TY - CHAP A1 - Hübner, Andreas A1 - Facchi, Christian A1 - Meyer, Markus A1 - Janicke, Helge ED - O’Conner, Lisa T1 - A Model-Based Approach for RFID Application Testing T2 - Proceedings: 12th IEEE International Conference on Trust, Security and Privacy in Computing and Communications, TrustCom 2013; 11th IEEE International Symposium on Parallel and Distributed Processing with Applications, ISPA-13; 12th IEEE International Conference on Ubiquitous Computing and Communications, IUCC-2013 UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/TrustCom.2013.181 KW - RFID KW - test-data generation KW - software testing KW - model-based testing KW - specification of RFID applications KW - virtualization KW - Rifidi Y1 - 2013 UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/TrustCom.2013.181 SN - 978-0-7695-5022-0 SN - 2324-898X SN - 2324-9013 SP - 1490 EP - 1497 PB - IEEE CY - Los Alamitos ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Speth, Thomas A1 - Riebl, Raphael A1 - Brandmeier, Thomas A1 - Facchi, Christian A1 - Jumar, Ulrich A1 - Al-Bayatti, Ali H. T1 - VANET Coverage Analysis for GPS Augmentation Data in Rural Area JF - IFAC-PapersOnLine UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ifacol.2016.11.112 KW - Communication networks KW - Global positioning system KW - Vehicular ad hoc networks KW - Intelligent transportation system KW - Real time kinematic KW - Portable Base Y1 - 2016 UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ifacol.2016.11.112 SN - 2405-8963 VL - 49 IS - 30 SP - 245 EP - 250 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Broy, Manfred A1 - Facchi, Christian A1 - Grosu, Radu A1 - Hettler, Rudi A1 - Hussmann, Heinrich A1 - Nazareth, Dieter A1 - Regensburger, Franz A1 - Slotosch, Oscar A1 - Stølen, Ketil T1 - The Requirement and Design Specification Language SPECTRUM BT - An Informal Introduction : Version 1.0. Part II T2 - TUM-Info. 9312 Y1 - 1993 PB - Technische Universität München CY - München ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Flores Fernández, Alberto A1 - Wurst, Jonas A1 - Sánchez Morales, Eduardo A1 - Botsch, Michael A1 - Facchi, Christian A1 - García Higuera, Andrés T1 - Probabilistic Traffic Motion Labeling for Multi-Modal Vehicle Route Prediction JF - Sensors N2 - The prediction of the motion of traffic participants is a crucial aspect for the research and development of Automated Driving Systems (ADSs). Recent approaches are based on multi-modal motion prediction, which requires the assignment of a probability score to each of the multiple predicted motion hypotheses. However, there is a lack of ground truth for this probability score in the existing datasets. This implies that current Machine Learning (ML) models evaluate the multiple predictions by comparing them with the single real trajectory labeled in the dataset. In this work, a novel data-based method named Probabilistic Traffic Motion Labeling (PROMOTING) is introduced in order to (a) generate probable future routes and (b) estimate their probabilities. PROMOTING is presented with the focus on urban intersections. The generation of probable future routes is (a) based on a real traffic dataset and consists of two steps: first, a clustering of intersections with similar road topology, and second, a clustering of similar routes that are driven in each cluster from the first step. The estimation of the route probabilities is (b) based on a frequentist approach that considers how traffic participants will move in the future given their motion history. PROMOTING is evaluated with the publicly available Lyft database. The results show that PROMOTING is an appropriate approach to estimate the probabilities of the future motion of traffic participants in urban intersections. In this regard, PROMOTING can be used as a labeling approach for the generation of a labeled dataset that provides a probability score for probable future routes. Such a labeled dataset currently does not exist and would be highly valuable for ML approaches with the task of multi-modal motion prediction. The code is made open source. UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/s22124498 KW - PROMOTING KW - automated driving systems KW - autonomous vehicles KW - multi-modal KW - motion prediction KW - route prediction KW - machine learning KW - real traffic data Y1 - 2022 UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/s22124498 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-24341 SN - 1424-8220 VL - 22 IS - 12 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Neumeier, Stefan A1 - Bajpai, Vaibhav A1 - Neumeier, Marion A1 - Facchi, Christian A1 - Ott, Jörg T1 - Data Rate Reduction for Video Streams in Teleoperated Driving JF - IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/TITS.2022.3171718 KW - bandwidth optimization KW - teleoperated driving KW - user study KW - video stream Y1 - 2022 UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/TITS.2022.3171718 SN - 1558-0016 VL - 23 IS - 10 SP - 19145 EP - 19160 PB - IEEE CY - Piscataway ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Maksimovski, Daniel A1 - Facchi, Christian A1 - Festag, Andreas ED - Klein, Cornel ED - Jarke, Matthias ED - Helfert, Markus ED - Berns, Karsten ED - Gusikhin, Oleg T1 - Cooperative Driving: Research on Generic Decentralized Maneuver Coordination for Connected and Automated Vehicles T2 - Smart Cities, Green Technologies, and Intelligent Transport Systems: 10th International Conference, SMARTGREENS 2021, and 7th International Conference, VEHITS 2021, Virtual Event, April 28-30, 2021, Revised Selected Papers UR - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-17098-0_18 KW - V2X communication KW - cooperative maneuver coordination KW - connected vehicles Y1 - 2022 UR - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-17098-0_18 SN - 978-3-031-17097-3 SN - 978-3-031-17098-0 SP - 348 EP - 370 PB - Springer CY - Cham ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Maksimovski, Daniel A1 - Facchi, Christian A1 - Festag, Andreas T1 - A Framework of Use Cases, Scenarios, and Metrics for Evaluation of V2X Maneuver Coordination T2 - 2024 IEEE Vehicular Networking Conference (VNC) UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/VNC61989.2024.10575992 Y1 - 2024 UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/VNC61989.2024.10575992 SN - 979-8-3503-6270-1 SP - 1 EP - 8 PB - IEEE CY - Piscataway ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Maksimovski, Daniel A1 - Lobo, Silas A1 - Facchi, Christian T1 - Prioritization of Maneuver Coordination Messages and the Impact of Decentralized Congestion Control T2 - 2024 IEEE 99th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC2024-Spring): Proceedings UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/VTC2024-Spring62846.2024.10683237 Y1 - 2024 UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/VTC2024-Spring62846.2024.10683237 SN - 979-8-3503-8741-4 PB - IEEE CY - Piscataway ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Riebl, Raphael A1 - Monz, Markus A1 - Varga, Simon A1 - Maglaras, Leandros A1 - Janicke, Helge A1 - Al-Bayatti, Ali H. A1 - Facchi, Christian ED - Pignaton de Freitas, Edison ED - Fetter Lages, Walter ED - Eduardo Pereira, Carlos T1 - Improved Security Performance for VANET Simulations JF - IFAC-PapersOnLine UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ifacol.2016.11.173 Y1 - 2016 UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ifacol.2016.11.173 SN - 2405-8963 VL - 49 IS - 30 SP - 233 EP - 238 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Maksimovski, Daniel A1 - Facchi, Christian T1 - Decentralized V2X Priority Maneuver Coordination: Evaluation in Small Scale Scenarios T2 - 2023 IEEE International Automated Vehicle Validation Conference (IAVVC), Proceedings UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/IAVVC57316.2023.10328122 Y1 - 2023 UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/IAVVC57316.2023.10328122 PB - IEEE CY - Piscataway ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Maksimovski, Daniel A1 - Facchi, Christian T1 - Decentralized V2X Maneuver Sharing and Coordination Message for Cooperative Driving: Analysis in Mixed Traffic T2 - 2023 IEEE 26th International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC) UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/ITSC57777.2023.10421976 Y1 - 2024 UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/ITSC57777.2023.10421976 SN - 979-8-3503-9946-2 SP - 5182 EP - 5189 PB - IEEE CY - Piscataway ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Maksimovski, Daniel A1 - Facchi, Christian T1 - Negotiation Patterns for V2X Cooperative Driving: How complex Maneuver Coordination can be? T2 - 2023 IEEE 98th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC2023-Fall), Proceedings UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/VTC2023-Fall60731.2023.10333579 Y1 - 2023 UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/VTC2023-Fall60731.2023.10333579 SN - 979-8-3503-2928-5 PB - IEEE CY - Piscataway ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Lobo, Silas A1 - Barbosa da Silva, Leonardo A1 - Facchi, Christian T1 - To Cluster or not to Cluster: A VRU Clustering Based on V2X Communication T2 - 2023 IEEE 26th International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC) UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/ITSC57777.2023.10422659 Y1 - 2024 UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/ITSC57777.2023.10422659 SN - 979-8-3503-9946-2 SP - 2218 EP - 2225 PB - IEEE CY - Piscataway ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Lobo, Silas A1 - Neumeier, Stefan A1 - Fernandez, Evelio A1 - Facchi, Christian ED - Alvarez Lopez, Pablo ED - Banse Bueno, Olaf Angelo ED - Armellini, Maria Giuliana ED - Behrisch, Michael ED - Bieker-Walz, Laura ED - Erdmann, Jakob ED - Flötteröd, Yun-Pang ED - Hilbrich, Robert ED - Nippold, Ronald ED - Rummel, Johannes ED - Schwamborn, Matthias ED - Wagner, Peter ED - Weber, Melanie T1 - InTAS: The Ingolstadt Traffic Scenario for SUMO T2 - SUMO User Conference 2020 UR - https://doi.org/10.52825/scp.v1i.102 KW - realistic traffic scenario KW - traffic modelling KW - VANET KW - SUMO Y1 - 2022 UR - https://doi.org/10.52825/scp.v1i.102 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-18235 SP - 73 EP - 92 PB - TIB Open Publishing CY - Hannover ER - TY - GEN A1 - Trapp, Peter A1 - Facchi, Christian ED - Der Präsident der Fachhochschule Ingolstadt, T1 - Performance improvement using dynamic performance stubs N2 - Dynamic Performance Stubs support performance improvement. They can be used to identify “hidden” bottlenecks and also to provide better estimations of the gain from performance improvement. The idea behind these stubbing mechanism will be described, the core concept will be explained and a closer look on the possibility of creating stubs will be given. Furthermore an introduction on “How to use dynamic performance stubs” is also included. T3 - Arbeitsberichte - Working Papers - 14 KW - Softwaretest KW - Software KW - Leistungsmessung Y1 - 2007 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-292 SN - 1612-6483 PB - Fachhochschule Ingolstadt CY - Ingolstadt ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Dietl, Laura A1 - Facchi, Christian T1 - Really, Pedestrian Trajectories: How Realistic are the Datasets? T2 - 2025 IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium (IV) UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/IV64158.2025.11097441 Y1 - 2025 UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/IV64158.2025.11097441 SN - 979-8-3315-3803-3 SP - 301 EP - 308 PB - IEEE CY - Piscataway ER - TY - GEN A1 - Röglinger, Sebastian A1 - Facchi, Christian ED - Der Präsident der Hochschule für angewandte Wissenschaften FH Ingolstadt, T1 - How can Car2X-Communication improve road safety BT - a statistical based selection and discussion of feasible scenarios N2 - A lot of applications have been sketched in the area of Car2X-Communication. Safety aspects are often mentioned among others as a motivation for Car2X-Communication systems. We present a statistical based selection of feasible applications with the goal of increasing safety. Therefore the official statistical information of the year 2007 has been considered. Additionally we will present some consequences for the introduction of Car2X-Communication systems including infrastructure. T3 - Arbeitsberichte - Working Papers - 15 KW - Verkehrsunfall KW - Unfallforschung KW - Statistik Y1 - 2009 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-309 SN - 1612-6483 PB - Hochschule für angewandte Wissenschaften FH Ingolstadt CY - Ingolstadt ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Dietl, Laura A1 - Facchi, Christian T1 - A Glimpse into the Future: An Inverse Soft Q-Learning's Soft Actor-Critic Approach for Pedestrian Path Prediction T2 - 2025 IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium (IV) UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/IV64158.2025.11097431 Y1 - 2025 UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/IV64158.2025.11097431 SN - 979-8-3315-3803-3 SP - 111 EP - 118 PB - IEEE CY - Piscataway ER - TY - GEN A1 - Trapp, Peter A1 - Meyer, Markus A1 - Facchi, Christian ED - Der Präsident der Hochschule für angewandte Wissenschaften FH Ingolstadt, T1 - How to Correctly Simulate Memory Allocation Behavior of Applications by Calibrating Main Memory Stubs N2 - Dynamic performance stubs provide a framework to simulate the performance behavior of software modules and functions. Hence, they can be used as an extension to software performance engineering methodologies. The methodology of dynamic performance stubs targets to gain oriented performance improvement. Other applications include the identification of "hidden" bottlenecks and the prioritization of optimization alternatives. Main memory stubs have been developed to extend the simulation possibilities of the dynamic performance stubs framework. They are able to simulate the heap and stack behavior of software modules or functions. This paper extends and improves the simulation algorithm to be able to simulate constant stack values. Moreover, it presents calibration possibilities to improve the simulation results by determining the various overhead in the algorithm. The results are furthermore used to compensate inaccuracies in the simulation. Additionally, a proof of concept is given as validation of the results. This paper shows that, main memory stubs can be used to simulate the heap, stack and timing behavior exactly when considering the parameters determined by the calibration functions. T3 - Arbeitsberichte - Working Papers - 20 KW - Softwaretest KW - Leistungsmessung KW - Memory Systems KW - Software Performance, Evaluation and Testing KW - Modeling KW - Performance Optimization, Bounds, and Models KW - Case Studies Y1 - 2011 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-360 SN - 1612-6483 PB - Hochschule für angewandte Wissenschaften FH Ingolstadt CY - Ingolstadt ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Maksimovski, Daniel A1 - Festag, Andreas A1 - Facchi, Christian T1 - A Survey on Decentralized Cooperative Maneuver Coordination for Connected and Automated Vehicles T2 - Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Vehicle Technology and Intelligent Transport Systems N2 - V2X communications can be applied for maneuver coordination of automated vehicles, where the vehicles exchange messages to inform each other of their driving intentions and to negotiate for joint maneuvers. For motion and maneuver planning of automated vehicles, the cooperative maneuver coordination extends the perception range of the sensors, enhances the planning horizon and allows complex interactions among the vehicles. For specific scenarios, various schemes for maneuver coordination of connected automated vehicles exist. Recently, several proposals for maneuver coordination have been made that address generic instead of specific scenarios and apply different schemes for the message exchange of driving intentions and maneuver negotiation. This paper presents use cases for maneuver coordination and classifies existing generic approaches for decentralized maneuver coordination considering implicit and explicit trajectory broadcast, cost values and space-time reservation. We systematically describe the approaches, compare them and derive future research topics. UR - https://doi.org/10.5220/0010442501000111 KW - V2X Communications KW - Cooperative Driving KW - Maneuver Coordination KW - Automated Vehicle Y1 - 2021 UR - https://doi.org/10.5220/0010442501000111 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-14806 SN - 978-989-758-513-5 SN - 2184-495X SP - 100 EP - 111 PB - SciTePress CY - Setúbal ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Chouta, Gnanambica A1 - Ulas, Basak A1 - Facchi, Christian T1 - Enhancing V2X Simulation Framework for Motorcycles T2 - 2025 IEEE International Automated Vehicle Validation Conference (IAVVC) Proceedings UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/IAVVC61942.2025.11219479 Y1 - 2025 UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/IAVVC61942.2025.11219479 SN - 979-8-3315-2526-2 PB - IEEE CY - Piscataway ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Obermaier, Christina A1 - Riebl, Raphael A1 - Al-Bayatti, Ali H. A1 - Facchi, Christian A1 - Khan, Sarmadullah T1 - Limitations of HIL Test Architectures for Car2X Communication Devices and Applications T2 - Proceedings CSCS 2019: ACM Computer Science in Cars Symposium UR - https://doi.org/10.1145/3359999.3360493 KW - V2X communication KW - validation KW - hardware in the loop KW - intelligent transport systems Y1 - 2019 UR - https://doi.org/10.1145/3359999.3360493 SN - 978-1-4503-7004-2 PB - ACM CY - New York ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Hübner, Andreas A1 - Facchi, Christian A1 - Janicke, Helge ED - Borcoci, Eugen ED - Manoharan, Sathiamoorthy T1 - Rifidi Toolkit: virtuality for testing RFID systems T2 - ICSNC 2012: The Seventh International Conference on Systems and Networks Communications KW - RFID KW - test-data generation KW - software testing KW - virtualisation KW - Rifidi Y1 - 2012 UR - http://www.thinkmind.org/index.php?view=article&articleid=icsnc_2012_1_10_20086 SN - 978-1-61208-231-8 SP - 1 EP - 6 PB - IARIA CY - [s. l.] ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Meyer, Markus A1 - Janicke, Helge A1 - Trapp, Peter A1 - Facchi, Christian A1 - Busch, Marcel ED - Lavazza, Luigi ED - Fernandez-Sanz, Luis ED - Panchenko, Oleksandr ED - Kanstrén, Teemu T1 - Performance Simulation of a System’s Parallelization T2 - ICSEA 2011: The Sixth International Conference on Software Engineering Advances KW - software performance optimization KW - performance simulation KW - parallelization KW - dynamic performance stubs Y1 - 2011 UR - http://www.thinkmind.org/index.php?view=article&articleid=icsea_2011_10_20_10141 SN - 978-1-61208-165-6 SN - 2308-4235 SP - 233 EP - 238 PB - IARIA CY - [s. l.] ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Trapp, Peter A1 - Meyer, Markus A1 - Facchi, Christian A1 - Janicke, Helge A1 - Siewe, François T1 - Building CPU Stubs to Optimize CPU Bound Systems: An Application of Dynamic Performance Stubs JF - International Journal on Advances in Software KW - software performance optimization KW - CPU bound systems KW - simulated software functionality KW - stubs KW - multi-core KW - multithreaded Y1 - 2011 UR - https://www.iariajournals.org/software/tocv4n12.html SN - 1942-2628 VL - 4 IS - 1&2 SP - 189 EP - 206 PB - IARIA CY - [s. l.] ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Lobo, Silas A1 - Barbosa da Silva, Leonardo A1 - Facchi, Christian ED - Aguiar, Ana ED - Higuchi, Takamasa ED - Sargento, Susana ED - Vinel, Alexey ED - Memedi, Agon T1 - VRU Basic Service: A V2X Comprehensive Analysis in a VRU Large-Scale Scenario T2 - 2025 IEEE Vehicular Networking Conference (VNC) UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/VNC64509.2025.11054143 Y1 - 2025 UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/VNC64509.2025.11054143 SN - 979-8-3315-2437-1 SP - 116 EP - 123 PB - IEEE CY - Piscataway ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Maksimovski, Daniel A1 - Festag, Andreas A1 - Facchi, Christian T1 - Adaptive Message Generation Rules for V2X Maneuver Coordination Service JF - IEEE Access N2 - Maneuver coordination enables connected and automated vehicles (CAVs) to collaboratively plan, negotiate, and execute driving maneuvers, aiming to enhance safety, traffic flow, and energy efficiency. As part of the Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) communication system, it operates as a dedicated service that relies on detailed, bidirectional interactions between vehicles, unlike traditional broadcast-based V2X services. While maneuver coordination is the focus of ongoing research and standardization, the rules that govern when and how vehicles generate Maneuver Coordination Messages (MCMs) within the Maneuver Coordination Service (MCS) are still not fully defined. These rules are essential for ensuring timely and reliable coordination. This paper proposes three adaptive MCM generation strategies based on the operation mode of the MCS, maneuver priority, and current channel load. The first approach defines MCM rules for intent sharing, maneuver negotiation, and execution phases, factoring in maneuver importance. The second adjusts the frequency of intent MCMs when a negotiation message is received from another vehicle. The third adapts frequency based on real-time channel load during intent sharing. For comparison, two baseline strategies are also evaluated. The proposed rules are tested for highway merging and lane change use cases in traffic scenarios with increasing vehicle density and high channel loads. A comprehensive evaluation is conducted using metrics related to the network, message generation frequency, congestion control, and maneuver coordination. The results demonstrate significantly enhanced channel efficiency and communication reliability across all metrics. For example, under the final approach, maneuver negotiation time is reduced by a factor of five in congested V2X environments. UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2026.3652364 Y1 - 2026 UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2026.3652364 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-66051 SN - 2169-3536 VL - 14 SP - 6417 EP - 6437 PB - IEEE CY - New York ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Maksimovski, Daniel A1 - Lobo, Silas A1 - Facchi, Christian T1 - Efficient Channel Load Reduction for V2X Maneuver Coordination Service T2 - 2025 IEEE 102nd Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC2025-Fall): Proceedings UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/VTC2025-Fall65116.2025.11310480 Y1 - 2026 UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/VTC2025-Fall65116.2025.11310480 SN - 979-8-3315-0320-8 PB - IEEE CY - Piscataway ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Hübner, Andreas A1 - Facchi, Christian A1 - Meyer, Markus A1 - Janicke, Helge ED - Kucera, Markus ED - Waas, Thomas T1 - RFID systems from a cyber-physical systems perspective T2 - Proceedings of the Eleventh International Workshop on Intelligent Solutions in Embedded Systems KW - RFID tags KW - Actuators KW - Middleware KW - Sensor phenomena and characterization KW - Business Y1 - 2013 UR - https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6664946 SN - 978-3-00-042899-9 PB - IEEE CY - Piscataway ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Facchi, Christian A1 - Haubner, Markus A1 - Hinkel, Ursula ED - Cavalli, Ana ED - Sarma, Amardeo T1 - The SDL Specification of the Sliding Window Protocol Revisited T2 - SDL '97: Time for Testing: SDL, MSC and Trends UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-044482816-3/50034-4 Y1 - 1997 UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-044482816-3/50034-4 SN - 978-0-444-82816-3 SP - 507 EP - 519 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER -