TY - JOUR A1 - Schartmüller, Clemens A1 - Weigl, Klemens A1 - Löcken, Andreas A1 - Wintersberger, Philipp A1 - Steinhauser, Marco A1 - Riener, Andreas T1 - Displays for Productive Non-Driving Related Tasks: Visual Behavior and Its Impact in Conditionally Automated Driving JF - Multimodal Technologies and Interaction N2 - (1) Background: Primary driving tasks are increasingly being handled by vehicle automation so that support for non-driving related tasks (NDRTs) is becoming more and more important. In SAE L3 automation, vehicles can require the driver-passenger to take over driving controls, though. Interfaces for NDRTs must therefore guarantee safe operation and should also support productive work. (2) Method: We conducted a within-subjects driving simulator study (N=53) comparing Heads-Up Displays (HUDs) and Auditory Speech Displays (ASDs) for productive NDRT engagement. In this article, we assess the NDRT displays’ effectiveness by evaluating eye-tracking measures and setting them into relation to workload measures, self-ratings, and NDRT/take-over performance. (3) Results: Our data highlights substantially higher gaze dispersion but more extensive glances on the road center in the auditory condition than the HUD condition during automated driving. We further observed potentially safety-critical glance deviations from the road during take-overs after a HUD was used. These differences are reflected in self-ratings, workload indicators and take-over reaction times, but not in driving performance. (4) Conclusion: NDRT interfaces can influence visual attention even beyond their usage during automated driving. In particular, the HUD has resulted in safety-critical glances during manual driving after take-overs. We found this impacted workload and productivity but not driving performance UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/mti5040021 KW - automated driving KW - take-over requests KW - conditional automation KW - non-driving related tasks KW - eye-tracking KW - performance KW - behavior KW - displays KW - productivity KW - visual attention Y1 - 2021 UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/mti5040021 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-10965 SN - 2414-4088 VL - 5 IS - 4 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Dey, Debargha A1 - Habibovic, Azra A1 - Löcken, Andreas A1 - Wintersberger, Philipp A1 - Pfleging, Bastian A1 - Riener, Andreas A1 - Martens, Marieke A1 - Terken, Jacques T1 - Taming the eHMI jungle: A classification taxonomy to guide, compare, and assess the design principles of automated vehicles' external human-machine interfaces JF - Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives N2 - There is a growing body of research in the field of interaction between automated vehicles and other road users in their vicinity. To facilitate such interactions, researchers and designers have explored designs, and this line of work has yielded several concepts of external Human-Machine Interfaces (eHMI) for vehicles. Literature and media review reveals that the description of interfaces is often lacking in fidelity or details of their functionalities in specific situations, which makes it challenging to understand the originating concepts. There is also a lack of a universal understanding of the various dimensions of a communication interface, which has impeded a consistent and coherent addressal of the different aspects of the functionalities of such interface concepts. In this paper, we present a unified taxonomy that allowsa systematic comparison of the eHMI across 18 dimensions, covering their physical characteristics and communication aspects from the perspective of human factors and human-machine interaction. We analyzed and coded 70eHMI concepts according to this taxonomy to portray the state of the art and highlight the relative maturity of different contributions. The results point to a number of unexplored research areas that could inspire future work. Additionally, we believe that our proposed taxonomy can serve as a checklist for user interface designers and researchers when developing their interfaces. UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trip.2020.100174 KW - Automated vehicle KW - Vulnerable road user KW - Pedestrian KW - External human-machine interface KW - Taxonomy KW - Human factors KW - Human-computer interaction Y1 - 2020 UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trip.2020.100174 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-9241 SN - 2590-1982 VL - 2020 IS - 7 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Manger, Carina A1 - Pusch, Florian A1 - Thöne, Manuel A1 - Wenger, Marco A1 - Löcken, Andreas A1 - Riener, Andreas ED - Michahelles, Florian ED - Knierim, Pascal ED - Häkkilä, Jonna T1 - Explainability in Automated Parking: The Effect of Augmented Reality Visualizations on User Experience and Situation Awareness T2 - Proceedings of MUM 2023: the 22nd International Conference on Mobile and Ubiquitous Multimedia UR - https://doi.org/10.1145/3626705.3627796 Y1 - 2023 UR - https://doi.org/10.1145/3626705.3627796 SN - 979-8-4007-0921-0 SP - 146 EP - 152 PB - ACM CY - New York ER - TY - JOUR A1 - von Sawitzky, Tamara A1 - Löcken, Andreas A1 - Grauschopf, Thomas A1 - Riener, Andreas T1 - Enhancing cyclist safety in cyclist-vehicle interactions through early hazard notifications: a comparison of bi-modal cues at head level JF - Traffic Safety Research N2 - Cyclists frequently face numerous hazards on the road. Often those hazards are posed by motorised vehicles. Advanced support systems that alert cyclists to potential dangers could enhance their safety. However, research in this area, particularly regarding hazard notifications for cyclists, remains sparse. This work assesses bi-modal early hazard notification concepts (combining visual cues with either auditory or tactile feedback) provided at head level (smart glasses with speakers, tactile headband). They are detailing the nature of the hazard, its direction relative to the cyclist, and the timing of exposure. This work investigates cyclists' preference and perception of the proposed concepts for two hazardous situations originating from interactions with vehicles: ‘dooring’, the hazard of a potential collision with an opening door of a parked vehicle (evaluated through a test track study, N = 32) and ‘being overtaken’ which poses the hazard of being cut off or hit by the overtaking vehicle (assessed in a bicycle simulator study, N = 21). The study involved comparisons of supported and unsupported rides, focusing on their impact on usability, intuitiveness, workload, and perceived safety. Our findings reveal varied preferences for the supporting feedback modality, with 56% favouring visual-auditory and 31% visual-tactile. The participants rated user experience, intuitiveness and perceived safety for the use of both concepts quite high. Further, the workload for assisted rides was rated as equally low as for unassisted rides. UR - https://doi.org/10.55329/bodb6366 Y1 - 2024 UR - https://doi.org/10.55329/bodb6366 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-56562 SN - 2004-3082 VL - 7 PB - Lund University CY - Lund ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Stojmenova, Kristina A1 - Lee, Seulchan A1 - Hong, Sara A1 - Schuß, Martina A1 - Sahin, Hatice A1 - Patel, Ankit R. A1 - Löcken, Andreas A1 - Dey, Debargha A1 - Riener, Andreas A1 - Mirnig, Alexander G. A1 - Jeon, Myounghoon T1 - How to Ensure Diversity and Inclusion at Conferences BT - A Workshop for General Chairs, Program Committee Members, Reviewers and Authors T2 - 15th International ACM Conference on Automotive User Interfaces: Adjunct Conference Proceedings UR - https://doi.org/10.1145/3581961.3609838 Y1 - 2023 UR - https://doi.org/10.1145/3581961.3609838 SN - 979-8-4007-0112-2 SP - 241 EP - 244 PB - ACM CY - New York ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Löcken, Andreas A1 - Frison, Anna-Katharina A1 - Fahn, Vanessa A1 - Kreppold, Dominik A1 - Götz, Maximilian A1 - Riener, Andreas T1 - Increasing User Experience and Trust in Automated Vehicles via an Ambient Light Display T2 - Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction with Mobile Devices and Services UR - https://doi.org/10.1145/3379503.3403567 KW - automated driving KW - AV-passenger interaction KW - light display KW - trust KW - user experience KW - video-based Y1 - 2020 UR - https://doi.org/10.1145/3379503.3403567 SN - 978-1-4503-7516-0 PB - ACM CY - New York ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Löcken, Andreas A1 - Wintersberger, Philipp A1 - Frison, Anna-Katharina A1 - Riener, Andreas T1 - Investigating User Requirements for Communication Between Automated Vehicles and Vulnerable Road Users T2 - 2019 IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium (IV) UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/IVS.2019.8814027 KW - interviews KW - roads KW - light emitting diodes KW - pragmatics KW - vehicles KW - communication systems KW - safety Y1 - 2019 UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/IVS.2019.8814027 SN - 978-1-7281-0560-4 SP - 879 EP - 884 PB - IEEE CY - Piscataway ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Schuß, Martina A1 - Manger, Carina A1 - Löcken, Andreas A1 - Riener, Andreas T1 - You’ll Never Ride Alone: Insights into Women’s Security Needs in Shared Automated Vehicles T2 - Main Proceedings: 14th International ACM Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications UR - https://doi.org/10.1145/3543174.3546848 KW - shared automated vehicles KW - participatory design KW - security KW - women KW - senior citizens Y1 - 2022 UR - https://doi.org/10.1145/3543174.3546848 SN - 978-1-4503-9415-4 SP - 13 EP - 23 PB - ACM CY - New York ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Löcken, Andreas A1 - Matviienko, Andrii A1 - Colley, Mark A1 - Dey, Debargha A1 - Habibovic, Azra A1 - Lee, Yee Mun A1 - Riener, Andreas T1 - Accessible Automated Automotive Workshop Series (A3WS): International Perspective on Inclusive External Human-Machine Interfaces T2 - Adjunct Proceedings: 14th International ACM Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications UR - https://doi.org/10.1145/3544999.3551347 KW - workshop KW - vulnerable road users KW - automated vehicles KW - inclusiveness KW - human-machine interaction KW - external human-machine interfaces Y1 - 2022 UR - https://doi.org/10.1145/3544999.3551347 SN - 978-1-4503-9428-4 SP - 192 EP - 195 PB - ACM CY - New York ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Wintersberger, Philipp A1 - Löcken, Andreas A1 - Frison, Anna-Katharina A1 - Riener, Andreas ED - Riener, Andreas ED - Appel, Alexandra ED - Dorner, Wolfgang ED - Huber, Thomas ED - Kolb, Jan Christopher ED - Wagner, Harry T1 - Evaluierung von Benutzeranforderungen für die Kommunikation zwischen automatisierten Fahrzeugen und ungeschützten Verkehrsteilnehmern T2 - Autonome Shuttlebusse im ÖPNV: Analysen und Bewertungen zum Fallbeispiel Bad Birnbach aus technischer, gesellschaftlicher und planerischer Sicht N2 - Es wurden bereits einige Lösungen vorgestellt, um die Kommunikation zwischen automatisierten Fahrzeugen und ungeschützten Verkehrsteilnehmern (sog. „Vulnerable Road Users“, VRUs) zu unterstützen. Noch ist jedoch unklar, ob diese Systeme den Anforderungen zukünftiger Benutzer auch gerecht werden. Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, Benutzeranforderungen von VRUs nach direktem Kontakt mit einem automatisierten Fahrzeug zu erfassen. Hierfür wurde eine Feldstudie mit 32 Teilnehmern durchgeführt. Die Resultate, welche sowohl auf subjektiven (Fragebögen, Interviews) als auch objektiven (Videoanalyse) Daten basieren, legen nahe, dass ungeschützte Verkehrsteilnehmer einfache und bekannte Konzepte (beispielsweise Ampelsysteme oder Hupen) zur Kommunikation bevorzugen. Des Weiteren wurden diverse Problemszenarien identifiziert, welche für eine Bereitstellung von automatisierten Fahrzeugen in „Shared Spaces“ von besonderer Bedeutung sind. UR - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-59406-3_7 Y1 - 2020 UR - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-59406-3_7 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-17601 SN - 978-3-662-59405-6 SN - 978-3-662-59406-3 SP - 115 EP - 132 PB - Springer Vieweg CY - Berlin ER -