TY - JOUR A1 - Denk, Florian A1 - Fröhling, Felix A1 - Brunner, Pascal A1 - Huber, Werner A1 - Margreiter, Martin A1 - Bogenberger, Klaus A1 - Kates, Ronald T1 - Influence of gaze strategies and cognitive load on safeguarding performance of motorists in right-turning scenarios involving potential conflicts with vulnerable road users JF - Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour N2 - In urban traffic, while the fraction of collisions involving Vulnerable Road Users (VRU) is low, their importance is high due to the higher injury risk for VRU. Their infrequent occurrence on average (compared with far more common individual perceptual and behavioral errors by both drivers and VRUs) reflects an underlying fault tolerance in traffic processes. However, the degree of fault tolerance varies among traffic situations. The underlying perceptual and cognitive processes involved are complex and can require a high level of attention and concentration, particularly in situations with intersecting trajectories. These processes can occasionally fail, leading to collision risk. The situation of right-turning motorists (in right-hand-drive countries) encountering cyclists moving straight on a bike lane (with right of way) has a particularly low error tolerance, since motorists must actively scan for cyclists approaching from behind. In order to develop, test and assess solutions that mitigate collision risk in this situation, the behavior-related causation mechanisms need investigation. This is the focus of this article. We conducted a trial on our closed test track with n = 35 subjects. The experiment was designed as a within-subject design with three independent factors: maneuver, target velocity, and cognitive load in an n-back task. The trial included observations of participants' gaze control. A primary research focus was the quality and efficiency of the safeguarding gaze behavior of participants in order to draw conclusions on the causation mechanisms of collisions in this situation. For this purpose we define metrics in order to quantify the quality and efficiency of a specific gaze behavior. Furthermore, we studied the effect of factors cognitive load and target velocity on safety and secondary (n-back) task performance. Remarkably, only four out of 35 participants reached a collision risk of 0% relating to the defined quality metric. Furthermore, we identified four distinct gaze strategy groups through hierarchical clustering, where one group performed particularly few glances overall. This group showed significant differences with respect to the defined quality metric whereas the other groups showed only slight differences to each other. The results have implications on subsequent crash causation model development. UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2024.11.012 Y1 - 2024 UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2024.11.012 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-63967 SN - 1873-5517 VL - 2025 IS - 109 SP - 32 EP - 49 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Brunner, Pascal A1 - Denk, Florian A1 - Huber, Werner A1 - Kates, Ronald T1 - Virtual safety performance assessment for automated driving in complex urban traffic scenarios T2 - 2019 IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems Conference (ITSC) UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/ITSC.2019.8917517 Y1 - 2019 UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/ITSC.2019.8917517 SN - 978-1-5386-7024-8 SP - 679 EP - 685 PB - IEEE CY - Piscataway ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Lindner, Johannes A1 - Keler, Andreas A1 - Grigoropoulos, Georgios A1 - Malcolm, Patrick A1 - Denk, Florian A1 - Brunner, Pascal A1 - Bogenberger, Klaus T1 - A coupled driving simulator to investigate the interaction between bicycles and automated vehicles T2 - 2022 IEEE 25th International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC) UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/ITSC55140.2022.9922400 KW - Visualization KW - Roads KW - Urban areas KW - Virtual environments KW - Bicycles KW - Mobile handsets KW - Software Y1 - 2022 UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/ITSC55140.2022.9922400 SN - 978-1-6654-6880-0 SP - 1335 EP - 1341 PB - IEEE CY - Piscataway ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Denk, Florian A1 - Fröhling, Felix A1 - Brunner, Pascal A1 - Huber, Werner A1 - Margreiter, Martin A1 - Bogenberger, Klaus A1 - Kates, Ronald T1 - Design of an Experiment to Pinpoint Cognitive Failure Processes in the Interaction of Motorists and Vulnerable Road Users T2 - IEEE IV 2023: Symposium Proceedings UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/IV55152.2023.10186550 KW - Traffic analysis KW - human factors KW - cognitive models KW - experimental design Y1 - 2023 UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/IV55152.2023.10186550 SN - 979-8-3503-4691-6 PB - IEEE CY - Piscataway ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Lindner, Johannes A1 - Grigoropoulos, Georgios A1 - Keler, Andreas A1 - Malcolm, Patrick A1 - Denk, Florian A1 - Brunner, Pascal A1 - Bogenberger, Klaus T1 - A mobile application for resolving bicyclist and automated vehicle interactions at intersections T2 - 2022 IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium (IV) UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/IV51971.2022.9827439 KW - Visualization KW - Navigation KW - Roads KW - Simulation KW - Color KW - Mobile handsets KW - Regulation Y1 - 2022 UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/IV51971.2022.9827439 SP - 785 EP - 791 PB - IEEE CY - Piscataway ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Denk, Florian A1 - Himmels, Chantal A1 - Andreev, Vladislav A1 - Lindner, Johannes A1 - Syed, Arslan Ali A1 - Riener, Andreas A1 - Huber, Werner A1 - Kates, Ronald T1 - Studying Interactions of Motorists and Vulnerable Road Users: Empirical Comparison of Test Track and Simulator Experiments T2 - 2023 IEEE 26th International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC) UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/ITSC57777.2023.10421865 Y1 - 2024 UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/ITSC57777.2023.10421865 SN - 979-8-3503-9946-2 SP - 992 EP - 999 PB - IEEE CY - Piscataway ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Keler, Andreas A1 - Denk, Florian A1 - Brunner, Pascal A1 - Grigoropoulos, Georgios A1 - Malcom, Patrick A1 - Bogenberger, Klaus T1 - Varying Bicycle Infrastructures BT - an Interconnected Simulator Study for Inspecting Motorist-Cyclist Conflicts N2 - In this research, we estimate the influence of different bicycle infrastructure on the severity of motorist-cyclist conflicts via an interconnected simulator study. Our focus is a specific conflict type: motorist is turning at an intersection and the cyclist is going straight, crossing the intersection based on previous evaluations from literature. Additionally, we reason on previously-conducted bicycle simulator studies and adapt specific methodological components of investigation area depiction in VR and scenario definition. In the end, we present four scenarios of a case study based on a signalized intersection in Ingolstadt, Germany, where we inspect motorist-cyclist conflicts in an interconnected simulator environment. After every simulator run both test subjects will be teleported to specific starting positions. UR - https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5513664 KW - Interconnected Simulator Studies KW - Bicycle Simulator KW - Traffic Safety KW - Motorist-Cyclist Conflicts KW - Visibility Fields Y1 - 2021 UR - https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5513664 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-12899 PB - Zenodo CY - Genf ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Denk, Florian A1 - Brunner, Pascal A1 - Huber, Werner A1 - Margreiter, Martin A1 - Bogenberger, Klaus A1 - Kates, Ronald T1 - Assessment of traffic safety interventions using virtual randomized controlled trials: potential of connected and automated driving including V2X for collision reduction at urban intersections T2 - 2022 IEEE 25th International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC) UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/ITSC55140.2022.9921764 KW - Laser radar KW - Simulation KW - Roads KW - Redundancy KW - Stochastic processes KW - Data integration KW - Predictive models Y1 - 2022 UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/ITSC55140.2022.9921764 SN - 978-1-6654-6880-0 SP - 1183 EP - 1190 PB - IEEE CY - Piscataway ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Himmels, Chantal A1 - Andreev, Vladislav A1 - Syed, Arslan Ali A1 - Lindner, Johannes A1 - Denk, Florian A1 - Riener, Andreas T1 - Are Head-mounted Displays Really Not Suitable for Driving Simulation? A Comparison with a Screen-Based Simulator T2 - IEEE IV 2023: Symposium Proceedings UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/IV55152.2023.10186592 KW - driving simulation KW - virtual reality KW - head-mounted display KW - simulator sickness KW - presence KW - perception Y1 - 2023 UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/IV55152.2023.10186592 SN - 979-8-3503-4691-6 PB - IEEE CY - Piscataway ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Brunner, Pascal A1 - Löcken, Andreas A1 - Denk, Florian A1 - Kates, Ronald A1 - Huber, Werner T1 - Analysis of experimental data on dynamics and behavior of e-scooter riders and applications to the impact of automated driving functions on urban road safety T2 - 2020 IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium (IV) UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/IV47402.2020.9304835 KW - Safety KW - Accidents KW - Vehicle dynamics KW - Testing KW - Stability analysis KW - Motorcycles KW - Biological system modeling Y1 - 2021 UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/IV47402.2020.9304835 SN - 978-1-7281-6673-5 SP - 219 EP - 225 PB - IEEE CY - Piscataway ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Denk, Florian A1 - Huber, Werner A1 - Brunner, Pascal A1 - Kates, Ronald T1 - The role of perceptual failure and degrading processes in urban traffic accidents: a stochastic computational model for virtual experiments T2 - 2020 IEEE 23rd International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC) UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/ITSC45102.2020.9294498 KW - accidents KW - vehicles KW - safety KW - roads KW - computational modeling KW - stochastic processes KW - information processing Y1 - 2020 UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/ITSC45102.2020.9294498 SN - 978-1-7281-4149-7 PB - IEEE CY - Piscataway ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Ziegmann, Johannes A1 - Denk, Florian A1 - Vögele, Ulrich A1 - Endisch, Christian T1 - Stochastic Driver Velocity Prediction with Environmental Features on Naturalistic Driving Data T2 - 2018 IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems Conference UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/ITSC.2018.8569767 KW - Velocity prediction KW - driver behavior modeling KW - energy prediction KW - Kalman filter KW - Particle filter KW - switching hidden Markov model Y1 - 2018 UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/ITSC.2018.8569767 SN - 978-1-7281-0323-5 SP - 1807 EP - 1814 PB - IEEE CY - Piscataway ER -