solar-thermal potentials for German breweries and dairies were determined. In this connection a literature review indicated that most of the potential studies on solar-thermal energy use in the industry or related to specific industrial sectors are based on the total use of low-temperature heat. In opposition to these results, the available and mainly limited roof area was found to be a more important aspect for the solar-thermal potential. Hence, the development of a methodology for a site- specific analysis was necessary. The interconnection of only a few defined evaluation criteria resulted in a more realistic estimation of the potential for a solar-thermal heat supply. UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2014.02.135 KW - solar-thermal process heat KW - solar-thermal potential KW - food industry Y1 - 2014 UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2014.02.135 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-23955 SN - 1876-6102 N1 - Part of special issue: "Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Solar Heating and Cooling for Buildings and Industry (SHC 2013)" VL - 214 IS - 48 SP - 1194 EP - 1201 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Mast, Tanja A1 - Hümmer, Benedikt A1 - Holzhammer, Uwe T1 - Smart Markets als marktbasierte Ergänzung zum deutschen Engpassmanagement BT - Konzeptionierung anhand eines Modellbeispiels T2 - 17. Symposium Energieinnovation KW - netzdienliche Flexibilität KW - marktbasiertes Engpassmanagement KW - Smart Market Y1 - 2022 UR - https://www.tugraz.at/events/eninnov2022/nachlese/download-beitraege/stream-a/#c318498 PB - Technische Universität Graz CY - Graz ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Vannahme, Anna A1 - Ehrenwirth, Mathias A1 - Schrag, Tobias T1 - Development and application of a guideline for assessing optimization potentials for district heating systems JF - Energy N2 - Integrating renewable energies into district heating systems has a large potential to reduce CO2-emissions in the heating sector. As district heating systems offer the possibility of incorporating renewable energies into the heat supply, new systems have to be built and the existing networks must be maintained. This study investigates ways to optimize existing district heating systems in order to ensure economic sustainability in the long-term. Previous case studies have elaborated on a variety of optimization measures. However, to date, these measures have neither been collected nor consistently assessed for a wider application range. Therefore, in the study presented here a system for assessing the ecological and economic benefits of optimization measures was developed and applied. The assessment method utilized showed that optimization of district heating consumer substations and adding of a central buffer storage tank has a high optimization potential in comparison to intermittent operation strategy, which has a significantly lower optimization potential. From this information and the transferability data, a district heating operator can determine which optimization measure should be prioritized, which is shown at the end of the paper on an example case. UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2024.131226 Y1 - 2024 UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2024.131226 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-47196 SN - 1873-6785 SN - 0360-5442 VL - 2024 IS - 297 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Amaral, Janaína R. A1 - Fiorentin, Thiago Antonio A1 - Göllinger, Harald T1 - Improvement of vehicle stability using a controller based on reinforcement learning JF - International Journal of Vehicle Systems Modelling and Testing (IJVSMT) UR - https://dx.doi.org/10.1504/IJVSMT.2020.111677 KW - torque vectoring KW - neural fitted Q iteration KW - vehicle stability KW - vehicle handling KW - CarMaker KW - sideslip angle Y1 - 2020 UR - https://dx.doi.org/10.1504/IJVSMT.2020.111677 SN - 1745-6436 SN - 1745-6444 VL - 14 IS - 2-3 SP - 97 EP - 112 PB - Inderscience CY - Genf ER - TY - JOUR A1 - de Souza Pinto Pereira, Adriano A1 - Gutjahr, Jhonattan A1 - Pereira, Milton A1 - Tetzlaff, Ulrich A1 - Fredel, Márcio Celso T1 - Processability of thin-powdered Inconel X750 and TiC metal matrix composite by laser-directed energy deposition JF - Journal of Laser Applications UR - https://doi.org/10.2351/7.0001134 KW - metal matrix composites KW - directed energy deposition KW - laser materials processing KW - Ni-base superalloys KW - particle reinforcement KW - microstructural characterization Y1 - 2023 UR - https://doi.org/10.2351/7.0001134 SN - 1042-346X SN - 1938-1387 N1 - Paper published as part of the special topic on Proceedings of the International Congress of Applications of Lasers & Electro-Optics 2023 VL - 35 IS - 4 PB - LIA CY - Orlando ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bachseitz, Michael A1 - Sheryar, Muhammad A1 - Schmitt, David A1 - Summ, Thorsten A1 - Trinkl, Christoph A1 - Zörner, Wilfried T1 - PV-Optimized Heat Pump Control in Multi-Family Buildings Using a Reinforcement Learning Approach JF - Energies N2 - For the energy transition in the residential sector, heat pumps are a core technology for decarbonizing thermal energy production for space heating and domestic hot water. Electricity generation from on-site photovoltaic (PV) systems can also contribute to a carbon-neutral building stock. However, both will increase the stress on the electricity grid. This can be reduced by using appropriate control strategies to match electricity consumption and production. In recent years, artificial intelligence-based approaches such as reinforcement learning (RL) have become increasingly popular for energy-system management. However, the literature shows a lack of investigation of RL-based controllers for multi-family building energy systems, including an air source heat pump, thermal storage, and a PV system, although this is a common system configuration. Therefore, in this study, a model of such an energy system and RL-based controllers were developed and simulated with physical models and compared with conventional rule-based approaches. Four RL algorithms were investigated for two objectives, and finally, the soft actor–critic algorithm was selected for the annual simulations. The first objective, to maintain only the required temperatures in the thermal storage, could be achieved by the developed RL agent. However, the second objective, to additionally improve the PV self-consumption, was better achieved by the rule-based controller. Therefore, further research on the reward function, hyperparameters, and advanced methods, including long short-term memory layers, as well as a training for longer time periods than six days are suggested. UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/en17081908 KW - reinforcement learning KW - PV-optimization KW - heat pump KW - multi-family building KW - energy-management system Y1 - 2024 UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/en17081908 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-47361 SN - 1996-1073 VL - 17 IS - 8 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - THES A1 - Bock, Marcel T1 - Experimentelle und numerische Studie des Kollisionsverhaltens von Insekten in Abhängigkeit der Geschwindigkeit bei Straßenfahrzeugen N2 - Diese Arbeit umfasst Windkanalmessungen und numerische Simulationen zum Kollisionsverhalten von Insekten mit Fahrzeugen. Dabei werden unter anderem die Einflüsse von Fahrzeuggeschwindigkeit, Insektenmasse und Fahrzeugaerodynamik bewertet. Um Tierversuche mit Insekten durchführen zu können, wird zunächst aufgezeigt, dass die gesetzlichen Vorgaben eingehalten werden. Ferner wird ein gesetzlich konformer Ablauf definiert, wie die erforderlichen Experimente durchzuführen sind. Als Insekten kommen Goldfliegen (Lucilia sericata) zum Einsatz. Die geplanten Kraftmessungen am Insekt werden mittels einer eigens entwickelten Einkomponentenwaage durchgeführt und vorab an einer zylindrischen Scheibe validiert. In zwei Versuchsreihen werden Flugfähigkeit und Flügelstellung in Abhängigkeit der Geschwindigkeit untersucht. Genannt seien zwei Ergebnisse: Erstens, es existiert eine kritische Grenzgeschwindigkeit, ab der die untersuchten Insekten nicht mehr flugfähig sind. Zweitens, der Verformungswinkel der Flügel steigt erwartungsgemäß mit zunehmender Geschwindigkeit. In der numerischen Studie wird ein Modell zur Simulation der Insektenkollision mit einem Fahrzeug aufgebaut, in dem Insekten als kugelförmige Partikel vereinfacht betrachtet werden. Für die Untersuchung der Insektenkollision werden zwei Fahrzeuggeometrien entwickelt: ein generisches Modell eines Geländewagens und eine aerodynamisch optimierte Version dessen. Das Kollisionsverhalten wird für jede Geometrie mit zwei unterschiedlichen Insekten- bzw. Partikelmassen untersucht. Bei den in dieser Arbeit gewählten Geometrien und Insektenmassen ergeben sich unter anderem folgende Erkenntnisse: Grundsätzlich kann ein Insekt nur dann mit einem Fahrzeug kollidieren, wenn es sich innerhalb der Projektionsfläche stromauf des Fahrzeuges befindet. Innerhalb dieses Bereiches wiederum existieren Startpositionen (beispielsweise auf der Staupunktstromlinie, was ca. der Höhe des Kennzeichenträgers entspricht), bei denen die Insekten unabhängig von Masse und Fahrzeuggeometrie sicher kollidieren werden. Weiterhin gibt es Bereiche der Fahrzeuggeometrie, an denen das Kollisionsverhalten deutlich von der Aerodynamik des Fahrzeugs beeinflusst wird. Der Einfluss der Insektenmasse ist unter den gewählten Bedingungen gering. Y1 - 2021 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-7852 CY - Ingolstadt ER - TY - THES A1 - Durst, Sebastian Fred T1 - Entwicklung einer nutzerfreundlichen Applikation zur Simulation und wirtschaftlichen Analyse von Off-Grid-Systemen sowie der Berechnung von alternativen Systemvarianten N2 - Weltweit haben fast 800 Millionen Menschen keinen gesicherten Zugang zu Elektrizität. Besonders in Entwicklungsländern hat die ländliche Bevölkerung mit dieser Problematik zu kämpfen, die eine Vielzahl an negativen Auswirkungen mit sich bringt. Um abgelegene Dörfer, Siedlungen oder kleine Städte mit Strom zu versorgen, sind Off-Grid-Systeme (Mini-Grid) bzw. sogenannte Inselnetzsysteme verwendet. Für die Planung eines solchen Systems werden allerdings Spezialisten benötigt, die das notwendige Fachwissen besitzen müssen, ein Mini-Grid-System mit der erforderlichen Simulationssoftware auszulegen und zu berechnen. Damit auch Personen ohne Fachkenntnis eine Simulation und Wirtschaftlichkeitsberechnung eines hybriden Off-Grid-Systems durchführen können, wird im Rahmen dieser Bachelorarbeit eine be-sonders nutzerfreundliche Applikation entwickelt, die dies ermöglicht. Die Applikation wird durch die von MATLAB angebotene interaktive Entwicklungsumgebung MATLAB App Designer erstellt und basiert auf einem Simulationsmodell eines hybriden Off-Grid-Systems, bestehend aus einem Photovoltaik- und Dieselgenerator, Photovoltaik- und Batterie-Wechselrichter und einem Batteriespeicher in Simulink. Das Simulationsmodell bildet das fundamentale Konstrukt des Systems, an dem der Anwender nichts verändern kann. Jedoch können die verschiedenen Systemkomponenten parametrisiert werden, wofür dem Anwender eine Vielzahl an Unterstützungsrechnungen zur Verfügung gestellt werden. Um eine Aussage über die Ökonomie des Systems zu treffen, werden sowohl die Stromgestehungskosten für die Photovoltaikanlage, dem Dieselgenerator und des Gesamtsystems als auch die Gesamtkosten der eingegebenen Systemvariante für einen definierten Betrachtungszeitraum berechnet. Hierfür wird zum einen die Kapitalwertmethode für die Berechnung der Stromgestehungskosten und zum anderen die Annuitätenmethode für die Wirtschaftlichkeitsanalyse des Gesamtsystems verwendet. Die Ergebnisse können entweder direkt in der App ausgegeben oder als Excel-Datei abgespeichert werden. Sie stellen einen groben Überblick der technischen Daten sowie der anfallenden Kosten dar und dienen damit bereits zur frühzeitig eine erste Einschätzung, ob die Planung der Systemvariante an dem gewünschten Ort technisch und wirtschaftlich rentabel erscheint. Zusätzlich können mit der Applikation alternative Systemvarianten berechnet und die Ergebnisse miteinander verglichen werden. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wird ein bestehendes Mini-Grid in Tsumkwe, einer Siedlung in Namibia, mithilfe der entwickelten App nachgebildet. Zur Validierung der Ergebnisse wird die kommerzielle Software PV*SOL verwendet. Ein Vergleich der Ergebnisse beider Programme zeigt, dass diese einander sehr ähnlich sind und somit die Funktionalität der App nachgewiesen ist. Darüber hinaus werden beide Programme anhand verschiedener Bewertungskriterien miteinander verglichen und bewertet. Dadurch wird verdeutlicht, was die Stärken aber auch Schwächen der jeweiligen Software sind. Insgesamt schneidet die entwickelte Applikation bei diesem Vergleich aufgrund ihrer hohen Flexibilität und kurzen Simulationsdauer überwiegend positiv ab. Y1 - 2021 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-7934 CY - Ingolstadt ER - TY - GEN A1 - Krämer, Wolfgang ED - Der Präsident der Technischen Hochschule Ingolstadt, T1 - LabVIEW-Simulationsprogramme und Fallstudien zur modellprädiktiven Regelung N2 - Es werden LabVIEW-Simulationsprogramme für das regelungstechnische Praktikum beschrieben, die intensiven Gebrauch von MATLAB-Skript-Nodes machen. Ein verfahrenstechnischer Prozess und ein Antriebssystem werden modellprädiktiv geregelt. Die Auswirkungen von Begrenzungen, die Teil der Regelungsaufgabe sind, werden untersucht. T3 - Arbeitsberichte - Working Papers - 32 KW - LabVIEW KW - Simulation Y1 - 2014 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-5936 IS - 32 ER - TY - THES A1 - Kaur, Gurleen T1 - Rechnergestützte Auslegung und Analyse von Tragkonsolen N2 - Rechenergestütze Auslegung und Analyse von Tragkonsolen Y1 - 2021 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-8155 CY - Ingolstadt ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Conti, Fosca A1 - Saidi, Abdessamad A1 - Goldbrunner, Markus T1 - Numeric Simulation-Based Analysis of the Mixing Process in Anaerobic Digesters of Biogas Plants JF - Chemical Engineering & Technology N2 - Stirring systems with two rotational three-bladed propellers were analyzed using computational fluid dynamics. The propellers are located at three heights and seven angles in a tank with 9 m radius. The fluid was characterized by non-Newtonian rheology and simulated by applying the k-ε turbulence model and the standard k-ω model. Reynolds numbers were estimated. High fluid speeds were obtained with the propellers located at a height of 2 m and oriented at 90° with respect to the tank radius. In the top regions of the tank, the fluid velocity was generally less intense and less affected by the angle setting. The configurations identified as good mixing systems showed power consumptions broadly distributed around 30 kW. UR - https://doi.org/10.1002/ceat.201900650 KW - Anaerobic digester KW - Biogas plant KW - Biomass KW - Fluid dynamics KW - Mixing Y1 - 2020 UR - https://doi.org/10.1002/ceat.201900650 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-9379 SN - 1521-4125 VL - 43 IS - 8 SP - 1522 EP - 1529 PB - Wiley CY - Weinheim ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Conti, Fosca A1 - Saidi, Abdessamad A1 - Goldbrunner, Markus T1 - Evaluation Criteria and Benefit Analysis of Mixing Process in Anaerobic Digesters of Biogas Plants JF - Environmental and Climate Technologies N2 - A valid method to evaluate decisions of a project proposal is the so-called cost-benefit analysis. Criteria are selected and properly weighted to determine if the project is effective and feasible. The present research study is focused on methodical selection of design parameters to install two propeller mixers inside anaerobic digesters of biogas plants. A cylindrical tank of 1400 m3 was considered. For the model-based optimisation, the substrate was considered as a non-Newtonian fluid with a density of 1090 kg/m3. The Oswald-de Waele power-law model was selected to account for the rheological behaviour of the fluid. Installation parameters of the mixers were rotational angles and heights of the shafts of the two propellers. A computational model was developed to simulate the fluid dynamics depending on the mixing process inside the tank. Several configurations were analysed according to evaluating criteria such as the value of the fluid velocity, its distribution along the three spatial dimensions, and the power consumption to rotate the mixers. The maximum fluid velocity and minimum power consumption were observed when the propellers are located at intermediate height inside the tank and with the shafts perpendicular to the tank radius. With this configuration, the fluid reaches a maximum velocity of 0.28 m/s. According to the investigation, it is evident that mixing systems with propeller shafts deep-seated and parallel to the tank radius should be avoided, both in term of efficiency of the fluid mixing distribution and in term of power consumption. UR - https://doi.org/10.2478/rtuect-2020-0105 KW - Anaerobic digester KW - biomass KW - computational fluid dynamics (CFD) KW - Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA) KW - evaluation criteria KW - flow velocity KW - full scale biogas digester KW - mixing KW - propeller Y1 - 2020 UR - https://doi.org/10.2478/rtuect-2020-0105 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-9274 SN - 2255-8837 VL - 24 IS - 3 SP - 305 EP - 317 PB - De Gruyter Poland CY - Warsaw ER - TY - THES A1 - Asadollahi Esfahani, Bahareh T1 - Integrating renewable energies into a district heating network in a residential area in Dachau N2 - The project includes designing a low-temperature district heating network center with a flow and return temperature of 45 °C/20 °C in a modern residential area with 50 buildings with 37,000 square meters located in Dachau, Bavaria and consists two scenarios. In the first scenario, in energy generation, the focus was on the natural gas supply. And in the scenario 2 the region's renewable potential was integrated and replaced with fossil fuels. By comparing the two systems, although the investment costs of System 2 were more, it is more cost-effective in financial accounting, considering the government's financial support for renewable energy projects and more maintenance and fuel costs of the first system. According to the present factors and CO2 emissions, the renewable system was much better in environmentally-friendly terms. Y1 - 2021 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-7764 CY - Ingolstadt ER - TY - GEN A1 - Hauber, Johann A1 - Huber, Karl ED - Der Präsident der Technischen Hochschule Ingolstadt, T1 - Einsatz mobiler Messtechnik zur Bestimmung der Effizienz des Antriebsstrangs von Hybridfahrzeugen im Fahrversuch und am Rollenprüfstand N2 - Zur Sicherstellung der Vergleichbarkeit des Emissions- und Verbrauchsverhaltens von Kraftfahrzeugen ist es von entscheidender Bedeutung, dass die Randbedingungen während des Tests in engen Grenzen einheitlichen Vorgaben folgen. Der Gesetzgeber sieht hierfür genormte Geschwindigkeits-Zeit-Profile vor, die auf klimatisierten Rollenprüfständen nachgefahren werden. Indem die „Straße ins Labor“ verlagert wird, gelingt es weitgehend, Fahrer- und Umwelteinflüsse zu eliminieren. Um hybridspezifische Einzelmaßnahmen zur Steigerung der Effizienz von teilelektrifizierten Pkw-Antriebssträngen gezielt bewerten zu können, werden über den mittleren Kraftstoffverbrauch hinaus die Momentanwerte für die einzelnen Leistungspfade benötigt. Am Beispiel der Verbrauchsmessung an einer Vollhybridlimousine mit E-CVT-Getriebe sollen verschiedene Betriebszustände anhand der Resultate aus dem Einsatz mobiler Verbrauchsmesstechniken diskutiert werden. T3 - Arbeitsberichte - Working Papers - 38 KW - Triebstrang KW - Hybridfahrzeug KW - Rollenprüfstand KW - Ausrollkurve KW - E-CVT KW - Fahrversuch KW - Fahrwiderstände KW - Hybridfahrzeug KW - Kraftstoffverbrauch KW - Leistungsverzweigung (Power-Split) KW - mobile Messtechnik KW - NEFZ KW - Normzyklus KW - Rollenprüfstand Y1 - 2016 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-6643 SN - 1612-6483 IS - 38 ER - TY - THES A1 - Refaay, Mohamed Samy Abdel Moaty T1 - Analysis of DC charge distribution and electromagnetic fields in high-voltage direct current transmission lines for bulk energy transmission N2 - Analysis of DC Charge Distribution and Electromagnetic Fields in High-Voltage Direct Current Transmission Lines for Bulk Energy Transmission Y1 - 2021 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-8470 CY - Ingolstadt ER - TY - THES A1 - Poppele, Dennis Gebhard T1 - Inbetriebnahme einer Labor RTM-Anlage N2 - Inbetriebnahme einer RTM-Anlage Y1 - 2020 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-8443 CY - Ingolstadt ER - TY - THES A1 - Iberl, Andreas Benedikt T1 - Instationäre Strömungssimulation mit OpenFOAM zum Einfluss der Oberflächenrauheit auf den Widerstandsbeiwert eines quer-angeströmten Zylinders im Grenzbereich des laminar-turbulenten Umschlags N2 - Diese Arbeit untersucht den Einfluss einer Oberflächenrauheit auf den Widerstandsbeiwert eines quer-angeströmten Kreiszylinders mit dem Durchmesser D = 0,08m mithilfe der Software OpenFOAM. Als Art der Rauheit wird ein Stolperdraht bei einem Winkel von 50° und einem Verhältnis von k/D = 0,004 verwendet. Zuerst werden die Grundlagen der Strömungsmechanik einer Zylinderumströmung und einer instationären Strömungssimulation geschaffen, bevor die Parameter des Rechenfalls bestimmt werden, die für die Korrektheit notwendig sind. Die Berechnung der Strömung erfolgt mit dem LES-Löser pisoFoam und benutzt das Turbulenzmodell SpalartAllmarasDDES. Neben einer Studie zum Mittelungsintervall, das von 0,01 s bis 3 s reichen sollte, wird die notwendige Oberflächenauflösung mit 0,391mm (surfaceRefinement-Level 6) für den glatten Zylinder bestimmt. Beim Zylinder mit Sandrauheit soll die kleinste Zelle außerhalb der Wandschicht Kantenlängen kleiner gleich 0,195mm aufweisen. Schließlich wird der numerisch ermittelte Verlauf des Widerstandsbeiwertes für Reynoldszahlen zwischen 30.000 und 100.000 angegeben. Y1 - 2021 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-8123 CY - Ingolstadt ER - TY - THES A1 - Hussain, Waleed T1 - Modelica-based simulation for the optimization of a district heating system with variable temperatures N2 - This thesis presents an insight into the possibility of implementing the intelligent sector coupling between the heat and electricity supply grids by using the combination of a solar PV system, decentralized heat pumps and decentralized thermal energy storage in an existing district heating system with variable temperatures in Germany. The district heating system was optimized for the summer period utilizing the existing system’s Modelica language model in Dymola software. In order to implement the intelligent sector coupling between heat and generated renewable energy-based electricity a separate control theory was developed so that the generated electricity can be utilized in an efficient way to operate the decentralized heat pumps. Moreover, the role of decentralized thermal energy storage was also considered for the appropriate sizing of solar PV system so as to utilize the maximum amount of renewable energy-based electricity to produce heat during the summer period. The assessment of the energy production and utilization from different systems was carried out by performing the electrical and heat energy analysis of the simulation results. The findings of the thesis exhibited an appropriately sized solar PV system which fulfilled up to the 80 % of total electricity consumption for heat production during the summer period by implementing an intelligent sector coupling between the heat and electricity supply grids. Y1 - 2021 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-8104 CY - Ingolstadt ER - TY - THES A1 - Hoyer, Christoph T1 - Bildanalyse einer Neutronentomographie von Lufteinschlüssen in diskontinuierlichen Carbonfaser Werkstoffen N2 - Faserverbundwerkstoffe sind seit vielen Jahren ein fester Bestandteil des Automobilbaus. Bisher kam dieser sehr leichte, aber auch teure Werkstoff hauptsächlich in hochpreisigen Fahrzeugen zum Einsatz. Durch diskontinuierliche Carbonfaserwerkstoffe wird ein neuer, wirtschaftlicher Zugang zu dem Leichtbaumaterial geschaffen. Die aktuelle Forschung zu diesem Werkstoff beschäftigt sich vor allem mit seinen mechanischen Eigenschaften. Genaue Kenntnisse darüber sind aufgrund der Diskontinuität von besonderer Wichtigkeit, um den industriellen Einsatz unter Einhaltung sämtlicher sicherheitsrelevanter Voraussetzungen zu gewährleisten. Viele Forschungen der letzten Jahre haben sich mit der Faserorientierung innerhalb einzelner Bauteile beschäftigt. Dieser Parameter beeinflusst die mechanischen Eigenschaften deutlich. Dabei wurde es bisher vernachlässigt, Fehler innerhalb des Materials zu untersuchen, die durch den Fertigungsprozess entstehen. Diese Arbeit befasst sich mit der Erkennung von Lufteinschlüssen in diskontinuierlichen Carbonfasern. Die Auswertung geschieht durch Bildverarbeitung. Die genutzten Bilder stammen von einer Neutronentomographie. Bei diesem Verfahren werden gemessene Neutronenstrahlen als Bilddateien aufbereitet. Diese Rekonstruktion erlaubt es, auch das Innere einer Probe sichtbar zu machen. Um die vorliegende Probe zu untersuchen, wird ein Algorithmus entwickelt, der Luftblasen erkennt und relevante Informationen darüber ausgibt. Die so gewonnenen Daten werden abschließend genutzt, um die Genauigkeit des Algorithmus und den Volumenanteil Luft an der untersuchten Probe zu ermitteln. Falsche Detektionen werden vom Algorithmus zu einem großen Teil ausgeschlossen. Der Fehler des genutzten Algorithmus liegt bei circa 2,5%. Der Volumenanteil eingeschlossener Luft an der gesamten Probe liegt, unter Berücksichtigung des Fehlers, bei unter 0,2%. Ein wesentlicher Nutzen der Arbeit liegt dabei darin, zu bewerten, inwieweit Bilder einer Neutronentomographie zur Untersuchung von diskontinuierlichen Carbonfasern geeignet sind. Die erzielte Genauigkeit und die Anwendbarkeit auf andere, mittels Neutronentomographie gewonnene, Bilder machen deutlich, dass die vorliegende Methode zur Analyse von diskontinuierlichen Carbonfasern geeignet ist. In Zukunft könnte mit diesen Daten auch die Faserorientierung des Werkstoffs untersucht werden. Y1 - 2021 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-8090 CY - Ingolstadt ER - TY - THES A1 - Ndanusa, Ibrahim Balarabe T1 - Energy saving buildings in Africa N2 - With the increasing rate of urbanization in Africa, the need for sustainable building solutions have become more paramount. More so, the tropical weather condition in Africa, means that building requirement for cooling activities would equally increase. Thus, resulting in growing energy consumption in Buildings. Therefore, it is based on these concerns, that the proposed herbarium building in the Okavango Research Institutes (ORI), in Maun Botswana, seeks to examine environmentally sustainable solution for the proposed herbarium building. This research study, therefore, focuses on evaluating the environmental impact and energy saving potential from the use of commonly available construction materials used for façade units of a building using life cycle assessment methodologies. Thus, clay bricks and hollow concrete blocks were considered for analysis. The life cycle assessment professional software tool, SimaPro 8.4.0 was used in performing a life cycle assessment of the considered building components (clay bricks, hollow concrete blocks, reinforce concrete, window units and PV system). Hence, using this assessment tool, environmental impact assessment on the considered building components was carried out, and the evaluation of the impact category using two environmental indicators, namely: global warming potential and cumulative energy demand, was performed. Furthermore, a comparative study between the considered façade materials (clay brick and hollow concrete block) was performed in order to evaluate the contribution of the different façade unit to the ecological sink of the building system. Also, a comparative study between the façade unit and the other building components was performed to understand the significance of the façade unit in the overall ecological sink of the building. In addition, a CO2 mitigation potential from the use of a PV system for the supply of energy for cooling activities in the proposed herbarium was evaluated against the use of electricity for supply from the Botswana national grid. Consequently, the results obtained showed that hollow concrete block offers a more environmentally friendly solution than clay bricks when used as façade unit in a building system. This because, it contributes twice as less GHG emission to the building ecological sink when compared with clay bricks. Although, clay bricks has a slightly better energy savings potential during the use-phase than hollow concrete block, the environmental impact associated with the production of clay bricks in form of embodied energy, outweighs the energy saving gained during the use-phase for a reference lifetime of 50 years when compared with hollow concrete block. Also, the PV system’s CO2 mitigation potential when used for cooling activities during the reference lifetime of the building (50 years), resulted in a CO2 saving potential of 2.03E+06 CO2 Kg-eq. This finding showed that the PV system has a more significant impact on the reduction in the environmental impact of the building system than the environmental impact associated to the façade unit of the proposed herbarium building in Botswana. Y1 - 2020 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-8384 CY - Ingolstadt ER - TY - THES A1 - Sinha, Anuj T1 - Multi-feature based development of a power-disaggregation algorithm for dairy farms N2 - Smart meter technology implementation in the last decade had initiated many data collection processes, which have provided a strong foundation for the development of Artificial Intelligence (AI) based load monitoring systems. It is easier to identify the energy-saving potential with the help of advanced load monitoring systems. Since 2015, deep-learning-based Nonintrusive load monitoring (NILM) is being focused in the research community. It requires minimal hardware, which can justify its development and maintenance cost. Several AI-based models and tools are available for load monitoring, but it is challenging to identify a suitable model for the specific application. There is still a domain-specific transformation, and considerations are usually required. The residential sector has been the focus area due to the market size, but the industrial sector still has massive potential for research and development. Thus, in the presented thesis, dairy farms in Germany are targeted for developing a power disaggregation algorithm based on deep learning, which can identify the on/off state of individual appliances in the farm from the aggregated load profile data. Mainly four appliances named milk cooling (MK), milk pump (MP), vacuum pump (VP), and cleaning automatic machine (SA) are targeted for disaggregation. NILM is a promising approach to identify individual operating times of appliances. Thus, deep neural networkbased algorithms are developed, focusing mainly on one-dimensional convolution neural network (1D-CNN) and recurrent neural network (RNN). Literature research was carried out to determine the state-of-the-art of deep-learningbased NILM and understand AI technology. Data acquisition for model development and testing was made from four dairy farms based out of Bavaria, Germany. The presented work provides a detailed discussion about data pre-processing and development of models. The result shows that deep-learning-based disaggregation algorithms outperform for this application area, and the proposed model successfully identifies the states of individual appliances. The presented work provides a foundation for modifying the proposed algorithm or developing a new algorithm for real-time power disaggregation. Y1 - 2021 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-8568 CY - Ingolstadt ER - TY - THES A1 - Egeler, Jonas T1 - Physiological correlates of psychoacoustic annoyance BT - a deep learning approach N2 - Jury testing and the application of psychoacoustic metrics to sound pressure data are two established methods for the assessment of sound quality. So far, little is known to what extend the results of these methods correlate with biosignals, especially the electrical activity of the brain. A growing number of manufacturers offers wearable biosensors at a relatively low cost. In this thesis, it will be discussed whether the annoyance of a particular sound (Zwicker’s psychoacoustic annoyance index PA) can be predicted based on measurements with semi-professional EEG, ECG and EDA sensors. An auditory experiment with six participants was conducted to collect data. Eight airplane ambience sounds of 180s length were presented to the test persons. The sounds were uniformly distributed with respect to the PA index. An eight channel EEG headset was used to record the EEG data synchronous with the acoustic stimulation. A biosignal wristband was used to measure heart rate and skin conductivity. Multiple supervised machine learning models for biosignal classification were implemented and tested with the recorded data. The results show that the models all perform well in the classification of data of individual experimental runs, but are not able to generalise between multiple experimental runs, multiple subjects or multiple stimulation conditions. Y1 - 2021 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-11526 CY - Ingolstadt ER - TY - THES A1 - Madueke, Obinna Derek T1 - Integration of renewable energy sources (wind & solar PV) into energy grids in smart cities N2 - The purpose of this thesis is to analyze the impact of the integration of variable renewable energy sources (wind and solar PV) into the energy mix of smart cities and, in extension, smart grids. The thesis commenced with a review of scientific and industrial literature on smart cities, different energy generation sources, and energy storage technology's role in grid integration of variable energy source Y1 - 2021 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-22700 CY - Ingolstadt ER - TY - THES A1 - Meier, Franziska T1 - Entwicklung und Berechnung eines direktsaatfähigen Säaggregats Y1 - 2021 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-22747 CY - Ingolstadt ER - TY - THES A1 - Miralles Delgado, Joaquin Ignacio T1 - Green hydrogen as decarbonization vector for the Chilean energy market N2 - In recent time, the popularity of hydrogen has considerably increased. As a fuel, hydrogen generates a considerable amount of energy with clean water being its only by-product. Green hydrogen could help decarbonize several industries as long as its supply chain is powered by renewable energy sources. Hydrogen is a versatile fuel that can be used for long-term storage as well as for immediate consumption. Unlike fossil fuels, the chemical reaction of hydrolysis is reversible, meaning that electricity can be used for hydrogen production which in turn can be used to generate electricity again. This principle has given rise to the concept known as “Power-to-X”. Chile has high solar irradiation levels in the north of the country, which allows for very cheap solar energy to be produced. Leveraging this and the wind potential Y1 - 2021 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-22781 CY - Ingolstadt ER - TY - THES A1 - Aydin, Berkan T1 - Revolution of the fully transparent luminescent solar concentrators and its impact on the world N2 - Rapidly increasing demand in energy allows room for constant improvement in renewable energy generation technologies. Solar energy usage is likely to increase even more in the recent years since the sun provides enough energy just in one hour that is sufficient to supply for whole humanity’s energy requirement in one year. This study initially explains the history of solar cells as well as how they function by utilizing the sun’s wavelengths. Following that, the current and future applications of solar energy is discussed briefly. In the first half of this decade, in 2013, the transparent solar cell technology was invented by MIT professors and since then it is accepted as future’s most effective way of producing energy. Considering the fact that the application areas such as integration in the buildings, car windows, greenhouses and other electrical applicants that has a screen to cover with transparent luminescent solar concentrators (TLSC) is extremely crucial in term of world’s 2030 and 2050 energy targets. This includes 32% and 100% sustainable energy shares, respectively. This study further examines the comparison of solar cell technologies such as newly emerging Perovskite and Quantum Dots by providing annual developments in efficiency. The quantum dots are used in TLSC in order to reflect the incoming sun’s ultraviolet and infrared wavelengths to panel’s PV cell where the electricity is generated. This technology is to be implemented through the simulation phase of this work. Referring to above explanation, this study is related to create a model island by using AutoCAD to demonstrate the city life in every aspect in terms of energy. There are 10 different structures with various window surfaces to be covered with TLSC in order to determine the electricity generation. The solar radiation that comes on vertical positioned panels must be identified to obtain possible electricity production. For that reason, MATLAB is utilized to find exact value of the vertical solar radiation. After obtaining the results, the manual calculations took place in order to approve that the numbers match. Being such a promising technology, the future prospects as financial point of views is investigated by using the price dropdown of the monocrystalline solar cell from 1975 to 2020. The possible future prices per Watt are effectively calculated by utilizing the trend between these years for 2030 and 2050 energy targets of the European Union. By using this trend, the future price dropdown of transparent luminescent solar concentrators is projected and if the model project were to take place in 2030 and 2050, the plausible budget belonging these years can be found. As a conclusion, world’s population is increasing day by day as the energy demand. Therefore, instead of constructing new renewable technologies in land areas that are limited, using TLSC on buildings and other implementation fields would result in compensating the rising electricity demand. Y1 - 2021 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-11163 CY - Ingolstadt ER - TY - THES A1 - Bierlein, Christian T1 - Analytische Modellierung der Impactkraft eines Drohnenschlags unter Berücksichtigung verschiedener Parameter N2 - Die Zielsetzung dieser Arbeit ist es die qualitativen Auswirkungen verschiedener konstruktiver und physikalischer Parameter auf die Impactkräfte eines Drohnenschlags zu untersuchen. Hierfür wird eine neue analytische Modellierung eines Drohnenschlags verwendet. Ein Python-Skript berechnet mit dieser Modellierung den Kraft-Zeit-Verlauf des Drohnenschlags. Die Ergebnisse der einzelnen Parameter werden dabei stets mit denen eines Vergleichsmodells verglichen, welches auf der DJI Phantom 4 Drohne basiert. Jeder Parameter wird hierfür über einen definierten Impactgeschwindigkeitsbereich betrachtet. Bei den Parametern handelt es sich um die Konfiguration eines Quadcopters, Variationen der Masse- und Berstlastverteilungen des Vergleichsmodells, die Rotoranzahl, die Anbringung eines Schutzringes und die Verwendung eines dezentralen Akkumulators. Die Erkenntnisse der Parameterstudie führen auch zu Ansätzen zur Weiterentwicklung des Drohnenschlagmodells, welche diskutiert werden. Die Parameterstudie zeigt, dass die Hauptfaktoren zur Verminderung der Impactkraft die Gesamtmasse, die Masseverteilung und die Geschwindigkeit der Drohne sind. Y1 - 2021 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-11321 CY - Ingolstadt ER - TY - THES A1 - Kuba, Sebastian T1 - Entwicklung eines Leichtbaucontainers für einen Hochvoltenergiespeicher im Motorsport Y1 - 2021 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-22582 CY - Ingolstadt ER - TY - THES A1 - Köhler, Daniel T1 - Numerische Vergleichsstudie zwischen Spiroid und konventionellen Winglets an verschiedenen Tragflügelgeometrien bei Re=100 000 und Ma=0,06 mit OpenFOAM N2 - Damit die Luftfahrt in ein klimaneutrales Zeitalter geführt werden kann, gibt es die Möglichkeit die Effizienz der Tragflügel zu steigern. Somit werden kerosinbetriebene Luftfahrtzeuge emissionsärmer, bzw. Flugzeuge mit alternativen Antrieben leistungsfähiger. Dazu untersucht diese Arbeit eine Randflügelgeometrie, die dem Flügeldesign von Vögeln nachempfunden wird. Diese sogennanten Spiroid Winglets werden mit konventionellen Winglets (Blended, Racket und Wingtip Fence), die bisher an vielen Tragflügeln eingesetzt werden, bezüglich des Auftriebs, des Widerstands und der Gleitzahl verglichen. Dabei beschränkt sich diese Arbeit auf Untersuchungen bei einer Reynoldszahl von 100 000, die für kleine Fluggeräte, wie zum Beispiel Drohnen, repräsentativ sind. Die Arbeit baut auf den beiden Papers Guerrero et al. (2011) und Murtaza et al. (2017) auf. Es wird die im Paper von Guerrero et al. entwickelte Spiroid Winglet Form übernommen, die laut dem Paper im Vergleich zum Tragflügel ohne Winglet Vorteile aufweist. Dieses Winglet hat eine parallelogramm ähnliche Geometrie, die laut dem Paper von Mostafa et al. (2014) eine bessere Leistungsfähigkeit als andere Formen bieten soll. Die Untersuchungen werden am Basisflügel durchgeführt, der keine Vorderkantenpfeilung und keine Verwindung, sowie eine trapezförmige Tiefenverteilung und eine Streckung von Λ=8,95 aufweist. Um eine Abhängigkeit der Tragflügelparamter zu untersuchen, wird die Vergleichsstudie der verschiedenen Wingletvarianten ebenfalls am Basisflügel mit einer veränderten Vorderkantenpfeilung von φ_VK=30° und einem Basisflügel mit veränderter Streckung von Λ=6 durchgeführt. Zu Beginn dieser Arbeit werden die Grundlagen der Strömungsmechanik und der numerischen Strömungssimulation gelegt, die für diese Arbeit notwendig sind. Es wird der RANS Solver simpleFOAM der Software OpenFOAM für die Durchführung der Simulation verwendet. Für die Untersuchung der Simulation auf physikalisch korrekte Ergebnisse wird eine Validierungssimulation an einem Tragflügel mit unendlicher Streckung durchgeführt. Anschließend werden die Simulationsergebnisse mit den experimentellen Daten verglichen und somit die optimalen Einstellparamter für die Simulation festgestellt. Die genauen Geometriedaten der konventionellen Winglets werden von bisherigen Formen, die an einigen Flugzeugtragflügeln eingesetzt werden, abgeleitet. Der Rechenraum wird von dem Paper von Guerrero et al. übernommen, sodass auf eine Rechenraumstudie verzichtet werden kann. Die Konvergenzstudie ergab, dass mindestens 800 Iterationen für ein ausreichend genaues Ergebnis für den Anstellwinkelbereich von -2° bis 8° notwendig sind. Dagegen benötigen die Simulationen bei Anstellwinkeln von 12° bis 16° mindestens 2000 Iterationen, da diese nicht konvergieren. Für ein ausreichend genaues Ergebnis sind circa 22 Millionen Elemente im Rechenraum notwendig. Die verursachten Fehler werden im niedrigen Anstellwinkelbereich auf 1,5 % abgeschätzt. Dagegen ist eine Beurteilung der Fehler im Anstellwinkelbereich von 12° bis 16° schwierig, da die stark instationäre Strömung durch den RANS Solver nur gemittelt werden kann und dadurch größere Abweichungen entstehen könnten. Die Vergleichsstudie zeigt, dass das Spiroid Winglet bei keiner Tragflügelgeometrie, die in dieser Arbeit untersucht wurde, Vorteile gegenüber bisheriger Winglets aufweisen kann. Bei allen Tragflügelgeometrien gibt es immer konventionelle Wingletvarianten, die einen höheren maximalen Auftrieb und eine höhere Gleitzahl als das Spiroid Winglet erreichen und somit für den Einsatz an Flugzeugen besser geeignet sind. Y1 - 2021 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-22542 CY - Ingolstadt ER - TY - THES A1 - Vargas Aguilar, Juan Jesus T1 - Test scenarios and dynamic analysis of cross-coupling of active and reactive power in grid forming inverter N2 - Since more and more large conventional power plants, based on direct-coupled synchronous generators (SGs), will be phased out in the future, frequency stability must be guaranteed. Consequently, grid-forming inverters are needed to ensure the system stability of the future grid. In the joint research project “VerbundnetzStabil”, conducted by Fraunhofer ISE and its partners, the stability of a grid system with a high penetration of inverter-based renewable energy sources (RES) is investigated. This master thesis aims to analyze the response of the inverter simulation model, designed by Fraunhofer ISE, facing different events, whether it reacts as a synchronous machine and helps to maintain the stability in the network, and at the same time analyze the cross-coupling effect between the active and reactive power of the controller. For this purpose, the test models were designed in DIgSILENT PowerFactory to get RMS and EMT results. The results were compared with experimental results obtained in the multimegawatt Lab from Fraunhofer ISE to improve the inverter response. Keywords: droop control, grid forming inverters, cross-coupling effect, inverter control, power system stability, inverter testing, inverter parameters Y1 - 2022 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-34178 CY - Ingolstadt ER - TY - THES A1 - Geltermair, Jonas T1 - Entwicklung eines spielfreien Planetengetriebes für die Erprobung N2 - Das Ziel dieser Bachelorarbeit ist die fertigungsgerechte Konstruktion und Entwicklung eines Planetengetriebeaufbaus auf Basis des spielfreien Stirnradsystems der Firma WMH Herion GmbH. Dabei werden zwei verschiedene Versionen angefertigt. Eine Variante des Getriebeaufbaus zielt auf die Demonstration des Getriebeaufbaus ab und soll den Mechanismus des Verspannens des Getriebes aufzeigen, um Interessierten die Möglichkeit zu geben, die Funktionsweise des Getriebes zu verstehen. Die zweite Aufbauvariante ist torsionssteifer und somit für Versuche auf dem Getriebeprüfstand ausgelegt, um die Tragfähigkeit unter wirkendem Drehmoment zu ermitteln. Dabei werden die strukturellen Festigkeiten einzelner Bauteile mit Hilfe von analytischen Berechnungen und FEM-Simulationen nachgewiesen. Y1 - 2021 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-8007 CY - Ingolstadt ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Mehta, Kedar A1 - Zörner, Wilfried A1 - Greenough, Richard T1 - Residential Building Construction Techniques and the Potential for Energy Efficiency in Central Asia: Example from High-Altitude Rural Settlement in Kyrgyzstan JF - Energies N2 - Building construction in rural Kyrgyzstan is heavily dominated by earthen buildings. Old and inappropriate residential building structures contribute significantly to high domestic space heating energy consumption. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the relevant building construction techniques. However, the scant information on Kyrgyz building techniques, especially for high-altitude rural settlements, was the prime motivation to perform the presented study. The key objective of the study is to investigate residential building construction techniques in high-altitude rural Kyrgyzstan, and this was to be achieved by house visits during field trips, literature review, and pilot interviews with local people. The analysis enabled the detailed identification of individual building envelopes as well as predominant building materials to be recorded. Based on the assessment, a housing profile was created that represents the typical characteristics of traditional rural Kyrgyz houses. Furthermore, the study demonstrates the potential for energy savings in rural Kyrgyz houses of 50–70%. However, local conditions prevent people from making improvements to all domestic energy efficiency parameters simultaneously. Therefore, the study developed a ‘sequential roadmap’ to reduce domestic space heating demand in different phases based on simulation studies. Existing low-income rural Kyrgyz habitations can use the presented roadmap to reduce domestic space heating demand sequentially to overcome financial barriers and, therefore, contribute to establishing sustainable buildings in Kyrgyzstan. These results may be partially replicated in other Central Asian rural communities depending on their location and building characteristics. UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/en15238869 KW - Central Asia KW - earthen high-altitude houses KW - building construction KW - vernacular buildings KW - energy efficiency KW - cold climate Y1 - 2022 UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/en15238869 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-29752 SN - 1996-1073 VL - 15 IS - 23 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Mehta, Kedar A1 - Ehrenwirth, Mathias A1 - Trinkl, Christoph A1 - Zörner, Wilfried T1 - Mapping Potential for Improving Rural Energy Services in Kyrgyzstan: Factors for Achieving Sustainable Development Goals in the Community Context JF - World N2 - Energy is a pivotal element for overall development. Therefore, affordable and clean energy for all (Sustainable Development Goal 7) is one of the important elements. Despite a suitable approach, Kyrgyzstan lags behind to achieve its Sustainable Development Goals by 2030. Improving access to energy can significantly impact the progress of many other sustainable development targets. However, access to reliable, sustainable, and adequate energy is a crucial task in rural Kyrgyzstan. Taking into consideration the energy situation and the importance of the availability of energy services, the overarching aim of the presented article is to map the potential of improving rural energy services to foster overall sustainable development goals. The article presents the most relevant information about rural energy usage behaviour based on three primary pillars: energy demand, energy carrier, and energy sources. In addition, the presented research article synthesises the key driving factors which have a direct or indirect impact on the energy services in rural areas. The summarised data displays a deep insight into a variety of complex and dynamic household energy consumption patterns. The article provides a potential solution nexus to foster improved energy services in rural Kyrgyzstan and therefore to foster the overall sustainable development in Kyrgyzstan. The findings of the article help to formulate a strategy to design rural energy services for policy makers and stockholders. UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/world3030032 KW - energy need KW - rural livelihood KW - energy poverty KW - energy services KW - sustainable energy transition KW - sustainable development goals KW - Kyrgyzstan KW - Central Asia Y1 - 2022 UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/world3030032 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-29518 SN - 2673-4060 VL - 3 IS - 3 SP - 586 EP - 606 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - THES A1 - Islam, Md Anik T1 - Coupling of agent-based model ‘AgentHomeID’ and energy system model ‘SCOPE-Path’ BT - impact of buildings aggregation level on computation effort and accuracy of results N2 - This study aims to compose a coupling interface between the agent-based model ‘AgentHomeID' and the energy system model ‘SCOPE-Path' to determine building heat supply systems and then evaluate the impact of building aggregations and decentralized heat limits changes on ‘SCOPE-Path' model output and computation effort. First, a coupling interface based on the output of the ‘AgentHomeID' was developed, and then it was used as an input to the existing path optimization model ‘SCOPE-Path.' The first model defined as reference model holds the highest number of building classes and narrow space on decentralized heat limits. Three more different models were derived from the detailed reference model. A reduced number of ten and eight residential building classes were applied to the second and third models. The fourth model derived from the reference model specified a wide range of decentralized heat limits with a similar number of building classes as in the reference model. Finally, the three different models were optimally simulated for the same scenario, given that the third model with eight residential building classes failed to be optimized, and the accuracy of the outputs and computational effort of the optimized models were evaluated. The reference model required the longest computation time. The second model with ten residential building classes showed the most significant reduction in computational effort with varying degrees of accuracy loss. The fourth model with a wide range of decentralized heat limits reduced computational efforts substantially with varying degrees of accuracy loss in outputs. The crucial drawback of this study is the exclusion of solar thermal from the second, third and fourth models to simulate optimally. This approach barred the observation to determine the definite impacts of the building aggregation and wide range of decentralized heat limits distinctly on the ‘SCOPE-Path’ model's output and computation effort. Furthermore, it was insufficient to identify the effects of further building aggregation on ‘SCOPE-Path’ due to the non-optimized third model with eight residential building classes. Y1 - 2021 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-33315 CY - Ingolstadt ER - TY - THES A1 - Senguttuvan, Kaushik T1 - Investigations into the energy recovery potential of glass facade and window-integrated PV N2 - Photovoltaic facade, a dual functional product which is an elemental component of the building envelope has the capability to generate clean electricity. It also has the capacity to meet the local energy demand and provide protection from external environment. This research is focused on distributed electricity generation application and economic feasibility of vertical window PV facades, an element of building-integrated PV. The objective of the study is to investigate the energy potential that can be recovered from window-integrated organic photovoltaics (OPV), a technology that allows solar modules to be (semi-)transparent. A brief description of the regulations, standards and laws that monitor the development rate of PV is reviewed. A simulation model using MATLAB is built to determine the irradiation potential and the energy harvest of OPV modules in Nuremberg, Germany. The optimum orientation angle of the facade is found based on the azimuth angles. For the area of Nuremberg, a vertical PV system yields the maximum energy harvest when being a southwest-oriented. Based on a statistical distribution of buildings and facade orientations considered all over Germany, the total energy that can be harnessed from window PV facades is estimated to be about 23 TWh per year and the LCOE is calculated to be 69,2 c.€/kWh with state-of-art OPV modules with a lifetime of 5 years. Subsequent development of the organic photovoltaic technology with respect to efficiency and lifetime has the ability to yield 100% transparent window PVs with an overall energy harvesting potential of about 80 TWh per year at a cost of 6 c.€/kWh, if all suitable windows in Germany are equipped with such modules. Y1 - 2021 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-33288 CY - Ingolstadt ER - TY - THES A1 - Budhauliya, Piyush T1 - Interaction of inverters with the grid and adaptation as per new EU grid codes N2 - This thesis talks about the latest EU grid codes and compares various EU countries based on their national grid codes adopted from the EU framework. Inverter existing and future technologies and their functionalities are discussed in detail. A MATLAB/Simulink model of the inverter and a DigSILENT model of a real plant has been made for simulation purpose and to verify various functionalities and requirements from the inverter. Y1 - 2022 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-33677 CY - Ingolstadt ER - TY - THES A1 - Niedermayer, Matthias T1 - Zweiphasen-Strömungssimulation verschiedener Betriebszustände einer Lavaldüse im Flachwasserkanal mit OpenFOAM einschließlich Validierungsexperimente N2 - Zweiphasen-Strömungssimulation verschiedener Betriebszustände einer Lavaldüse im Flachwasserkanal mit OpenFOAM einschließlich Validierungsexperimente. Y1 - 2022 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-33711 CY - Ingolstadt ER - TY - THES A1 - Rastovac, Milan T1 - Konzipierung eines Feststoffwärmespeichers für ein batterieelektrisches Fahrzeug Y1 - 2023 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-33644 CY - Ingolstadt ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Dries, Fabian W. A1 - Wallmersperger, Thomas A1 - Kessler, Jörg T1 - Deformation of planar ring mesh under static in-plane tensile loads JF - Acta Mechanica N2 - A ring mesh is a large-scale manufacturable structure with versatile applications in architecture and for protective systems. However, the static and dynamic numerical simulation of a large-scale ring mesh is a resource-intensive task due to the many nonlinear contact points between the individual rings. To characterize the rigid body behavior of the ring mesh, in this paper, a representative volume element is loaded under different in-plane directions. The Green-Lagrangian strain tensor components are obtained as a result. An implicit one-step algorithm is used for this dynamic relaxation issue, modified by the use of stiff springs. Static convergence positions of a representative volume element are determined in several multiaxial tensile directions. The obtained deformation parameters can be used to simulate large deformations of large-scaled ring meshes. UR - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00707-022-03393-2 Y1 - 2022 UR - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00707-022-03393-2 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-33612 SN - 1619-6937 VL - 234 IS - 3 SP - 959 EP - 973 PB - Springer-Verlag GmbH Austria CY - Wien ER - TY - THES A1 - Weber, Ole Andreas Friedrich T1 - Optimierung von Spezifikationserstellungen durch Nutzung von Automatisierungsskripten N2 - In dieser Arbeit wird der Prozess der Erstellung von Produktspezifikationen betrachtet. Dabei wird besonders der Vorgang des Anpassens einer Vorlage betrachtet und Wege gesucht und entwickelt, diesen zu beschleunigen. Als Anforderungsmanagement-Software kommt IBM DOORS zum Einsatz. Y1 - 2022 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-34091 CY - Ingolstadt ER - TY - THES A1 - Dichtl, Andrea T1 - Analyse von Kreisverkehren und Ableitung von Optimierungen zur Reduzierung des Verkehrsunfallgeschehens auf der Kreisfahrbahn N2 - Der Bau der Kreisverkehre hat in den letzten zwei Jahrzehnten stark an Bedeutung gewonnen, da er als Knotenpunktart ein hohes Sicherheitsniveau bietet. Trotzdem kommt es aufgrund fehlender geschwindigkeitsdämpfender Maßnahmen vermehrt zu Unfällen auf der Kreisfahrbahn, bei denen die unfallbeteiligten Fahrzeuge zeitgleich in den Kreisverkehr eingefahren sind und die Schuldfrage aufgrund eines fehlenden Vorrangverstoßes nicht unmittelbar geklärt werden kann. Durch Recherche der baulichen Anforderungen an Kreisverkehren sowie der rechtlichen Würdigung solcher Unfallgeschehen konnten Optimierungen definiert werden, um Konfliktsituationen auf der Kreisfahrbahn zu reduzieren. Dabei sollte bei der Anlage von Kreisverkehren besonders darauf geachtet werden, dass der Grad der Umlenkung den Wert 2 erreicht, um das Geschwindigkeitsniveau im Kreisverkehr auf einem niedrigen Level zu halten. Zudem sollte eine gleichmäßige Verteilung der Knotenpunktarme am Außendurchmesser vorhanden sein, eine senkrechte Anbindung der Zufahrtswege ist für eine ausreichende Ablenkung nicht ausreichend. Das Oberlandgericht Hamm sowie das Oberlandgericht Koblenz haben die Grundsteine für eine gerechte Haftungsteilung bereits gelegt, dass das Rechtsfahrgebot sowie die gegenseitige Rücksichtnahme anzuwenden sind. Werden zukünftig die baulichen Vorgaben eingehalten sowie die Knotenpunktarme gleichmäßig verteilt, können zum einen die Unfallgeschehen aufgrund des verminderten Geschwindigkeitsniveaus gesenkt und zum anderen die Verschuldensfrage im Falle eines Unfalls eindeutig geklärt werden. Y1 - 2022 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-33513 CY - Ingolstadt ER - TY - THES A1 - Demir, Yasin T1 - Konstruktion und Erprobung eines Schalldämmprüfstands N2 - Das Ziel der vorliegenden Bachelorarbeit ist es, einen Prüfstand zu konstruieren, mit dessen Hilfe schalldämmende Materialien auf einfache und schnelle Art und Weise erprobt werden können. Der zu konstruierende Prüfstand sollte für Hochschulzwecke entsprechend kompakt, mobil und flexibel aufgebaut werden, ohne dabei Messgenauigkeiten einzubüßen. Hierfür werden erst die physikalischen Grundlagen der Schallausbreitung und Schalldämmung erklärt. Anschließend werden die beim Prüfstandsaufbau verwendeten Materialien näher betrachtet. Des Weiteren wird der gesamte Aufbauprozess, inklusive der wichtigsten Komponenten beleuchtet. Nach dem Aufbau des Prüfstandes wurden mehrere Referenzmessungen zum Nachweis der Eignung und Reproduzierbarkeit von Materialerprobungen durchgeführt. Aus den durchgeführten Messungen soll ein Rückschluss gezogen werden, inwiefern sich Umgebungsbedingungen auf Testresultate auswirken und wie die, mithilfe des Prüfstandes erzeugten Messdaten interpretiert werden können. Y1 - 2023 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-33496 CY - Ingolstadt ER - TY - THES A1 - Munoz Hurtado, Simon T1 - A study on the potential of ontology-based approaches in solar thermal applications N2 - Different to other fields of science where ontologies are widely researched and popular, in the solar thermal energy this is not the case. Therefore, the aim of this project is to explore and present the benefits, potentials, disadvantages and limitations of ontologies in the solar thermal energy field and how the industry may profit from this kind of new technologies. This thesis considers the different information available on topics such as ontologies, solar thermal energy, ontology development and solar thermal energy ontologies. The basics on ontologies and solar thermal energy were evaluated, the different kinds of solar thermal systems, ontology methodologies, and ontologies in the solar energy sector. More than 60 literature sources were reviewed in order to obtain a broad perspective of how this technology is situated in different (research) fields. From the findings obtained, it was evident that ontologies and ontology-based technologies can provide huge benefit to the solar thermal field and all its stakeholders in terms of communication, integration of information and knowledge representation. The fact that not much research of this technology can be found in the solar thermal energy field can be seen as a potential too, making all early contributions of great impact. To our eyes, more support, research and development of ontologies should be given in our sector in order to gain traction and thus popularize the use of this kind of technologies and this way benefit from all the potentials that this technology offers. Y1 - 2022 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-33409 CY - Ingolstadt ER - TY - THES A1 - Roy, Maximilian T1 - Konzeption eines Dokumentationstools für Werkzeugfunktionen von Großpresswerkzeugen N2 - Der Umfang an Werkzeugfunktionen und deren Steuerungsvarianten, die in modernen Presswerkzeugen enthalten sind, wird immer komplexer. Entsprechend wächst auch der Umfang an Informationen, die über die Werkzeugfunktionen zu dokumentieren sind. Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, ein Tool für Werkzeugkonstrukteure zur Dokumentation der in einem Presswerkzeug verbauten Werkzeugfunktionen zu entwerfen. Mit Hilfe dieses Tools soll die Dokumentation des Konstruktionsprozesses effizienter gestaltet werden. Um das Übergabetool zu gestalten, werden zunächst der Arbeitsprozess zwischen den Abteilungen Werkzeugkonstruktion, Kurvensimulation und Sonderelektropläne analysiert und auf Schwachstellen untersucht. Anschließend werden die zu dokumentierenden Werkzeugfunktionen bezüglich der Funktionsweise, der Überwachung und der Ansteuerung definiert. Aus verschiedenartigen Konzepten wird schließlich das Konzept einer Dokumentationsplattform ausgewählt und ein Modell der Benutzeroberfläche ausgearbeitet. Aus dem Modell der Benutzeroberfläche werden alle Anforderungen abgeleitet, die die Dokumentationsplattform erfüllen muss und die die Grundlage für ein Lastenheft zur Umsetzung bilden. Weiterhin wird beschrieben, wie der Einsatz eines solchen Tools den Arbeitsprozess zwischen die verschiedenen Gewerken durch eine zentrale Datenerhebung verbessert. Y1 - 2022 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-34051 CY - Ingolstadt ER - TY - THES A1 - Schimmer, Manuel T1 - Design, implementation and verification of a tool for flight path reconstruction N2 - Flight path reconstruction deals with reconstructing various state variables of an aircraft on a basis of accurate inertial measurements such as rotational velocities and linear accelerations. In this thesis, a tool incorporating an extended Kalman filter was implemented to apply the flight path reonstruction technique to flight data. As a first step, synthetic flight data was used to verify the correct operation of the tool. After the tool was successfully applied to the artificial data, real flight data was used and the results were observed and interpreted. Subsequently, the covariance matrices of the extended Kalman filter were strategically varied and the effects of these changes on the results were inspected. Based on these observations, guideline values for the variances were determined which allow for plausible results to be obtained. These, together with a proposed method, should facilitate the initial contact with the tool for the user. Y1 - 2022 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-33951 CY - Ingolstadt ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bauder, Maximilian A1 - Lecheler, Katrin A1 - Wech, Lothar A1 - Böhm, Klaus A1 - Paula, Daniel A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg T1 - Determination of accident scenarios via freely available accident databases JF - Open Engineering N2 - The derivation of real accident scenarios from accident databases represents an important task within vehicle safety research. Simulations are increasingly used for this purpose. Depending on the research interest, a wide range of accident databases exists worldwide, which differ mainly in the number of recorded data per accident and availability. This work aims to identify critical vehicle-to-vehicle accidents based on freely available accident databases to derive concrete scenarios for a subsequent simulation. For this purpose, the method of the pre-crash matrix is applied using the example of the freely available Crash Investigation Sampling System database of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. An analysis of existing databases worldwide shows that this is the most detailed, freely available database. The derivation of scenarios succeeds here by a new method, whereby a center of gravity calculation is carried out based on the damages of the vehicles according to Collision Deformation Classification nomenclature. In addition, the determination of other necessary parameters, as well as the limits of the database, is shown in order to derive a scenario that can be simulated. As a result, the constellations of the five most frequent vehicle-to-vehicle accident scenarios according to the Crash Investigation Sampling System database are presented. In particular, other institutions should follow National Highway Traffic Safety Administration’s example and make data freely available for accident research. UR - https://doi.org/10.1515/eng-2022-0047 KW - accident databases KW - accident scenarios KW - vehicle-to-vehicle accidents KW - Pre-Crash-Matrix KW - Crash Investigation Sampling System Y1 - 2022 UR - https://doi.org/10.1515/eng-2022-0047 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-25137 SN - 2391-5439 VL - 12 IS - 1 SP - 453 EP - 467 PB - De Gruyter Poland CY - Warsaw ER - TY - GEN A1 - Krämer, Wolfgang ED - Der Präsident der Technischen Hochschule Ingolstadt, T1 - Optimale Approximation von Verzögerungsgliedern zweiter Ordnung durch Verzögerungsglieder erster Ordnung N2 - Es werden Methoden für die optimale Approximation von Verzögerungsgliedern zweiter Ordnung durch Verzögerungsglieder erster Ordnung vorgestellt. Die Approximationen erfolgen einerseits im Zeit- und im Frequenzbereich, andererseits für Verzögerungsglieder mit aperiodischem und mit gedämpftem oszillierendem Verhalten. Die Approximationen im Zeitbereich können weitgehend analytisch durchgeführt werden; die Frequenzbereichsapproximationen müssen numerisch berechnet werden. Die mit den vorgeschlagenen Methoden erzielten Ergebnisse werden vorgestellt und diskutiert. T3 - Arbeitsberichte - Working Papers - 64 KW - Modellreduktion KW - Verzögerungsglied zweiter Ordnung KW - Zeitbereich KW - Aperiodisch gedämpftes Verzögerungsglied KW - Frequenzbereich KW - Schwingungsfähiges Verzögerungsglied Y1 - 2022 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-28533 CY - Ingolstadt ER - TY - THES A1 - Pfaller, Christoph T1 - Additive Fertigung von sensorischen Strukturen mittels Laserstrahlschmelzen N2 - Im Zuge dieser wissenschaftlichen Arbeit soll die grundlegende Plausibilität von additiv gefertigten Sensorelementen aus Metall validiert werden. Es werden hierfür im ersten Schritt Herstellbarkeit und Funktionalität der DMS durch das LPBF-Verfahren untersucht. Die Fertigung des Sensors wird dabei mithilfe von Parameterstudien optimiert, wobei eine Analyse der additiv gefertigten Dehnungsmessstreifen (AM-DMS) hinsichtlich ihrer Dichte, Leitfähigkeit und Geometrietreue mit verschiedenen Methoden erfolgt. Die erste Parameterstudie konzentriert sich auf die geometrischen Parameter der DMS. Hier werden mehrere Größen wie Querschnitt und Windungsabstand variiert und deren Einfluss auf Funktionsfähigkeit und Empfindlichkeit erprobt. Zusätzlich wird der Einfluss der Laserparameter der 3D-Druck Anlage überprüft und eventuelle Optimierungen in den Bereichen Leistung und Scangeschwindigkeit, aber auch der Flächenparameter wie Schichtstärke und Bahnbreite vorgenommen. Unter Berücksichtigung der bis hier erzielten Resultate werden erneut Dehnungsmessstreifen additiv gefertigt und deren Empfindlichkeit den herkömmlichen DMS in Zugversuchen gegenübergestellt. Dieser Vergleich soll die praktische Nutzbarkeit des grundlegenden Konzeptes aufzeigen. Y1 - 2022 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-33923 CY - Ingolstadt ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Franke, Florian A1 - Burger, Uli A1 - Hühne, Christian T1 - A novel reduced order model for drone impacts with aircraft structures JF - CEAS Aeronautical Journal N2 - Small unmanned aerial vehicles are a threat for manned aviation. Their increased use by hobby pilots and within the commercial sector has been accompanied by an increase in incidents involving manned aircraft. The problem is that current aircraft structures are designed to resist collisions with birds. They are not designed to withstand drone impacts. The composition of drones differs significantly from previously known load cases. Drones consist of several components with various materials. This means, that there is no analytic model to determine the impact force of such drone strikes with aircraft structures. Within this work, a novel reduced order model for drone impacts is developed. It is validated with high velocity impact test data and explicit finite element simulations. The impact of fragmenting components of the drone are modelled with the aircraft impact model. The impact of non-fragmenting components like motors are described with a spring-mass model. The results show that the approach of superimposing a spring-mass model with the aircraft impact model leads to good results. In case of a rigid target only minor deviations occur within the validity range of the model. Damage and degradation of the target is not included in the model what leads to larger deviations in case of an impact with deformable structures. Nevertheless, the model is very well suited for rapid load estimation and can qualitatively reproduce contact force curves. It can be used for preliminary design of aircraft structures without conducting time and cost intensive tests and simulations. UR - https://doi.org/10.1007/s13272-023-00646-1 KW - Drone collision KW - Unmanned aerial vehicle KW - Analytic approach KW - Impact force KW - Drone strike KW - Numerical calculation Y1 - 2023 UR - https://doi.org/10.1007/s13272-023-00646-1 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-31615 SN - 1869-5590 SN - 1869-5582 VL - 14 IS - 2 SP - 381 EP - 412 PB - Springer CY - Wien ER - TY - THES A1 - Rahman, Md Raziur T1 - Microgrids design and operation N2 - This research work will be focused mainly on the design, operation, and control of microgrids for both grid-connected and off-grid operation. The research will then be integrated with the project work focusing on an active distribution networks predominantly microgrids with renewable energy sources to deliver low voltage power systems and loads. Microgrids as a distribution network will be introduced and the interrelation and the interoperability between the components of a microgrid will be discussed. Selection criteria for the components will be elaborated and a general guideline will be developed for the sizing, designing and integration of the components for a microgrid. The designing guidelines will be utilized for developing a suggested design for the related project work. Moreover, for the major equipment of the microgrid, a viability structure will be setup by the technical and financial analysis based on some basic market research, cost analysis and availability and capacity evaluation. In addition, demand response and market models will be analyzed focusing on the project site to form demand side management yardstick. The monitoring structures and control strategies were researched expressively along with a market research for the monitoring components. Finally, some operational microgrid project will be discussed as case studies in order to get a practical view of the research work for a better understanding. Y1 - 2021 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-32728 CY - Ingolstadt ER - TY - THES A1 - Rao, Rohit Suresh T1 - Building integrated and ommunity photovoltaic systems to support the e-mobility infrastructure N2 - The sustainability of technology is one of the crucial factors on which the long-term use of the technology drives. Mobility is a vital part of the human species due to this from the 19th century; after introducing the first fossil fuel-based vehicle, technologies are developed around using these fossil fuels efficiently.But as the population is growing and more people can afford the cars as mobility source, a significant increase of fossil fuel is an issue, it has an immediate impact is on environmental issues like global warming. The current trends in the automobile industry are towards the research and development of sustainable e-mobility technologies. Hence, it impacts the power industry to develop clean energy sources to support these technologies. The current automotive and battery technologies do not support the cause entirely due to technological constraints. Hence, the power engineers’ responsibility to support the current automotive technologies by supplying the Power on-demand using renewable technologies using photovoltaics sources. Building the various charging nodes is considered to power the e-mobility by analyzing current trends and habits of using traditional mobility technologies. These nodes can be single-family houses, offices, shopping complexes for small cars. The hypothesis is made on the various scenarios and locations considering the financial aspects giving the exact idea of the infrastructure’s sustainability to be developed or already available. The advantages of using charging at source are needed to be discussed and further supported using renewable technologies to reduce fossil fuel consumption to generate electricity. This includes statistically analyzing the pattern of using the cars by an individual, further using this data to design a small-scale and economical BIPV bases solution fully or partially supporting the mobility cause. In this research, a car’s consumption data is analyzed and then compared with the typical PV system designed as per the lowest available space and budget. The system is further technically and commercially analyzed,to get a brief idea of the sustainability of the system. Y1 - 2021 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-32646 CY - Ingolstadt ER - TY - THES A1 - Czwink, Alicia T1 - Recherche und Bewertung einer Variable-Cycle-Engine Triebwerksarchitektur für ein Kampfflugzeug N2 - Die Anforderungen an zukünftige militärische Triebwerke nehmen ständig zu, besonders hinsichtlich Treibstoffverbrauch, Leistungsdichte, Energiebereitstellung und Effizienz. Der Trend geht hin zu Mehrzweckkampfflugzeugen, die nicht nur auf einen bestimmten Betriebspunkt bzw. eine Missionsphase optimiert sind, sondern die einen zuverlässigen und effizienten Betrieb über einen sehr weiten Missionsbereich zulassen. Um diese zukünftigen Anforderungen zu erfüllen, wird der Einsatz eines sogenannten Variable Cycle Engine (VCE) in Betracht gezogen. Dieser kann durch Variation des thermodynamischen Kreisprozess an unterschiedliche Missionsanforderungen, wie geringen spezifischen Brennstoffverbrauch oder hohen spezifischen Schub, angepasst werden. Das Ziel dieser Arbeit war es die Funktionsweise eines VCE und die verschiedenen VCEKonzepte herauszuarbeiten. Außerdem sollte das Potential für den Einsatz eines solchen neuartigen Triebwerkskonzepts für die nächste Generation Kampfflugzeug untersucht werden. Dazu wurde eine allgemeine Literaturarbeit zum Thema Variable Cycle Engine, eine Nutzwertanalyse zu unterschiedlichen Konzepten und eine Simulation eines Konzeptes in NPSSr für die vorliegende Arbeit durchgeführt. Daraus haben sich sehr eindeutig die Vorteile und Nachteile des Variable Cycle Engine gegenüber der konventionellen Architektur (Turbofantriebwerk mit niedrigem Nebenstromverhältnis) ergeben. Ein solches Triebwerk ist flexibel und es lässt sich damit sowohl ein geringer Brennstoffverbrauch als auch eine hohe Leistungsfähigkeit erreichen. Außerdem bringen einige der untersuchten VCE-Konzepte zusätzliche operationelle Vorteile bei Signaturen und Emissionen und führen zudem zu einem stabileren Betriebsverhalten. Das VCE ist aber auch komplexer, größer und schwerer als die konventionelle Architektur in heutigen Kampfflugzeugen. Es wird in der Arbeit deutlich wie viel Potential im Einsatz eines VCE für ein neues Kampfflugzeug steckt, jedoch auch wie viel Forschungsaufwand dafür noch notwendig ist. Y1 - 2021 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-11469 CY - Ingolstadt ER - TY - GEN A1 - Krämer, Wolfgang ED - Der Präsident der Technischen Hochschule Ingolstadt, T1 - Modellprädiktive Regelung einer Drohne T1 - [Model Predictive Control of a drone] N2 - Bericht über die Ergebnisse eines Forschungsfreisemesters T3 - Arbeitsberichte - Working Papers - 56 KW - Drohne (Flugkörper) Y1 - 2020 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-11374 SN - 1612-6483 IS - 56 ER - TY - THES A1 - Kürzinger, Carolin T1 - Numerische Studie zur Beeinflussung des Widerstandsbeiwertes eines quer-angeströmten Zylinders durch Aufbringung von Stolperdrähten mittels OpenFOAM N2 - Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wird der Einfluss von Stolperdrähten, die auf die Oberfläche eines quer-angeströmten Zylinders aufgebracht werden, auf den Widerstandsbeiwert untersucht. Dabei hat der Zylinder einen Durchmesser von D = 80 mm. Die dafür verwendete Software ist OpenFOAM in der Version 7. Außerdem wird der Löser pisoFoam und als Turbulenzmodell Spalart-Allmaras-DDES verwendet. Nach der Erläuterung der Grundlagen der Strömungsmechanik einer Zylinderumströmung und einer instationären Strömungssimulation wird, zur Bestimmung der richtigen Parameter des Rechenfalls, ein Stolperdraht mit einem Verhältnis von k/D = 0,004 und einem Winkel von 50° verwendet. Nach Ermittlung der Parameter wird das optimale Verhältnis zwischen Stolperdraht und Zylinder, bei dem der Widerstandsbeiwert am geringsten ist, bestimmt. Des Weiteren wird untersucht, bei welchem Winkel der Stolperdraht platziert werden muss, um eine optimale Reduzierung des cw-Wertes zu erreichen. Y1 - 2021 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-22615 CY - Ingolstadt ER -