TY - JOUR A1 - Komsiyska, Lidiya A1 - Buchberger, Tobias A1 - Diehl, Simon A1 - Ehrensberger, Moritz A1 - Hanzl, Christian A1 - Hartmann, Christoph A1 - Hölzle, Markus A1 - Kleiner, Jan A1 - Lewerenz, Meinert A1 - Liebhart, Bernhard A1 - Schmid, Michael A1 - Schneider, Dominik A1 - Speer, Sascha A1 - Stöttner, Julia A1 - Terbrack, Christoph A1 - Hinterberger, Michael A1 - Endisch, Christian T1 - Critical review of intelligent battery systems BT - challenges, implementation, and potential for electric vehicles JF - Energies N2 - This review provides an overview of new strategies to address the current challenges of automotive battery systems: Intelligent Battery Systems. They have the potential to make battery systems more performant and future-proof for coming generations of electric vehicles. The essential features of Intelligent Battery Systems are the accurate and robust determination of cell individual states and the ability to control the current of each cell by reconfiguration. They enable high-level functions like fault diagnostics, multi-objective balancing strategies, multilevel inverters, and hybrid energy storage systems. State of the art and recent advances in these topics are compiled and critically discussed in this article. A comprising, critical discussion of the implementation aspects of Intelligent Battery Systems complements the review. We touch on sensing, battery topologies and management, switching elements, communication architecture, and impact on the single-cell. This review contributes to transferring the best technologies from research to product development. UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/en14185989 KW - smart battery KW - intelligent battery system KW - advanced monitoring KW - reconfigurable battery KW - battery management system KW - electric vehicle Y1 - 2021 UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/en14185989 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-10132 SN - 1996-1073 VL - 14 IS - 18 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Liebhart, Bernhard A1 - Diehl, Simon A1 - Schneider, Dominik A1 - Endisch, Christian A1 - Kennel, Ralph T1 - Enhancing the Cell Impedance Estimation of a Lithium-Ion Battery System with Embedded Power Path Switches T2 - APEC 2021: Thirty-Sixth Annual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/APEC42165.2021.9487173 KW - Reconfigurable Battery System KW - Impedance Spectroscopy KW - Power MOSFET KW - Pseudorandom Binary Sequence Y1 - 2021 UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/APEC42165.2021.9487173 SN - 978-1-7281-8949-9 SN - 2470-6647 SP - 967 EP - 974 PB - IEEE CY - Piscataway ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Liebhart, Bernhard A1 - Diehl, Simon A1 - Schmid, Michael A1 - Endisch, Christian A1 - Kennel, Ralph T1 - Improved Impedance Measurements for Electric Vehicles with Reconfigurable Battery Systems T2 - Proceedings of the Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition – Asia, 2021 (ECCE Asia 2021) UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/ECCE-Asia49820.2021.9479060 KW - Reconfigurable Battery System KW - Impedance Spectroscopy KW - Power MOSFET KW - Artificial Neural Network Y1 - 2021 UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/ECCE-Asia49820.2021.9479060 SN - 978-1-7281-6344-4 SN - 2150-6086 SP - 1736 EP - 1742 PB - IEEE CY - Piscataway ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Liebhart, Bernhard A1 - Diehl, Simon A1 - Endisch, Christian T1 - Sensitivity analysis of battery cell aging estimators based on impedance spectroscopy regarding temperature compensation T2 - IEEE CCTA 2020, 4th IEEE Conference on Control Technology and Applications UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/CCTA41146.2020.9206395 KW - sensitivity analysis KW - impedance spectroscopy KW - temperature compensation KW - battery management systems KW - multiple lithium-ion cells KW - battery cell aging estimators KW - on board electric vehicles Y1 - 2020 UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/CCTA41146.2020.9206395 SN - 978-1-7281-7140-1 SP - 699 EP - 705 PB - IEEE CY - Piscataway ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schwertner, Stefan A1 - Buchberger, Tobias A1 - Diehl, Simon A1 - Ferg, Rebekka A1 - Hanzl, Christian A1 - Hartmann, Christoph A1 - Hölzle, Markus A1 - Kleiner, Jan A1 - Komsiyska, Lidiya A1 - Lewerenz, Meinert A1 - Liebhart, Bernhard A1 - Schmid, Michael A1 - Schneider, Dominik A1 - Scholz, Florian A1 - Speer, Sascha A1 - Stöttner, Julia A1 - Terbrack, Christoph A1 - Hinterberger, Michael A1 - Endisch, Christian T1 - Design and Implementation of an Intelligent Reconfigurable High-Voltage Battery System for Next-Generation Electric Vehicles JF - Batteries N2 - Battery system engineers face the challenge of balancing competing requirements regarding performance, maintainability, sustainability, safety, and cost—especially in the automotive industry. IBS potentially offer a solution with fewer trade-offs. They feature a battery management system with advanced sensing and data analysis capabilities that facilitate improved battery monitoring and operation. Reconfigurable energy storage units enable sophisticated operating strategies, including complete cell state control, full energy content utilization, and a measured response to faults. This article presents the design, development, and operation of a full-scale intelligent battery system prototype comprising 324 automotive lithium-ion cells with a nominal voltage of 400V. The system exhibits a modular single cell architecture and an advanced centralized battery management system. We detail the system architecture, hardware and software component design, and system integration. Initial tests demonstrate the battery’s operability, extended functionality, and enhanced safety. Our analysis shows that the additional losses introduced by reconfigurability are more than offset by the benefits of full energy utilization—even for new cells, with increasing advantage as aging progresses. The results underscore the potential of intelligent battery systems and motivate further research and development toward economic assessment and industrial adoption. UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries11110424 Y1 - 2025 UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries11110424 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-64086 SN - 2313-0105 VL - 11 IS - 11 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER -