TY - JOUR A1 - Komsiyska, Lidiya A1 - Buchberger, Tobias A1 - Diehl, Simon A1 - Ehrensberger, Moritz A1 - Hanzl, Christian A1 - Hartmann, Christoph A1 - Hölzle, Markus A1 - Kleiner, Jan A1 - Lewerenz, Meinert A1 - Liebhart, Bernhard A1 - Schmid, Michael A1 - Schneider, Dominik A1 - Speer, Sascha A1 - Stöttner, Julia A1 - Terbrack, Christoph A1 - Hinterberger, Michael A1 - Endisch, Christian T1 - Critical review of intelligent battery systems BT - challenges, implementation, and potential for electric vehicles JF - Energies N2 - This review provides an overview of new strategies to address the current challenges of automotive battery systems: Intelligent Battery Systems. They have the potential to make battery systems more performant and future-proof for coming generations of electric vehicles. The essential features of Intelligent Battery Systems are the accurate and robust determination of cell individual states and the ability to control the current of each cell by reconfiguration. They enable high-level functions like fault diagnostics, multi-objective balancing strategies, multilevel inverters, and hybrid energy storage systems. State of the art and recent advances in these topics are compiled and critically discussed in this article. A comprising, critical discussion of the implementation aspects of Intelligent Battery Systems complements the review. We touch on sensing, battery topologies and management, switching elements, communication architecture, and impact on the single-cell. This review contributes to transferring the best technologies from research to product development. UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/en14185989 KW - smart battery KW - intelligent battery system KW - advanced monitoring KW - reconfigurable battery KW - battery management system KW - electric vehicle Y1 - 2021 UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/en14185989 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-10132 SN - 1996-1073 VL - 14 IS - 18 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schwertner, Stefan A1 - Buchberger, Tobias A1 - Diehl, Simon A1 - Ferg, Rebekka A1 - Hanzl, Christian A1 - Hartmann, Christoph A1 - Hölzle, Markus A1 - Kleiner, Jan A1 - Komsiyska, Lidiya A1 - Lewerenz, Meinert A1 - Liebhart, Bernhard A1 - Schmid, Michael A1 - Schneider, Dominik A1 - Scholz, Florian A1 - Speer, Sascha A1 - Stöttner, Julia A1 - Terbrack, Christoph A1 - Hinterberger, Michael A1 - Endisch, Christian T1 - Design and Implementation of an Intelligent Reconfigurable High-Voltage Battery System for Next-Generation Electric Vehicles JF - Batteries N2 - Battery system engineers face the challenge of balancing competing requirements regarding performance, maintainability, sustainability, safety, and cost—especially in the automotive industry. IBS potentially offer a solution with fewer trade-offs. They feature a battery management system with advanced sensing and data analysis capabilities that facilitate improved battery monitoring and operation. Reconfigurable energy storage units enable sophisticated operating strategies, including complete cell state control, full energy content utilization, and a measured response to faults. This article presents the design, development, and operation of a full-scale intelligent battery system prototype comprising 324 automotive lithium-ion cells with a nominal voltage of 400V. The system exhibits a modular single cell architecture and an advanced centralized battery management system. We detail the system architecture, hardware and software component design, and system integration. Initial tests demonstrate the battery’s operability, extended functionality, and enhanced safety. Our analysis shows that the additional losses introduced by reconfigurability are more than offset by the benefits of full energy utilization—even for new cells, with increasing advantage as aging progresses. The results underscore the potential of intelligent battery systems and motivate further research and development toward economic assessment and industrial adoption. UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries11110424 Y1 - 2025 UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries11110424 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-64086 SN - 2313-0105 VL - 11 IS - 11 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hanzl, Christian A1 - Hartmann, Christoph A1 - Hölzle, Markus A1 - Liebhart, Bernhard A1 - Schmid, Michael A1 - Endisch, Christian T1 - Current commutation in a switched lithium-ion cell used in cascaded half-bridge multilevel inverters JF - IET Power Electronics N2 - In order to improve the efficiency of battery electric vehicles, the utilization of reconfigurable batteries and multilevel inverters based on low-voltage Si MOSFETs gains growing attention. Focusing on the half-bridge as basic switching unit, this paper examines voltage and current waveforms during switching. It is shown that the current commutation speed depends on various factors such as sign and amplitude of the current as well as the particular switching scenario. For instance, turning off a positive cell current takes 0.21 𝜇s while turning it on takes 0.9 𝜇s. In addition, it is revealed that depending on the switching scenario and current direction, the lithium-ion cell supports or opposes the remagnetization of the parasitic inductances and therefore the switching losses of the MOSFETs. Switching a positive load current of 125 A from active to bypass converts 276 𝜇J into heat while switching from bypass to active converts merely 32.5 𝜇J into heat. UR - https://doi.org/10.1049/pel2.12088 Y1 - 2021 UR - https://doi.org/10.1049/pel2.12088 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-13364 SN - 1755-4543 VL - 14 IS - 6 SP - 1073 EP - 1088 PB - Wiley CY - Hoboken ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Hartmann, Christoph A1 - Mader, Ralph A1 - Lothar, Michel A1 - Ebert, Christos A1 - Margull, Ulrich T1 - Massive Parallelization of Real-World Automotive Real-Time Software by GPGPU T2 - ARCS 2017: 30th International Conference on Architecture of Computing Systems Y1 - 2017 UR - https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7948559 SN - 978-3-8007-4395-7 SP - 101 EP - 108 PB - VDE Verlag CY - Berlin ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hartmann, Christoph A1 - Margull, Ulrich T1 - GPUart - An application-based limited preemptive GPU real-time scheduler for embedded systems JF - Journal of Systems Architecture UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sysarc.2018.10.005 KW - Real-time scheduling KW - Limited preemption KW - Graphics processing unit (GPU) KW - GPU resource management KW - Embedded systems KW - Automotive Y1 - 2019 UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sysarc.2018.10.005 SN - 1383-7621 VL - 2019 IS - 97 SP - 304 EP - 319 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Prüfer, Kevin A1 - Weisser, Eduard A1 - Glushych, Viktor A1 - Tröber, Philipp A1 - Hartmann, Christoph A1 - Volk, Wolfram T1 - Seebeck Coefficient Modification via Extreme High-Speed Laser Material Deposition for Tool Materials JF - Procedia CIRP N2 - During blanking and cold forming of metals, thermoelectricity almost always occurs. While thermoelectric voltages can be used for temperature measurement via a tool-workpiece thermocouple, currents significantly influence adhesion formation. In both cases, the thermoelectric behavior of tool and workpiece materials, characterized by the Seebeck coefficient, plays a decisive role. While a large difference in coefficients increases the accuracy of temperature measurement, similar coefficients improve wear behavior. Currently, there is no method to adjust the Seebeck coefficient of materials without experimental procedures, which restricts the selection of tool materials based on their Seebeck coefficient. This study presents a novel approach for adjusting the Seebeck coefficient of tool steels using tailored coatings applied by extreme high-speed laser material deposition (EHLA). Therefore, an analysis was conducted to investigate the effects of chemical composition, substrate material and its heat treatment on the thermoelectric and mechanical behavior of the coating. The results demonstrate that targeted modification via tailored EHLA coatings is possible. UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2025.02.265 Y1 - 2025 UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2025.02.265 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-62460 SN - 2212-8271 VL - 2025 IS - 137 SP - 265 EP - 270 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER -