TY - INPR A1 - Petrovska, Ana A1 - Erjiage, Guan A1 - Kugele, Stefan T1 - Defining Self-adaptive Systems: A Systematic Literature Review N2 - In the last two decades, the popularity of self-adaptive systems in the field of software and systems engineering has drastically increased. However, despite the extensive work on self-adaptive systems, the literature still lacks a common agreement on the definition of these systems. To this day, the notion of self-adaptive systems is mainly used intuitively without a precise understanding of the terminology. Using terminology only by intuition does not suffice, especially in engineering and science, where a more rigorous definition is necessary. In this paper, we investigate the existing formal definitions of self-adaptive systems and how these systems are characterised across the literature. Additionally, we analyse and summarise the limitations of the existing formal definitions in order to understand why none of the existing formal definitions is used more broadly by the community. To achieve this, we have conducted a systematic literature review in which we have analysed over 1400 papers related to self-adaptive systems. Concretely, from an initial pool of 1493 papers, we have selected 314 relevant papers, which resulted in nine primary studies whose primary objective was to define self-adaptive systems formally. Our systematic review reveals that although there has been an increasing interest in self-adaptive systems over the years, there is a scarcity of efforts to define these systems formally. Finally, as part of this paper, based on the analysed primary studies, we also elicit requirements and set a foundation for a potential (formal) definition in the future that is accepted by the community on a broader range. UR - https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2505.17798 Y1 - 2025 UR - https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2505.17798 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-61576 PB - arXiv CY - Ithaca ER - TY - INPR A1 - Ramic, Amra A1 - Kugele, Stefan T1 - A Systematic Mapping Study on Software Architecture for AI-based Mobility Systems N2 - Background: Due to their diversity, complexity, and above all importance, safety-critical and dependable systems must be developed with special diligence. Criticality increases as these systems likely contain artificial intelligence (AI) components known for their uncertainty. As software and reference architectures form the backbone of any successful system, including safety-critical dependable systems with learning-enabled components, choosing the suitable architecture that guarantees safety despite uncertainties is of great eminence. Aim: We aim to provide the missing overview of all existing architectures, their contribution to safety, and their level of maturity in AI-based safety-critical systems. Method: To achieve this aim, we report a systematic mapping study. From a set of 1,639 primary studies, we selected 38 relevant studies dealing with safety assurance through software architecture in AI-based safety-critical systems. The selected studies were then examined using various criteria to answer the research questions and identify gaps in this area of research. Results: Our findings showed which architectures have been proposed and to what extent they have been implemented. Furthermore, we identified gaps in different application areas of those systems and explained these gaps with various arguments. Conclusion: As the AI trend continues to grow, the system complexity will inevitably increase, too. To ensure the lasting safety of the systems, we provide an overview of the state of the art, intending to identify best practices and research gaps and direct future research more focused. UR - https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2506.01595 Y1 - 2025 UR - https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2506.01595 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-61560 PB - arXiv CY - Ithaca ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Henß, Jörg A1 - Kugele, Stefan ED - Feichtinger, Kevin ED - Sonnleithner, Lisa ED - Hajiabadi, Hamideh T1 - 22nd Workshop on Automotive Software Engineering T2 - Software Engineering 2025 – Companion Proceedings N2 - Software-driven systems are becoming pivotal, underpinning the majority of innovations in contemporary automobiles. This workshop is poised to explore a plethora of topics pertinent to automotive software development. Attendees will engage in discourse on the most apt methodologies, techniques, and tools essential for navigating the foremost challenges faced by researchers and practitioners in the field. UR - https://doi.org/10.18420/se2025-ws-02 Y1 - 2025 UR - https://doi.org/10.18420/se2025-ws-02 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-57443 SN - 2944-7682 SP - 23 EP - 24 PB - Gesellschaft für Informatik CY - Bonn ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Petrovska, Ana A1 - Kugele, Stefan A1 - Hutzelmann, Thomas A1 - Beffart, Theo A1 - Bergemann, Sebastian A1 - Pretschner, Alexander T1 - Defining adaptivity and logical architecture for engineering (smart) self-adaptive cyber–physical systems JF - Information and Software Technology UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infsof.2022.106866 Y1 - 2022 UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infsof.2022.106866 SN - 0950-5849 VL - 2022 IS - 147 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Segler, Christoph A1 - Kugele, Stefan A1 - Knoll, Alois T1 - Context Discovery for Personalised Automotive Functions T2 - The 2019 IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems Conference - ITSC UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/ITSC.2019.8917161 KW - sensors KW - automotive engineering KW - machine learning KW - feature extraction KW - machine learning algorithms KW - correlations Y1 - 2019 UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/ITSC.2019.8917161 SN - 978-1-5386-7024-8 SP - 2470 EP - 2476 PB - IEEE CY - Piscataway ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Segler, Christoph A1 - Kugele, Stefan A1 - Obergfell, Philipp A1 - Osman, Mohd Hafeez A1 - Shafaei, Sina A1 - Sax, Eric A1 - Knoll, Alois T1 - Anomaly Detection for Advanced Driver Assistance Systems Using Online Feature Selection T2 - 2019 IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium (IV) UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/IVS.2019.8814175 Y1 - 2019 UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/IVS.2019.8814175 SN - 978-1-7281-0560-4 SP - 578 EP - 585 PB - IEEE CY - Piscataway ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Gerostathopoulos, Ilias A1 - Kugele, Stefan A1 - Segler, Christoph A1 - Bureš, Tomáš A1 - Knoll, Alois T1 - Automated Trainability Evaluation for Smart Software Functions T2 - Proceedings: 2019 34th IEEE/ACM International Conference on Automated Software Engineering (ASE 2019) UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/ASE.2019.00096 KW - trainability KW - smart software functions KW - continuous deployment Y1 - 2019 UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/ASE.2019.00096 SN - 978-1-7281-2508-4 SN - 2643-1572 SP - 998 EP - 1001 PB - IEEE CY - Los Alamitos ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Obergfell, Philipp A1 - Kugele, Stefan A1 - Sax, Eric T1 - Model-Based Resource Analysis and Synthesis of Service-Oriented Automotive Software Architectures T2 - Proceedings: 2019 ACM/IEEE 22nd International Conference on Model Driven Engineering Languages and Systems, MODELS 2019 UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/MODELS.2019.000-8 KW - Service-oriented architecture KW - real-time behaviour KW - model-based design KW - automotive architectures Y1 - 2019 UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/MODELS.2019.000-8 SN - 978-1-7281-2536-7 SP - 128 EP - 138 PB - IEEE CY - Los Alamitos ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Januzaj, Visar A1 - Kugele, Stefan ED - Fonseca i Casas, Pau ED - Sancho, Maria-Ribera ED - Sherratt, Edel T1 - On the Structure of Avionics Systems Architecture T2 - System Analysis and Modeling: Languages, Methods, and Tools for Industry 4.0: 11th International Conference, SAM 2019 Proceedings UR - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-30690-8_8 KW - Software architecture KW - Clustering KW - Avionics systems KW - System modelling Y1 - 2019 UR - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-30690-8_8 SN - 978-3-030-30690-8 SN - 978-3-030-30689-2 SP - 139 EP - 149 PB - Springer CY - Cham ER - TY - INPR A1 - Gleirscher, Mario A1 - Kugele, Stefan T1 - Assurance of System Safety: A Survey of Design and Argument Patterns UR - https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1902.05537 Y1 - 2019 UR - https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1902.05537 PB - arXiv CY - Ithaca ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Kugele, Stefan A1 - Durisic, Darko A1 - Dajsuren, Yanja A1 - Staron, Miroslaw T1 - 7th International Workshop on Automotive System/Software Architecture (WASA 2021) T2 - Proceedings : IEEE 18th International Conference on Software Architecture Companion (ICSA-C 2021) UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSA-C52384.2021.00035 Y1 - 2021 UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSA-C52384.2021.00035 SN - 978-1-6654-3910-7 SP - 138 PB - IEEE CY - Los Alamitos ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Kugele, Stefan A1 - Petrovska, Ana A1 - Gerostathopoulos, Ilias ED - Biffl, Stefan ED - Navarro, Elena ED - Löwe, Welf ED - Sirjani, Marjan ED - Mirandola, Raffaela ED - Weyns, Danny T1 - Towards a Taxonomy of Autonomous Systems T2 - Software Architecture: 15th European Conference, ECSA 2021; Virtual Event, Sweden, September 13–17, 2021: Proceedings UR - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-86044-8_3 KW - Autonomous systems KW - Taxonomy KW - Architecture Y1 - 2021 UR - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-86044-8_3 SN - 978-3-030-86044-8 SN - 978-3-030-86043-1 SP - 37 EP - 45 PB - Springer CY - Cham ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Kugele, Stefan A1 - Segler, Christoph A1 - Hubregtsen, Thomas T1 - Architectural Patterns for Cross-Domain Personalised Automotive Functions T2 - Proceedings: IEEE 17th International Conference on Software Architecture (ICSA 2020) UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSA47634.2020.00026 KW - architectural patterns KW - automotive KW - personalisation KW - intelligent functions KW - artificial intelligence Y1 - 2020 UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSA47634.2020.00026 SN - 978-1-7281-4659-1 SP - 191 EP - 201 PB - IEEE CY - Los Alamitos ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Cebotari, Vadim A1 - Kugele, Stefan T1 - Playground for Early Automotive Service Architecture Design and Evaluation T2 - 2020 IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium (IV) UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/IV47402.2020.9304633 KW - Measurement KW - Service-oriented architecture KW - Couplings KW - Automotive engineering KW - Runtime KW - Process control KW - Software Y1 - 2021 UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/IV47402.2020.9304633 SN - 978-1-7281-6673-5 SP - 1349 EP - 1356 PB - IEEE CY - Piscataway ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Osman, Mohd Hafeez A1 - Kugele, Stefan A1 - Shafaei, Sina T1 - Run-Time Safety Monitoring Framework for AI-Based Systems BT - Automated Driving Cases T2 - Proceedings: 2019 26th Asia-Pacific Software Engineering Conference, APSEC 2019 UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/APSEC48747.2019.00066 KW - System Safety KW - Run-time Safety Monitoring KW - Autonomous Driving KW - Artificial Intelligence Y1 - 2019 UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/APSEC48747.2019.00066 SN - 978-1-7281-4648-5 SN - 2640-0715 SP - 442 EP - 449 PB - IEEE CY - Piscataway ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Cebotari, Vadim A1 - Kugele, Stefan T1 - On the Nature of Automotive Service Architectures T2 - Proceedings: 2019 IEEE International Conference on Software Architecture Companion, ICSA-C 2019 UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSA-C.2019.00017 KW - service-oriented architecture KW - automotive KW - service classification KW - property model Y1 - 2019 UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSA-C.2019.00017 SN - 978-1-7281-1876-5 SP - 53 EP - 60 PB - IEEE CY - Piscataway ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Obergfell, Philipp A1 - Kugele, Stefan A1 - Segler, Christoph A1 - Knoll, Alois A1 - Sax, Eric T1 - Continuous Software Engineering of Innovative Automotive Functions BT - an Industrial Perspective T2 - Proceedings: 2019 IEEE International Conference on Software Architecture Companion, ICSA-C 2019 UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSA-C.2019.00030 KW - automotive KW - agile KW - process KW - continuous integration KW - continuous delivery Y1 - 2019 UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSA-C.2019.00030 SN - 978-1-7281-1876-5 SP - 127 EP - 128 PB - IEEE CY - Piscataway ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Segler, Christoph A1 - Kugele, Stefan A1 - Obergfell, Philipp A1 - Osman, Mohd Hafeez A1 - Shafaei, Sina A1 - Sax, Eric A1 - Knoll, Alois T1 - Evaluation of feature selection for anomaly detection in automotive E/E architectures T2 - Proceedings: 2019 IEEE/ACM 41st International Conference on Software Engineering: Companion Proceedings: ICSE-Companion 2019 UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSE-Companion.2019.00104 KW - feature selection KW - anomaly detection KW - automotive KW - E/E architecture Y1 - 2019 UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSE-Companion.2019.00104 SN - 978-1-7281-1764-5 SN - 2574-1934 SP - 260 EP - 261 PB - IEEE CY - Piscataway ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Kugele, Stefan A1 - Broy, Manfred T1 - Architecture as a Backbone for Safe DevOps in Automotive Systems T2 - 2022 IEEE 25th International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC) UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/ITSC55140.2022.9922097 KW - Encapsulation KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Automotive engineering Y1 - 2022 UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/ITSC55140.2022.9922097 SN - 978-1-6654-6880-0 SP - 4145 EP - 4150 PB - IEEE CY - Piscataway ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Shafaei, Sina A1 - Kugele, Stefan A1 - Osman, Mohd Hafeez A1 - Knoll, Alois ED - Gallina, Barbara ED - Skavhaug, Amund ED - Schoitsch, Erwin ED - Bitsch, Friedemann T1 - Uncertainty in Machine Learning: A Safety Perspective on Autonomous Driving T2 - Computer Safety, Reliability, and Security UR - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-99229-7_39 KW - artificial intelligence KW - uncertainty KW - safety Y1 - 2018 UR - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-99229-7_39 SN - 978-3-319-99228-0 SN - 978-3-319-99229-7 SN - 0302-9743 SN - 1611-3349 SP - 458 EP - 464 PB - Springer CY - Cham ER -