TY - JOUR A1 - Sequeira, Gerald Joy A1 - Lugner, Robert A1 - Jumar, Ulrich A1 - Brandmeier, Thomas T1 - A validation sensor based on carbon-fiber-reinforced plastic for early activation of automotive occupant restraint systems JF - Journal of sensors and sensor systems (JSSS) N2 - In the automotive industry, sensors and sensor systems are one of the most important components in upcoming challenges like highly automated and autonomous driving. Forward-looking sensors (radar, lidar and cameras) have the technical capability to already provide important (pre-)crash information, such as the position of contact, relative crash velocity and overlap (width of contact) before the crash occurs. Future safety systems can improve crash mitigation with sophisticated vehicle safety strategies based on this information. One such strategy is an early activation of restraint systems compared with conventional passive safety systems. These integrated safety systems consist of a combination of predictive forward-looking sensors and occupant restraint systems (airbags, belt tensioners, etc.) to provide the best occupant safety in inevitable crash situations. The activation of the restraint systems is the most critical decision process and requires a very robust validation system to avoid false activation. Hence, the information provided by the forward-looking sensor needs to be highly reliable. A validation sensor is required to check the plausibility of crucial information from forward-looking sensors used in integrated safety systems for safe automated and autonomous driving. This work presents a CFRP-based (carbon-fiber-reinforced plastic) validation sensor working on the principle of change in electrical resistance when a contact occurs. This sensor detects the first contact, gives information on impact position (where the contact occurs) and provides information on the overlap. The aim is to activate the vehicle restraint systems at near T0 (time of first contact). Prototypes of the sensor were manufactured in house and manually and were evaluated. At first, the sensor and its working principle were tested with a pendulum apparatus. In the next stage, the sensor was tested in a real crash test. The comparison of the signals from the CFRP-based sensor with presently used crash sensors in the vehicle highlights its advantages. The crash event can be identified at 0.1 ms after the initial contact. The sensor also provides information on impact position at 1.2 ms and enables a validation of the overlap development. Finally, a possible algorithm for the vehicle safety system using forward-looking sensors with a validation sensor is described. UR - https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-8-19-2019 Y1 - 2019 UR - https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-8-19-2019 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-9578 SN - 2194-878X VL - 8 IS - 1 SP - 19 EP - 35 PB - Copernicus Publ. CY - Göttingen ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Sequeira, Gerald Joy A1 - Patel, Akshay A1 - Afraj, Shahabaz A1 - Lugner, Robert A1 - Brandmeier, Thomas T1 - FEM-based methodology for crash severity estimation in frontal crash scenarios JF - IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering N2 - With the technological development of forward-looking sensors, researchers are exploring their use not only for advanced driver assistance systems but also to gain important pre-crash information. Based on this pre-crash information, if the occupant motion inside the vehicle structure can be predicted for the oncoming crash scenario, then an optimal restraint strategy can be planned before the crash. This paper introduces a two-step FEM simulation based methodology for predicting the occupant severity in head-on crash scenarios. In the first step, we simulate the vehicle level model with different impact positions and relative approach angles. The results of these simulations, linear velocities in the longitudinal and lateral direction and angular velocities (roll, pitch, and yaw) during in-crash phase are the loading conditions for next simulation step (occupant level). This step simulates the motion of the driver in different crash scenarios. In this paper, we investigate the head, neck, and chest injury risks from vehicle-to-vehicle crash both traveling at 50 kilometers per hour. Prediction of the head injury criterion, identifying the cases where additional deployment of side-airbags and discussion of injury criteria with contour plots are the main outcome of this paper. UR - https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/831/1/012019 Y1 - 2020 UR - https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/831/1/012019 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-13159 SN - 1757-899X SN - 1757-8981 VL - 2020 IS - 831 PB - IOP CY - Bristol ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Sequeira, Gerald Joy A1 - Elnagdy, Elnagdy A1 - Danapal, Gokulesh A1 - Lugner, Robert A1 - Jumar, Ulrich A1 - Brandmeier, Thomas T1 - Investigation of Different Classification Algorithms for Predicting Occupant Injury Criterion to Decide the Required Restraint Strategy T2 - 2021 IEEE International Intelligent Transportation Systems Conference (ITSC) UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/ITSC48978.2021.9564868 KW - pre-crash injury prediction KW - Advanced Vehicle Safety KW - machine learning Y1 - 2021 UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/ITSC48978.2021.9564868 SN - 978-1-7281-9142-3 SP - 204 EP - 210 PB - IEEE CY - Piscataway ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Sequeira, Gerald Joy A1 - Harlapur, Bhuvan A1 - Lugner, Robert A1 - Brandmeier, Thomas T1 - Investigation of three-arc contour prediction algorithm on KITTI LiDAR raw data set T2 - 2021 IEEE 94th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC2021-Fall): Proceedings UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/VTC2021-Fall52928.2021.9625355 KW - vehicular and wireless technologies KW - laser radar KW - trajectory planning KW - shape KW - roads KW - image edge detection KW - transportation Y1 - 2021 UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/VTC2021-Fall52928.2021.9625355 SN - 978-1-6654-1368-8 PB - IEEE CY - Piscataway ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Sequeira, Gerald Joy A1 - Afraj, Shahabaz A1 - Lugner, Robert A1 - Brandmeier, Thomas T1 - LiDAR based prediction and contact based validation of crash parameters for a preemptive restraint strategy T2 - 2019 IEEE International Conference on Vehicular Electronics and Safety (ICVES) UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/ICVES.2019.8906354 KW - vehicle safety KW - integrated safety KW - predictive safety system KW - contour estimation KW - crash scenario prediction KW - crash validation Y1 - 2019 UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/ICVES.2019.8906354 SN - 978-1-7281-3473-4 PB - IEEE CY - Piscataway ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Sequeira, Gerald Joy A1 - Brandmeier, Thomas T1 - Evaluation and characterization of crash-pulses for head-on collisions with varying overlap crash scenarios JF - Transportation Research Procedia N2 - Activation time for activating the occupant restraint systems (airbag and seatbelt) is very critical for an optimal safety action. A crash-pulse is the deceleration of the vehicle measured during in a crash. The shape, slope, maximum deceleration and duration of the crash-pulse provides significant information over the nature of occupant motions during in-crash phase and hence the crash severity. The above parameters of the crash-pulse not only depend on the mass and impact velocity but also on the crash configuration (position of impact, overlap, relative approach angle etc.). This study focuses on analysis and characterization of crash-pulses in head-on collision cases with varying overlap configurations. The paper describes causes for occupant injuries during a crash, crash-pulse and its important physical parameters, and different methodologies used to analyse the crash-pulse. Finite element simulation method is used to study the crash-pulses from different crash configurations. A new severity index that has direct influence on the occupant kinematics is defined. The results show that the steep decrease of crash-pulse for small overlap configurations (less than 25 percent of vehicle width) lags by 20 to 25 milliseconds as compared to configurations with large overlaps. The shape of the crash-pulse also changes for crash scenarios with different overlap configurations. The results, discussion and conclusion sections of this paper provide a summary of crash behaviour of varying overlap crash scenarios and insights that can be used for deployment of restraint systems. UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2020.08.156 KW - Crash severity KW - Head-on collision KW - Frontal crash KW - Crash-pulse characterization Y1 - 2020 UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2020.08.156 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-13319 SN - 2352-1465 VL - 2020 IS - 48 SP - 1306 EP - 1315 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Lugner, Robert A1 - Inderst, Maximilian A1 - Sequeira, Gerald Joy A1 - Schneider, Kilian A1 - Brandmeier, Thomas T1 - Collision Prediction for Irreversible Pre-Crash Safety Measures T2 - FISITA Web Congress 2020 Y1 - 2021 UR - https://www.fisita.com/library/f2020-pif-033 N1 - Paper + Video PB - FISITA CY - Bishops Stortford ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Sequeira, Gerald Joy A1 - Surve, Manasi A1 - Afraj, Shahabaz A1 - Brandmeier, Thomas T1 - A novel concept for validation of pre-crash perception sensor information using contact sensor T2 - 2020 IEEE 23rd International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC) UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/ITSC45102.2020.9294242 KW - Contacts KW - Accidents KW - Resistance KW - Safety KW - Electron tubes KW - Pins KW - Laser radar Y1 - 2020 UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/ITSC45102.2020.9294242 SN - 978-1-7281-4149-7 PB - IEEE CY - Piscataway ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Sequeira, Gerald Joy A1 - Afraj, Shahabaz A1 - Surve, Manasi A1 - Brandmeier, Thomas T1 - LiDAR point cloud analysis for vehicle contour estimation using polynomial approximation and curvature breakdown T2 - 2020 IEEE 92nd Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC2020-Fall) Proceedings UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/VTC2020-Fall49728.2020.9348457 KW - Three-dimensional displays KW - Laser radar KW - Electric breakdown KW - Shape KW - Estimation KW - Sensors KW - Vehicles Y1 - 2020 UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/VTC2020-Fall49728.2020.9348457 SN - 978-1-7281-9484-4 SN - 2577-2465 PB - IEEE CY - Piscataway (NJ) ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Mothershed, David Michael A1 - Lugner, Robert A1 - Afraj, Shahabaz A1 - Sequeira, Gerald Joy A1 - Schneider, Kilian A1 - Brandmeier, Thomas A1 - Soloiu, Valentin T1 - Comparison and Evaluation of Algorithms for LiDAR-Based Contour Estimation in Integrated Vehicle Safety JF - IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/TITS.2020.3044753 KW - contour estimation KW - curve similarity KW - integrated safety KW - intelligent vehicles KW - inverse analysis KW - light detection and ranging (LiDAR) Y1 - 2020 UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/TITS.2020.3044753 SN - 1558-0016 VL - 23 IS - 5 SP - 3925 EP - 3942 PB - IEEE CY - New York ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Lugner, Robert A1 - Krause, Robert A1 - Inderst, Maximilian A1 - Schneider, Kilian A1 - Sequeira, Gerald Joy A1 - Brandmeier, Thomas T1 - Interface and Optimizations for Crash Severity Estimation and Inevitability Modelling in Pre-Crash Safety Systems T2 - FISITA World Congress 2021 Y1 - 2021 UR - https://www.fisita.com/library/f2021-pif-070 N1 - Paper + Video PB - FISITA CY - Bishops Stortford ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Schlamp, Anna-Lena A1 - Schneider, Kilian A1 - Lugner, Robert A1 - Sequeira, Gerald Joy A1 - Brandmeier, Thomas T1 - Approximation of the overlap for integral safety systems T2 - Fahrzeugsicherheit: Auf dem Weg zur Fahrzeugsicherheit 2030 UR - https://doi.org/10.51202/9783181023877-407 Y1 - 2022 UR - https://doi.org/10.51202/9783181023877-407 SN - 978-3-18-102387-7 SN - 978-3-18-092387-1 SP - 407 EP - 418 PB - VDI Verlag CY - Düsseldorf ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Sequeira, Gerald Joy A1 - Konda, Anudeep Reddy A1 - Lugner, Robert A1 - Jumar, Ulrich A1 - Brandmeier, Thomas T1 - Crash Pulse Prediction Using Regression Algorithm with Gradient Descent Optimization Method for Integrated Safety Systems JF - SAE International journal of transportation safety UR - https://doi.org/10.4271/09-10-02-0009 KW - Crashworthiness KW - Integrated-safety systems KW - Crash-pulse KW - Regression Y1 - 2022 UR - https://doi.org/10.4271/09-10-02-0009 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-27466 SN - 2327-5634 SN - 2327-5626 VL - 10 (2022) IS - 2 PB - SAE International CY - Warrendale ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Sequeira, Gerald Joy A1 - Schneider, Kilian A1 - Lugner, Robert A1 - Brandmeier, Thomas T1 - Concepts for Validation Sensor for Pre-Crash Information from Forward-Looking Sensors T2 - Sensoren und Messsysteme: Beiträge der 19. ITG/GMA-Fachtagung; ITG-Fachbericht 281 Y1 - 2018 UR - https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8436219 SN - 978-3-8007-4683-5 SN - 0932-6022 SP - 585 EP - 589 PB - VDE Verlag CY - Berlin ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Schneider, Kilian A1 - Sequeira, Gerald Joy A1 - Lugner, Robert A1 - Kamann, Alexander A1 - Brandmeier, Thomas A1 - Burgmeier, Raimund T1 - Verifizierung von Pre-Crash Informationen für die vorausschauende Aktivierung passiver Sicherheitsaktuatorik T2 - 11. VDI-Tagung Fahrzeugsicherheit; VDI-Berichte 2312 T2 - Verification of pre-crash information for a predictive activation of passive safety actuators Y1 - 2017 SN - 978-3-18-092312-3 SN - 0083-5560 SP - 185 EP - 196 PB - VDI Verlag GmbH CY - Düsseldorf ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Sequeira, Gerald Joy A1 - Lugner, Robert A1 - Steinhauser, Dagmar A1 - Brandmeier, Thomas T1 - Investigation of intelligent features for CFRP structure in automotive safety systems T2 - 2017 2nd IEEE International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Engineering ICITE 2017 UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/icite.2017.8056874 KW - intelligent automotive safety systems KW - CFRP structures KW - crash severity estimation Y1 - 2017 UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/icite.2017.8056874 SN - 978-1-5090-6272-0 SN - 978-1-5090-6273-7 SP - 18 EP - 24 PB - IEEE CY - Piscataway (NJ) ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Lugner, Robert A1 - Sequeira, Gerald Joy A1 - Brandmeier, Thomas ED - Ziemann, Olaf ED - Bogner, Werner ED - Mottok, Jürgen T1 - Crash Detection with Structure-Borne Sound BT - Analysis of Plastic Buckling of Thin-Walled Circular Tubes T2 - Applied Research Conference 2013: ARC 2013 Y1 - 2013 SN - 978-3-8440-2274-2 SP - 50 EP - 53 PB - Shaker Verlag CY - Düren ER - TY - BOOK A1 - Sequeira, Gerald Joy T1 - Prediction based activation of vehicle safety systems - a contribution to improve occupant safety by validation of pre-crash information and crash severity plus restraint strategy prediction BT - a contribution to improve occupant safety by validation of pre-crash information and crash severity plus restraint strategy prediction T3 - Fortschritt-Berichte VDI, Reihe 12 KW - Predictive Safety Systems KW - Crash Validation KW - Restraint Strategy prediction KW - Contour estimation KW - Crash Severity prediction Y1 - 2022 SN - 978-3-18-381712-2 SN - 978-3-18-681712-9 N1 - Dissertation, Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg, 2022 IS - Nr. 817 PB - VDI Verlag CY - Düsseldorf ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Mathias, Selvine George A1 - Großmann, Daniel A1 - Sequeira, Gerald Joy T1 - A Comparison of Clustering Measures on Raw Signals of Welding Production Data T2 - Proceedings 2019 International Conference on Deep Learning and Machine Learning in Emerging Applications (Deep-ML) UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/Deep-ML.2019.00019 KW - clustering KW - k-means KW - kmeans KW - hierarchical KW - metric evaluation Y1 - 2019 UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/Deep-ML.2019.00019 SN - 978-1-7281-2914-3 SP - 55 EP - 60 PB - IEEE CY - Piscataway ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Sequeira, Gerald Joy A1 - Harlapur, Bhuvan A1 - Obando Ortegon, David A1 - Lugner, Robert A1 - Brandmeier, Thomas A1 - Soloiu, Valentin ED - Muštra, Mario ED - Vukovic, Josip ED - Zovko-Cihlar, Branka T1 - Investigation of Influence from Variation in Color on LiDAR Sensor for Perception of Environment in Autonomous Vehicles T2 - Proceedings ELMAR-2021: 63rd International Symposium ELMAR-2021 UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/ELMAR52657.2021.9550943 KW - Perception KW - LiDAR cloud points KW - Pre-crash systems Y1 - 2021 UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/ELMAR52657.2021.9550943 SN - 978-1-6654-4437-8 SP - 71 EP - 76 PB - IEEE CY - Piscataway ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Sequeira, Gerald Joy T1 - Prediction based activation of vehicle safety systems – a contribution to improve to occupant safety by validation of pre-crash information and crash severity plus restraint strategy prediction T1 - Vorausschauende Aktivierung von Fahrzeugsicherheitssystemen – Ein Beitrag zur verbesserten Insassensicherheit durch Validierung der Pre-Crash-Information und Vorhersage von Unfallschwere und Rückhaltestrategie JF - at - Automatisierungstechnik UR - https://doi.org/10.1515/auto-2022-0167 KW - contour estimation KW - crash severity prediction KW - crash validation KW - predictive safety systems KW - restraint strategy prediction KW - Vorausschauendes Fahrzeugsicherheitssystem KW - Crash-Validierung KW - Prädiktion der Rückhaltestrategie KW - Bestimmung der Fahrzeugkontur KW - Crashschwereschätzung Y1 - 2023 UR - https://doi.org/10.1515/auto-2022-0167 SN - 0178-2312 SN - 2196-677X VL - 71 IS - 3 SP - 243 EP - 245 PB - De Gruyter CY - Berlin ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Sequeira, Gerald Joy A1 - Inderst, Maximilian A1 - Xhiku, Redjon A1 - Lugner, Robert A1 - Brandmeier, Thomas T1 - Sigmoid-Based Method for Longitudinal Crash Pulse Prediction in Intelligent Vehicles T2 - 2024 IEEE International Conference on Vehicular Electronics and Safety (ICVES) UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/ICVES61986.2024.10927899 Y1 - 2025 UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/ICVES61986.2024.10927899 SN - 979-8-3503-8727-8 PB - IEEE CY - Piscataway ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Inderst, Maximilian A1 - Lugner, Robert A1 - Brandmeier, Thomas A1 - Mehrzed, Shaen A1 - Sequeira, Gerald Joy A1 - Griebeler, Marcelo T1 - Definition of Requirements for the Temporal Accuracy of Inevitability Evaluation in Integral Pre-crash Systems T2 - FAST-Zero'23: 7th International Symposium on Future Active Safety Technology toward Zero Accidents - Proceedings Y1 - 2023 UR - https://tech.jsae.or.jp/paperinfo/en/content/conf2023-03.004/ PB - JSAE CY - Gobancho ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Lugner, Robert A1 - Vriesman, Daniel A1 - Inderst, Maximilian A1 - Sequeira, Gerald Joy A1 - Pasupuleti, Niyathipriya A1 - Zimmer, Alessandro A1 - Brandmeier, Thomas T1 - Evaluation of sensor tolerances and inevitability for pre-crash safety systems in real case scenarios T2 - 2020 IEEE 3rd Connected and Automated Vehicles Symposium (CAVS) UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/CAVS51000.2020.9334578 KW - integrated safety KW - pre-crash safety systems KW - inevitability KW - perception KW - sensor fusion KW - tracking Y1 - 2021 UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/CAVS51000.2020.9334578 SN - 978-1-7281-9001-3 PB - IEEE CY - Piscataway ER -