TY - RPRT A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg T1 - FHprofUnt2012: LiKo- Entwicklung 12 V Lithium-Ionen-Starter Batterien mit (Lithium)-Kondensatoren zur Kaltstartverbesserung und Erhöhung der Zyklenlebensdauer BT - Abschlussbericht zum Projekt KW - Lithium-Ionen-Batterie Y1 - 2015 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-6887 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kotak, Bhavya A1 - Kotak, Yash A1 - Brade, Katja A1 - Kubjatko, Tibor A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg T1 - Battery Crush Test Procedures in Standards and Regulation: Need for Augmentation and Harmonisation JF - Batteries N2 - Battery safety is a prominent concern for the deployment of electric vehicles (EVs). The battery powering an EV contains highly energetic active materials and flammable organic electrolytes. Usually, an EV battery catches fire due to its thermal runaway, either immediately at the time of the accident or can take a while to gain enough heat to ignite the battery chemicals. There are numerous battery abuse testing standards and regulations available globally. Therefore, battery manufacturers are always in dilemma to choose the safest one. Henceforth, to find the optimal outcome of these two major issues, six standards (SAE J2464:2009, GB/T 31485-2015:2015, FreedomCAR:2006, ISO 12405-3:2014, IEC 62660-2:2010, and SAND2017-6295:2017) and two regulations (UN/ECE-R100.02:2013 and GTR 20:2018), that are followed by more than fifty countries in the world, are investigated in terms of their abuse battery testing conditions (crush test). This research proves that there is a need for (a) augmenting these standards and regulations as they do not consider real-life vehicle crash scenarios, and (b) one harmonised framework should be developed, which can be adopted worldwide. These outcomes will solve the battery manufacturers dilemma and will also increase the safety of EV consumers. UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries7030063 KW - lithium-ion battery KW - electric vehicle battery KW - battery standard KW - battery regulation KW - battery testing standard KW - battery testing regulation KW - abuse testing KW - harmonising battery standard KW - crush test procedure KW - battery incidents KW - battery standard and regulation augmentation Y1 - 2021 UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries7030063 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-11083 SN - 2313-0105 VL - 7 IS - 3 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ahlberg Tidblad, Annika A1 - Edström, Kristina A1 - Hernández, Guiomar A1 - de Meatza, Iratxe A1 - Landa-Medrano, Imanol A1 - Jacas Biendicho, Jordi A1 - Trilla, Lluís A1 - Buysse, Maarten A1 - Ierides, Marcos A1 - Perez Horno, Beatriz A1 - Kotak, Yash A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg A1 - Koch, Daniel A1 - Kotak, Bhavya T1 - Future Material Developments for Electric Vehicle Battery Cells Answering Growing Demands from an End-User Perspective JF - Energies N2 - Nowadays, batteries for electric vehicles are expected to have a high energy density, allow fast charging and maintain long cycle life, while providing affordable traction, and complying with stringent safety and environmental standards. Extensive research on novel materials at cell level is hence needed for the continuous improvement of the batteries coupled towards achieving these requirements. This article firstly delves into future developments in electric vehicles from a technology perspective, and the perspective of changing end-user demands. After these end-user needs are defined, their translation into future battery requirements is described. A detailed review of expected material developments follows, to address these dynamic and changing needs. Developments on anodes, cathodes, electrolyte and cell level will be discussed. Finally, a special section will discuss the safety aspects with these increasing end-user demands and how to overcome these issues. UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/en14144223 KW - electric vehicle KW - battery material KW - anode KW - cathode KW - electrolyte KW - battery safety KW - end-user demands Y1 - 2021 UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/en14144223 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-10149 SN - 1996-1073 VL - 14 IS - 14 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kostetzer, Lucas A1 - Nebl, Christoph A1 - Stich, Michael A1 - Bund, Andreas A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg T1 - Physics-Based Modeling and Parameter Identification for Lithium Ion Batteries Under High Current Discharge Conditions JF - Journal of the Electrochemical Society UR - https://doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/abc726 Y1 - 2020 UR - https://doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/abc726 SN - 1945-7111 VL - 167 IS - 14 PB - IOP Publishing CY - Bristol ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Lausch, Jonas A1 - Takla, Monir A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg T1 - Crush testing approach for flat-plate fibrous materials JF - Composites Part B: Engineering UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2020.108333 KW - Plates KW - Mechanical properties KW - Impact behavior KW - Mechanical testing KW - Energy absorption Y1 - 2020 UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2020.108333 SN - 1879-1069 VL - 2020 IS - 200 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Geisbauer, Christian A1 - Wöhrl, Katharina A1 - Mittmann, Christoph A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg T1 - Review of Safety Aspects of Calendar Aged Lithium Ion Batteries JF - Journal of the Electrochemical Society N2 - Nowadays, lithium ion batteries have found their place in a various field of portable applications. With the upcoming of electrically propelled vehicles, it is mandatory to guarantee a safe and predictable behavior during the whole lifetime and not only after manufacturing during performance tests. To gain a general overview of the abuse behavior, research on the topic of abusive tests on calendar-aged cells is being investigated, split up depending on the electrode composition and lined up against each other. It can be shown, that almost all abuse experiments have been performed with external heating tests in the past, still leaving research gaps that need to be filled. UR - https://doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ab89bf Y1 - 2020 UR - https://doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ab89bf UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-10183 SN - 1945-7111 VL - 167 IS - 9 PB - IOP Publishing CY - Bristol ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Böhm, Klaus A1 - Kubjatko, Tibor A1 - Paula, Daniel A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg T1 - New developments on EDR (Event Data Recorder) for automated vehicles JF - Open Engineering N2 - With the upcoming new legislative rules in the EU on Event Data Recorder beginning 2022 the question is whether the discussed data base is sufficient for the needs of clarifying accidents involving automated vehicles. Based on the reconstruction of real accidents including vehicles with ADAS combined with specially designed crash tests a broader data base than US EDR regulation (NHTSA 49 CFR Part 563.7) is proposed. The working group AHEAD, to which the authors contribute, has already elaborated a data model that fits the needs of automated driving. The structure of this data model is shown. Moreover, the special benefits of storing internal video or photo feeds form the vehicle camera systems combined with object data is illustrated. When using a sophisticate 3D measurement method of the accident scene the videos or photos can also serve as a control instance for the stored vehicle data. The AHEAD Data Model enhanced with the storage of the video and photo feeds should be considered in the planned roadmap of the Informal Working Group (IWG) on EDR/ DSSAD (Data Storage System for Automated Driving) reporting to UNECE WP29. Also, a data access over the air using technology already applied in China for electric vehicles called Real Time Monitoring would allow a quantum leap in forensic accident reconstruction. UR - https://doi.org/10.1515/eng-2020-0007 KW - Event Data Recorder (EDR) KW - automated vehicles KW - video and photo feeds KW - Real Time Monitoring (RTM) KW - AHEAD (Aggregated Homologation proposal for Event data recorder for Automated Driving) Y1 - 2020 UR - https://doi.org/10.1515/eng-2020-0007 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-9263 SN - 2391-5439 VL - 10 IS - 1 SP - 140 EP - 146 PB - De Gruyter CY - Berlin ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Steger, Fabian A1 - Nitsche, Alexander A1 - Arbesmeier, Alexander A1 - Brade, Katja A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg A1 - Belski, Iouri T1 - Teaching Battery Basics in Laboratories: Hands-On Versus Simulated Experiments JF - IEEE Transactions on Education N2 - Contribution: Prior studies comparing the effectiveness of different laboratory learning modes do not allow one to draw a universally valid conclusion, as other influences are mixed with the learning modes. In order to contribute to the existing body of work and to add another piece to the puzzle, this article demonstrates an improved methodology to evaluate the effectiveness of computer-simulated laboratories in comparison to hands-on exercises using a battery basics practical course as a case study. Background: Computer-simulated experiments are becoming increasingly popular for conducting laboratory exercises in higher education and vocational training institutions. To ensure the consistent quality of laboratory learning, an accurate comparison between the results of simulated experiments and practical hands-on experiments is required. Intended Outcomes: In this article, the achievement of the following learning objectives were compared between the two laboratory modes: 1) comprehension of the most important parameters of battery cells and 2) knowledge on how these parameters can be determined using adequate experimental procedures. Application Design: To avoid interference of factors other than laboratory mode on the learning, laboratory instructions and experimental interfaces ensured identical execution of the experiments in the compared modes. Using a counterbalanced methodology, the two laboratory modes alternated by the session, while the experimental procedures remained constant regardless of the respective modes. Findings: Tests taken by the participants after conducting the laboratory experiments revealed that hands-on laboratories resulted in statistically significantly better student performance than simulated laboratories. This difference was even more pronounced for the participants that finished a vocational education and training program before the university studies. UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/TE.2020.2970554 KW - battery KW - electrical engineering KW - energy storages KW - hands-on KW - knowledge gain KW - laboratory learning KW - simulation KW - student experience Y1 - 2020 UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/TE.2020.2970554 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-9517 SN - 1557-9638 VL - 63 IS - 3 SP - 198 EP - 208 PB - IEEE CY - Piscataway ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kim, Woong-Ki A1 - Steger, Fabian A1 - Kotak, Bhavya A1 - Knudsen, Peter V. R. A1 - Girgsdies, Uwe A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg T1 - Water Condensation in Traction Battery Systems JF - Energies N2 - Lithium-ion traction battery systems of hybrid and electric vehicles must have a high level of durability and reliability like all other components and systems of a vehicle. Battery systems get heated while in the application. To ensure the desired life span and performance, most systems are equipped with a cooling system. The changing environmental condition in daily use may cause water condensation in the housing of the battery system. In this study, three system designs were investigated, to compare different solutions to deal with pressure differences and condensation: (1) a sealed battery system, (2) an open system and (3) a battery system equipped with a pressure compensation element (PCE). These three designs were tested under two conditions: (a) in normal operation and (b) in a maximum humidity scenario. The amount of the condensation in the housing was determined through a change in relative humidity of air inside the housing. Through PCE and available spacing of the housing, moisture entered into the housing during the cooling process. While applying the test scenarios, the gradient-based drift of the moisture into the housing contributed maximum towards the condensation. Condensation occurred on the internal surface for all the three design variants. UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/en12061171 KW - traction battery system KW - condensation KW - durability test KW - pressure compensation element KW - behavior of an enclosed system Y1 - 2019 UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/en12061171 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-9560 SN - 1996-1073 VL - 12 IS - 6 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Geisbauer, Christian A1 - Wöhrl, Katharina A1 - Koch, Daniel A1 - Wilhelm, Gudrun A1 - Schneider, Gerhard A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg T1 - Comparative Study on the Calendar Aging Behavior of Six Different Lithium-Ion Cell Chemistries in Terms of Parameter Variation JF - Energies N2 - The degradation of lithium-ion cells is an important aspect, not only for quality management, but also for the customer of the application like, e.g., scooters or electric vehicles. During the lifetime of the system, the overall health on the battery plays a key role in its depreciation. Therefore, it is necessary to monitor the health of the battery during operation, i.e., cycle life, but also during stationary conditions, i.e., calendar aging. In this work, the degradation due to calendar aging is analyzed for six different cell chemistries in terms of capacity degradation and impedance increase and their performance are being compared. In a new proposed metric, the relative deviations between various cells with the exact identical aging history are being analyzed for their degradation effects and their differences, which stands out in comparison to similar research. The capacity loss was found to be most drastic at 60 °C and at higher storage voltages, even for titanate-oxide cells. LiNiMnCoO2 (NMC), LiNiCoAlO2 (NCA) and Li2TiO3 (LTO) cells at 60 °C showed the most drastic capacity decrease. NMC and NCA cells at 60 °C and highest storage voltage did not show any open circuit voltage, as their current interrupt mechanism triggered. The effect of aging shows no uniform impact on the changes in the capacity variance when comparing different aging conditions, with respect to the evaluated standard deviation for all cells. The focus of this work was on the calendar aging effect and may be supplemented in a second study for cyclic aging. UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/en14113358 KW - electromobility KW - batteries KW - lithium-ion KW - calendar aging KW - electric vehicle KW - capacity degradation KW - storage KW - parameter distribution Y1 - 2021 UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/en14113358 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-10091 SN - 1996-1073 VL - 14 IS - 11 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Lausch, Jonas A1 - Takla, Monir A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg T1 - Crush characteristics of flat-plate discontinuous carbon composites JF - Composites Part A: Applied science and manufacturing UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2021.106431 Y1 - 2021 UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2021.106431 SN - 1359-835X VL - 147 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kotak, Yash A1 - Marchante Fernández, Carlos A1 - Canals Casals, Lluc A1 - Kotak, Bhavya A1 - Koch, Daniel A1 - Geisbauer, Christian A1 - Trilla, Lluís A1 - Gómez-Nuñez, Alberto A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg T1 - End of Electric Vehicle Batteries BT - Reuse vs. Recycle JF - Energies N2 - It is a fact that electric vehicles (EVs) are beneficial for climate protection. However, the current challenge is to decide on whether to reuse an EV battery or to recycle it after its first use. This paper theoretically investigates these areas i.e., recycle and reuse. It was found that there are several commercially used recycling processes and also some are under research to regain maximum possible materials and quantity. The concept of reusing (second life) of the battery is promising because, at the end of the first life, batteries from EVs can be used in several applications such as storing energy generated from renewable sources to support the government grid. However, the cost and life-cycle analysis (LCA) demonstrated that there are several aspects involved in battery reuse applications. Henceforth, one LCA generalised method cannot provide an optimal approach for all cases. It is important to have a detailed study on each of the battery reusing applications. Until then, it is safe to say that reusing the battery is a good option as it would give some time to recycling companies to develop cost and energy-efficient methods. UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/en14082217 KW - battery recycling KW - battery reuse KW - battery second life KW - circular economy KW - lithium-ion cells KW - electric vehicles KW - battery components recycling KW - sustainability in mobility KW - battery safety KW - battery cost analysis Y1 - 2021 UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/en14082217 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-10115 SN - 1996-1073 VL - 14 IS - 8 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wöhrl, Katharina A1 - Geisbauer, Christian A1 - Nebl, Christoph A1 - Lott, Susanne A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg T1 - Crashed Electric Vehicle Handling and Recommendations - State of the Art in Germany JF - Energies N2 - In the near future, electric powered vehicles will represent a major part of the road traffic. Accordingly, there will be a natural increase of accidents involving electric vehicles. There are not many cases of such accidents yet and therefore the experience and correct handling are still partially open points for the involved parties, such as the rescue services for example. The aim of this work is to provide a complete overview of the accident handling sequence in Germany, starting with the damaged vehicle on site and moving on to the risks and challenges for the stakeholders, such as transport and recycling companies. Arising from the developed overview, a handling recommendation for yet undiscussed points is given. Especially, different extinguishing and deactivation methods are compared and discussed. Due to a lack of a common live-feed from battery data on site, other criteria have to be taken into account to assess the state of the battery. The wrecked vehicle—including the high voltage system—needs to be in a definite safe state at the handover to a towing service. Depending on the case, different options for securing the vehicle will be considered in this work. UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/en14041040 KW - electric vehicle KW - battery KW - high voltage KW - accident KW - recommendation KW - energy storage KW - thermal runaway KW - fire extinguishing KW - rescue service KW - handling Y1 - 2021 UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/en14041040 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-10123 SN - 1996-1073 VL - 14 IS - 4 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - INPR A1 - Paula, Daniel A1 - Bauder, Maximilian A1 - Pfeilschifter, Claus A1 - Petermeier, Franziska A1 - Kubjatko, Tibor A1 - Böhm, Klaus A1 - Riener, Andreas A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg T1 - Impact of Partially Automated Driving Functions on Forensic Accident Reconstruction: A Simulator Study on Driver Reaction Behavior in the Event of a Malfunctioning System Behavior N2 - Partially automated driving functions (SAE Level 2) can control a vehicle's longitudinal and lateral movements. However, taking over the driving task involves automation risks that the driver must manage. In severe accidents, the driver's ability to avoid a collision must be assessed, considering their expected reaction behavior. The primary goal of this study is to generate essential data on driver reaction behavior in case of malfunctions in partially automated driving functions for use in legal affairs. A simulator study with two scenarios involving 32 subjects was conducted for this purpose. The first scenario investigated driver reactions to system limitations during cornering. The second scenario examined driver responses to phantom braking caused by the AEBS. As a result, the first scenario shows that none of the subjects could control the situation safely. Due to partial automation, we could also identify a new part of the reaction time, the hands-on time, which leads to increased steering reaction times of 1.18 to 1.74 seconds. In the second scenario, we found that 25 of the 32 subjects could not override the phantom braking by pressing the accelerator pedal, although 16 subjects were informed about the system analog to the actual vehicle manuals. Overall, the study suggests that the current legal perspective on vehicle control and the expected driver reaction behavior for accident avoidance should be reconsidered. UR - https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202311.0947.v1 Y1 - 2023 UR - https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202311.0947.v1 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-42173 PB - Preprints CY - Basel ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Meilinger, Florian A1 - Haß, Jan A1 - Schieber, Christina A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg ED - Vaculin, Ondrej T1 - Investigation of the hazard potential of lithium-ion cells in case of overcharging with automotive oriented high-voltage levels T2 - Applied Research Conference 2023 Conference Proceedings: 3rd July 2023 Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt UR - https://doi.org/10.57825/repo_in-5244 Y1 - 2023 UR - https://doi.org/10.57825/repo_in-5244 SP - 254 EP - 259 PB - Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt CY - Ingolstadt ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Walter, Gero A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg ED - Vaculin, Ondrej T1 - Structural Health Monitoring of Hydrogen Pressure Vessels for Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles T2 - Applied Research Conference 2023 Conference Proceedings: 3rd July 2023 Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt UR - https://doi.org/10.57825/repo_in-5244 Y1 - 2023 UR - https://doi.org/10.57825/repo_in-5244 SP - 282 EP - 287 PB - Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt CY - Ingolstadt ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Wierling, Charlotte A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg ED - Vaculin, Ondrej T1 - Comparison of Facilities for Abuse Tests on Hydrogen Storage Vessels with Regard to Safety-Related Aspects T2 - Applied Research Conference 2023 Conference Proceedings: 3rd July 2023 Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt UR - https://doi.org/10.57825/repo_in-5244 Y1 - 2023 UR - https://doi.org/10.57825/repo_in-5244 SP - 233 EP - 238 PB - Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt CY - Ingolstadt ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bauder, Maximilian A1 - Kubjatko, Tibor A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg T1 - Cooperative Awareness Messages’ Generation Frequencies, Trigger Distributions, and Pseudonym Changes of First Commercially Deployed Vehicles in Real Operating Scenarios JF - IEEE Access N2 - Cooperative Intelligent Transport Systems have been deployed in mass-produced vehicles in Europe (Golf 8, ID.3, etc.) since 2019, promising major improvements in vehicle safety, efficiency, and comfort. Equipped with Vehicle-to-X communication, the vehicles directly send information about their driving status to the environment. The data are already used for many Vehicle-to-X communication use-cases specified by the Car-2-Car Communication Consortium to achieve the above-mentioned improvements. This study focuses on using Vehicle-2-X communication and its messages for accident analysis. For this purpose, we investigated the advantage in temporal resolution of the continuously sent Cooperative Awareness Message compared to the Event-Data-Recorder for accident reconstruction in the pre-crash. A high resolution of the temporal accident scene is essential for the doubtless clarification of accidents. Therefore, we analyzed the generation frequencies and the trigger conditions of the Cooperative Awareness Message of vehicles available on the European market while driving in real traffic and during different parking maneuvers. Also, the pseudonym change was analyzed. We found that the average generation frequency of the Cooperative Awareness Message is higher than the 2.00 Hz recording frequency of the event data recorder for all scenarios investigated. Especially on rural roads and highways, the temporal resolution is advantageous. Since many serious accidents occur on rural roads, the use of Cooperative Awareness Messages could significantly benefit the reconstruction of the accident scene. Thus, we recommend increasing efforts to use the Cooperative Awareness Message as digital data for accident analysis and encourage more scientists to deal with this topic. UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3292576 KW - Accident analysis KW - accident reconstruction KW - cooperative awareness message KW - cooperative intelligent transport systems KW - fundamental data KW - real operating investigation KW - vehicle-2-X communication Y1 - 2023 UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3292576 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-38543 SN - 2169-3536 VL - 11 SP - 69708 EP - 69719 PB - IEEE CY - New York ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg A1 - Multerer, Michael A1 - Wietelmann, U. A1 - Panitz, J.-C. A1 - Burgemeister, T. A1 - Gores, Heiner Jakob T1 - NMR Determination of Trace Water in Lithium Salts for Battery Electrolytes JF - Journal of the Electrochemical Society UR - https://doi.org/10.1149/1.1859693 Y1 - 2005 UR - https://doi.org/10.1149/1.1859693 SN - 1945-7111 SN - 1945-6859 SN - 2156-7395 VL - 152 IS - 3 SP - A622 EP - A627 PB - IOP Publishing CY - Bristol ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg A1 - Multerer, Michael A1 - Schweizer-Berberich, M. A1 - Gores, Heiner Jakob T1 - Finding Conductivity Optima of Battery Electrolytes by Conductivity Measurements Guided by a Simplex Algorithm JF - Journal of the Electrochemical Society UR - https://doi.org/10.1149/1.1859711 Y1 - 2005 UR - https://doi.org/10.1149/1.1859711 SN - 1945-7111 SN - 1945-6859 SN - 2156-7395 VL - 152 IS - 3 SP - A577 EP - A582 PB - IOP Publishing CY - Bristol ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Koch, Daniel A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg T1 - Possibilities for a Quick Onsite Safety-State Assessment of Stand-Alone Lithium-Ion Batteries JF - Batteries N2 - Electric vehicles’ high-voltage lithium-ion batteries are complex systems and can be sources of several hazards for interacting people. Sophisticated battery management systems (BMS) therefore constantly monitor their characteristics and varying states, to keep the battery within desired operational conditions and to mitigate safety risks as well as excessive degradation. However, there can be several situations where the battery is not in normal operation (e.g., a stand-alone battery) and a fully functional BMS monitoring function is not available. When necessary to interact with the system, its safety state must be deduced to ensure the safety of interactors. This can be a challenging task depending on a situation’s characteristics (time pressure, technical knowledge of involved people). Thus, this article discusses how the safety state of electric vehicle batteries can be evaluated quickly even by untrained people. To develop a solution, different scenarios, which require a battery’s state assessment, and the options for collecting relevant information are motivated and discussed, respectively. Finally, a mobile interface that can evaluate and display the safety state by using BMS-internal data is described and demonstrated. UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries8110213 KW - safety-state assessment KW - stand-alone battery KW - quick state assessment KW - battery transport Y1 - 2022 UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries8110213 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-29439 SN - 2313-0105 VL - 8 IS - 11 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Steger, Fabian A1 - Krogh, Jonathan A1 - Meegahapola, Lasantha A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg T1 - Calculating Available Charge and Energy of Lithium-Ion Cells Based on OCV and Internal Resistance JF - Energies N2 - The design and operation of performant and safe electric vehicles depend on precise knowledge of the behavior of their electrochemical energy storage systems. The performance of the battery management systems often relies on the discrete-time battery models, which can correctly emulate the battery characteristics. Among the available methods, electric circuit-based equations have shown to be especially useful in describing the electrical characteristics of batteries. To overcome the existing drawbacks, such as discrete-time simulations for parameter estimation and the usage of look-up tables, a set of equations has been developed in this study that solely relies on the open-circuit voltage and the internal resistance of a battery. The parameters can be obtained from typical cell datasheets or can be easily extracted via standard measurements. The proposed equations allow for the direct analytical determination of available discharge capacity and the available energy content depending on the discharge current, as well as the Peukert exponent. The fidelity of the proposed system was validated experimentally using 18650 NMC and LFP lithium-ion cells, and the results are in close agreement with the datasheet. UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/en15217902 KW - battery management system KW - electric vehicles KW - state-of-charge KW - energy content KW - mathematical model KW - Peukert exponent Y1 - 2022 UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/en15217902 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-29479 SN - 1996-1073 VL - 15 IS - 21 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Steger, Fabian A1 - Nitsche, Alexander A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg A1 - Belski, Iouri ED - Quadrado, José Carlos ED - Bernardino, Jorge ED - Rocha, João T1 - Hands-on Experiments vs. Computer-based Simulations in Energy Storage Laboratories T2 - Proceedings of the 45th SEFI Annual Conference 2017 : Education Excellence for Sustainability KW - Hands-on experiment KW - Simulated experiment KW - Battery experiment KW - Learning-models comparison Y1 - 2017 UR - https://www.sefi.be/conference/2017-azores/ SN - 978-989-98875-7-2 SP - 121 EP - 128 PB - SEFI (Société Européenne pour la Formation des Ingénieurs) CY - Brüssel ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Pourtoulidou, Despoina A1 - Steger, Fabian A1 - Burger, Uli A1 - Göllinger, Harald A1 - König, Ludwig A1 - Obermeier, Erwin A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg A1 - Frey, Andreas ED - Nagy, Balázs Vince ED - Murphy, Mike ED - Järvinen, Hannu-Matti ED - Kálmán, Anikó T1 - Mission-framed Project-based Learning and Teaching BT - integrating an Electric Powertrain into a Motor Glider T2 - Varietas delectat… Complexity is the new normality: SEFI 47th Annual Conference Proceedings UR - https://www.sefi.be/proceedings/?conference=2019-budapest-isbn-978-2-87352-018-2 KW - Project-based learning KW - Engineering Higher Education Y1 - 2019 UR - https://www.sefi.be/proceedings/?conference=2019-budapest-isbn-978-2-87352-018-2 SN - 978-2-87352-018-2 SP - 879 EP - 888 PB - SEFI CY - Brüssel ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Steger, Fabian A1 - Arbesmeier, Alexander A1 - Nitsche, Alexander A1 - Brade, Katja A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg A1 - Belski, Iouri ED - Nagy, Balázs Vince ED - Murphy, Mike ED - Järvinen, Hannu-Matti ED - Kálmán, Anikó T1 - Laboratory learning BT - influence of the perceived laboratory mode on learning outcomes T2 - Varietas delectat… Complexity is the new normality: SEFI 47th Annual Conference Proceedings UR - https://www.sefi.be/proceedings/?conference=2019-budapest-isbn-978-2-87352-018-2 KW - Perceived learning modes KW - Simulated laboratories KW - Hands-on laboratories Y1 - 2019 UR - https://www.sefi.be/proceedings/?conference=2019-budapest-isbn-978-2-87352-018-2 SN - 978-2-87352-018-2 SP - 1897 EP - 1907 PB - SEFI CY - Brüssel ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Steger, Fabian A1 - Nitsche, Alexander A1 - Miley, Cayler A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg A1 - Belski, Iouri ED - Huda, Nazmul ED - Inglis, David ED - Tse, Nicholas ED - Town, Graham T1 - Laboratory Learning: Hands-on versus Simulated Experiments T2 - Proceedings of the 28th Annual Conference of the Australasian Association for Engineering Education (AAEE 2017) N2 - CONTEXT Many universities and vocational training institutions conduct laboratories as simulated experiments. This is due to the costs and supervision needs to conduct hands-on labs safely. Numerous studies have presented mixed opinions on whether hands-on laboratory work is more conducive to learning than a simulated laboratory. Most of the studies put students from experimental and control groups in significantly different conditions. Therefore, it is hard to reach any definite conclusion regarding the influence of the learning mode onto the learning achievements. PURPOSE This study compares learning outcomes of student laboratory work in an energy storages course conducted in two different modes: first as a practical hands-on exercise and second using computer-based simulations. APPROACH In order to provide reliable insights, this study implements optimized research methodology to avoid any other effect (e.g. learning synchronicity/distance learning/instructions) on the learning outcome rather than the effect of the learning mode itself. The student laboratory experiments were created in a manner that they could be conducted in both modes in the same way and using a single set of instructions. To ensure a comparable group environment for the individual student, the students were arranged into two similar groups based on the student's practical experience. In this crossover study, the groups were taught the same topics by means of interchanging learning modes. RESULTS To evaluate the influence of each mode on student learning, short written tests regarding the previous experiment were conducted at the beginning of the subsequent laboratory session. 102 students have taken part in the study in two years. Overall learning results of hands-on experiments were slightly better than those of simulated laboratories (Cohen's d=0.25), the difference in performance was statistically significant (p<0.02). Through solicited feedback on each laboratory session, in hands-on mode more students expressed they have acquired new insights/comprehensions (76% vs. 66%, Cohen's d=0.23, small effect, p<0.07). CONCLUSIONS Following the strategy not to optimize the lessons individually to the learning mode, other influences on the learning outcome, which were usually mixed, were excluded. The students' subjective opinions show advantages of the hands-on mode. Based on the objective data, a weak, but significant outcome to better knowledge acquisition with hands-on laboratory experiments was achieved. This observation is against the trend of the literature in the last years towards better or equal learning with nontraditional labs. Some of the excluded factors might have a stronger influence on student learning than estimated previously. To get a clear view, the authors recommend isolated research. KW - Hands-on vs. simulated experiment KW - battery experiment KW - learning-mode comparison Y1 - 2017 UR - https://researchers.mq.edu.au/en/publications/proceedings-of-the-28th-annual-conference-of-the-australasian-ass UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-15581 SN - 978-0-646-98026-3 SP - 940 EP - 947 PB - Macquarie University CY - Sydney ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Wech, Lothar A1 - Böhm, Klaus A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg A1 - Paula, Daniel T1 - Event Data Recorder (EDR) for automated vehicles BT - Legal certainty and data privacy for all T2 - SafetyWeek : Die Zukunft der Fahrzeugsicherheit UR - https://www.carhs.de/de/publikationen/product/safetyweek-2020-replay.html Y1 - 2020 UR - https://www.carhs.de/de/publikationen/product/safetyweek-2020-replay.html ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Lott, Susanne A1 - Kotak, Bhavya A1 - Barra, Sönke A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg T1 - Nail Penetration of Small Pouch Cells Under Water: Investigation of Hydrofluoric Acid Formation in Dependence of the State of Charge JF - Journal of the Electrochemical Society UR - https://doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ac285b Y1 - 2021 UR - https://doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ac285b SN - 1945-7111 VL - 168 IS - 10 PB - IOP Publishing CY - Bristol ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Lausch, Jonas A1 - Takla, Monir A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg T1 - Insight into crush performance comparison of composite profiles and flat plates JF - Composites Part B: Engineering UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2022.109643 KW - Impact behavior KW - Mechanical properties KW - Statistical properties/methods KW - Mechanical testing KW - Composite testing Y1 - 2022 UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2022.109643 SN - 1359-8368 VL - 2022 IS - 233 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Nebl, Christoph A1 - Wöhrl, Katharina A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg T1 - Handling of accident-damaged electric vehicles T2 - Proceedings of the 29th Annual Congress of the EVU Y1 - 2021 PB - EVU CY - Berlin ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Paula, Daniel A1 - Böhm, Klaus A1 - Kubjatko, Tibor A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg T1 - Challenges in forensic reconstruction of traffic accidents involving Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) T2 - Proceedings of the 29th Annual Congress of the EVU Y1 - 2021 PB - EVU CY - Berlin ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Paula, Daniel A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg A1 - Böhm, Klaus ED - Bargende, Michael ED - Reuss, Hans-Christian ED - Wagner, Andreas T1 - Reconstruction of traffic accidents with automated and electrified vehicles T2 - 20. Internationales Stuttgarter Symposium: Automobil- und Motorentechnik, Band 1 UR - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-29943-9_28 Y1 - 2020 UR - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-29943-9_28 SN - 978-3-658-29942-2 SN - 978-3-658-29943-9 SP - 357 EP - 371 PB - Springer Vieweg CY - Wiesbaden ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Böhm, Klaus A1 - Paula, Daniel A1 - Wech, Lothar A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg T1 - Event Data Recorder (EDR) for accidents with automated vehicles BT - the accident analysis of the future T2 - 12. VDI-Tagung Fahrzeugsicherheit: Fahrzeugsicherheit im Umfeld von neuen Rating- und Gesetzesanforderungen UR - https://doi.org/10.51202/9783181023648-349 Y1 - 2019 UR - https://doi.org/10.51202/9783181023648-349 SN - 978-3-18-092364-2 SN - 978-3-18-102364-8 SP - 349 EP - 364 PB - VDI Verlag CY - Düsseldorf ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Geib, Christian A1 - Nebl, Christoph A1 - Huber, Josef A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg T1 - Herausforderung Elektrofahrzeuge BT - Hilfestellung für den Einsatz JF - Brandwacht: Zeitschrift für Brand- und Katastrophenschutz Y1 - 2020 UR - https://www.brandwacht.bayern.de/mam/archiv/beitraege_pdf/bw_1_2020_s18_20_e-autos2.pdf VL - 2020 IS - 1 SP - 18 EP - 20 PB - Bayerisches Staatsministerium des Innern, für Sport und Integration CY - München ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Steger, Fabian A1 - Nitsche, Alexander A1 - Brade, Katja A1 - Belski, Iouri A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg ED - Waldherr, Franz ED - Walter, Claudia T1 - Energiespeicher-Praktikum an der TH Ingolstadt BT - reale versus simulierte Experimente T2 - Tagungsband zum Forum der Lehre an der TH Ingolstadt Y1 - 2018 UR - https://didaktikzentrum.de/publikationen/dina-und-tagungsbaende SN - 1612-4537 SP - 90 EP - 97 PB - THI / DiZ CY - Ingolstadt ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Steger, Fabian A1 - Peniche dos Santos, Adriano A1 - Belski, Iouri A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg T1 - Impedance Spectroscopy Upgrade to a Student Battery Cell Test System T2 - Abstract Book: International Workshop of Impedance Spectroscopy, IWIS 2017 KW - Impedance Measurement KW - Signal Processing and Modelling KW - Instrumentation and Data Acquisition KW - Engineering Education KW - Hands-on experiment KW - Battery KW - Energy storages KW - Test System KW - Test Bench Y1 - 2017 SP - 24 EP - 25 PB - TU Chemnitz CY - Chemnitz ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Gores, Heiner Jakob A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg A1 - Kim, Woong-Ki ED - Kreysa, Gerhard ED - Ota, Ken-ichiro ED - Savinell, Robert F. T1 - Optimization of Electrolyte Properties by Simplex Exemplified for Conductivity of Lithium Battery Electrolytes T2 - Encyclopedia of Applied Electrochemistry UR - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6996-5_443 Y1 - 2014 UR - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6996-5_443 SN - 978-1-4419-6995-8 SN - 978-1-4419-6996-5 SP - 1387 EP - 1392 PB - Springer Reference CY - New York ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Gores, Heiner Jakob A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg ED - Kreysa, Gerhard ED - Ota, Ken-ichiro ED - Savinell, Robert F. T1 - Non-Aqueous Electrolyte Solutions T2 - Encyclopedia of Applied Electrochemistry UR - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6996-5_442 Y1 - 2014 UR - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6996-5_442 SN - 978-1-4419-6995-8 SN - 978-1-4419-6996-5 SP - 1371 EP - 1375 PB - Springer Reference CY - New York ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg A1 - Machuca, Enrique A1 - Löchel, Jonas T1 - 12 V lithium ion starter batteries T2 - Tagungsband PCIM Europe 2016 Y1 - 2016 SN - 978-3-8007-4186-1 SP - 742 EP - 749 PB - VDE CY - Berlin ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wudy, Franz E. A1 - Mossbauer, Dominik J. A1 - Multerer, Michael A1 - Schmeer, Georg A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg A1 - Stock, Christoph A1 - Hauner, Peter F. A1 - Suppan, Gottfried A. A1 - Gores, Heiner Jakob T1 - Fast Micro-Kelvin Resolution Thermometer Based on NTC Thermistors JF - Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data UR - https://doi.org/10.1021/je200780h KW - Sensors KW - Hydrocarbons KW - Aromatic compounds KW - Transition temperature KW - Phase diagrams Y1 - 2011 UR - https://doi.org/10.1021/je200780h SN - 1520-5134 VL - 56 IS - 12 SP - 4823 EP - 4828 PB - American Chemical Society CY - Columbus ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wachter, Philipp A1 - Schreiner, Christian A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg A1 - Gores, Heiner Jakob T1 - Determination of phase transition points of ionic liquids by combination of thermal analysis and conductivity measurements at very low heating and cooling rates JF - The Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jct.2010.03.003 KW - Phase transition points KW - Ionic liquids KW - Conductivity KW - Dye-sensitized solar cells KW - Lithium-ion cells Y1 - 2010 UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jct.2010.03.003 SN - 0021-9614 VL - 42 IS - 7 SP - 900 EP - 903 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Gores, Heiner Jakob A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg ED - Kreysa, Gerhard ED - Ota, Ken-ichiro ED - Savinell, Robert F. T1 - Electrolytes for Electrochemical Double Layer Capacitors T2 - Encyclopedia of Applied Electrochemistry UR - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6996-5_43 Y1 - 2014 UR - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6996-5_43 SN - 978-1-4419-6995-8 SN - 978-1-4419-6996-5 SP - 752 EP - 757 PB - Springer CY - New York ER - TY - BOOK A1 - Gores, Heiner Jakob A1 - Multerer, Michael A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg ED - Zhang, Sheng Shui T1 - Optimizing the conductivity of electrolytes for lithium ion-cells T3 - Advanced materials and methods for lithium-ion batteries Y1 - 2007 SN - 978-81-7895-279-6 SP - 257 EP - 278 PB - Transworld Research Network CY - Trivandrum, Kerala ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg A1 - Wachter, Philipp A1 - Simbeck, Tobias A1 - Wudy, Franz E. A1 - Zugmann, Sandra A1 - Gores, Heiner Jakob T1 - Multichannel Conductivity Measurement Equipment for Efficient Thermal and Conductive Characterization of Nonaqueous Electrolytes and Ionic Liquids for Lithium Ion Batteries JF - Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data UR - https://doi.org/10.1021/je900942f KW - Electrochemical cells KW - Electrical conductivity KW - Electrolytes KW - Salts KW - Solvents Y1 - 2010 UR - https://doi.org/10.1021/je900942f SN - 1520-5134 VL - 55 IS - 5 SP - 1789 EP - 1793 PB - American Chemical Society CY - Columbus ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wachter, Philipp A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg A1 - Wudy, Franz E. A1 - Gores, Heiner Jakob T1 - Efficient determination of crystallisation and melting points at low cooling and heating rates with novel computer controlled equipment JF - The Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jct.2008.05.012 KW - Phase transition points KW - Organic solvents KW - Ionic liquids KW - Crystallisation aids KW - Fast computer-controlled equipment Y1 - 2008 UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jct.2008.05.012 SN - 0021-9614 VL - 40 IS - 10 SP - 1542 EP - 1547 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg A1 - Multerer, Michael A1 - Schweizer-Berberich, M. A1 - Gores, Heiner Jakob T1 - Optimization of Cycling Behavior of Lithium Ion Cells at 60°C by Additives for Electrolytes Based on Lithium bis[1,2-oxalato(2-)-O,O´] borate JF - International Journal of Electrochemcal Science KW - lithium-ion battery KW - cycling KW - additive KW - lithium bis[1,2-oxalato(2-)-O,O´] borate Y1 - 2008 UR - http://www.electrochemsci.org/list08.htm#issue3 SN - 1452-3981 VL - 3 IS - 4 SP - 427 EP - 443 PB - ESG CY - Belgrad ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg A1 - Multerer, Michael A1 - Gores, Heiner Jakob T1 - Fast Multichannel Precision Thermometer JF - IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2007.904480 KW - NTC KW - precision thermometry KW - resistance thermometer KW - temperature measurement KW - temperature sensor KW - thermistor KW - thermometer Y1 - 2007 UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2007.904480 SN - 0018-9456 SN - 1557-9662 VL - 56 IS - 5 SP - 2002 EP - 2009 PB - IEEE CY - New York ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wöhrl, Katharina A1 - Nebl, Christoph A1 - Lott, Susanne A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg T1 - Umgang mit verunfallten Elektrofahrzeugen JF - Automobiltechnologie in Bayern: e-Car + Wasserstoff Y1 - 2021 UR - https://media-mind.info/pdf/2020/automobil_deutsch_2020_final.pdf SP - 34 EP - 39 PB - media mind GmbH & Co. KG CY - München ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Buysse, Maarten A1 - Ierides, Marcos A1 - Pérez Horno, Beatriz A1 - McCready, Amy A1 - Kotak, Yash A1 - Kotak, Bhavya A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg T1 - COBRA Market Intelligence Report - EV Safety and Testing: Feb-Mar-Apr 2021 Y1 - 2021 UR - https://projectcobra.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/COBRA-MARKET-INTELLIGENCE-February-March-April-2021_789.pdf ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bauder, Maximilian A1 - Böhm, Klaus A1 - Kubjatko, Tibor A1 - Wech, Lothar A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg T1 - C-ITS relevant critical vehicle-to-vehicle accident scenarios for accident analysis JF - Sensors N2 - The relevance of scientific investigations, whether simulative or empirical, is strongly related to the environment used and the scenarios associated with it. Within the field of cooperative intelligent transport systems, use-cases are defined to describe the benefits of applications. This has already been conducted in the available safety-relevant Day 1 applications longitudinal and intersection collision risk warning through the respective technical specifications. However, the relevance of traffic scenarios is always a function of accident severity and frequency of a retrospective consideration of accident databases. In this study, vehicle-to-vehicle scenarios with high frequency and/or severe personal injuries are therefore determined with the help of the CISS database and linked to the use-cases of the safety-relevant Day 1 applications. The relevance of the scenarios thus results on the one hand from the classical parameters of retrospective accident analysis and on the other hand from the coverage by the named vehicle-to-x applications. As a result, accident scenarios with oncoming vehicles are the most relevant scenarios for investigations with cooperative intelligent transport systems. In addition, high coverage of the most critical scenarios within the use-cases of longitudinal and intersection collision risk warning is already apparent. UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/s22093562 KW - cooperative intelligent transportation systems KW - C-ITS KW - V2X KW - accident scenarios KW - accident analysis KW - accident database Y1 - 2022 UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/s22093562 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-23473 SN - 1424-8220 N1 - This article belongs to the Special Issue "Sensors and Systems for Automotive and Road Safety" VL - 22 IS - 9 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Gores, Heiner Jakob A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg A1 - Kim, Woong-Ki ED - Kreysa, Gerhard ED - Ota, Ken-ichiro ED - Savinell, Robert F. T1 - Electrolytes for Recharcheable Batteries T2 - Encyclopedia of Applied Electrochemistry UR - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6996-5_45 Y1 - 2014 UR - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6996-5_45 SN - 978-1-4419-6995-8 SN - 978-1-4419-6996-5 SP - 757 EP - 761 PB - Springer CY - New York ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bauder, Maximilian A1 - Lecheler, Katrin A1 - Wech, Lothar A1 - Böhm, Klaus A1 - Paula, Daniel A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg T1 - Determination of accident scenarios via freely available accident databases JF - Open Engineering N2 - The derivation of real accident scenarios from accident databases represents an important task within vehicle safety research. Simulations are increasingly used for this purpose. Depending on the research interest, a wide range of accident databases exists worldwide, which differ mainly in the number of recorded data per accident and availability. This work aims to identify critical vehicle-to-vehicle accidents based on freely available accident databases to derive concrete scenarios for a subsequent simulation. For this purpose, the method of the pre-crash matrix is applied using the example of the freely available Crash Investigation Sampling System database of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. An analysis of existing databases worldwide shows that this is the most detailed, freely available database. The derivation of scenarios succeeds here by a new method, whereby a center of gravity calculation is carried out based on the damages of the vehicles according to Collision Deformation Classification nomenclature. In addition, the determination of other necessary parameters, as well as the limits of the database, is shown in order to derive a scenario that can be simulated. As a result, the constellations of the five most frequent vehicle-to-vehicle accident scenarios according to the Crash Investigation Sampling System database are presented. In particular, other institutions should follow National Highway Traffic Safety Administration’s example and make data freely available for accident research. UR - https://doi.org/10.1515/eng-2022-0047 KW - accident databases KW - accident scenarios KW - vehicle-to-vehicle accidents KW - Pre-Crash-Matrix KW - Crash Investigation Sampling System Y1 - 2022 UR - https://doi.org/10.1515/eng-2022-0047 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-25137 SN - 2391-5439 VL - 12 IS - 1 SP - 453 EP - 467 PB - De Gruyter CY - Berlin ER -