TY - RPRT A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg T1 - FHprofUnt2012: LiKo- Entwicklung 12 V Lithium-Ionen-Starter Batterien mit (Lithium)-Kondensatoren zur Kaltstartverbesserung und Erhöhung der Zyklenlebensdauer BT - Abschlussbericht zum Projekt KW - Lithium-Ionen-Batterie Y1 - 2015 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-6887 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kotak, Bhavya A1 - Kotak, Yash A1 - Brade, Katja A1 - Kubjatko, Tibor A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg T1 - Battery Crush Test Procedures in Standards and Regulation: Need for Augmentation and Harmonisation JF - Batteries N2 - Battery safety is a prominent concern for the deployment of electric vehicles (EVs). The battery powering an EV contains highly energetic active materials and flammable organic electrolytes. Usually, an EV battery catches fire due to its thermal runaway, either immediately at the time of the accident or can take a while to gain enough heat to ignite the battery chemicals. There are numerous battery abuse testing standards and regulations available globally. Therefore, battery manufacturers are always in dilemma to choose the safest one. Henceforth, to find the optimal outcome of these two major issues, six standards (SAE J2464:2009, GB/T 31485-2015:2015, FreedomCAR:2006, ISO 12405-3:2014, IEC 62660-2:2010, and SAND2017-6295:2017) and two regulations (UN/ECE-R100.02:2013 and GTR 20:2018), that are followed by more than fifty countries in the world, are investigated in terms of their abuse battery testing conditions (crush test). This research proves that there is a need for (a) augmenting these standards and regulations as they do not consider real-life vehicle crash scenarios, and (b) one harmonised framework should be developed, which can be adopted worldwide. These outcomes will solve the battery manufacturers dilemma and will also increase the safety of EV consumers. UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries7030063 KW - lithium-ion battery KW - electric vehicle battery KW - battery standard KW - battery regulation KW - battery testing standard KW - battery testing regulation KW - abuse testing KW - harmonising battery standard KW - crush test procedure KW - battery incidents KW - battery standard and regulation augmentation Y1 - 2021 UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries7030063 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-11083 SN - 2313-0105 VL - 7 IS - 3 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ahlberg Tidblad, Annika A1 - Edström, Kristina A1 - Hernández, Guiomar A1 - de Meatza, Iratxe A1 - Landa-Medrano, Imanol A1 - Jacas Biendicho, Jordi A1 - Trilla, Lluís A1 - Buysse, Maarten A1 - Ierides, Marcos A1 - Perez Horno, Beatriz A1 - Kotak, Yash A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg A1 - Koch, Daniel A1 - Kotak, Bhavya T1 - Future Material Developments for Electric Vehicle Battery Cells Answering Growing Demands from an End-User Perspective JF - Energies N2 - Nowadays, batteries for electric vehicles are expected to have a high energy density, allow fast charging and maintain long cycle life, while providing affordable traction, and complying with stringent safety and environmental standards. Extensive research on novel materials at cell level is hence needed for the continuous improvement of the batteries coupled towards achieving these requirements. This article firstly delves into future developments in electric vehicles from a technology perspective, and the perspective of changing end-user demands. After these end-user needs are defined, their translation into future battery requirements is described. A detailed review of expected material developments follows, to address these dynamic and changing needs. Developments on anodes, cathodes, electrolyte and cell level will be discussed. Finally, a special section will discuss the safety aspects with these increasing end-user demands and how to overcome these issues. UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/en14144223 KW - electric vehicle KW - battery material KW - anode KW - cathode KW - electrolyte KW - battery safety KW - end-user demands Y1 - 2021 UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/en14144223 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-10149 SN - 1996-1073 VL - 14 IS - 14 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kostetzer, Lucas A1 - Nebl, Christoph A1 - Stich, Michael A1 - Bund, Andreas A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg T1 - Physics-Based Modeling and Parameter Identification for Lithium Ion Batteries Under High Current Discharge Conditions JF - Journal of the Electrochemical Society UR - https://doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/abc726 Y1 - 2020 UR - https://doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/abc726 SN - 1945-7111 VL - 167 IS - 14 PB - IOP Publishing CY - Bristol ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Lausch, Jonas A1 - Takla, Monir A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg T1 - Crush testing approach for flat-plate fibrous materials JF - Composites Part B: Engineering UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2020.108333 KW - Plates KW - Mechanical properties KW - Impact behavior KW - Mechanical testing KW - Energy absorption Y1 - 2020 UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2020.108333 SN - 1879-1069 VL - 2020 IS - 200 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Geisbauer, Christian A1 - Wöhrl, Katharina A1 - Mittmann, Christoph A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg T1 - Review of Safety Aspects of Calendar Aged Lithium Ion Batteries JF - Journal of the Electrochemical Society N2 - Nowadays, lithium ion batteries have found their place in a various field of portable applications. With the upcoming of electrically propelled vehicles, it is mandatory to guarantee a safe and predictable behavior during the whole lifetime and not only after manufacturing during performance tests. To gain a general overview of the abuse behavior, research on the topic of abusive tests on calendar-aged cells is being investigated, split up depending on the electrode composition and lined up against each other. It can be shown, that almost all abuse experiments have been performed with external heating tests in the past, still leaving research gaps that need to be filled. UR - https://doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ab89bf Y1 - 2020 UR - https://doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ab89bf UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-10183 SN - 1945-7111 VL - 167 IS - 9 PB - IOP Publishing CY - Bristol ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Böhm, Klaus A1 - Kubjatko, Tibor A1 - Paula, Daniel A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg T1 - New developments on EDR (Event Data Recorder) for automated vehicles JF - Open Engineering N2 - With the upcoming new legislative rules in the EU on Event Data Recorder beginning 2022 the question is whether the discussed data base is sufficient for the needs of clarifying accidents involving automated vehicles. Based on the reconstruction of real accidents including vehicles with ADAS combined with specially designed crash tests a broader data base than US EDR regulation (NHTSA 49 CFR Part 563.7) is proposed. The working group AHEAD, to which the authors contribute, has already elaborated a data model that fits the needs of automated driving. The structure of this data model is shown. Moreover, the special benefits of storing internal video or photo feeds form the vehicle camera systems combined with object data is illustrated. When using a sophisticate 3D measurement method of the accident scene the videos or photos can also serve as a control instance for the stored vehicle data. The AHEAD Data Model enhanced with the storage of the video and photo feeds should be considered in the planned roadmap of the Informal Working Group (IWG) on EDR/ DSSAD (Data Storage System for Automated Driving) reporting to UNECE WP29. Also, a data access over the air using technology already applied in China for electric vehicles called Real Time Monitoring would allow a quantum leap in forensic accident reconstruction. UR - https://doi.org/10.1515/eng-2020-0007 KW - Event Data Recorder (EDR) KW - automated vehicles KW - video and photo feeds KW - Real Time Monitoring (RTM) KW - AHEAD (Aggregated Homologation proposal for Event data recorder for Automated Driving) Y1 - 2020 UR - https://doi.org/10.1515/eng-2020-0007 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-9263 SN - 2391-5439 VL - 10 IS - 1 SP - 140 EP - 146 PB - De Gruyter CY - Berlin ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Steger, Fabian A1 - Nitsche, Alexander A1 - Arbesmeier, Alexander A1 - Brade, Katja A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg A1 - Belski, Iouri T1 - Teaching Battery Basics in Laboratories: Hands-On Versus Simulated Experiments JF - IEEE Transactions on Education N2 - Contribution: Prior studies comparing the effectiveness of different laboratory learning modes do not allow one to draw a universally valid conclusion, as other influences are mixed with the learning modes. In order to contribute to the existing body of work and to add another piece to the puzzle, this article demonstrates an improved methodology to evaluate the effectiveness of computer-simulated laboratories in comparison to hands-on exercises using a battery basics practical course as a case study. Background: Computer-simulated experiments are becoming increasingly popular for conducting laboratory exercises in higher education and vocational training institutions. To ensure the consistent quality of laboratory learning, an accurate comparison between the results of simulated experiments and practical hands-on experiments is required. Intended Outcomes: In this article, the achievement of the following learning objectives were compared between the two laboratory modes: 1) comprehension of the most important parameters of battery cells and 2) knowledge on how these parameters can be determined using adequate experimental procedures. Application Design: To avoid interference of factors other than laboratory mode on the learning, laboratory instructions and experimental interfaces ensured identical execution of the experiments in the compared modes. Using a counterbalanced methodology, the two laboratory modes alternated by the session, while the experimental procedures remained constant regardless of the respective modes. Findings: Tests taken by the participants after conducting the laboratory experiments revealed that hands-on laboratories resulted in statistically significantly better student performance than simulated laboratories. This difference was even more pronounced for the participants that finished a vocational education and training program before the university studies. UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/TE.2020.2970554 KW - battery KW - electrical engineering KW - energy storages KW - hands-on KW - knowledge gain KW - laboratory learning KW - simulation KW - student experience Y1 - 2020 UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/TE.2020.2970554 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-9517 SN - 1557-9638 VL - 63 IS - 3 SP - 198 EP - 208 PB - IEEE CY - Piscataway ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kim, Woong-Ki A1 - Steger, Fabian A1 - Kotak, Bhavya A1 - Knudsen, Peter V. R. A1 - Girgsdies, Uwe A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg T1 - Water Condensation in Traction Battery Systems JF - Energies N2 - Lithium-ion traction battery systems of hybrid and electric vehicles must have a high level of durability and reliability like all other components and systems of a vehicle. Battery systems get heated while in the application. To ensure the desired life span and performance, most systems are equipped with a cooling system. The changing environmental condition in daily use may cause water condensation in the housing of the battery system. In this study, three system designs were investigated, to compare different solutions to deal with pressure differences and condensation: (1) a sealed battery system, (2) an open system and (3) a battery system equipped with a pressure compensation element (PCE). These three designs were tested under two conditions: (a) in normal operation and (b) in a maximum humidity scenario. The amount of the condensation in the housing was determined through a change in relative humidity of air inside the housing. Through PCE and available spacing of the housing, moisture entered into the housing during the cooling process. While applying the test scenarios, the gradient-based drift of the moisture into the housing contributed maximum towards the condensation. Condensation occurred on the internal surface for all the three design variants. UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/en12061171 KW - traction battery system KW - condensation KW - durability test KW - pressure compensation element KW - behavior of an enclosed system Y1 - 2019 UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/en12061171 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-9560 SN - 1996-1073 VL - 12 IS - 6 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Geisbauer, Christian A1 - Wöhrl, Katharina A1 - Koch, Daniel A1 - Wilhelm, Gudrun A1 - Schneider, Gerhard A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg T1 - Comparative Study on the Calendar Aging Behavior of Six Different Lithium-Ion Cell Chemistries in Terms of Parameter Variation JF - Energies N2 - The degradation of lithium-ion cells is an important aspect, not only for quality management, but also for the customer of the application like, e.g., scooters or electric vehicles. During the lifetime of the system, the overall health on the battery plays a key role in its depreciation. Therefore, it is necessary to monitor the health of the battery during operation, i.e., cycle life, but also during stationary conditions, i.e., calendar aging. In this work, the degradation due to calendar aging is analyzed for six different cell chemistries in terms of capacity degradation and impedance increase and their performance are being compared. In a new proposed metric, the relative deviations between various cells with the exact identical aging history are being analyzed for their degradation effects and their differences, which stands out in comparison to similar research. The capacity loss was found to be most drastic at 60 °C and at higher storage voltages, even for titanate-oxide cells. LiNiMnCoO2 (NMC), LiNiCoAlO2 (NCA) and Li2TiO3 (LTO) cells at 60 °C showed the most drastic capacity decrease. NMC and NCA cells at 60 °C and highest storage voltage did not show any open circuit voltage, as their current interrupt mechanism triggered. The effect of aging shows no uniform impact on the changes in the capacity variance when comparing different aging conditions, with respect to the evaluated standard deviation for all cells. The focus of this work was on the calendar aging effect and may be supplemented in a second study for cyclic aging. UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/en14113358 KW - electromobility KW - batteries KW - lithium-ion KW - calendar aging KW - electric vehicle KW - capacity degradation KW - storage KW - parameter distribution Y1 - 2021 UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/en14113358 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-10091 SN - 1996-1073 VL - 14 IS - 11 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Lausch, Jonas A1 - Takla, Monir A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg T1 - Crush characteristics of flat-plate discontinuous carbon composites JF - Composites Part A: Applied science and manufacturing UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2021.106431 Y1 - 2021 UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2021.106431 SN - 1359-835X VL - 147 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kotak, Yash A1 - Marchante Fernández, Carlos A1 - Canals Casals, Lluc A1 - Kotak, Bhavya A1 - Koch, Daniel A1 - Geisbauer, Christian A1 - Trilla, Lluís A1 - Gómez-Nuñez, Alberto A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg T1 - End of Electric Vehicle Batteries BT - Reuse vs. Recycle JF - Energies N2 - It is a fact that electric vehicles (EVs) are beneficial for climate protection. However, the current challenge is to decide on whether to reuse an EV battery or to recycle it after its first use. This paper theoretically investigates these areas i.e., recycle and reuse. It was found that there are several commercially used recycling processes and also some are under research to regain maximum possible materials and quantity. The concept of reusing (second life) of the battery is promising because, at the end of the first life, batteries from EVs can be used in several applications such as storing energy generated from renewable sources to support the government grid. However, the cost and life-cycle analysis (LCA) demonstrated that there are several aspects involved in battery reuse applications. Henceforth, one LCA generalised method cannot provide an optimal approach for all cases. It is important to have a detailed study on each of the battery reusing applications. Until then, it is safe to say that reusing the battery is a good option as it would give some time to recycling companies to develop cost and energy-efficient methods. UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/en14082217 KW - battery recycling KW - battery reuse KW - battery second life KW - circular economy KW - lithium-ion cells KW - electric vehicles KW - battery components recycling KW - sustainability in mobility KW - battery safety KW - battery cost analysis Y1 - 2021 UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/en14082217 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-10115 SN - 1996-1073 VL - 14 IS - 8 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wöhrl, Katharina A1 - Geisbauer, Christian A1 - Nebl, Christoph A1 - Lott, Susanne A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg T1 - Crashed Electric Vehicle Handling and Recommendations - State of the Art in Germany JF - Energies N2 - In the near future, electric powered vehicles will represent a major part of the road traffic. Accordingly, there will be a natural increase of accidents involving electric vehicles. There are not many cases of such accidents yet and therefore the experience and correct handling are still partially open points for the involved parties, such as the rescue services for example. The aim of this work is to provide a complete overview of the accident handling sequence in Germany, starting with the damaged vehicle on site and moving on to the risks and challenges for the stakeholders, such as transport and recycling companies. Arising from the developed overview, a handling recommendation for yet undiscussed points is given. Especially, different extinguishing and deactivation methods are compared and discussed. Due to a lack of a common live-feed from battery data on site, other criteria have to be taken into account to assess the state of the battery. The wrecked vehicle—including the high voltage system—needs to be in a definite safe state at the handover to a towing service. Depending on the case, different options for securing the vehicle will be considered in this work. UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/en14041040 KW - electric vehicle KW - battery KW - high voltage KW - accident KW - recommendation KW - energy storage KW - thermal runaway KW - fire extinguishing KW - rescue service KW - handling Y1 - 2021 UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/en14041040 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-10123 SN - 1996-1073 VL - 14 IS - 4 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - INPR A1 - Paula, Daniel A1 - Bauder, Maximilian A1 - Pfeilschifter, Claus A1 - Petermeier, Franziska A1 - Kubjatko, Tibor A1 - Böhm, Klaus A1 - Riener, Andreas A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg T1 - Impact of Partially Automated Driving Functions on Forensic Accident Reconstruction: A Simulator Study on Driver Reaction Behavior in the Event of a Malfunctioning System Behavior N2 - Partially automated driving functions (SAE Level 2) can control a vehicle's longitudinal and lateral movements. However, taking over the driving task involves automation risks that the driver must manage. In severe accidents, the driver's ability to avoid a collision must be assessed, considering their expected reaction behavior. The primary goal of this study is to generate essential data on driver reaction behavior in case of malfunctions in partially automated driving functions for use in legal affairs. A simulator study with two scenarios involving 32 subjects was conducted for this purpose. The first scenario investigated driver reactions to system limitations during cornering. The second scenario examined driver responses to phantom braking caused by the AEBS. As a result, the first scenario shows that none of the subjects could control the situation safely. Due to partial automation, we could also identify a new part of the reaction time, the hands-on time, which leads to increased steering reaction times of 1.18 to 1.74 seconds. In the second scenario, we found that 25 of the 32 subjects could not override the phantom braking by pressing the accelerator pedal, although 16 subjects were informed about the system analog to the actual vehicle manuals. Overall, the study suggests that the current legal perspective on vehicle control and the expected driver reaction behavior for accident avoidance should be reconsidered. UR - https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202311.0947.v1 Y1 - 2023 UR - https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202311.0947.v1 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-42173 PB - Preprints CY - Basel ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Meilinger, Florian A1 - Haß, Jan A1 - Schieber, Christina A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg ED - Vaculin, Ondrej T1 - Investigation of the hazard potential of lithium-ion cells in case of overcharging with automotive oriented high-voltage levels T2 - Applied Research Conference 2023 Conference Proceedings: 3rd July 2023 Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt UR - https://doi.org/10.57825/repo_in-5244 Y1 - 2023 UR - https://doi.org/10.57825/repo_in-5244 SP - 254 EP - 259 PB - Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt CY - Ingolstadt ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Walter, Gero A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg ED - Vaculin, Ondrej T1 - Structural Health Monitoring of Hydrogen Pressure Vessels for Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles T2 - Applied Research Conference 2023 Conference Proceedings: 3rd July 2023 Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt UR - https://doi.org/10.57825/repo_in-5244 Y1 - 2023 UR - https://doi.org/10.57825/repo_in-5244 SP - 282 EP - 287 PB - Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt CY - Ingolstadt ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Wierling, Charlotte A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg ED - Vaculin, Ondrej T1 - Comparison of Facilities for Abuse Tests on Hydrogen Storage Vessels with Regard to Safety-Related Aspects T2 - Applied Research Conference 2023 Conference Proceedings: 3rd July 2023 Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt UR - https://doi.org/10.57825/repo_in-5244 Y1 - 2023 UR - https://doi.org/10.57825/repo_in-5244 SP - 233 EP - 238 PB - Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt CY - Ingolstadt ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bauder, Maximilian A1 - Kubjatko, Tibor A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg T1 - Cooperative Awareness Messages’ Generation Frequencies, Trigger Distributions, and Pseudonym Changes of First Commercially Deployed Vehicles in Real Operating Scenarios JF - IEEE Access N2 - Cooperative Intelligent Transport Systems have been deployed in mass-produced vehicles in Europe (Golf 8, ID.3, etc.) since 2019, promising major improvements in vehicle safety, efficiency, and comfort. Equipped with Vehicle-to-X communication, the vehicles directly send information about their driving status to the environment. The data are already used for many Vehicle-to-X communication use-cases specified by the Car-2-Car Communication Consortium to achieve the above-mentioned improvements. This study focuses on using Vehicle-2-X communication and its messages for accident analysis. For this purpose, we investigated the advantage in temporal resolution of the continuously sent Cooperative Awareness Message compared to the Event-Data-Recorder for accident reconstruction in the pre-crash. A high resolution of the temporal accident scene is essential for the doubtless clarification of accidents. Therefore, we analyzed the generation frequencies and the trigger conditions of the Cooperative Awareness Message of vehicles available on the European market while driving in real traffic and during different parking maneuvers. Also, the pseudonym change was analyzed. We found that the average generation frequency of the Cooperative Awareness Message is higher than the 2.00 Hz recording frequency of the event data recorder for all scenarios investigated. Especially on rural roads and highways, the temporal resolution is advantageous. Since many serious accidents occur on rural roads, the use of Cooperative Awareness Messages could significantly benefit the reconstruction of the accident scene. Thus, we recommend increasing efforts to use the Cooperative Awareness Message as digital data for accident analysis and encourage more scientists to deal with this topic. UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3292576 KW - Accident analysis KW - accident reconstruction KW - cooperative awareness message KW - cooperative intelligent transport systems KW - fundamental data KW - real operating investigation KW - vehicle-2-X communication Y1 - 2023 UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3292576 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-38543 SN - 2169-3536 VL - 11 SP - 69708 EP - 69719 PB - IEEE CY - New York ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg A1 - Multerer, Michael A1 - Wietelmann, U. A1 - Panitz, J.-C. A1 - Burgemeister, T. A1 - Gores, Heiner Jakob T1 - NMR Determination of Trace Water in Lithium Salts for Battery Electrolytes JF - Journal of the Electrochemical Society UR - https://doi.org/10.1149/1.1859693 Y1 - 2005 UR - https://doi.org/10.1149/1.1859693 SN - 1945-7111 SN - 1945-6859 SN - 2156-7395 VL - 152 IS - 3 SP - A622 EP - A627 PB - IOP Publishing CY - Bristol ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg A1 - Multerer, Michael A1 - Schweizer-Berberich, M. A1 - Gores, Heiner Jakob T1 - Finding Conductivity Optima of Battery Electrolytes by Conductivity Measurements Guided by a Simplex Algorithm JF - Journal of the Electrochemical Society UR - https://doi.org/10.1149/1.1859711 Y1 - 2005 UR - https://doi.org/10.1149/1.1859711 SN - 1945-7111 SN - 1945-6859 SN - 2156-7395 VL - 152 IS - 3 SP - A577 EP - A582 PB - IOP Publishing CY - Bristol ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Koch, Daniel A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg T1 - Possibilities for a Quick Onsite Safety-State Assessment of Stand-Alone Lithium-Ion Batteries JF - Batteries N2 - Electric vehicles’ high-voltage lithium-ion batteries are complex systems and can be sources of several hazards for interacting people. Sophisticated battery management systems (BMS) therefore constantly monitor their characteristics and varying states, to keep the battery within desired operational conditions and to mitigate safety risks as well as excessive degradation. However, there can be several situations where the battery is not in normal operation (e.g., a stand-alone battery) and a fully functional BMS monitoring function is not available. When necessary to interact with the system, its safety state must be deduced to ensure the safety of interactors. This can be a challenging task depending on a situation’s characteristics (time pressure, technical knowledge of involved people). Thus, this article discusses how the safety state of electric vehicle batteries can be evaluated quickly even by untrained people. To develop a solution, different scenarios, which require a battery’s state assessment, and the options for collecting relevant information are motivated and discussed, respectively. Finally, a mobile interface that can evaluate and display the safety state by using BMS-internal data is described and demonstrated. UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries8110213 KW - safety-state assessment KW - stand-alone battery KW - quick state assessment KW - battery transport Y1 - 2022 UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries8110213 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-29439 SN - 2313-0105 VL - 8 IS - 11 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Steger, Fabian A1 - Krogh, Jonathan A1 - Meegahapola, Lasantha A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg T1 - Calculating Available Charge and Energy of Lithium-Ion Cells Based on OCV and Internal Resistance JF - Energies N2 - The design and operation of performant and safe electric vehicles depend on precise knowledge of the behavior of their electrochemical energy storage systems. The performance of the battery management systems often relies on the discrete-time battery models, which can correctly emulate the battery characteristics. Among the available methods, electric circuit-based equations have shown to be especially useful in describing the electrical characteristics of batteries. To overcome the existing drawbacks, such as discrete-time simulations for parameter estimation and the usage of look-up tables, a set of equations has been developed in this study that solely relies on the open-circuit voltage and the internal resistance of a battery. The parameters can be obtained from typical cell datasheets or can be easily extracted via standard measurements. The proposed equations allow for the direct analytical determination of available discharge capacity and the available energy content depending on the discharge current, as well as the Peukert exponent. The fidelity of the proposed system was validated experimentally using 18650 NMC and LFP lithium-ion cells, and the results are in close agreement with the datasheet. UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/en15217902 KW - battery management system KW - electric vehicles KW - state-of-charge KW - energy content KW - mathematical model KW - Peukert exponent Y1 - 2022 UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/en15217902 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-29479 SN - 1996-1073 VL - 15 IS - 21 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Steger, Fabian A1 - Nitsche, Alexander A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg A1 - Belski, Iouri ED - Quadrado, José Carlos ED - Bernardino, Jorge ED - Rocha, João T1 - Hands-on Experiments vs. Computer-based Simulations in Energy Storage Laboratories T2 - Proceedings of the 45th SEFI Annual Conference 2017 : Education Excellence for Sustainability KW - Hands-on experiment KW - Simulated experiment KW - Battery experiment KW - Learning-models comparison Y1 - 2017 UR - https://www.sefi.be/conference/2017-azores/ SN - 978-989-98875-7-2 SP - 121 EP - 128 PB - SEFI (Société Européenne pour la Formation des Ingénieurs) CY - Brüssel ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Pourtoulidou, Despoina A1 - Steger, Fabian A1 - Burger, Uli A1 - Göllinger, Harald A1 - König, Ludwig A1 - Obermeier, Erwin A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg A1 - Frey, Andreas ED - Nagy, Balázs Vince ED - Murphy, Mike ED - Järvinen, Hannu-Matti ED - Kálmán, Anikó T1 - Mission-framed Project-based Learning and Teaching BT - integrating an Electric Powertrain into a Motor Glider T2 - Varietas delectat… Complexity is the new normality: SEFI 47th Annual Conference Proceedings UR - https://www.sefi.be/proceedings/?conference=2019-budapest-isbn-978-2-87352-018-2 KW - Project-based learning KW - Engineering Higher Education Y1 - 2019 UR - https://www.sefi.be/proceedings/?conference=2019-budapest-isbn-978-2-87352-018-2 SN - 978-2-87352-018-2 SP - 879 EP - 888 PB - SEFI CY - Brüssel ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Steger, Fabian A1 - Arbesmeier, Alexander A1 - Nitsche, Alexander A1 - Brade, Katja A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg A1 - Belski, Iouri ED - Nagy, Balázs Vince ED - Murphy, Mike ED - Järvinen, Hannu-Matti ED - Kálmán, Anikó T1 - Laboratory learning BT - influence of the perceived laboratory mode on learning outcomes T2 - Varietas delectat… Complexity is the new normality: SEFI 47th Annual Conference Proceedings UR - https://www.sefi.be/proceedings/?conference=2019-budapest-isbn-978-2-87352-018-2 KW - Perceived learning modes KW - Simulated laboratories KW - Hands-on laboratories Y1 - 2019 UR - https://www.sefi.be/proceedings/?conference=2019-budapest-isbn-978-2-87352-018-2 SN - 978-2-87352-018-2 SP - 1897 EP - 1907 PB - SEFI CY - Brüssel ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Steger, Fabian A1 - Nitsche, Alexander A1 - Miley, Cayler A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg A1 - Belski, Iouri ED - Huda, Nazmul ED - Inglis, David ED - Tse, Nicholas ED - Town, Graham T1 - Laboratory Learning: Hands-on versus Simulated Experiments T2 - Proceedings of the 28th Annual Conference of the Australasian Association for Engineering Education (AAEE 2017) N2 - CONTEXT Many universities and vocational training institutions conduct laboratories as simulated experiments. This is due to the costs and supervision needs to conduct hands-on labs safely. Numerous studies have presented mixed opinions on whether hands-on laboratory work is more conducive to learning than a simulated laboratory. Most of the studies put students from experimental and control groups in significantly different conditions. Therefore, it is hard to reach any definite conclusion regarding the influence of the learning mode onto the learning achievements. PURPOSE This study compares learning outcomes of student laboratory work in an energy storages course conducted in two different modes: first as a practical hands-on exercise and second using computer-based simulations. APPROACH In order to provide reliable insights, this study implements optimized research methodology to avoid any other effect (e.g. learning synchronicity/distance learning/instructions) on the learning outcome rather than the effect of the learning mode itself. The student laboratory experiments were created in a manner that they could be conducted in both modes in the same way and using a single set of instructions. To ensure a comparable group environment for the individual student, the students were arranged into two similar groups based on the student's practical experience. In this crossover study, the groups were taught the same topics by means of interchanging learning modes. RESULTS To evaluate the influence of each mode on student learning, short written tests regarding the previous experiment were conducted at the beginning of the subsequent laboratory session. 102 students have taken part in the study in two years. Overall learning results of hands-on experiments were slightly better than those of simulated laboratories (Cohen's d=0.25), the difference in performance was statistically significant (p<0.02). Through solicited feedback on each laboratory session, in hands-on mode more students expressed they have acquired new insights/comprehensions (76% vs. 66%, Cohen's d=0.23, small effect, p<0.07). CONCLUSIONS Following the strategy not to optimize the lessons individually to the learning mode, other influences on the learning outcome, which were usually mixed, were excluded. The students' subjective opinions show advantages of the hands-on mode. Based on the objective data, a weak, but significant outcome to better knowledge acquisition with hands-on laboratory experiments was achieved. This observation is against the trend of the literature in the last years towards better or equal learning with nontraditional labs. Some of the excluded factors might have a stronger influence on student learning than estimated previously. To get a clear view, the authors recommend isolated research. KW - Hands-on vs. simulated experiment KW - battery experiment KW - learning-mode comparison Y1 - 2017 UR - https://researchers.mq.edu.au/en/publications/proceedings-of-the-28th-annual-conference-of-the-australasian-ass UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-15581 SN - 978-0-646-98026-3 SP - 940 EP - 947 PB - Macquarie University CY - Sydney ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Wech, Lothar A1 - Böhm, Klaus A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg A1 - Paula, Daniel T1 - Event Data Recorder (EDR) for automated vehicles BT - Legal certainty and data privacy for all T2 - SafetyWeek : Die Zukunft der Fahrzeugsicherheit UR - https://www.carhs.de/de/publikationen/product/safetyweek-2020-replay.html Y1 - 2020 UR - https://www.carhs.de/de/publikationen/product/safetyweek-2020-replay.html ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Lott, Susanne A1 - Kotak, Bhavya A1 - Barra, Sönke A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg T1 - Nail Penetration of Small Pouch Cells Under Water: Investigation of Hydrofluoric Acid Formation in Dependence of the State of Charge JF - Journal of the Electrochemical Society UR - https://doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ac285b Y1 - 2021 UR - https://doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ac285b SN - 1945-7111 VL - 168 IS - 10 PB - IOP Publishing CY - Bristol ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Lausch, Jonas A1 - Takla, Monir A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg T1 - Insight into crush performance comparison of composite profiles and flat plates JF - Composites Part B: Engineering UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2022.109643 KW - Impact behavior KW - Mechanical properties KW - Statistical properties/methods KW - Mechanical testing KW - Composite testing Y1 - 2022 UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2022.109643 SN - 1359-8368 VL - 2022 IS - 233 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Nebl, Christoph A1 - Wöhrl, Katharina A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg T1 - Handling of accident-damaged electric vehicles T2 - Proceedings of the 29th Annual Congress of the EVU Y1 - 2021 PB - EVU CY - Berlin ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Paula, Daniel A1 - Böhm, Klaus A1 - Kubjatko, Tibor A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg T1 - Challenges in forensic reconstruction of traffic accidents involving Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) T2 - Proceedings of the 29th Annual Congress of the EVU Y1 - 2021 PB - EVU CY - Berlin ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Paula, Daniel A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg A1 - Böhm, Klaus ED - Bargende, Michael ED - Reuss, Hans-Christian ED - Wagner, Andreas T1 - Reconstruction of traffic accidents with automated and electrified vehicles T2 - 20. Internationales Stuttgarter Symposium: Automobil- und Motorentechnik, Band 1 UR - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-29943-9_28 Y1 - 2020 UR - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-29943-9_28 SN - 978-3-658-29942-2 SN - 978-3-658-29943-9 SP - 357 EP - 371 PB - Springer Vieweg CY - Wiesbaden ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Böhm, Klaus A1 - Paula, Daniel A1 - Wech, Lothar A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg T1 - Event Data Recorder (EDR) for accidents with automated vehicles BT - the accident analysis of the future T2 - 12. VDI-Tagung Fahrzeugsicherheit: Fahrzeugsicherheit im Umfeld von neuen Rating- und Gesetzesanforderungen UR - https://doi.org/10.51202/9783181023648-349 Y1 - 2019 UR - https://doi.org/10.51202/9783181023648-349 SN - 978-3-18-092364-2 SN - 978-3-18-102364-8 SP - 349 EP - 364 PB - VDI Verlag CY - Düsseldorf ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Geib, Christian A1 - Nebl, Christoph A1 - Huber, Josef A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg T1 - Herausforderung Elektrofahrzeuge BT - Hilfestellung für den Einsatz JF - Brandwacht: Zeitschrift für Brand- und Katastrophenschutz Y1 - 2020 UR - https://www.brandwacht.bayern.de/mam/archiv/beitraege_pdf/bw_1_2020_s18_20_e-autos2.pdf VL - 2020 IS - 1 SP - 18 EP - 20 PB - Bayerisches Staatsministerium des Innern, für Sport und Integration CY - München ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Steger, Fabian A1 - Nitsche, Alexander A1 - Brade, Katja A1 - Belski, Iouri A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg ED - Waldherr, Franz ED - Walter, Claudia T1 - Energiespeicher-Praktikum an der TH Ingolstadt BT - reale versus simulierte Experimente T2 - Tagungsband zum Forum der Lehre an der TH Ingolstadt Y1 - 2018 UR - https://didaktikzentrum.de/publikationen/dina-und-tagungsbaende SN - 1612-4537 SP - 90 EP - 97 PB - THI / DiZ CY - Ingolstadt ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Steger, Fabian A1 - Peniche dos Santos, Adriano A1 - Belski, Iouri A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg T1 - Impedance Spectroscopy Upgrade to a Student Battery Cell Test System T2 - Abstract Book: International Workshop of Impedance Spectroscopy, IWIS 2017 KW - Impedance Measurement KW - Signal Processing and Modelling KW - Instrumentation and Data Acquisition KW - Engineering Education KW - Hands-on experiment KW - Battery KW - Energy storages KW - Test System KW - Test Bench Y1 - 2017 SP - 24 EP - 25 PB - TU Chemnitz CY - Chemnitz ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Gores, Heiner Jakob A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg A1 - Kim, Woong-Ki ED - Kreysa, Gerhard ED - Ota, Ken-ichiro ED - Savinell, Robert F. T1 - Optimization of Electrolyte Properties by Simplex Exemplified for Conductivity of Lithium Battery Electrolytes T2 - Encyclopedia of Applied Electrochemistry UR - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6996-5_443 Y1 - 2014 UR - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6996-5_443 SN - 978-1-4419-6995-8 SN - 978-1-4419-6996-5 SP - 1387 EP - 1392 PB - Springer Reference CY - New York ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Gores, Heiner Jakob A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg ED - Kreysa, Gerhard ED - Ota, Ken-ichiro ED - Savinell, Robert F. T1 - Non-Aqueous Electrolyte Solutions T2 - Encyclopedia of Applied Electrochemistry UR - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6996-5_442 Y1 - 2014 UR - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6996-5_442 SN - 978-1-4419-6995-8 SN - 978-1-4419-6996-5 SP - 1371 EP - 1375 PB - Springer Reference CY - New York ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg A1 - Machuca, Enrique A1 - Löchel, Jonas T1 - 12 V lithium ion starter batteries T2 - Tagungsband PCIM Europe 2016 Y1 - 2016 SN - 978-3-8007-4186-1 SP - 742 EP - 749 PB - VDE CY - Berlin ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wudy, Franz E. A1 - Mossbauer, Dominik J. A1 - Multerer, Michael A1 - Schmeer, Georg A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg A1 - Stock, Christoph A1 - Hauner, Peter F. A1 - Suppan, Gottfried A. A1 - Gores, Heiner Jakob T1 - Fast Micro-Kelvin Resolution Thermometer Based on NTC Thermistors JF - Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data UR - https://doi.org/10.1021/je200780h KW - Sensors KW - Hydrocarbons KW - Aromatic compounds KW - Transition temperature KW - Phase diagrams Y1 - 2011 UR - https://doi.org/10.1021/je200780h SN - 1520-5134 VL - 56 IS - 12 SP - 4823 EP - 4828 PB - American Chemical Society CY - Columbus ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wachter, Philipp A1 - Schreiner, Christian A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg A1 - Gores, Heiner Jakob T1 - Determination of phase transition points of ionic liquids by combination of thermal analysis and conductivity measurements at very low heating and cooling rates JF - The Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jct.2010.03.003 KW - Phase transition points KW - Ionic liquids KW - Conductivity KW - Dye-sensitized solar cells KW - Lithium-ion cells Y1 - 2010 UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jct.2010.03.003 SN - 0021-9614 VL - 42 IS - 7 SP - 900 EP - 903 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Gores, Heiner Jakob A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg ED - Kreysa, Gerhard ED - Ota, Ken-ichiro ED - Savinell, Robert F. T1 - Electrolytes for Electrochemical Double Layer Capacitors T2 - Encyclopedia of Applied Electrochemistry UR - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6996-5_43 Y1 - 2014 UR - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6996-5_43 SN - 978-1-4419-6995-8 SN - 978-1-4419-6996-5 SP - 752 EP - 757 PB - Springer CY - New York ER - TY - BOOK A1 - Gores, Heiner Jakob A1 - Multerer, Michael A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg ED - Zhang, Sheng Shui T1 - Optimizing the conductivity of electrolytes for lithium ion-cells T3 - Advanced materials and methods for lithium-ion batteries Y1 - 2007 SN - 978-81-7895-279-6 SP - 257 EP - 278 PB - Transworld Research Network CY - Trivandrum, Kerala ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg A1 - Wachter, Philipp A1 - Simbeck, Tobias A1 - Wudy, Franz E. A1 - Zugmann, Sandra A1 - Gores, Heiner Jakob T1 - Multichannel Conductivity Measurement Equipment for Efficient Thermal and Conductive Characterization of Nonaqueous Electrolytes and Ionic Liquids for Lithium Ion Batteries JF - Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data UR - https://doi.org/10.1021/je900942f KW - Electrochemical cells KW - Electrical conductivity KW - Electrolytes KW - Salts KW - Solvents Y1 - 2010 UR - https://doi.org/10.1021/je900942f SN - 1520-5134 VL - 55 IS - 5 SP - 1789 EP - 1793 PB - American Chemical Society CY - Columbus ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wachter, Philipp A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg A1 - Wudy, Franz E. A1 - Gores, Heiner Jakob T1 - Efficient determination of crystallisation and melting points at low cooling and heating rates with novel computer controlled equipment JF - The Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jct.2008.05.012 KW - Phase transition points KW - Organic solvents KW - Ionic liquids KW - Crystallisation aids KW - Fast computer-controlled equipment Y1 - 2008 UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jct.2008.05.012 SN - 0021-9614 VL - 40 IS - 10 SP - 1542 EP - 1547 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg A1 - Multerer, Michael A1 - Schweizer-Berberich, M. A1 - Gores, Heiner Jakob T1 - Optimization of Cycling Behavior of Lithium Ion Cells at 60°C by Additives for Electrolytes Based on Lithium bis[1,2-oxalato(2-)-O,O´] borate JF - International Journal of Electrochemcal Science KW - lithium-ion battery KW - cycling KW - additive KW - lithium bis[1,2-oxalato(2-)-O,O´] borate Y1 - 2008 UR - http://www.electrochemsci.org/list08.htm#issue3 SN - 1452-3981 VL - 3 IS - 4 SP - 427 EP - 443 PB - ESG CY - Belgrad ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg A1 - Multerer, Michael A1 - Gores, Heiner Jakob T1 - Fast Multichannel Precision Thermometer JF - IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2007.904480 KW - NTC KW - precision thermometry KW - resistance thermometer KW - temperature measurement KW - temperature sensor KW - thermistor KW - thermometer Y1 - 2007 UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2007.904480 SN - 0018-9456 SN - 1557-9662 VL - 56 IS - 5 SP - 2002 EP - 2009 PB - IEEE CY - New York ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wöhrl, Katharina A1 - Nebl, Christoph A1 - Lott, Susanne A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg T1 - Umgang mit verunfallten Elektrofahrzeugen JF - Automobiltechnologie in Bayern: e-Car + Wasserstoff Y1 - 2021 UR - https://media-mind.info/pdf/2020/automobil_deutsch_2020_final.pdf SP - 34 EP - 39 PB - media mind GmbH & Co. KG CY - München ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Buysse, Maarten A1 - Ierides, Marcos A1 - Pérez Horno, Beatriz A1 - McCready, Amy A1 - Kotak, Yash A1 - Kotak, Bhavya A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg T1 - COBRA Market Intelligence Report - EV Safety and Testing: Feb-Mar-Apr 2021 Y1 - 2021 UR - https://projectcobra.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/COBRA-MARKET-INTELLIGENCE-February-March-April-2021_789.pdf ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bauder, Maximilian A1 - Böhm, Klaus A1 - Kubjatko, Tibor A1 - Wech, Lothar A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg T1 - C-ITS relevant critical vehicle-to-vehicle accident scenarios for accident analysis JF - Sensors N2 - The relevance of scientific investigations, whether simulative or empirical, is strongly related to the environment used and the scenarios associated with it. Within the field of cooperative intelligent transport systems, use-cases are defined to describe the benefits of applications. This has already been conducted in the available safety-relevant Day 1 applications longitudinal and intersection collision risk warning through the respective technical specifications. However, the relevance of traffic scenarios is always a function of accident severity and frequency of a retrospective consideration of accident databases. In this study, vehicle-to-vehicle scenarios with high frequency and/or severe personal injuries are therefore determined with the help of the CISS database and linked to the use-cases of the safety-relevant Day 1 applications. The relevance of the scenarios thus results on the one hand from the classical parameters of retrospective accident analysis and on the other hand from the coverage by the named vehicle-to-x applications. As a result, accident scenarios with oncoming vehicles are the most relevant scenarios for investigations with cooperative intelligent transport systems. In addition, high coverage of the most critical scenarios within the use-cases of longitudinal and intersection collision risk warning is already apparent. UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/s22093562 KW - cooperative intelligent transportation systems KW - C-ITS KW - V2X KW - accident scenarios KW - accident analysis KW - accident database Y1 - 2022 UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/s22093562 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-23473 SN - 1424-8220 N1 - This article belongs to the Special Issue "Sensors and Systems for Automotive and Road Safety" VL - 22 IS - 9 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Gores, Heiner Jakob A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg A1 - Kim, Woong-Ki ED - Kreysa, Gerhard ED - Ota, Ken-ichiro ED - Savinell, Robert F. T1 - Electrolytes for Recharcheable Batteries T2 - Encyclopedia of Applied Electrochemistry UR - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6996-5_45 Y1 - 2014 UR - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6996-5_45 SN - 978-1-4419-6995-8 SN - 978-1-4419-6996-5 SP - 757 EP - 761 PB - Springer CY - New York ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bauder, Maximilian A1 - Lecheler, Katrin A1 - Wech, Lothar A1 - Böhm, Klaus A1 - Paula, Daniel A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg T1 - Determination of accident scenarios via freely available accident databases JF - Open Engineering N2 - The derivation of real accident scenarios from accident databases represents an important task within vehicle safety research. Simulations are increasingly used for this purpose. Depending on the research interest, a wide range of accident databases exists worldwide, which differ mainly in the number of recorded data per accident and availability. This work aims to identify critical vehicle-to-vehicle accidents based on freely available accident databases to derive concrete scenarios for a subsequent simulation. For this purpose, the method of the pre-crash matrix is applied using the example of the freely available Crash Investigation Sampling System database of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. An analysis of existing databases worldwide shows that this is the most detailed, freely available database. The derivation of scenarios succeeds here by a new method, whereby a center of gravity calculation is carried out based on the damages of the vehicles according to Collision Deformation Classification nomenclature. In addition, the determination of other necessary parameters, as well as the limits of the database, is shown in order to derive a scenario that can be simulated. As a result, the constellations of the five most frequent vehicle-to-vehicle accident scenarios according to the Crash Investigation Sampling System database are presented. In particular, other institutions should follow National Highway Traffic Safety Administration’s example and make data freely available for accident research. UR - https://doi.org/10.1515/eng-2022-0047 KW - accident databases KW - accident scenarios KW - vehicle-to-vehicle accidents KW - Pre-Crash-Matrix KW - Crash Investigation Sampling System Y1 - 2022 UR - https://doi.org/10.1515/eng-2022-0047 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-25137 SN - 2391-5439 VL - 12 IS - 1 SP - 453 EP - 467 PB - De Gruyter CY - Berlin ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bauder, Maximilian A1 - Kubjatko, Tibor A1 - Helmer, Thomas A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg T1 - Does Vehicle-2-X Radio Transmission Technology Need to Be Considered within Accident Analysis in the Future? JF - Sensors N2 - In this analysis, Cooperative Intelligent Transportation System relevant scenarios are created to investigate the need to differentiate Vehicle-to-X transmission technologies on behalf of accident analysis. For each scenario, the distances between the vehicles are calculated 5 s before the crash. Studies on the difference between Dedicated Short-Range Communication (IEEE 802.11p) and Cellular Vehicle-to-X communication (LTE-V2C PC5 Mode 4) are then used to assess whether both technologies have a reliable connection over the relevant distance. If this is the case, the transmission technology is of secondary importance for future investigations on Vehicle-to-X communication in combination with accident analysis. The results show that studies on freeways and rural roads can be carried out independently of the transmission technology and other boundary conditions (speed, traffic density, non-line of sight/line of sight). The situation is different for studies in urban areas, where both technologies may not have a sufficiently reliable connection range depending on the traffic density. UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/s22249832 KW - cooperative intelligent transportation systems KW - C-ITS KW - C-V2X KW - LTE-V2X KW - DSRC KW - IEEE 802.11p KW - accident scenarios KW - accident analysis KW - accident reconstruction Y1 - 2022 UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/s22249832 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-29954 SN - 1424-8220 VL - 22 IS - 24 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wöhrl, Katharina A1 - Kotak, Yash A1 - Geisbauer, Christian A1 - Barra, Sönke A1 - Wilhelm, Gudrun A1 - Schneider, Gerhard A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg T1 - Analysis of Deactivation of 18,650 Lithium-Ion Cells in CaCl2, Tap Water and Demineralized Water for Different Insertion Times JF - Sensors N2 - The deployment of battery-powered electric vehicles in the market has created a naturally increasing need for the safe deactivation and recycling of batteries. Various deactivating methods for lithium-ion cells include electrical discharging or deactivation with liquids. Such methods are also useful for cases where the cell tabs are not accessible. In the literature analyses, different deactivation media are used, but none include the use of calcium chloride (CaCl2) salt. As compared to other media, the major advantage of this salt is that it can capture the highly reactive and hazardous molecules of Hydrofluoric acid. To analyse the actual performance of this salt in terms of practicability and safety, this experimental research aims to compare it against regular Tap Water and Demineralized Water. This will be accomplished by performing nail penetration tests on deactivated cells and comparing their residual energy against each other. Moreover, these three different media and respective cells are analysed after deactivation, i.e., based on conductivity measurements, cell mass, flame photometry, fluoride content, computer tomography and pH value. It was found that the cells deactivated in the CaCl2 solution did not show any signs of Fluoride ions, whereas cells deactivated in TW showed the emergence of Fluoride ions in the 10th week of the insertion. However, with the addition of CaCl2 in TW, the deactivation process > 48 h for TW declines to 0.5–2 h, which could be an optimal solution for real-world situations where deactivating cells at a high pace is essential. UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/s23083901 KW - lithium-ion cells KW - cell deactivation KW - 18,650 lithium-ion cells KW - cell deactivation in tap water KW - cell deactivation in demineralized water KW - cell deactivation in CaCl2 solution Y1 - 2023 UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/s23083901 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-35154 SN - 1424-8220 VL - 23 IS - 8 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Steger, Fabian A1 - Nitsche, Alexander A1 - Brade, Katja A1 - Belski, Iouri A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg ED - Quadrado, José Carlos ED - Bernardino, Jorge ED - Rocha, João T1 - Teaching Energy Storages by means of a Student Battery Cell Test System T2 - Proceedings of the 45th SEFI Annual Conference 2017: Education Excellence for Sustainability KW - student experiments KW - energy storage systems KW - battery test system Y1 - 2017 UR - https://www.sefi.be/conference/2017-azores/ SN - 978-989-98875-7-2 SP - 169 EP - 176 PB - SEFI (Société Européenne pour la Formation des Ingénieurs) CY - Brüssel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Nebl, Christoph A1 - Steger, Fabian A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg T1 - Discharge Capacity of Energy Storages as a Function of the Discharge Current–Expanding Peukert’s equation JF - International Journal of Electrochemical Science N2 - In 1897 Wilhelm Peukert tested lead-acid batteries with constant current and observed that a single equation can describe the relationship between the discharge capacity of the battery and a constant discharge current. In this article the dependence of the discharge capacity of lithium-ion battery cells, electrochemical double-layer capacitors and lithium capacitors are investigated from low to very high discharge rates. From low to intermediate discharge rates, these energy storage devices show ideal Peukert behavior, but a deviation was observed at high discharge rates. The cells provide less charge than predicted by Peukert’s Law. To describe this deviation, a new equation has been derived by expanding Peukert’s law to very discharge rates. It is capable to describe the discharge behavior of lithium-ion battery cells, electrochemical double-layer capacitors and lithium capacitors from low to high discharge rates in an unequivocal way. UR - https://doi.org/10.20964/2017.06.51 KW - discharge capacity KW - lithium-ion cell KW - electrochemical double-layer capacitors KW - lithium capacitors KW - capacity KW - Peukert equation KW - discharge current Y1 - 2017 UR - https://doi.org/10.20964/2017.06.51 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-17129 SN - 1452-3981 VL - 12 IS - 6 SP - 4940 EP - 4957 PB - ESG CY - Belgrad ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Böhm, Klaus A1 - Nitsche, Alexander A1 - Birke, Peter A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg T1 - Application of vehicle control units as event data recorders in hybrid and electric vehicles (THI-CARISSMA-DEKRA) T2 - Proceedings 26th EVU-congress 2017 T2 - Nutzung von Steuergeräten als Unfalldatenschreiber in Hybrid- und Elektrofahrzeugen Y1 - 2017 PB - EVU CY - Berlin ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Paula, Daniel A1 - Böhm, Klaus A1 - Kubjatko, Tibor A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg T1 - Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) Experiments for Traffic Accident Reconstruction T2 - Transport Means 2021: Proceedings of the 25th International Scientific Conference - Part I KW - Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) KW - Instrument Cluster KW - Event Data Recorder (EDR) Y1 - 2021 UR - https://transportmeans.ktu.edu/transport-means-2021/ SN - 2351-7034 SN - 1822-296X SP - 108 EP - 112 PB - Kaunas University of Technology CY - Kaunas ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Pfeilschifter, Claus A1 - Bauder, Maximilian A1 - Paula, Daniel A1 - Riener, Andreas A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg T1 - Using a Driving Simulator to Assess Reaction Times and Driving Behavior for Forensic Accident Analysis T2 - 15th International ACM Conference on Automotive User Interfaces: Adjunct Conference Proceedings UR - https://doi.org/10.1145/3581961.3609846 KW - car2x KW - semi-automated KW - reaction times KW - trust KW - instrument cluster Y1 - 2023 UR - https://doi.org/10.1145/3581961.3609846 SN - 979-8-4007-0112-2 SP - 320 EP - 322 PB - ACM CY - New York ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Haß, Jan A1 - Schieber, Christina A1 - Meilinger, Florian A1 - Kotak, Yash A1 - Sevinc, Serkan A1 - Lang, Philipp A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg T1 - Investigation of the Effects Caused by Current Interruption Devices of Lithium Cells at High Overvoltages JF - Applied Sciences N2 - A faulty voltage measurement can lead to the overcharging of a Li-Ion cell, resulting in gas formation and heating inside the cell, which can trigger thermal runaway. To mitigate this risk, cylindrical cells are equipped with a Current Interrupt Device (CID), which functions as a pressure relief valve, disconnecting the electrical circuit within the cell when internal pressure rises. However, this disconnection causes the cell to suddenly become highly resistant, posing a significant issue in series-connected cells. In such configurations, a portion or even the entire system voltage may drop across the disconnected cell, substantially increasing the likelihood of an electric arc. This arc could ignite any escaping flammable gases, leading to catastrophic failures. In a series of tests conducted on three different cell chemistries—NMC (Nickel Manganese Cobalt), NCA (Nickel Cobalt Aluminum), and LFP (Lithium Iron Phosphate)—it was found that the safe operation of the CID cannot be guaranteed for system voltages exceeding 120 V. Although comparative tests at double the nominal cell voltage did not exhibit the same behavior, these findings suggest that current safety standards, which recommend testing at double the nominal voltage, may not adequately address the risks involved. The tests further revealed that series connections of cells with CIDs are inherently dangerous, as, in the worst-case scenario, the entire system voltage can be concentrated across a single cell, leading to potential system failure. UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/app14188238 Y1 - 2024 UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/app14188238 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-51215 SN - 2076-3417 VL - 14 IS - 18 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Peringer, Stefan Michael A1 - Kotak, Yash A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg T1 - Experimental Investigation of Heat Dissipation of Lithium–Ion Cells and Its Correlation with Internal Resistance JF - Applied Sciences N2 - Power loss is a limiting factor for batteries and individual cells. The resulting heat generation due to the power loss leads to reduced battery performance and, thus, lower efficiency. These losses are largely due to the internal resistance of the cells. Therefore, it is important to accurately determine the value of the internal resistance of lithium–ion cells. From the literature, it was found that there are three widely used internal resistance-measurement methods (current step method, direct-energy-loss method, and calorimeter measurement), with negligible research on their comparison demonstrating the most efficient method. Henceforth, to find the most optimal method, this research adopts all three methods on a variety of cell chemistries, including Lithium-ion Manganese Oxide (LMO), Lithium Iron Phosphate (LFP), Nickel Manganese Cobalt (NMC), and Lithium Titanium-Oxide (LTO) for different c-rates (1 C, 2 C, and 3 C), with a wide temperature range (from 0 °C to 40 °C). UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/app14167430 Y1 - 2024 UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/app14167430 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-50513 SN - 2076-3417 VL - 14 IS - 16 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Vieweger, Daniel A1 - Diel, Sergej A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg A1 - Tetzlaff, Ulrich T1 - Mechanical Properties of Raw Filaments and Printed Specimens: Effects of Fiber Reinforcements and Process Parameters JF - Polymers N2 - Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) is a well-established manufacturing method for producing both prototype and functional components. This study investigates the mechanical properties of FDM components by material and process-related influencing variables. Tensile tests were conducted on seven different materials in their raw filament form, two of which were fiber-reinforced, to analyze their material-related influence. To cover a wide range from standard to advanced materials relevant for load-carrying components as well as their respective variations, polylactic acid (PLA), 30% wood-fiber-reinforced PLA, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), polycarbonate (PC), a blend of ABS and PC, Nylon, and 30% glass-fiber-reinforced Nylon were selected. The process-related influencing variables were studied using the following process parameters: layer thickness, nozzle diameter, build orientation, nozzle temperature, infill density and pattern, and raster angle. The first test series revealed that the addition of wood fibers significantly worsened the mechanical behavior of PLA due to the lack of fiber bonding to the matrix and significant pore formation. The polymer blend of ABS and PC only showed improvements in stiffness. Significant strength and stiffness improvements were found by embedding glass fibers in Nylon, despite partially poor fiber–matrix bonding. The materials with the best properties were selected for the process parameter analysis. When examining the impact of layer thickness on part strength, a clear correlation was evident. Smaller layer thicknesses resulted in higher strength, while stiffness did not appear to be affected. Conversely, larger nozzle diameters and lower nozzle temperatures only positively impacted stiffness, with little effect on strength. The part orientation did alter the fracture behavior of the test specimens. Although an on-edge orientation resulted in higher stiffness, it failed at lower stresses. Higher infill densities and infill patterns aligned with the load direction led to the best mechanical results. The raster angle had a significant impact on the behavior of the printed bodies. An alternating raster angle resulted in lower strengths and stiffness compared to a unidirectional raster angle. However, it also caused significant stretching due to the rotation of the beads. UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16111576 Y1 - 2024 UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16111576 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-48595 SN - 2073-4360 VL - 16 IS - 11 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wilhelm, Gudrun A1 - Golla-Schindler, Ute A1 - Wöhrl, Katharina A1 - Geisbauer, Christian A1 - Cooke, Graham A1 - Bernthaler, Timo A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg A1 - Schneider, Gerhard T1 - Influence of Water on Aging Phenomena of Calendric Stored and Cycled Li-Ion Batteries JF - Nanoenergy Advances N2 - We examine the impact of water (160 ± 41 ppm of reference) on the anode, cathode, separator and electrolyte in two aging scenarios: calendric aging (60 °C, 80 days, charged state), resulting in a triggered current interrupt device (CID), and cycling 1680 times (charge/discharge with 1C, 2.75–4.2 V, 20 ± 2 °C), resulting in 24.5% residual capacity. We applied computer tomography (CT), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) to understand the capacity loss. The aged NMC/LCO–graphite cells were compared to a reference cell in pristine state. Both aging scenarios showed (a) thick depositions on the anode and cathode consisting mainly of oxygen, fluorine and phosphorous, (b) reduced separator pore sizes, (c) the deposition of Mn, Co and Ni on top of the anode and (d) the decomposition of the conductive salt LiPF6 accompanied by HF formation and a loss of active lithium. Calendric aging consumes the water content and additionally leads to (e) the decomposition of the organic solvent followed by CO2 gas formation. Cyclic aging increases the water content and additionally results in (f) the consumption of the additive fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC). These findings show how water affects aging phenomena and results in a capacity decrease in the cell. UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/nanoenergyadv4020011 Y1 - 2024 UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/nanoenergyadv4020011 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-48606 SN - 2673-706X VL - 4 IS - 2 SP - 174 EP - 195 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bauder, Maximilian A1 - Festag, Andreas A1 - Kubjatko, Tibor A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg T1 - Data accuracy in Vehicle-to-X cooperative awareness messages: An experimental study for the first commercial deployment of C-ITS in Europe JF - Vehicular Communications N2 - Cooperative Intelligent Transportation Systems have achieved a mature technology stage and are in an early phase of mass deployment in Europe. Relying on Vehicle-to-X communication, these systems were primarily developed to improve traffic safety, efficiency, and driving comfort. However, they also offer great opportunities for other use cases. One of them is forensic accident analysis, where the received data provide details about the status of other traffic participants, give insights into the accident scenario, and therefore help in understanding accident causes. A high accuracy of the sent information is essential: For safety use cases, such as traffic jam warning, a poor accuracy of the data may result in wrong driver information, undermine the usability of the system and even create new safety risks. For accident analysis, a low accuracy may prevent the correct reconstruction of an accident. This paper presents an experimental study of the first generation of Cooperative Intelligent Transportation Systems in Europe. The results indicate a high accuracy for most of the data fields in the Vehicle-to-X messages, namely speed, acceleration, heading and yaw rate information, which meet the accuracy requirements for safety use cases and accident analysis. In contrast, the position data, which are also carried in the messages, have larger errors. Specifically, we observed that the lateral position still has an acceptable accuracy. The error of the longitudinal position is larger and may compromise safety use cases with high accuracy requirements. Even with limited accuracy, the data provide a high value for the accident analysis. Since we also found that the accuracy of the data increases for newer vehicle models, we presume that Vehicle-to-X data have the potential for exact accident reconstruction. UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vehcom.2024.100744 Y1 - 2024 UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vehcom.2024.100744 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-48060 SN - 2214-2096 VL - 2024 IS - 47 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Langer, Robin A1 - Michl, Marco A1 - Paula, Daniel A1 - Hof, Hans-Joachim A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg T1 - Security analysis of an Event Data Recorder system according to the HEAVENS model T2 - Proceedings of the 30th Annual Congress of the EVU Y1 - 2022 PB - EVU CY - Berlin ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Bauder, Maximilian A1 - Paula, Daniel A1 - Fehringer, Thomas A1 - Kubjatko, Tibor A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg T1 - Performance of Automatic Speed Sign Recognition and Adaptive Speed Adjustment of Real Vehicles on German Roads T2 - Proceedings of the 31st Annual Congress of the EVU KW - Accident Analysis; Accident Reconstruction; Traffic Sign Recognition; Intelligent Adaptive Cruise Control; Real Operating Investigation; Fundamental Data Y1 - 2023 SP - 242 EP - 252 PB - EVU CY - Berlin ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Bauder, Maximilian A1 - Kubjatko, Tibor A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg T1 - Development of an Accident Reconstruction Method Using Cooperative Awareness Message Data T2 - Proceedings of the 32nd Annual Congress of the EVU KW - Accident Reconstruction KW - Vehicle-2-X Communication KW - Cooperative Awareness Message Y1 - 2024 SP - 376 EP - 390 PB - EVU CY - Berlin ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Paula, Daniel A1 - Bauder, Maximilian A1 - Pfeilschifter, Claus A1 - Petermeier, Franziska A1 - Kubjatko, Tibor A1 - Böhm, Klaus A1 - Riener, Andreas A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg T1 - Impact of Partially Automated Driving Functions on Forensic Accident Reconstruction: A Simulator Study on Driver Reaction Behavior in the Event of a Malfunctioning System Behavior JF - Sensors N2 - Partially automated driving functions (SAE Level 2) can control a vehicle’s longitudinal and lateral movements. However, taking over the driving task involves automation risks that the driver must manage. In severe accidents, the driver’s ability to avoid a collision must be assessed, considering their expected reaction behavior. The primary goal of this study is to generate essential data on driver reaction behavior in case of malfunctions in partially automated driving functions for use in legal affairs. A simulator study with two scenarios involving 32 subjects was conducted for this purpose. The first scenario investigated driver reactions to system limitations during cornering. The results show that none of the subjects could avoid leaving their lane and moving into the oncoming lane and, therefore, could not control the situation safely. Due to partial automation, we could also identify a new part of the reaction time, the hands-on time, which leads to increased steering reaction times of 1.18 to 1.74 s. The second scenario examined driver responses to phantom braking caused by AEBS. We found that 25 of the 32 subjects could not override the phantom braking by pressing the accelerator pedal, although 16 subjects were informed about the system analog to the actual vehicle manuals. Overall, the study suggests that the current legal perspective on vehicle control and the expected driver reaction behavior for accident avoidance should be reconsidered. UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/s23249785 Y1 - 2023 UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/s23249785 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-42766 SN - 1424-8220 VL - 23 IS - 24 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bauder, Maximilian A1 - Langer, Robin A1 - Kubjatko, Tibor A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg T1 - Post-Processing Kalman Filter Application for Improving Cooperative Awareness Messages’ Position Data Accuracy JF - Sensors N2 - Cooperative intelligent transportation systems continuously send self-referenced data about their current status in the Cooperative Awareness Message (CAM). Each CAM contains the current position of the vehicle based on GPS accuracy, which can have inaccuracies in the meter range. However, a high accuracy of the position data is crucial for many applications, such as electronic toll collection or the reconstruction of traffic accidents. Kalman filters are already frequently used today to increase the accuracy of position data. The problem with applying the Kalman filter to the position data within the Cooperative Awareness Message is the low temporal resolution (max. 10 Hz) and the non-equidistant time steps between the messages. In addition, the filter can only be applied to the data retrospectively. To solve these problems, an Extended Kalman Filter and an Unscented Kalman Filter were designed and investigated in this work. The Kalman filters were implemented with two kinematic models. Subsequently, driving tests were conducted with two V2X vehicles to investigate and compare the influence on the accuracy of the position data. To address the problem of non-equidistant time steps, an iterative adjustment of the Process Noise Covariance Matrix Qand the introduction of additional interpolation points to equidistance the received messages were investigated. The results show that without one of these approaches, it is impossible to design a generally valid filter to improve the position accuracy of the CAM position data retrospectively. The introduction of interpolation points did not lead to a significant improvement in the results. With the Qmatrix adaptation, an Unscented Kalman Filter could be created that improves the longitudinal position accuracy of the two vehicles under investigation by up to 80% (0.54 m) and the lateral position accuracy by up to 72% (0.18 m). The work thus contributes to improving the positioning accuracy of CAM data for applications that receive only these data retrospectively. UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/s24247892 Y1 - 2024 UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/s24247892 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-55492 SN - 1424-8220 VL - 24 IS - 24 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Koch, Daniel A1 - Stein, Murillo A1 - de Abreu, Samuel Luna A1 - Diel, Sergej A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg T1 - Characterization and modeling of the swelling behavior of a LiFePO4 pouch cell in multiple operating conditions T2 - 2024 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC), Proceedings UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC63154.2024.10755252 Y1 - 2024 UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC63154.2024.10755252 SN - 979-8-3315-4160-6 PB - IEEE CY - Piscataway ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Langer, Robin A1 - Bauder, Maximilian A1 - Moghariya, Ghanshyam Tukarambhai A1 - Eckert, Michael Clemens Georg A1 - Kubjatko, Tibor A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg T1 - Testing and Validation of the Vehicle Front Camera Verification Method Using External Stimulation JF - Sensors N2 - The perception of the vehicle’s environment is crucial for automated vehicles. Therefore, environmental sensors’ reliability and correct functioning are becoming increasingly important. Current vehicle inspections and self-diagnostics must be adapted to ensure the correct functioning of environmental sensors throughout the vehicle’s lifetime. There are several promising approaches for developing new test methods for vehicle environmental sensors, one of which has already been developed in our previous work. A method for testing vehicle front cameras was developed. In this work, the method is improved and applied again. Various test vehicles, including the Tesla Model 3, Volkswagen ID.3, and Volkswagen T-Cross, are stimulated by simulating driving scenarios. The stimulation is carried out via a tablet positioned before the camera. The high beam assist is used to evaluate the vehicle’s reaction. It was observed whether the vehicle switched from high to low beam as expected in response to the stimulation. Although no general statement can be made, the principle of stimulation works. A vehicle reaction can be successfully induced using this method. In further test series, the influence of display brightness is examined for the first time in this work. The results show that the display brightness significantly influences the test procedure. In addition, the method is validated by stimulation with colored images. It is shown that no complex traffic simulation is necessary to trigger a vehicle reaction. In the following validation approach, the CAN data of the Tesla Model 3 is analyzed during the tests. Here, too, the assumption that the vehicle reaction is based solely on the detected brightness instead of identifying road users is confirmed. The final validation approach examines the method’s applicability to other vehicles and high beam assist technologies. Although the method could not be used on the Volkswagen T-Cross due to a fault detected by the vehicle’s self-diagnosis, it worked well on the Volkswagen ID.3. This vehicle has a dynamic light assist in which individual segments of the high beam are dimmed during stimulation. Although the method developed to stimulate vehicle front cameras is promising, the specific factors that trigger the vehicle responses remain to be seen. This uncertainty suggests that further research is needed better to understand the interaction of stimulation and sensor detection. UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/s24248166 Y1 - 2024 UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/s24248166 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-56097 SN - 1424-8220 VL - 24 IS - 24 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Nebl, Christoph A1 - Kotzur, Frank-Oliver A1 - Koch, Daniel A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg T1 - Prediction of constant power delivery of lithium-ion cells at high loads JF - Journal of Energy Storage N2 - Available energy and available capacity are key factors for dimensioning batteries. Discharge duration of a battery and its dependency on discharge current amplitude are well described by Peukert’s law from low to medium current ranges. Other equations describe this dependency up to very high current rates, including the currents occurring during a short circuit. It is not current and capacity, but energy and power which are the key parameters for dimensioning battery systems. Thus, the available power of battery cells, vs. the discharge duration was investigated from low to high constant power discharge loads. Based on the results of these experiments, a correlation of the maximum discharge duration for low to medium discharge power pulses, similar to the Peukert’s equation was found. Additionally, a new equation is proposed, describing the power range from low to very high discharge power rates. The result of this work simplifies the design of battery systems, its electromechanical components, as well as improves the prediction of available boost power cost-effective way e.g. for hybrid electric vehicles. UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2020.101552 KW - Constant power discharge KW - Lithium-ion batteries KW - Peukert equation KW - High load amplitudes KW - Constant power prediction KW - Discharge power Y1 - 2020 UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2020.101552 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-9239 SN - 2352-1538 VL - 2020 IS - 30 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Gregor, Markus A1 - Bauder, Maximilian A1 - Kirsten Vidal de Oliveira, Aline A1 - Mast, Pascal A1 - Rüther, Ricardo A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg T1 - Approaches for Lifetime Prediction of Vehicle Traction Battery Systems During a Technical Inspection: A Systematic Review JF - World Electric Vehicle Journal N2 - Creating trust in society for new technologies, such as a new types of powertrains, and making them marketable requires transparent, neutral, and independent technical verification. This is crucial for the acceptance and success of electrified vehicles in the used car markets. A key component of electric vehicles is the traction battery, whose current and future condition, particularly regarding aging, determines its residual value and safe operation. This review aims to identify and evaluate methods for predicting the lifetime of onboard traction batteries, focusing on their applicability in technical inspections. A systematic literature and patent review was conducted using targeted keywords, yielding 22 patents and 633 publications. From these, 150 distinct lifetime prediction methods were extracted and categorized into a four-level mind map. These methods are summarized, cited, and structured in detailed tables. The relationships between approaches are explained to clarify the current research landscape. Long Short-Term Memory, Convolutional Neural Networks, and Particle Filters were identified as the most frequently used techniques. However, no methods were found suitable for predicting the lifetime of traction batteries during technical vehicle inspections, which operate under short test durations, limited data access, and diverse real-world operating conditions. Most studies focused on cell-level testing and did not address complete battery systems in operational vehicles. This gap highlights the need for applied research and the development of practical methods to support battery assessment in real-world conditions. Advancing this field is essential to foster confidence in battery systems and enable a sustainable transition to electromobility. UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj17010003 Y1 - 2025 UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj17010003 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-65631 SN - 2032-6653 VL - 17 IS - 1 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Geisbauer, Christian A1 - Wöhrl, Katharina A1 - Lott, Susanne A1 - Nebl, Christoph A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg A1 - Goertz, Roland A1 - Kubjatko, Tibor T1 - Scenarios involving accident-damaged electric vehicles JF - Transportation Research Procedia N2 - Electrically propelled cars will play a major role on the streets, not only in the far, but also in the near future. In this work, an overview on the possible risks arising from electric vehicles is given that involves electrical, chemical and thermal hazards. Additionally, an analysis on different scenarios involving damaged electric vehicles, the involved parties, as well as their risk assessment in terms of hazard rating is presented. Furthermore, two scenarios are explained and addressed with more detail. With the derived risks of the battery and with possible crash scenarios presented, the still existing uncertainties for handling damaged electric vehicles are addressed, followed by a discussion on ways to overcome this problem. UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2021.07.136 KW - electromobility KW - batteries KW - lithium ion KW - electric vehicle KW - accident KW - rescue service KW - recycling Y1 - 2021 UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2021.07.136 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-13130 SN - 2352-1465 VL - 2021 IS - 55 SP - 1484 EP - 1489 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Paula, Daniel A1 - Bauder, Maximilian A1 - König, Thomas A1 - Dengler, Yannick A1 - Böhm, Klaus A1 - Kubjatko, Tibor A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg T1 - Impact of vehicle electrification on fundamental accident reconstruction parameters T2 - Proceedings of the 30th Annual Congress of the EVU Y1 - 2022 SP - 34 EP - 41 PB - EVU CY - Berlin ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Paula, Daniel A1 - Bauder, Maximilian A1 - König, Thomas A1 - Kubjatko, Tibor A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg T1 - Systematic investigation of influences on advanced driver assistance systems for accident reconstruction T2 - Proceedings of the 31st Annual Congress of the EVU Y1 - 2023 SP - 253 EP - 261 PB - EVU CY - Berlin ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Bauder, Maximilian A1 - Paula, Daniel A1 - Böhm, Klaus A1 - Kubjatko, Tibor A1 - Wech, Lothar A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg T1 - Opportunities and challenges of cooperative intelligent transportation systems on accident analysis T2 - Proceedings of the 30th Annual Congress of the EVU Y1 - 2022 PB - EVU CY - Berlin ER - TY - JOUR A1 - König, Thomas A1 - Paula, Daniel A1 - Quaschner, Stefan A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg T1 - Influence of Blind Spot Assistance Systems in Heavy Commercial Vehicles on Accident Reconstruction JF - Sensors N2 - Accidents between right-turning commercial vehicles and crossing vulnerable road users (VRUs) in urban environments often lead to serious or fatal injuries and therefore play a significant role in forensic accident analysis. To reduce the risk of accidents, blind spot assistance systems have been installed in commercial vehicles for several years, among other things, to detect VRUs and warn the driver in time. However, since such systems cannot reliably prevent all turning accidents, an investigation by experts must clarify how the accident occurred and to what extent the blind spot assistance system influenced the course of the accident. The occurrence of the acoustic warning message can be defined as an objective reaction prompt for the driver, so that the blind spot assistance system can significantly influence the avoidability assessment. In order to be able to integrate the system into forensic accident analysis, a precise knowledge of how the system works and its limitations is required. For this purpose, tests with different systems and accident constellations were conducted and evaluated. It was found that the type of sensor used for the assistance systems has a great influence on the system’s performance. The lateral distance between the right side of the commercial vehicle and the VRU, as well as obstacles between them, along with the speed difference can have great influence on the reliability of the assistance system. Depending on the concrete time of the system’s warning signal, the accident can be avoided or not by the driver when reacting to this signal. UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/s24051517 KW - accident analysis KW - accident reconstruction KW - road safety KW - vehicle active safety Y1 - 2024 UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/s24051517 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-47143 SN - 1424-8220 VL - 24 IS - 5 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bauder, Maximilian A1 - Paula, Daniel A1 - Kubjatko, Tibor A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg T1 - Evaluation of the vehicle behaviour when not responding to the take-over request of Tesla Autopilot and Volkswagen Travel Assist JF - Transportation Research Procedia N2 - In this work, driving tests were carried out with a Tesla Model 3 and VW ID.4. During the tests, the vehicles were controlled by an SAE Level 2 system (Tesla Autopilot and VW Travel Assist). The study aimed to investigate the behaviour of the vehicles when the driver does not react to the take-over request of the vehicle while it is in a non-critical driving situation. The aim was to clarify whether this can lead to accidents from a purely technical point of view and whether there is still room for improvement. As a result, it could be determined that a non-reaction of the driver to the take-over request leads to system-initiated braking decelerations, which can lead to a rear-end collision by the following traffic. Furthermore, secondary accidents are possible if the driver fails to act as a fallback. This could be reduced by improving the applicable UNECE standard R79 by specifying deceleration values for this case. In addition, the risk of an accident could be reduced by decelerating earlier and warning the environment. For this purpose, a driver monitoring system would also be recommended to allow situational decisions by the system. The implementation of the measures proposed could result in a significant increase in road safety while using these systems. UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2023.11.167 Y1 - 2024 UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2023.11.167 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-63210 SN - 2352-1465 VL - 2023 IS - 74 SP - 450 EP - 457 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Langer, Robin A1 - Bauder, Maximilian A1 - Paula, Daniel A1 - Kubjatko, Tibor A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg T1 - Development of a model environment for autonomous driving JF - Transportation Research Procedia N2 - Developing automated driving functions can be elaborate and cost-intensive. Simulation helps to decrease both, the effort and the costs. With physical model environments of a smaller scale, automotive research can be improved even further. This work presents a method with five steps for building a scaled model environment to answer research questions regarding autonomous driving functions in the automotive domain. For this purpose, the five steps of the method are first introduced and explained. Each step comes with indications that can be further extended. Then, the method is performed by creating a model environment. The model environment build in this work is a recreation of an urban intersection in Ingolstadt, Germany, in the scale of 1:10. In addition to two model vehicles, the model environment consists of pedestrians and traffic control elements such as signs, signals, various lanes and road markings. The advantages of the model environment are low costs and high reproducibility. On the other hand it comes with limitations. For example, the materials used for construction (polylactic acid) are different from the materials in reality. The aim of this work was achieved by providing a method for building a model environment for automotive domain. The limitations of the built model environment and actual testing of automated driving functions will be performed in the future. UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2023.11.122 Y1 - 2024 UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2023.11.122 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-63201 SN - 2352-1465 VL - 2023 IS - 74 SP - 133 EP - 140 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - INPR A1 - König, Thomas A1 - Paula, Daniel A1 - Quaschner, Stefan A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg T1 - Influence of Blind Spot Assistance Systems in Heavy Commercial Vehicles on Accident Reconstruction N2 - Accidents between right-turning commercial vehicles and crossing vulnerable road users (VRU) in urban environments often lead to serious or fatal injuries and therefore play a significant role in forensic accident analysis. To reduce the risk of accidents, blind spot assistance systems have been installed in commercial vehicles for several years, among other things, to detect VRUs and warn the driver in time. However, since such systems cannot reliably prevent all turning accidents, an investigation by experts must clarify how the accident occurred and to what extent the blind spot assistance system influenced the course of the accident. The occurrence of the acoustic warning message can be defined as an objective reaction prompt for the driver, so that the blind spot assistance system can significantly influence the avoidability assessment. In order to be able to integrate the system into forensic accident analysis, a precise knowledge of how the system works and its limitations is required. For this purpose, tests with different systems and accident constellations were conducted and evaluated. It was found that the type of sensor used for the assistance systems has a great influence on the system’s performance. The lateral distance between the right side of the commercial vehicle and the VRU as well as obstacles between them and the speed difference can take great influence on the reliability of the assistance system. Depending on the concrete time of the system’s warning signal the accident can be avoided or not by the driver when reacting on this signal. UR - https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202311.1308.v1 Y1 - 2023 UR - https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202311.1308.v1 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-58430 PB - Preprints CY - Basel ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Paula, Daniel A1 - König, Thomas A1 - Bauder, Maximilian A1 - Petermeier, Franziska A1 - Kubjatko, Tibor A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg T1 - Performance Tests of the Tesla Autopilot and VW Travel Assist on a Rural Road T2 - Transport Means 2022: Proceedings of the 26th International Scientific Conference - Part II UR - https://doi.org/10.5755/e01.2351-7034.2022.P2 KW - Accidents Analysis KW - SAE Level 2 Systems KW - VW Travel Assist KW - Tesla Autopilot KW - Performance test Y1 - 2022 UR - https://doi.org/10.5755/e01.2351-7034.2022.P2 SN - 2351-7034 SN - 1822-296X SP - 498 EP - 508 PB - Kaunas University of Technology CY - Kaunas ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Paula, Daniel A1 - Bauder, Maximilian A1 - König, Thomas A1 - Böhm, Klaus A1 - Kubjatko, Tibor A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg T1 - Fahrerassistenzsysteme – Herausforderungen & Chancen für die forensische Unfallanalyse JF - Zeitschrift für Verkehrssicherheit Y1 - 2022 UR - https://www.kirschbaum.de/fachzeitschriften/zeitschrift-fuer-verkehrssicherheit/zvs/aktuelles-heft-6.html#c11330 SN - 0044-3654 VL - 2022 IS - 4 PB - Kirschbaum Verlag GmbH CY - Bonn ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rufino Júnior, Carlos Antônio A1 - Riva Sanseverino, Eleonora A1 - Gallo, Pierluigi A1 - Koch, Daniel A1 - Diel, Sergej A1 - Walter, Gero A1 - Trilla, Lluís A1 - Ferreira, Victor José A1 - Benveniste, Gabriela A1 - Kotak, Yash A1 - Eichman, Joshua A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg A1 - Zanin, Hudson T1 - Towards to Battery Digital Passport: Reviewing Regulations and Standards for Second-Life Batteries JF - Batteries N2 - Greenhouse gas emissions from transportation harm the environment. In response to these environmental concerns, numerous countries encourage the adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) as a more environmentally friendly option than traditional gasoline-powered vehicles. Advances in battery technology have made batteries an alternative solution for energy storage in stationary applications and for electric mobility. Reduced lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) production costs due to economies of scale, electrode material and cell design developments, and manufacturing process improvements have driven this success. This trend is expected to increase the number of LIBs on the market that may be discarded in the environment at the end of their useful life if more sustainable alternatives are not technologically mature. This coming environmental concern can be mitigated by collecting wasted EV batteries, reconfiguring them, and reusing them for applications with less stringent weight, performance, and size requirements. This method would extend battery life and reduce environmental effects. The present work investigates the main regulatory structures of the second-life battery industry that require rules, technical standards, and laws. To achieve this objective, a systematic review was carried out following a strict protocol that includes identifying relevant studies, extracting data and information, evaluating, and summarizing information. This paper explains the primary rules and technical standards governing the second-life battery business. The findings highlight the need for universities, research institutions, and government agencies to evaluate the second-life battery industry objectively. This would enable the creation of new technological regulations and laws for this burgeoning industry. UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries10040115 Y1 - 2024 UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries10040115 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-46455 SN - 2313-0105 VL - 10 IS - 4 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - INPR A1 - Rufino Júnior, Carlos Antônio A1 - Riva Sanseverino, Eleonora A1 - Gallo, Pierluigi A1 - Amaral, Murilo Machado A1 - Koch, Daniel A1 - Kotak, Yash A1 - Diel, Sergej A1 - Walter, Gero A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg A1 - Zanin, Hudson T1 - A Comprehensive Review of EV Lithium-Ion Battery Degradation N2 - Lithium-ion batteries with improved energy densities have made understanding the Solid Electrolyte Interphase (SEI) generation mechanisms that cause mechanical, thermal, and chemical failures more complicated. SEI processes reduce battery capacity and power. Thus, a review of this area's understanding is important. It is essential to know how batteries degrade in EVs to estimate battery lifespan as it goes, predict, and minimize losses, and determine the ideal time for a replacement. Lithium-ion batteries used in EVs mainly suffer two types of degradation: calendar degradation and cycling degradation. Despite the existence of several existing works in the literature, several aspects of battery degradation remain unclear or have not been analyzed in detail. This work presents a systematic review of existing works in the literature. The results of the present investigation provide insight into the complex relationships among various factors affecting battery degradation mechanisms. Specifically, this systematic review examined the effects of time, side reactions, temperature fluctuations, high charge/discharge rates, depth of discharge, mechanical stress, thermal stress, and the voltage relationship on battery performance and longevity. The results revealed that these factors interact in complex ways to influence the degradation mechanisms of batteries. For example, high charge currents and deep discharges were found to accelerate degradation, while low temperatures and moderate discharge depths were shown to be beneficial for battery longevity. Additionally, the results showed that the relationship between cell voltage and State-of-Charge (SOC) plays a critical role in determining the rate of degradation. Overall, these findings have important implications for the design and operation of battery systems, as they highlight the need to carefully manage a range of factors to maximize battery performance and longevity. The result is an analysis of the main articles published in this field in recent years. This work aims to present new knowledge about fault detection, diagnosis, and management of lithium-ion batteries based on battery degradation concepts. The new knowledge is presented and discussed in a structured and comprehensive way. UR - https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202306.0228.v2 Y1 - 2023 UR - https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202306.0228.v2 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-58428 PB - Preprints CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hußenether, Thomas A1 - Rufino Júnior, Carlos Antônio A1 - Selaibe Pires, Tomás A1 - Mishra, Tarani A1 - Nahar, Jinesh A1 - Vaghani, Akash A1 - Polzer, Richard A1 - Diel, Sergej A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg T1 - Analysis of the Measurement Uncertainties in the Characterization Tests of Lithium-Ion Cells JF - Energies N2 - The transition to renewable energy systems and electric mobility depends on the effectiveness, reliability, and durability of lithium-ion battery technology. Accurate modeling and control of battery systems are essential to ensure safety, efficiency, and cost-effectiveness in electric vehicles and grid storage. In engineering and materials science, battery models depend on physical parameters such as capacity, energy, state of charge (SOC), internal resistance, power, and self-discharge rate. These parameters are affected by measurement uncertainty. Despite the widespread use of lithium-ion cells, few studies quantify how measurement uncertainty propagates to derived battery parameters and affects predictive modeling. This study quantifies how uncertainty in voltage, current, and temperature measurements reduces the accuracy of derived parameters used for simulation and control. This work presents a comprehensive uncertainty analysis of 18650 format lithium-ion cells with nickel cobalt aluminum oxide (NCA), nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC), and lithium iron phosphate (LFP) cathodes. It applies the law of error propagation to quantify uncertainty in key battery parameters. The main result shows that small variations in voltage, current, and temperature measurements can produce measurable deviations in internal resistance and SOC. These findings challenge the common assumption that such uncertainties are negligible in practice. The results also highlight a risk for battery management systems that rely on these parameters for control and diagnostics. The results show that propagated uncertainty depends on chemistry because of differences in voltage profiles, kinetic limitations, and temperature sensitivity. This observation informs cell selection and testing for specific applications. Improved quantification and control of measurement uncertainty can improve model calibration and reduce lifetime and cost risks in battery systems. These results support more robust diagnostic strategies and more defensible warranty thresholds. This study shows that battery testing and modeling should report and propagate measurement uncertainty explicitly. This is important for data-driven and physics-informed models used in industry and research. UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/en19030825 Y1 - 2026 UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/en19030825 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-66630 SN - 1996-1073 VL - 19 IS - 3 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rufino Júnior, Carlos Antônio A1 - Riva Sanseverino, Eleonora A1 - Gallo, Pierluigi A1 - Koch, Daniel A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg A1 - Zanin, Hudson T1 - Blockchain review for battery supply chain monitoring and battery trading JF - Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2022.112078 KW - Second use KW - Reuse KW - Lithium-ion batteries KW - Second-life batteries KW - Blockchain KW - Electric vehicles KW - Supply chain Y1 - 2022 UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2022.112078 SN - 1879-0690 N1 - Corrigendum verfügbar unter https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2023.113844 VL - 2022 IS - 157 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rufino Júnior, Carlos Antônio A1 - Riva Sanseverino, Eleonora A1 - Gallo, Pierluigi A1 - Amaral, Murilo Machado A1 - Koch, Daniel A1 - Kotak, Yash A1 - Diel, Sergej A1 - Walter, Gero A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg A1 - Zanin, Hudson T1 - Unraveling the Degradation Mechanisms of Lithium-Ion Batteries JF - Energies N2 - Lithium-Ion Batteries (LIBs) usually present several degradation processes, which include their complex Solid-Electrolyte Interphase (SEI) formation process, which can result in mechanical, thermal, and chemical failures. The SEI layer is a protective layer that forms on the anode surface. The SEI layer allows the movement of lithium ions while blocking electrons, which is necessary to prevent short circuits in the battery and ensure safe operation. However, the SEI formation mechanisms reduce battery capacity and power as they consume electrolyte species, resulting in irreversible material loss. Furthermore, it is important to understand the degradation reactions of the LIBs used in Electric Vehicles (EVs), aiming to establish the battery lifespan, predict and minimise material losses, and establish an adequate time for replacement. Moreover, LIBs applied in EVs suffer from two main categories of degradation, which are, specifically, calendar degradation and cycling degradation. There are several studies about battery degradation available in the literature, including different degradation phenomena, but the degradation mechanisms of large-format LIBs have rarely been investigated. Therefore, this review aims to present a systematic review of the existing literature about LIB degradation, providing insight into the complex parameters that affect battery degradation mechanisms. Furthermore, this review has investigated the influence of time, C-rate, depth of discharge, working voltage window, thermal and mechanical stresses, and side reactions in the degradation of LIBs. UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/en17143372 Y1 - 2024 UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/en17143372 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-49089 SN - 1996-1073 VL - 17 IS - 14 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Santos, Cassiano A1 - Neto, Milad Kalume A1 - Kanieski, João Marcos A1 - Rufino Júnior, Carlos Antônio A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg A1 - Zanin, Hudson T1 - A multidimensional assessment of electrification in automotive powertrains: Technical, operational, and strategic perspectives JF - Results in Engineering N2 - Global transportation is undergoing a profound transformation, driven by the convergence of decarbonization targets and advances in electrification technologies. Electrification, ranging from mild Hybrid Electric Vehicles (mHEVs) to Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs), represents the main technological path in the transition from internal combustion engines. This transition is inherently multidimensional, simultaneously reshaping vehicle design, manufacturing systems, supply chains, customer value, and environmental outcomes in interconnected ways. Each architecture, including mHEV, Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV), Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV), and BEV, presents different tradeoffs in these dimensions, requiring a structured framework for systematic comparison. To address this gap, this work details an integrated framework that systematically compares electrification pathways across five interrelated dimensions: vehicle concepts, research and development, manufacturing and logistics, customer experience, and environmental footprint. This framework culminates in a decision matrix that consolidates trade-offs into a practical SWOT based tool for strategic planning. UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rineng.2025.107377 Y1 - 2025 UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rineng.2025.107377 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-63829 SN - 2590-1230 VL - 2025 IS - 28 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rappsilber, Tim A1 - Krüger, Simone A1 - Raspe, Tina A1 - Reclo, Rudolf A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg T1 - Toxic gas emission in electric vehicles: What a battery fire means for occupant safety JF - Fire Safety Journal N2 - This work investigates the ability of occupants to escape from a battery electric vehicle during a thermal runaway of the traction battery initiated by nail penetration. Such events generate intense fires and large amounts of toxic gases, rapidly reducing the time available for safe evacuation. In controlled full-scale outdoor experiments on two identical mid-range battery electric vehicles, the smoke gas composition inside the cabin is examined. Using FTIR spectrometers and an oxygen analyzer, temporal and spatial concentrations of organic carbonates, hydrocarbons, hydrogen fluoride, hydrogen cyanide, acetylene, and oxygen are measured. Sampling locations include the driver's breathing zone, the right rear passenger's breathing zone, and the exterior right rear wheel housing. The study further evaluates occupant's escape capability using the fractional effective dose (FED) model in accordance with ISO 13571. Results show that toxic gases can reach harmful concentrations within minutes after smoke enters the cabin, though smoke entry times vary widely with fire progression. Differences in fire development and smoke dispersion strongly affect FED values and thus the time available for self-rescue. Overall, the findings provide an important basis for assessing occupant safety during battery electric vehicle fires and highlight the need for improved mitigation strategies. UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.firesaf.2026.104717 Y1 - 2026 UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.firesaf.2026.104717 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-67774 SN - 1873-7226 VL - 2026 IS - 162 PB - Elsevier CY - New York ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Walter, Gero A1 - Diel, Sergej A1 - Rufino Júnior, Carlos Antônio A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg A1 - Valente de Bessa, Iury A1 - Mallmann, Maíra A1 - Kirsten Vidal de Oliveira, Aline A1 - Odilio Dos Santos, Daniel A1 - Rüther, Ricardo T1 - Operating Behavior of a Photovoltaic-driven Electrolysis System JF - Revista Brasileira de Energia Solar UR - https://doi.org/10.59627/rbens.2024v15i1.456 Y1 - 2024 UR - https://doi.org/10.59627/rbens.2024v15i1.456 SN - 2526-2831 VL - 15 IS - 1 SP - 82 EP - 92 PB - ABENS CY - São Paulo ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Langer, Robin A1 - Tentrup, Thomas A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg T1 - A Vehicle-in-the-Loop Approach for Front Camera Verification Using Adaptive High Beam JF - IEEE Open Journal of Intelligent Transportation Systems N2 - As automated driving functions based on environmental sensors become increasingly deployed, ensuring reliable performance over the vehicle lifetime is essential. Currently, verification is carried out through internal self-diagnostics, which do not always operate correctly, and periodic technical inspection, which assesses only the test criteria installation and condition. Test criteria for function and efficiency of environmental sensors are neither standardized nor routinely assessed, creating the need for new testing approaches. Previous low-cost research approaches defined a method and conducted experiments to verify a vehicle’s front camera by displaying visual stimuli and evaluating the high beam assist response. Whereas the camera’s function could be verified through a basic qualitative check, the approach did not enable a quantitative evaluation of its performance. The aim of this work was therefore to advance this approach and investigate the added value of a Vehicle-in-the-Loop test bench for front camera verification. Three tests were conducted. A supporting method was introduced to reproducibly detect and define the position of the headlight cutoff line, enabling consistent evaluation of the vehicle’s reaction. With static camera stimuli (Test I), the function of the front camera could be verified, and the influence of the vehicle geometry on the reaction was assessed. Dynamic stimuli (Test II) additionally enabled an efficiency evaluation, allowing quantitative comparison between vehicles. However, transferring the stimuli into a reproducible virtual simulation (Test III) remained challenging, as the vehicles under test did not respond consistently. Further research is required to refine and simplify the method toward a standardized periodic technical inspection procedure. UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/OJITS.2026.3672438 Y1 - 2026 UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/OJITS.2026.3672438 SN - 2687-7813 PB - IEEE CY - New York ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bauder, Maximilian A1 - Paula, Daniel A1 - Pfeilschifter, Claus A1 - Petermeier, Franziska A1 - Kubjatko, Tibor A1 - Riener, Andreas A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg T1 - Influences of Vehicle Communication on Human Driving Reactions: A Simulator Study on Reaction Times and Behavior for Forensic Accident Analysis JF - Sensors N2 - Cooperative intelligent transport systems (C-ITSs) are mass-produced and sold in Europe, promising enhanced safety and comfort. Direct vehicle communication, known as vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication, is crucial in this context. Drivers receive warnings about potential hazards by exchanging vehicle status and environmental data with other communication-enabled vehicles. However, the impact of these warnings on drivers and their inclusion in accident reconstruction remains uncertain. Unlike sensor-based warnings, V2X warnings may not provide a visible reason for the alert, potentially affecting reaction times and behavior. In this work, a simulator study on V2X warnings was conducted with 32 participants to generate findings on reaction times and behavior for accident reconstruction in connection with these systems. Two scenarios from the Car-2-Car Communication Consortium were implemented: “Stationary Vehicle Warning—Broken-Down Vehicle” and “Dangerous Situation—Electronic Emergency Brake Lights”. Volkswagen’s warning concept was utilized, as they are the sole provider of cooperative vehicles in Europe. Results show that V2X warnings without visible reasons did not negatively impact reaction times or behavior, with average reaction times between 0.58 s (steering) and 0.69 s (braking). No significant distraction or search for warning reasons was observed. However, additional information in the warnings caused confusion and was seldom noticed by subjects. In this study, participants responded correctly and appropriately to the shown false-positive warnings. A wrong reaction triggering an accident is possible but unlikely. Overall, V2X warnings showed no negative impacts compared with sensor-based systems. This means that there are no differences in accident reconstruction regarding the source of the warning (sensors or communication). However, it is important that it is known that there was a warning, which is why the occurrence of V2X warnings should also be saved in the EDR in the future. UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/s24144481 Y1 - 2024 UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/s24144481 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-48982 SN - 1424-8220 VL - 24 IS - 14 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - INPR A1 - Bauder, Maximilian A1 - Paula, Daniel A1 - Pfeilschifter, Claus A1 - Petermeier, Franziska A1 - Kubjatko, Tibor A1 - Riener, Andreas A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg T1 - Influences of Vehicle Communication on Human Driving Reactions: A Simulator Study on Reaction Times and Behavior for Forensic Accident Analysis T2 - SSRN UR - https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4588275 Y1 - 2023 UR - https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4588275 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rufino Júnior, Carlos Antônio A1 - Riva Sanseverino, Eleonora A1 - Gallo, Pierluigi A1 - Koch, Daniel A1 - Kotak, Yash A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg A1 - Zanin, Hudson T1 - Towards a business model for second-life batteries – barriers, opportunities, uncertainties, and technologies JF - Journal of Energy Chemistry UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jechem.2022.12.019 KW - Business models KW - Batteries KW - Sustainability KW - Electric vehicles KW - Challenges KW - Opportunities KW - Lithium-ion batteries KW - Reuse Y1 - 2023 UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jechem.2022.12.019 SN - 2096-885X SN - 2095-4956 N1 - Corrigendum verfügbar unter https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jechem.2023.11.010 VL - 2023 IS - 78 SP - 507 EP - 525 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER -