TY - JOUR A1 - Komsiyska, Lidiya A1 - Buchberger, Tobias A1 - Diehl, Simon A1 - Ehrensberger, Moritz A1 - Hanzl, Christian A1 - Hartmann, Christoph A1 - Hölzle, Markus A1 - Kleiner, Jan A1 - Lewerenz, Meinert A1 - Liebhart, Bernhard A1 - Schmid, Michael A1 - Schneider, Dominik A1 - Speer, Sascha A1 - Stöttner, Julia A1 - Terbrack, Christoph A1 - Hinterberger, Michael A1 - Endisch, Christian T1 - Critical review of intelligent battery systems BT - challenges, implementation, and potential for electric vehicles JF - Energies N2 - This review provides an overview of new strategies to address the current challenges of automotive battery systems: Intelligent Battery Systems. They have the potential to make battery systems more performant and future-proof for coming generations of electric vehicles. The essential features of Intelligent Battery Systems are the accurate and robust determination of cell individual states and the ability to control the current of each cell by reconfiguration. They enable high-level functions like fault diagnostics, multi-objective balancing strategies, multilevel inverters, and hybrid energy storage systems. State of the art and recent advances in these topics are compiled and critically discussed in this article. A comprising, critical discussion of the implementation aspects of Intelligent Battery Systems complements the review. We touch on sensing, battery topologies and management, switching elements, communication architecture, and impact on the single-cell. This review contributes to transferring the best technologies from research to product development. UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/en14185989 KW - smart battery KW - intelligent battery system KW - advanced monitoring KW - reconfigurable battery KW - battery management system KW - electric vehicle Y1 - 2021 UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/en14185989 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-10132 SN - 1996-1073 VL - 14 IS - 18 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hanzl, Christian A1 - Hartmann, Christoph A1 - Hölzle, Markus A1 - Liebhart, Bernhard A1 - Schmid, Michael A1 - Endisch, Christian T1 - Current commutation in a switched lithium-ion cell used in cascaded half-bridge multilevel inverters JF - IET Power Electronics N2 - In order to improve the efficiency of battery electric vehicles, the utilization of reconfigurable batteries and multilevel inverters based on low-voltage Si MOSFETs gains growing attention. Focusing on the half-bridge as basic switching unit, this paper examines voltage and current waveforms during switching. It is shown that the current commutation speed depends on various factors such as sign and amplitude of the current as well as the particular switching scenario. For instance, turning off a positive cell current takes 0.21 𝜇s while turning it on takes 0.9 𝜇s. In addition, it is revealed that depending on the switching scenario and current direction, the lithium-ion cell supports or opposes the remagnetization of the parasitic inductances and therefore the switching losses of the MOSFETs. Switching a positive load current of 125 A from active to bypass converts 276 𝜇J into heat while switching from bypass to active converts merely 32.5 𝜇J into heat. UR - https://doi.org/10.1049/pel2.12088 Y1 - 2021 UR - https://doi.org/10.1049/pel2.12088 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-13364 SN - 1755-4543 VL - 14 IS - 6 SP - 1073 EP - 1088 PB - Wiley CY - Hoboken ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Hanzl, Christian A1 - Stöttner, Julia A1 - Hölzle, Markus A1 - Endisch, Christian T1 - Experimental Investigation and Analytical Modeling of Half-Bridge Switching Losses in Reconfigurable Lithium-Ion Cells T2 - ICPE 2023 - ECCE Asia: 11th International Conference on Power Electronics - ECCE Asia UR - https://doi.org/10.23919/ICPE2023-ECCEAsia54778.2023.10213901 KW - half-bridge KW - lithium-ion cell KW - MOSFET switching losses KW - multilevel inverter Y1 - 2023 UR - https://doi.org/10.23919/ICPE2023-ECCEAsia54778.2023.10213901 SN - 978-89-5708-350-5 SP - 1058 EP - 1065 PB - IEEE CY - Piscataway ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schwertner, Stefan A1 - Buchberger, Tobias A1 - Diehl, Simon A1 - Ferg, Rebekka A1 - Hanzl, Christian A1 - Hartmann, Christoph A1 - Hölzle, Markus A1 - Kleiner, Jan A1 - Komsiyska, Lidiya A1 - Lewerenz, Meinert A1 - Liebhart, Bernhard A1 - Schmid, Michael A1 - Schneider, Dominik A1 - Scholz, Florian A1 - Speer, Sascha A1 - Stöttner, Julia A1 - Terbrack, Christoph A1 - Hinterberger, Michael A1 - Endisch, Christian T1 - Design and Implementation of an Intelligent Reconfigurable High-Voltage Battery System for Next-Generation Electric Vehicles JF - Batteries N2 - Battery system engineers face the challenge of balancing competing requirements regarding performance, maintainability, sustainability, safety, and cost—especially in the automotive industry. IBS potentially offer a solution with fewer trade-offs. They feature a battery management system with advanced sensing and data analysis capabilities that facilitate improved battery monitoring and operation. Reconfigurable energy storage units enable sophisticated operating strategies, including complete cell state control, full energy content utilization, and a measured response to faults. This article presents the design, development, and operation of a full-scale intelligent battery system prototype comprising 324 automotive lithium-ion cells with a nominal voltage of 400V. The system exhibits a modular single cell architecture and an advanced centralized battery management system. We detail the system architecture, hardware and software component design, and system integration. Initial tests demonstrate the battery’s operability, extended functionality, and enhanced safety. Our analysis shows that the additional losses introduced by reconfigurability are more than offset by the benefits of full energy utilization—even for new cells, with increasing advantage as aging progresses. The results underscore the potential of intelligent battery systems and motivate further research and development toward economic assessment and industrial adoption. UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries11110424 Y1 - 2025 UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries11110424 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-64086 SN - 2313-0105 VL - 11 IS - 11 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER -