TY - JOUR A1 - Komsiyska, Lidiya A1 - Buchberger, Tobias A1 - Diehl, Simon A1 - Ehrensberger, Moritz A1 - Hanzl, Christian A1 - Hartmann, Christoph A1 - Hölzle, Markus A1 - Kleiner, Jan A1 - Lewerenz, Meinert A1 - Liebhart, Bernhard A1 - Schmid, Michael A1 - Schneider, Dominik A1 - Speer, Sascha A1 - Stöttner, Julia A1 - Terbrack, Christoph A1 - Hinterberger, Michael A1 - Endisch, Christian T1 - Critical review of intelligent battery systems BT - challenges, implementation, and potential for electric vehicles JF - Energies N2 - This review provides an overview of new strategies to address the current challenges of automotive battery systems: Intelligent Battery Systems. They have the potential to make battery systems more performant and future-proof for coming generations of electric vehicles. The essential features of Intelligent Battery Systems are the accurate and robust determination of cell individual states and the ability to control the current of each cell by reconfiguration. They enable high-level functions like fault diagnostics, multi-objective balancing strategies, multilevel inverters, and hybrid energy storage systems. State of the art and recent advances in these topics are compiled and critically discussed in this article. A comprising, critical discussion of the implementation aspects of Intelligent Battery Systems complements the review. We touch on sensing, battery topologies and management, switching elements, communication architecture, and impact on the single-cell. This review contributes to transferring the best technologies from research to product development. UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/en14185989 KW - smart battery KW - intelligent battery system KW - advanced monitoring KW - reconfigurable battery KW - battery management system KW - electric vehicle Y1 - 2021 UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/en14185989 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-10132 SN - 1996-1073 VL - 14 IS - 18 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schmid, Michael A1 - Vögele, Ulrich A1 - Endisch, Christian T1 - A novel matrix-vector-based framework for modeling and simulation of electric vehicle battery packs JF - Journal of Energy Storage UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2020.101736 KW - Electric vehicle KW - Lithium-ion battery pack KW - Control-oriented modeling KW - Electro-thermal model KW - Fault diagnosis KW - Performance analysis Y1 - 2020 UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2020.101736 SN - 2352-152X VL - 2020 IS - 32 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schmid, Michael A1 - Endisch, Christian T1 - Online diagnosis of soft internal short circuits in series-connected battery packs using modified kernel principal component analysis JF - Journal of Energy Storage N2 - Safe operation of large battery storage systems requires advanced fault diagnosis that is able to detect faults and provide an early warning in the event of a fault. Since Internal Short Circuits (ISC) are the most common abuse condition leading to thermal runaway, this study addresses the early detection of incipient soft ISCs at the stage when the fault is still uncritical and does not lead to significant heat generation. The differences in cell voltages as measured by conventional battery management systems prove to be indicative features for ISC diagnosis. However, due to poor balancing and parameter variations, the cell voltage differences exhibit nonlinear variations. This work addresses this challenge with a nonlinear data model based on Kernel Principal Component Analysis (KPCA). To enable an online application in a vehicle, the present work reduces the computational complexity of the method by an optimal choice of training data. An analysis of the contribution of each cell to the fault statistics enables identification of the faulty cell. Since early-stage ISCs can exhibit a wide range of short-circuit resistances, experimental validation is performed with resistances from 10Ω to 10kΩ, which are correctly detected and isolated by the optimized cross-cell monitoring in all cases. UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2022.104815 KW - lithium-ion battery KW - internal short circuit KW - fault diagnosis KW - fault isolation KW - kernel principal component analysis KW - battery safety Y1 - 2022 UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2022.104815 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-25282 SN - 2352-152X VL - 2022 IS - 53 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hanzl, Christian A1 - Hartmann, Christoph A1 - Hölzle, Markus A1 - Liebhart, Bernhard A1 - Schmid, Michael A1 - Endisch, Christian T1 - Current commutation in a switched lithium-ion cell used in cascaded half-bridge multilevel inverters JF - IET Power Electronics N2 - In order to improve the efficiency of battery electric vehicles, the utilization of reconfigurable batteries and multilevel inverters based on low-voltage Si MOSFETs gains growing attention. Focusing on the half-bridge as basic switching unit, this paper examines voltage and current waveforms during switching. It is shown that the current commutation speed depends on various factors such as sign and amplitude of the current as well as the particular switching scenario. For instance, turning off a positive cell current takes 0.21 𝜇s while turning it on takes 0.9 𝜇s. In addition, it is revealed that depending on the switching scenario and current direction, the lithium-ion cell supports or opposes the remagnetization of the parasitic inductances and therefore the switching losses of the MOSFETs. Switching a positive load current of 125 A from active to bypass converts 276 𝜇J into heat while switching from bypass to active converts merely 32.5 𝜇J into heat. UR - https://doi.org/10.1049/pel2.12088 Y1 - 2021 UR - https://doi.org/10.1049/pel2.12088 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-13364 SN - 1755-4543 VL - 14 IS - 6 SP - 1073 EP - 1088 PB - Wiley CY - Hoboken ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Blenk, Andreas A1 - Kalmbach, Patrick A1 - Zerwas, Johannes A1 - Jarschel, Michael A1 - Schmid, Stefan A1 - Kellerer, Wolfgang T1 - NeuroViNE: A Neural Preprocessor for Your Virtual Network Embedding Algorithm T2 - IEEE INFOCOM 2018 - IEEE Conference on Computer Communications UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/INFOCOM.2018.8486263 Y1 - 2018 UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/INFOCOM.2018.8486263 SN - 978-1-5386-4128-6 SP - 405 EP - 413 PB - IEEE CY - Piscataway ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kleiner, Jan A1 - Singh, Randeep A1 - Schmid, Michael A1 - Komsiyska, Lidiya A1 - Elger, Gordon A1 - Endisch, Christian T1 - Influence of heat pipe assisted terminal cooling on the thermal behavior of a large prismatic lithium-ion cell during fast charging in electric vehicles JF - Applied Thermal Engineering UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2020.116328 KW - Lithium-ion battery KW - Battery modeling KW - Electro-thermal model KW - Fast charging KW - Terminal cooling KW - Heat pipe Y1 - 2020 UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2020.116328 SN - 1359-4311 VL - 2021 IS - 188 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schmid, Michael A1 - Kneidinger, Hans-Georg A1 - Endisch, Christian T1 - Data-driven fault diagnosis in battery systems through cross-cell monitoring JF - IEEE Sensors Journal UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2020.3017812 KW - Battery systems KW - data-driven fault diagnosis KW - fault isolation KW - recursive principal component analysis KW - signal processing Y1 - 2020 UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2020.3017812 SN - 1558-1748 SN - 1530-437X SN - 2379-9153 VL - 21 IS - 2 SP - 1829 EP - 1837 PB - IEEE CY - New York ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schmid, Michael A1 - Gebauer, Emanuel A1 - Hanzl, Christian A1 - Endisch, Christian T1 - Active model-based fault diagnosis in reconfigurable battery systems JF - IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/TPEL.2020.3012964 KW - active fault isolation KW - active hypothesis testing KW - constrained parameter estimation KW - fault tolerance KW - fuzzy clustering KW - reconfigurable battery system (RBS) Y1 - 2020 UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/TPEL.2020.3012964 SN - 1941-0107 SN - 0885-8993 VL - 36 IS - 3 SP - 2584 EP - 2597 PB - IEEE CY - Piscataway ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Liebhart, Bernhard A1 - Diehl, Simon A1 - Schmid, Michael A1 - Endisch, Christian A1 - Kennel, Ralph T1 - Improved Impedance Measurements for Electric Vehicles with Reconfigurable Battery Systems T2 - Proceedings of the Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition – Asia, 2021 (ECCE Asia 2021) UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/ECCE-Asia49820.2021.9479060 KW - Reconfigurable Battery System KW - Impedance Spectroscopy KW - Power MOSFET KW - Artificial Neural Network Y1 - 2021 UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/ECCE-Asia49820.2021.9479060 SN - 978-1-7281-6344-4 SN - 2150-6086 SP - 1736 EP - 1742 PB - IEEE CY - Piscataway (NJ) ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Ziegmann, Johannes A1 - Schmid, Michael A1 - Endisch, Christian T1 - Sensitivity Analysis for Driver Energy Prediction with Environmental Features and Naturalistic Data T2 - 2018 IEEE International Conference on Intelligent Engineering Systems (INES) UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/INES.2018.8523987 KW - Driver Energy Prediction KW - Environmental Feature Selection KW - Sensitivity Analysis KW - Feature Transformation KW - Filter and Wrapper Methods Y1 - 2018 UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/INES.2018.8523987 SN - 978-1-5386-1122-7 SP - 000199 EP - 000206 PB - IEEE CY - Piscataway (NJ) ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schmid, Michael A1 - Kleiner, Jan A1 - Endisch, Christian T1 - Early detection of Internal Short Circuits in series-connected battery packs based on nonlinear process monitoring JF - Journal of Energy Storage UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2021.103732 KW - Lithium-ion battery KW - Internal Short Circuit KW - Fault diagnosis KW - Kernel Principal Component Analysis KW - Cell inconsistencies KW - Battery safety Y1 - 2022 UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2021.103732 SN - 2352-152X VL - 2022 IS - 48 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schmid, Michael A1 - Gebauer, Emanuel A1 - Endisch, Christian T1 - Structural analysis in reconfigurable battery systems for active fault diagnosis JF - IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/TPEL.2021.3049573 KW - Active fault diagnosis KW - electrothermal battery model KW - minimal sensor set KW - reconfigurable battery KW - structural analysis Y1 - 2021 UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/TPEL.2021.3049573 SN - 1941-0107 VL - 36 IS - 8 SP - 8672 EP - 8684 PB - IEEE CY - New York ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Schmid, Michael A1 - Liebhart, Bernhard A1 - Kleiner, Jan A1 - Endisch, Christian A1 - Kennel, Ralph T1 - Online Detection of Soft Internal Short Circuits in Lithium-Ion Battery Packs by Data-Driven Cell Voltage Monitoring T2 - Proceedings of the Energy Conversion Congress & Exposition - Asia, 2021 (ECCE-Asia 2021) UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/ECCE-Asia49820.2021.9479175 KW - Internal Short Circuit KW - Fault Diagnosis KW - Lithium-Ion Battery KW - Battery Safety KW - Electric Vehicle Y1 - 2021 UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/ECCE-Asia49820.2021.9479175 SN - 978-1-7281-6344-4 SN - 2150-6086 SP - 1711 EP - 1718 PB - IEEE CY - Piscataway (NJ) ER -