TY - JOUR A1 - Böhm, Klaus A1 - Kubjatko, Tibor A1 - Paula, Daniel A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg T1 - New developments on EDR (Event Data Recorder) for automated vehicles JF - Open Engineering N2 - With the upcoming new legislative rules in the EU on Event Data Recorder beginning 2022 the question is whether the discussed data base is sufficient for the needs of clarifying accidents involving automated vehicles. Based on the reconstruction of real accidents including vehicles with ADAS combined with specially designed crash tests a broader data base than US EDR regulation (NHTSA 49 CFR Part 563.7) is proposed. The working group AHEAD, to which the authors contribute, has already elaborated a data model that fits the needs of automated driving. The structure of this data model is shown. Moreover, the special benefits of storing internal video or photo feeds form the vehicle camera systems combined with object data is illustrated. When using a sophisticate 3D measurement method of the accident scene the videos or photos can also serve as a control instance for the stored vehicle data. The AHEAD Data Model enhanced with the storage of the video and photo feeds should be considered in the planned roadmap of the Informal Working Group (IWG) on EDR/ DSSAD (Data Storage System for Automated Driving) reporting to UNECE WP29. Also, a data access over the air using technology already applied in China for electric vehicles called Real Time Monitoring would allow a quantum leap in forensic accident reconstruction. UR - https://doi.org/10.1515/eng-2020-0007 KW - Event Data Recorder (EDR) KW - automated vehicles KW - video and photo feeds KW - Real Time Monitoring (RTM) KW - AHEAD (Aggregated Homologation proposal for Event data recorder for Automated Driving) Y1 - 2020 UR - https://doi.org/10.1515/eng-2020-0007 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-9263 SN - 2391-5439 VL - 10 IS - 1 SP - 140 EP - 146 PB - De Gruyter CY - Berlin ER - TY - INPR A1 - Paula, Daniel A1 - Bauder, Maximilian A1 - Pfeilschifter, Claus A1 - Petermeier, Franziska A1 - Kubjatko, Tibor A1 - Böhm, Klaus A1 - Riener, Andreas A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg T1 - Impact of Partially Automated Driving Functions on Forensic Accident Reconstruction: A Simulator Study on Driver Reaction Behavior in the Event of a Malfunctioning System Behavior N2 - Partially automated driving functions (SAE Level 2) can control a vehicle's longitudinal and lateral movements. However, taking over the driving task involves automation risks that the driver must manage. In severe accidents, the driver's ability to avoid a collision must be assessed, considering their expected reaction behavior. The primary goal of this study is to generate essential data on driver reaction behavior in case of malfunctions in partially automated driving functions for use in legal affairs. A simulator study with two scenarios involving 32 subjects was conducted for this purpose. The first scenario investigated driver reactions to system limitations during cornering. The second scenario examined driver responses to phantom braking caused by the AEBS. As a result, the first scenario shows that none of the subjects could control the situation safely. Due to partial automation, we could also identify a new part of the reaction time, the hands-on time, which leads to increased steering reaction times of 1.18 to 1.74 seconds. In the second scenario, we found that 25 of the 32 subjects could not override the phantom braking by pressing the accelerator pedal, although 16 subjects were informed about the system analog to the actual vehicle manuals. Overall, the study suggests that the current legal perspective on vehicle control and the expected driver reaction behavior for accident avoidance should be reconsidered. UR - https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202311.0947.v1 Y1 - 2023 UR - https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202311.0947.v1 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-42173 PB - Preprints CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Blasch, Julia A1 - van der Grijp, Nicolien M. A1 - Petrovics, Daniel A1 - Palm, Jenny A1 - Bocken, Nancy A1 - Darby, Sarah J. A1 - Barnes, Jacob A1 - Hansen, Paula A1 - Kamin, Tanja A1 - Golob, Ursa A1 - Andor, Mark A1 - Sommer, Stephan A1 - Nicita, Agatino A1 - Musolino, Monica A1 - Mlinaric, Masa T1 - New clean energy communities in polycentric settings BT - four avenues for future research JF - Energy Research & Social Science N2 - Given the gaps between EU ambitions regarding energy community development and the current reality of clean energy communities in Europe, we explore a research framework enabling viable multi- and interdisciplinary research into new clean energy communities. We offer a definition of new clean energy communities, discuss their potential for wider dissemination and identify four factors that contribute to the current mismatch between ambitions and reality in energy community development. As a broader framework for interdisciplinary research into the field of new clean energy communities, we propose polycentric governance theory, considering the fact that the area of community energy systems is essentially multi-scalar, and that the rules of engagement in such systems are of great significance. This opens up four avenues for research on energy communities, which we outline in terms of enabling institutional contexts, potential for learning and transferability, business models and value propositions, and evaluation of outcomes and processes. UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2021.102276 KW - Energy communities KW - Socio-technical innovation KW - Energy transitions KW - Polycentric governance KW - Business model innovation KW - Social value creation Y1 - 2021 UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2021.102276 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-21057 SN - 2214-6296 VL - 2021 IS - 82 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Fothen, Christoph A1 - Böhm, Klaus A1 - Paula, Daniel T1 - Kann die Verwendung digitaler Fahrzeugdaten zur Rekonstruktion von Verkehrsunfällen unterhalb der Schwelle schwerster Unfallereignisse verhältnismäßig sein? JF - NZV: Neue Zeitschrift für Verkehrsrecht Y1 - 2020 UR - https://beck-online.beck.de/Bcid/Y-300-Z-NZV-B-2020-S-284-N-1 SN - 0934-1307 VL - 33 IS - 6 SP - 284 EP - 289 PB - Beck CY - München ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Wech, Lothar A1 - Böhm, Klaus A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg A1 - Paula, Daniel T1 - Event Data Recorder (EDR) for automated vehicles BT - Legal certainty and data privacy for all T2 - SafetyWeek : Die Zukunft der Fahrzeugsicherheit UR - https://www.carhs.de/de/publikationen/product/safetyweek-2020-replay.html Y1 - 2020 UR - https://www.carhs.de/de/publikationen/product/safetyweek-2020-replay.html ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Paula, Daniel A1 - Böhm, Klaus A1 - Kubjatko, Tibor A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg T1 - Challenges in forensic reconstruction of traffic accidents involving Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) T2 - Proceedings of the 29th Annual Congress of the EVU Y1 - 2021 PB - EVU CY - Berlin ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Paula, Daniel A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg A1 - Böhm, Klaus ED - Bargende, Michael ED - Reuss, Hans-Christian ED - Wagner, Andreas T1 - Reconstruction of traffic accidents with automated and electrified vehicles T2 - 20. Internationales Stuttgarter Symposium: Automobil- und Motorentechnik, Band 1 UR - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-29943-9_28 Y1 - 2020 UR - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-29943-9_28 SN - 978-3-658-29942-2 SN - 978-3-658-29943-9 SP - 357 EP - 371 PB - Springer Vieweg CY - Wiesbaden ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Böhm, Klaus A1 - Paula, Daniel A1 - Wech, Lothar A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg T1 - Event Data Recorder (EDR) for accidents with automated vehicles BT - the accident analysis of the future T2 - 12. VDI-Tagung Fahrzeugsicherheit: Fahrzeugsicherheit im Umfeld von neuen Rating- und Gesetzesanforderungen UR - https://doi.org/10.51202/9783181023648-349 Y1 - 2019 UR - https://doi.org/10.51202/9783181023648-349 SN - 978-3-18-092364-2 SN - 978-3-18-102364-8 SP - 349 EP - 364 PB - VDI Verlag CY - Düsseldorf ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bauder, Maximilian A1 - Lecheler, Katrin A1 - Wech, Lothar A1 - Böhm, Klaus A1 - Paula, Daniel A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg T1 - Determination of accident scenarios via freely available accident databases JF - Open Engineering N2 - The derivation of real accident scenarios from accident databases represents an important task within vehicle safety research. Simulations are increasingly used for this purpose. Depending on the research interest, a wide range of accident databases exists worldwide, which differ mainly in the number of recorded data per accident and availability. This work aims to identify critical vehicle-to-vehicle accidents based on freely available accident databases to derive concrete scenarios for a subsequent simulation. For this purpose, the method of the pre-crash matrix is applied using the example of the freely available Crash Investigation Sampling System database of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. An analysis of existing databases worldwide shows that this is the most detailed, freely available database. The derivation of scenarios succeeds here by a new method, whereby a center of gravity calculation is carried out based on the damages of the vehicles according to Collision Deformation Classification nomenclature. In addition, the determination of other necessary parameters, as well as the limits of the database, is shown in order to derive a scenario that can be simulated. As a result, the constellations of the five most frequent vehicle-to-vehicle accident scenarios according to the Crash Investigation Sampling System database are presented. In particular, other institutions should follow National Highway Traffic Safety Administration’s example and make data freely available for accident research. UR - https://doi.org/10.1515/eng-2022-0047 KW - accident databases KW - accident scenarios KW - vehicle-to-vehicle accidents KW - Pre-Crash-Matrix KW - Crash Investigation Sampling System Y1 - 2022 UR - https://doi.org/10.1515/eng-2022-0047 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-25137 SN - 2391-5439 VL - 12 IS - 1 SP - 453 EP - 467 PB - De Gruyter CY - Berlin ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Paula, Daniel A1 - Böhm, Klaus A1 - Kubjatko, Tibor A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg T1 - Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) Experiments for Traffic Accident Reconstruction T2 - Transport Means 2021: Proceedings of the 25th International Scientific Conference - Part I KW - Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) KW - Instrument Cluster KW - Event Data Recorder (EDR) Y1 - 2021 UR - https://transportmeans.ktu.edu/transport-means-2021/ SN - 2351-7034 SN - 1822-296X SP - 108 EP - 112 PB - Kaunas University of Technology CY - Kaunas ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Pfeilschifter, Claus A1 - Bauder, Maximilian A1 - Paula, Daniel A1 - Riener, Andreas A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg T1 - Using a Driving Simulator to Assess Reaction Times and Driving Behavior for Forensic Accident Analysis T2 - 15th International ACM Conference on Automotive User Interfaces: Adjunct Conference Proceedings UR - https://doi.org/10.1145/3581961.3609846 KW - car2x KW - semi-automated KW - reaction times KW - trust KW - instrument cluster Y1 - 2023 UR - https://doi.org/10.1145/3581961.3609846 SN - 979-8-4007-0112-2 SP - 320 EP - 322 PB - ACM CY - New York ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Langer, Robin A1 - Michl, Marco A1 - Paula, Daniel A1 - Hof, Hans-Joachim A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg T1 - Security analysis of an Event Data Recorder system according to the HEAVENS model T2 - Proceedings of the 30th Annual Congress of the EVU Y1 - 2022 PB - EVU CY - Berlin ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Bauder, Maximilian A1 - Paula, Daniel A1 - Fehringer, Thomas A1 - Kubjatko, Tibor A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg T1 - Performance of Automatic Speed Sign Recognition and Adaptive Speed Adjustment of Real Vehicles on German Roads T2 - Proceedings of the 31st Annual Congress of the EVU KW - Accident Analysis; Accident Reconstruction; Traffic Sign Recognition; Intelligent Adaptive Cruise Control; Real Operating Investigation; Fundamental Data Y1 - 2023 SP - 242 EP - 252 PB - EVU CY - Berlin ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Paula, Daniel A1 - Bauder, Maximilian A1 - Pfeilschifter, Claus A1 - Petermeier, Franziska A1 - Kubjatko, Tibor A1 - Böhm, Klaus A1 - Riener, Andreas A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg T1 - Impact of Partially Automated Driving Functions on Forensic Accident Reconstruction: A Simulator Study on Driver Reaction Behavior in the Event of a Malfunctioning System Behavior JF - Sensors N2 - Partially automated driving functions (SAE Level 2) can control a vehicle’s longitudinal and lateral movements. However, taking over the driving task involves automation risks that the driver must manage. In severe accidents, the driver’s ability to avoid a collision must be assessed, considering their expected reaction behavior. The primary goal of this study is to generate essential data on driver reaction behavior in case of malfunctions in partially automated driving functions for use in legal affairs. A simulator study with two scenarios involving 32 subjects was conducted for this purpose. The first scenario investigated driver reactions to system limitations during cornering. The results show that none of the subjects could avoid leaving their lane and moving into the oncoming lane and, therefore, could not control the situation safely. Due to partial automation, we could also identify a new part of the reaction time, the hands-on time, which leads to increased steering reaction times of 1.18 to 1.74 s. The second scenario examined driver responses to phantom braking caused by AEBS. We found that 25 of the 32 subjects could not override the phantom braking by pressing the accelerator pedal, although 16 subjects were informed about the system analog to the actual vehicle manuals. Overall, the study suggests that the current legal perspective on vehicle control and the expected driver reaction behavior for accident avoidance should be reconsidered. UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/s23249785 Y1 - 2023 UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/s23249785 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-42766 SN - 1424-8220 VL - 23 IS - 24 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - THES A1 - Paula, Daniel T1 - Methoden für die forensische Rekonstruktion von Verkehrsunfällen mit Beteiligung automatisierter Fahrzeuge KW - forensische Unfallrekonstruktion KW - teilautomatisiertes Fahren KW - Automatisierungsrisiken KW - Fahrerreaktionsverhalten Y1 - 2024 UR - https://opac.crzp.sk/?fn=detailBiblioForm&sid=AA9A59A4FA5B9CCA5A9C4B07A76D PB - University of Žilina CY - Žilina ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Paula, Daniel A1 - Bauder, Maximilian A1 - König, Thomas A1 - Dengler, Yannick A1 - Böhm, Klaus A1 - Kubjatko, Tibor A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg T1 - Impact of vehicle electrification on fundamental accident reconstruction parameters T2 - Proceedings of the 30th Annual Congress of the EVU Y1 - 2022 SP - 34 EP - 41 PB - EVU CY - Berlin ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Paula, Daniel A1 - Bauder, Maximilian A1 - König, Thomas A1 - Kubjatko, Tibor A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg T1 - Systematic investigation of influences on advanced driver assistance systems for accident reconstruction T2 - Proceedings of the 31st Annual Congress of the EVU Y1 - 2023 SP - 253 EP - 261 PB - EVU CY - Berlin ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Bauder, Maximilian A1 - Paula, Daniel A1 - Böhm, Klaus A1 - Kubjatko, Tibor A1 - Wech, Lothar A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg T1 - Opportunities and challenges of cooperative intelligent transportation systems on accident analysis T2 - Proceedings of the 30th Annual Congress of the EVU Y1 - 2022 PB - EVU CY - Berlin ER - TY - JOUR A1 - König, Thomas A1 - Paula, Daniel A1 - Quaschner, Stefan A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg T1 - Influence of Blind Spot Assistance Systems in Heavy Commercial Vehicles on Accident Reconstruction JF - Sensors N2 - Accidents between right-turning commercial vehicles and crossing vulnerable road users (VRUs) in urban environments often lead to serious or fatal injuries and therefore play a significant role in forensic accident analysis. To reduce the risk of accidents, blind spot assistance systems have been installed in commercial vehicles for several years, among other things, to detect VRUs and warn the driver in time. However, since such systems cannot reliably prevent all turning accidents, an investigation by experts must clarify how the accident occurred and to what extent the blind spot assistance system influenced the course of the accident. The occurrence of the acoustic warning message can be defined as an objective reaction prompt for the driver, so that the blind spot assistance system can significantly influence the avoidability assessment. In order to be able to integrate the system into forensic accident analysis, a precise knowledge of how the system works and its limitations is required. For this purpose, tests with different systems and accident constellations were conducted and evaluated. It was found that the type of sensor used for the assistance systems has a great influence on the system’s performance. The lateral distance between the right side of the commercial vehicle and the VRU, as well as obstacles between them, along with the speed difference can have great influence on the reliability of the assistance system. Depending on the concrete time of the system’s warning signal, the accident can be avoided or not by the driver when reacting to this signal. UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/s24051517 KW - accident analysis KW - accident reconstruction KW - road safety KW - vehicle active safety Y1 - 2024 UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/s24051517 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-47143 SN - 1424-8220 VL - 24 IS - 5 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bauder, Maximilian A1 - Paula, Daniel A1 - Kubjatko, Tibor A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg T1 - Evaluation of the vehicle behaviour when not responding to the take-over request of Tesla Autopilot and Volkswagen Travel Assist JF - Transportation Research Procedia N2 - In this work, driving tests were carried out with a Tesla Model 3 and VW ID.4. During the tests, the vehicles were controlled by an SAE Level 2 system (Tesla Autopilot and VW Travel Assist). The study aimed to investigate the behaviour of the vehicles when the driver does not react to the take-over request of the vehicle while it is in a non-critical driving situation. The aim was to clarify whether this can lead to accidents from a purely technical point of view and whether there is still room for improvement. As a result, it could be determined that a non-reaction of the driver to the take-over request leads to system-initiated braking decelerations, which can lead to a rear-end collision by the following traffic. Furthermore, secondary accidents are possible if the driver fails to act as a fallback. This could be reduced by improving the applicable UNECE standard R79 by specifying deceleration values for this case. In addition, the risk of an accident could be reduced by decelerating earlier and warning the environment. For this purpose, a driver monitoring system would also be recommended to allow situational decisions by the system. The implementation of the measures proposed could result in a significant increase in road safety while using these systems. UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2023.11.167 Y1 - 2024 UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2023.11.167 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-63210 SN - 2352-1465 VL - 2023 IS - 74 SP - 450 EP - 457 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER -