TY - JOUR A1 - Handwerker, Michael A1 - Kessler, Jörg A1 - Marzbani, Hormoz T1 - Comparison of hydrogen powertrains with the battery powered electric vehicle and investigation of small-scale local hydrogen production using renewable energy JF - Hydrogen N2 - Climate change is one of the major problems that people face in this century, with fossil fuel combustion engines being huge contributors. Currently, the battery powered electric vehicle is considered the predecessor, while hydrogen vehicles only have an insignificant market share. To evaluate if this is justified, different hydrogen power train technologies are analyzed and compared to the battery powered electric vehicle. Even though most research focuses on the hydrogen fuel cells, it is shown that, despite the lower efficiency, the often-neglected hydrogen combustion engine could be the right solution for transitioning away from fossil fuels. This is mainly due to the lower costs and possibility of the use of existing manufacturing infrastructure. To achieve a similar level of refueling comfort as with the battery powered electric vehicle, the economic and technological aspects of the local small-scale hydrogen production are being investigated. Due to the low efficiency and high prices for the required components, this domestically produced hydrogen cannot compete with hydrogen produced from fossil fuels on a larger scale. UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrogen2010005 KW - hydrogen combustion engine KW - hydrogen fuel cell KW - small-scale hydrogen production KW - energy storage KW - alternative fuels KW - power-to-hydrogen Y1 - 2021 UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrogen2010005 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-11015 SN - 2673-4141 VL - 2 IS - 1 SP - 76 EP - 100 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Handwerker, Michael A1 - Kessler, Jörg A1 - Marzbani, Hormoz T1 - Review of mechanical properties of and optimisation methods for continuous fibre‑reinforced thermoplastic parts manufactured by fused deposition modelling JF - Progress in Additive Manufacturing N2 - A new way of manufacturing continuous fibre-reinforced plastics is the embedding of fibres in the filament of a 3D printer. This method could be used in manufacturing composite materials with a thermoplastic matrix containing glass, Kevlar and carbon fibres. This paper provides an overview of research on the mechanical and physical properties of these parts as well as optimisation approaches of additively manufactured thermoplastics. Furthermore, applicable testing and analysis methods and their corresponding standards are included. Several studies, which represent the current state of the art, are reviewed in detail for the analysis of the mechanical performance of different fibre reinforcements. In addition, an overview of different optimisation approaches is given. The ultimate tensile strength of Kevlar and glass fibre-reinforced parts are similar to those of common Aluminium alloys whereas the carbon fibre reinforced parts outperform their aluminium counterparts. Major performance limitations include a poor adhesion between layers as well as a high air void ratio. UR - https://doi.org/10.1007/s40964-021-00187-1 KW - fused filament fabrication KW - fused deposition modelling KW - continuous fibre KW - thermoplastics Y1 - 2021 UR - https://doi.org/10.1007/s40964-021-00187-1 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-13103 SN - 2363-9520 VL - 6 IS - 4 SP - 663 EP - 677 PB - Springer Nature CY - Cham ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Da Silva Junior, Amauri A1 - Birkner, Christian A1 - Jazar, Reza A1 - Marzbani, Hormoz T1 - Crash-Prone Fault Combination Identification for Over-Actuated Vehicles During Evasive Maneuvers JF - IEEE Access N2 - Throughout a vehicle’s lifecycle, systems may fail during operation, requiring effective fault management by the vehicle controller. Various system faults affect vehicle handling differently. Additionally, vehicle velocity and road friction directly impact handling and stability. Thus, it is essential to investigate relevant factors, such as actuator faults, vehicle velocity, road friction, and their combinations, before developing a fault-tolerant controller to mitigate potential critical situations. Our work thus focuses on identifying faults and fault combinations that might lead to crashes for over-actuated vehicles during evasive maneuvers and those impacting comfort parameters. We employ a state-of-the-art vehicle controller optimized for evasive lane changes for over-actuated vehicles. The driving scenario encompasses critical conditions defined in ISO 26262 with ASIL-D, including velocities up to 130 km/h and requiring steering away from obstacles. Failure Mode and Effects Analysis, Design of Experiments, and statistical tools are used to determine fault combinations most likely to lead to crashes during evasive maneuvers. Our results indicate that the vehicle controller successfully handled the maneuver in over 53% of investigated cases, reaching up to 75.1% on dry surfaces. Road friction emerges as the most critical parameter for collision avoidance and comfort. Brake faults exhibit a higher influence on vehicle handling than other actuator faults, while single motor faults do not significantly impact vehicle parameters. Regarding two-factor interactions, brake actuators dominate, followed by steering and motor. These findings provide valuable insights for developing fault-tolerant controllers for over-actuated vehicles, guiding decisions on addressing specific faults to enhance safety and comfort parameters. UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2024.3374524 Y1 - 2024 UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2024.3374524 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-46165 SN - 2169-3536 VL - 12 SP - 37256 EP - 37275 PB - IEEE CY - New York ER - TY - JOUR A1 - da Silva Junior, Amauri A1 - Birkner, Christian A1 - Jazar, Reza A1 - Marzbani, Hormoz T1 - Coupled Lateral and Longitudinal Controller for Over-Actuated Vehicle in Evasive Maneuvering with Sliding Mode Control Strategy JF - IEEE Access N2 - Coupled controllers are vital for safely handling vehicles, especially in critical driving situations that include changing lanes to avoid obstacles. Controllers specialized in emergencies must keep road users safe in critical situations. In this paper, we develop the coupled controller to handle evasive maneuvers for an over-actuated vehicle. The controller is based on the second-order sliding mode control theory. We use the bicycle model to establish the equivalent and robust steering equations as a control-oriented model. The lateral and longitudinal vehicle motions are coupled to each other by the lateral vehicle information on the longitudinal sliding surface, and the dependence of the lateral sliding surface on the longitudinal velocity. The torque vectoring method based on fuzzy logic adjusts the yaw moment. We address the tire slip circle on the slip controller to stabilize the vehicle while maneuvering. We simulate and evaluate our controller in a rear-end collision situation with a short time window to maneuver the vehicle. The ego vehicle detects the preceding vehicle and performs an evasive lane change while simultaneously applying brakes to bring the vehicle to a halt. Our research is the earliest in providing an ultimate emergency control to successfully avoid crashes up to 130 km/h in short time crash detection. UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3264277 KW - autonomous vehicle KW - crash avoidance KW - evasive maneuvers KW - over-actuated vehicle KW - sliding mode control KW - vehicle coupled controllers Y1 - 2023 UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3264277 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-34336 SN - 2169-3536 VL - 11 SP - 33792 EP - 33811 PB - IEEE CY - New York ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Handwerker, Michael A1 - Kessler, Jörg A1 - Marzbani, Hormoz A1 - Tetzlaff, Ulrich T1 - Annealing of chopped and continuous fibre reinforced polyamide 6 produced by fused filament fabrication JF - Composites Part B: Engineering UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2021.109119 KW - Annealing KW - Fused filament fabrication KW - Continuous glass fiber KW - Polyamide 6 Y1 - 2021 UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2021.109119 SN - 1879-1069 VL - 2021 IS - 223 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Handwerker, Michael A1 - Kessler, Jörg A1 - Marzbani, Hormoz A1 - Tetzlaff, Ulrich T1 - Pressure and heat treatment of continuous fibre reinforced thermoplastics produced by fused filament fabrication JF - Progress in Additive Manufacturing N2 - Fused filament fabrication allows for the additive manufacturing of complex geometries without requiring moulds. However, due to large air voids and poor layer adhesion, the mechanical properties of parts manufactured using fused filament fabrication lag behind those of parts manufactured using conventional techniques. A previous study found that the tensile strength and Young’s modulus of such parts could be increased by a heat-treatment process. However, large air voids were still present after annealing. This study, therefore, investigates the influence of a post-pressure-treatment process on the mechanical performance and the air void ratio of continuous glass fibre-reinforced polyamide 6 in the directions perpendicular to the fibres. Without the treatment, Young’s modulus on the plane parallel to the printing bed is eight times higher than Young’s modulus perpendicular to it. Annealing at 1 MPa homogenises the material and leads to a significant increase of both the tensile strength (55 MPa) and Young’s modulus (5 GPa). Increasing the pressure to 3 MPa only slightly increases the mechanical performance, whereas a further increase to 6 MPa causes no significant changes. UR - https://doi.org/10.1007/s40964-022-00315-5 KW - Pressure treatment KW - Fused filament fabrication KW - Continuous glass fibre KW - Polyamide 6 Y1 - 2022 UR - https://doi.org/10.1007/s40964-022-00315-5 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-31239 SN - 2363-9520 SN - 2363-9512 VL - 8 IS - 2 SP - 99 EP - 116 PB - Springer CY - Cham ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Weihmayr, Daniel A1 - Birkner, Christian A1 - Marzbani, Hormoz A1 - Jazar, Reza T1 - Data-Driven Vehicle Dynamics: Lever-Aging SINDy for Optimization-Based Vehicular Motion Planning JF - IEEE Access N2 - Motion planning remains a crucial challenge for the widespread adoption of autonomous vehicles. This paper presents a novel approach that integrates an empirical plant model within an optimization-based motion planning architecture. The model prioritizes performance and efficiency while maintaining interpretability. We introduce a methodology that utilizes a data-driven approach to derive an interpretable description of the evolution of vehicle states over time using sparse regression. This method allows effective learning from limited datasets, eliminating the need for extensive and expensive data collection. Our approach addresses the trade-off between performance and accuracy, enabling adaptation to diverse driving scenarios. We affirm the efficacy of our methodology via an extensive analysis, evaluating the independent prediction performance across diverse metrics. Additionally, we examine the overall tracking performance when incorporated into an optimization-based framework. Finally, we present a comparative analysis and discuss the subsequent impact on overall motion planning and decision-making in relation to a state-of-the-art single-track model. UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2025.3594892 Y1 - 2025 UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2025.3594892 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-61981 SN - 2169-3536 VL - 13 SP - 136584 EP - 136597 PB - IEEE CY - New York ER - TY - JOUR A1 - de Borba, Thiago A1 - Vaculin, Ondrej A1 - Marzbani, Hormoz A1 - Jazar, Reza T1 - Increasing Safety of Automated Driving by Infrastructure-Based Sensors JF - IEEE Access N2 - This paper describes the development of an intelligent infrastructure, a test field, for the safety assurance of automated vehicles within the research project Ingolstadt Innovation Laboratory (IN2Lab). It includes a description of the test field architecture, the RoadSide Units (RSU) concept based on infrastructure-based sensors, the environment perception system, and the mission control system. The study also proposes a global object fusion method to fuse objects detected by different RSUs and investigate the overall measurement accuracy obtained from the usage of different infrastructure-based sensors. Furthermore, it presents four use cases: traffic monitoring, assisted perception, collaborative perception, and extended perception. The traffic monitoring, based on the perception information provided by each roadside unit, generates a global fused object list and monitors the state of the traffic participants. The assisted perception, using vehicle-to-infrastructure communication, broadcasts the state information of the traffic participants to the connected vehicles. The collaborative perception creates a global fused object list with the local detections of connected vehicles and the detections provided by the roadside units, making it available for all connected vehicles. Lastly, the extended environment perception monitors specific locations, recognizes critical scenarios involving vulnerable road users and automated vehicles, and generates a suitable avoidance maneuver to avoid or mitigate the occurrence of collisions. UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3311136 KW - Automated vehicles KW - infrastructure-based sensors KW - safety KW - test field Y1 - 2023 UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3311136 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-39623 SN - 2169-3536 VL - 11 SP - 94974 EP - 94991 PB - IEEE CY - New York ER - TY - JOUR A1 - de Borba, Thiago A1 - Vaculin, Ondrej A1 - Marzbani, Hormoz A1 - Jazar, Reza T1 - Increasing Safety of Vulnerable Road Users in Scenarios With Occlusion: A Collaborative Approach for Smart Infrastructures and Automated Vehicles JF - IEEE Access N2 - The impact of Automated Vehicles (AVs) on road traffic safety has become the focus of discussions among governmental organizations, academia, stakeholders, and OEMs. Questions about how safe the automated driving features should be and how the road infrastructure should be improved for the arrival of this new technology must be clarified to enable full acceptance by the customers and society and prepare the mobility of future cities. The fundamental architecture of automated vehicles comprises perception, planning, decision, and actuation. The operation of the perception system, which is responsible for understanding the environment in which the vehicle is inserted, relies mainly on the onboard sensors. However, the available ranging and vision sensors, e.g., LiDAR, radar, and camera, have several limitations. Scenarios with occlusion present a real challenge for state-of-the-art perception systems. The occlusion, caused by obstructing the sensors’ detection field, limits the vehicle’s perception ability and inhibits the detection of other road users in the surroundings, especially Vulnerable Road Users (VRUs). Infrastructure composed of Roadside Units (RSUs) equipped with infrastructure-based sensors can overcome the perception limitations of a system based solely on onboard sensors by monitoring the road environment with a larger field of view and reduced sensitivity to occlusion. This paper presents a collaborative approach for smart infrastructures and automated vehicles for vulnerable road users’ collision avoidance. The proposed extended perception system comprises four main modules: traffic monitoring, long-term motion prediction, collision risk assessment, and trajectory planning. In the event of a safety-critical scenario, the infrastructure generates a safe and comfortable evasive maneuver to avoid a possible collision. Hence, the proposed approach provides a complete solution to overcome scenarios with occluded VRUs. It allows AVs to react to a critical situation with a longer time-to-collision than other systems relying only on onboard sensors, increasing the chance of successful avoidance even when implementing smoother maneuvers. This contributes considerably to the safe and comfortable operation of automated vehicles. UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2025.3527865 Y1 - 2025 UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2025.3527865 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-56466 SN - 2169-3536 VL - 13 SP - 8851 EP - 8885 PB - IEEE CY - New York ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Da Silva Junior, Amauri A1 - Müller, Steffen A1 - Birkner, Christian A1 - Jazar, Reza A1 - Marzbani, Hormoz T1 - Fault Tolerant Control With Reinforcement Learning for Evasive Maneuvers Using a Scaled Vehicle JF - IEEE Access N2 - Autonomous vehicle controllers are responsible for handling the vehicle at all times in any situation, including emergency conditions. An emergency might arise from, e.g., adverse weather conditions, short-time detection, and system faults. In this paper, we develop a fault-tolerant controller to handle actuator faults for an over-actuated autonomous vehicle based on reinforcement learning. A worst-case scenario is selected for the controller development, involving short-time detection of the preceding objects, high velocity, and dry to wet road conditions. The design of the vehicle controller is performed in three steps. First, a robust controller based on sliding mode control with lateral and longitudinal coupled strategy was built to ensure stability in emergency scenarios. Secondly, a strategy was proposed to identify the most critical vehicle faults that might lead to a crash. Building on these foundations, this study extends the vehicle controller to handle vehicle faults with a reinforcement learning strategy, enabling adaptive and robust fault handling in complex fault scenarios. The vehicle controller is designed and optimized in IPG-Carmaker®, and proof of concept is carried out in a scaled 1:3.33 test vehicle. The results demonstrate the robustness of the proposed controller in an emergency single-lane change with a velocity of up to 130 km/h. Tests in the scaled vehicle demonstrate the vehicle controller’s accuracy against simulation, with the application of reinforcement learning strategy in real-case scenarios. UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2026.3661179 Y1 - 2026 UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2026.3661179 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-66839 SN - 2169-3536 VL - 14 SP - 21353 EP - 21383 PB - IEEE CY - New York ER -