TY - JOUR A1 - Schartmüller, Clemens A1 - Weigl, Klemens A1 - Löcken, Andreas A1 - Wintersberger, Philipp A1 - Steinhauser, Marco A1 - Riener, Andreas T1 - Displays for Productive Non-Driving Related Tasks: Visual Behavior and Its Impact in Conditionally Automated Driving JF - Multimodal Technologies and Interaction N2 - (1) Background: Primary driving tasks are increasingly being handled by vehicle automation so that support for non-driving related tasks (NDRTs) is becoming more and more important. In SAE L3 automation, vehicles can require the driver-passenger to take over driving controls, though. Interfaces for NDRTs must therefore guarantee safe operation and should also support productive work. (2) Method: We conducted a within-subjects driving simulator study (N=53) comparing Heads-Up Displays (HUDs) and Auditory Speech Displays (ASDs) for productive NDRT engagement. In this article, we assess the NDRT displays’ effectiveness by evaluating eye-tracking measures and setting them into relation to workload measures, self-ratings, and NDRT/take-over performance. (3) Results: Our data highlights substantially higher gaze dispersion but more extensive glances on the road center in the auditory condition than the HUD condition during automated driving. We further observed potentially safety-critical glance deviations from the road during take-overs after a HUD was used. These differences are reflected in self-ratings, workload indicators and take-over reaction times, but not in driving performance. (4) Conclusion: NDRT interfaces can influence visual attention even beyond their usage during automated driving. In particular, the HUD has resulted in safety-critical glances during manual driving after take-overs. We found this impacted workload and productivity but not driving performance UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/mti5040021 KW - automated driving KW - take-over requests KW - conditional automation KW - non-driving related tasks KW - eye-tracking KW - performance KW - behavior KW - displays KW - productivity KW - visual attention Y1 - 2021 UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/mti5040021 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-10965 SN - 2414-4088 VL - 5 IS - 4 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schuß, Martina A1 - Wintersberger, Philipp A1 - Riener, Andreas T1 - Security Issues in Shared Automated Mobility Systems: A Feminist HCI Perspective JF - Multimodal Technologies and Interaction N2 - The spread of automated vehicles (AVs) is expected to disrupt our mobility behavior. Currently, a male bias is prevalent in the technology industry in general, and in the automotive industry in particular, mainly focusing on white men. This leads to an under-representation of groups of people with other social, physiological, and psychological characteristics. The advent of automated driving (AD) should be taken as an opportunity to mitigate this bias and consider a diverse variety of people within the development process. We conducted a qualitative, exploratory study to investigate how shared automated vehicles (SAVs) should be designed from a pluralistic perspective considering a holistic viewpoint on the whole passenger journey by including booking, pick-up, and drop-off points. Both, men and women, emphasized the importance of SAVs being flexible and clean, whereas security issues were mentioned exclusively by our female participants. While proposing different potential solutions to mitigate security matters, we discuss them through the lens of the feminist HCI framework. UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/mti5080043 KW - shared automated vehicles KW - feminist HCI KW - gender-bias KW - automated systems Y1 - 2021 UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/mti5080043 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-9191 SN - 2414-4088 VL - 5 IS - 8 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Dey, Debargha A1 - Habibovic, Azra A1 - Löcken, Andreas A1 - Wintersberger, Philipp A1 - Pfleging, Bastian A1 - Riener, Andreas A1 - Martens, Marieke A1 - Terken, Jacques T1 - Taming the eHMI jungle: A classification taxonomy to guide, compare, and assess the design principles of automated vehicles' external human-machine interfaces JF - Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives N2 - There is a growing body of research in the field of interaction between automated vehicles and other road users in their vicinity. To facilitate such interactions, researchers and designers have explored designs, and this line of work has yielded several concepts of external Human-Machine Interfaces (eHMI) for vehicles. Literature and media review reveals that the description of interfaces is often lacking in fidelity or details of their functionalities in specific situations, which makes it challenging to understand the originating concepts. There is also a lack of a universal understanding of the various dimensions of a communication interface, which has impeded a consistent and coherent addressal of the different aspects of the functionalities of such interface concepts. In this paper, we present a unified taxonomy that allowsa systematic comparison of the eHMI across 18 dimensions, covering their physical characteristics and communication aspects from the perspective of human factors and human-machine interaction. We analyzed and coded 70eHMI concepts according to this taxonomy to portray the state of the art and highlight the relative maturity of different contributions. The results point to a number of unexplored research areas that could inspire future work. Additionally, we believe that our proposed taxonomy can serve as a checklist for user interface designers and researchers when developing their interfaces. UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trip.2020.100174 KW - Automated vehicle KW - Vulnerable road user KW - Pedestrian KW - External human-machine interface KW - Taxonomy KW - Human factors KW - Human-computer interaction Y1 - 2020 UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trip.2020.100174 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-9241 SN - 2590-1982 VL - 2020 IS - 7 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Frison, Anna-Katharina A1 - Forster, Yannick A1 - Wintersberger, Philipp A1 - Geisel, Viktoria A1 - Riener, Andreas T1 - Where We Come from and Where We Are Going: A Systematic Review of Human Factors Research in Driving Automation JF - Applied Sciences N2 - During the last decade, research has brought forth a large amount of studies that investigated driving automation from a human factor perspective. Due to the multitude of possibilities for the study design with regard to the investigated constructs, data collection methods, and evaluated parameters, at present, the pool of findings is heterogeneous and nontransparent. This literature review applied a structured approach, where five reviewers investigated n = 161 scientific papers of relevant journals and conferences focusing on driving automation between 2010 and 2018. The aim was to present an overview of the status quo of existing methodological approaches and investigated constructs to help scientists in conducting research with established methods and advanced study setups. Results show that most studies focused on safety aspects, followed by trust and acceptance, which were mainly collected through self-report measures. Driving/Take-Over performance also marked a significant portion of the published papers; however, a wide range of different parameters were investigated by researchers. Based on our insights, we propose a set of recommendations for future studies. Amongst others, this includes validation of existing results on real roads, studying long-term effects on trust and acceptance (and of course other constructs), or triangulation of self-reported and behavioral data. We furthermore emphasize the need to establish a standardized set of parameters for recurring use cases to increase comparability. To assure a holistic contemplation of automated driving, we moreover encourage researchers to investigate other constructs that go beyond safety. UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/app10248914 KW - automated driving KW - literature review KW - human–automation interaction KW - method development Y1 - 2020 UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/app10248914 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-9369 SN - 2076-3417 VL - 10 IS - 24 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kundinger, Thomas A1 - Yalavarthi, Phani Krishna A1 - Riener, Andreas A1 - Wintersberger, Philipp A1 - Schartmüller, Clemens T1 - Feasibility of smart wearables for driver drowsiness detection and its potential among different age groups JF - International Journal of Pervasive Computing and Communications UR - https://doi.org/10.1108/IJPCC-03-2019-0017 KW - wearable devices KW - physiological measures KW - driver drowsiness detection KW - advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) KW - simulator study KW - active safety KW - driver monitoring KW - heart rate variability (HRV) KW - machine learning Y1 - 2020 UR - https://doi.org/10.1108/IJPCC-03-2019-0017 SN - 1742-7371 VL - 16 IS - 1 SP - 1 EP - 23 PB - Emerald CY - Bingley ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Riegler, Andreas A1 - Wintersberger, Philipp A1 - Riener, Andreas A1 - Holzmann, Clemens T1 - Augmented Reality Windshield Displays and Their Potential to Enhance User Experience in Automated Driving JF - i-com: Journal of Interactive Media UR - https://doi.org/10.1515/icom-2018-0033 KW - windshield displays KW - head-up displays KW - user preferences KW - automated driving KW - heatmaps Y1 - 2019 UR - https://doi.org/10.1515/icom-2018-0033 SN - 2196-6826 VL - 18 IS - 2 SP - 127 EP - 149 PB - De Gruyter CY - Berlin ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wintersberger, Philipp A1 - Schartmüller, Clemens A1 - Sadeghian, Shadan A1 - Frison, Anna-Katharina A1 - Riener, Andreas T1 - Evaluation of Imminent Take-Over Requests With Real Automation on a Test Track JF - Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society UR - https://doi.org/10.1177/00187208211051435 Y1 - 2021 UR - https://doi.org/10.1177/00187208211051435 SN - 0018-7208 SN - 1547-8181 VL - 65 IS - 8 SP - 1776 EP - 1792 PB - SAGE CY - London ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wintersberger, Philipp A1 - Schartmüller, Clemens A1 - Riener, Andreas T1 - Attentive user interfaces to improve multitasking and take-over performance in automated driving BT - the auto-net of things JF - International Journal of Mobile Human Computer Interaction (IJMHCI) UR - https://doi.org/10.4018/IJMHCI.2019070103 Y1 - 2019 UR - https://doi.org/10.4018/IJMHCI.2019070103 SN - 9781522565666 SN - 1942-390X SN - 1942-3918 VL - 11 IS - 3 PB - IGI Global CY - Hershey ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wintersberger, Philipp A1 - Janotta, Frederica A1 - Peintner, Jakob A1 - Löcken, Andreas A1 - Riener, Andreas T1 - Evaluating feedback requirements for trust calibration in automated vehicles JF - it – Information Technology UR - https://doi.org/10.1515/itit-2020-0024 KW - automated driving KW - trust in automation KW - user acceptance KW - user studies KW - mixed/augmented reality KW - adaptive UIs KW - personalized UIs Y1 - 2021 UR - https://doi.org/10.1515/itit-2020-0024 SN - 1611-2776 VL - 63 IS - 2 SP - 111 EP - 122 PB - De Gruyter CY - Berlin ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Becerra, Zoe M. A1 - Fereydooni, Nadia A1 - Kun, Andrew A1 - McKerral, Angus A1 - Riener, Andreas A1 - Walker, Bruce N. A1 - Wintersberger, Philipp T1 - Interactive Workshops in a Pandemic: The Real Benefits of Virtual Spaces JF - IEEE Pervasive Computing UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/MPRV.2020.3044072 KW - Pervasive computing KW - COVID-19 KW - Pandemics KW - Conferences Y1 - 2021 UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/MPRV.2020.3044072 SN - 1558-2590 VL - 20 IS - 1 SP - 35 EP - 39 PB - IEEE CY - Piscataway ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Weigl, Klemens A1 - Schartmüller, Clemens A1 - Wintersberger, Philipp A1 - Steinhauser, Marco A1 - Riener, Andreas T1 - The influence of experienced severe road traffic accidents on take-over reactions and non-driving-related tasks in an automated driving simulator study JF - Accident Analysis & Prevention UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2021.106408 KW - Severe RTA experiences KW - Automated driving SAE Level 3 KW - TOR KW - Non-driving-related tasks KW - PTSD KW - Depression and psychological resilience Y1 - 2021 UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2021.106408 SN - 0001-4575 VL - 2021 IS - 162 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wintersberger, Philipp A1 - Dey, Debargha A1 - Löcken, Andreas T1 - Editorial: Interaction between automated vehicles and other road users JF - Frontiers in Robotics and AI UR - https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1228093 KW - automated driving KW - vulnerable road user (VRU) KW - traffic safety KW - external human-machine interface (eHMI) KW - human-computer interaction Y1 - 2023 UR - https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1228093 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-37603 SN - 2296-9144 VL - 10 PB - Frontiers Media CY - Lausanne ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Frison, Anna-Katharina A1 - Wintersberger, Philipp A1 - Riener, Andreas T1 - Resurrecting the ghost in the shell: a need-centered development approach for optimizing user experience in highly automated vehicles JF - Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2019.08.001 KW - automated driving KW - user experience KW - user acceptance KW - SAE J3016 KW - psychological needs KW - ISO 9241-210 Y1 - 2019 UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2019.08.001 SN - 1873-5517 VL - 2019 IS - 65 SP - 439 EP - 456 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wintersberger, Philipp A1 - Frison, Anna-Katharina A1 - Riener, Andreas A1 - von Sawitzky, Tamara T1 - Fostering User Acceptance and Trust in Fully Automated Vehicles: Evaluating the Potential of Augmented Reality JF - Presence: Virtual and Augmented Reality UR - https://doi.org/10.1162/pres_a_00320 Y1 - 2018 UR - https://doi.org/10.1162/pres_a_00320 SN - 1531-3263 VL - 27 SP - 46 EP - 62 PB - MIT Press CY - Cambridge ER -