TY - JOUR A1 - Schartmüller, Clemens A1 - Weigl, Klemens A1 - Löcken, Andreas A1 - Wintersberger, Philipp A1 - Steinhauser, Marco A1 - Riener, Andreas T1 - Displays for Productive Non-Driving Related Tasks: Visual Behavior and Its Impact in Conditionally Automated Driving JF - Multimodal Technologies and Interaction N2 - (1) Background: Primary driving tasks are increasingly being handled by vehicle automation so that support for non-driving related tasks (NDRTs) is becoming more and more important. In SAE L3 automation, vehicles can require the driver-passenger to take over driving controls, though. Interfaces for NDRTs must therefore guarantee safe operation and should also support productive work. (2) Method: We conducted a within-subjects driving simulator study (N=53) comparing Heads-Up Displays (HUDs) and Auditory Speech Displays (ASDs) for productive NDRT engagement. In this article, we assess the NDRT displays’ effectiveness by evaluating eye-tracking measures and setting them into relation to workload measures, self-ratings, and NDRT/take-over performance. (3) Results: Our data highlights substantially higher gaze dispersion but more extensive glances on the road center in the auditory condition than the HUD condition during automated driving. We further observed potentially safety-critical glance deviations from the road during take-overs after a HUD was used. These differences are reflected in self-ratings, workload indicators and take-over reaction times, but not in driving performance. (4) Conclusion: NDRT interfaces can influence visual attention even beyond their usage during automated driving. In particular, the HUD has resulted in safety-critical glances during manual driving after take-overs. We found this impacted workload and productivity but not driving performance UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/mti5040021 KW - automated driving KW - take-over requests KW - conditional automation KW - non-driving related tasks KW - eye-tracking KW - performance KW - behavior KW - displays KW - productivity KW - visual attention Y1 - 2021 UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/mti5040021 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-10965 SN - 2414-4088 VL - 5 IS - 4 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Riegler, Andreas A1 - Riener, Andreas A1 - Holzmann, Clemens T1 - A systematic review of virtual reality applications for automated driving: 2009–2020 JF - Frontiers in human dynamics N2 - While virtual reality (VR) interfaces have been researched extensively over the last decades, studies on their application in vehicles have only recently advanced. In this paper, we systematically review 12 years of VR research in the context of automated driving (AD), from 2009 to 2020. Due to the multitude of possibilities for studies with regard to VR technology, at present, the pool of findings is heterogeneous and non-transparent. We investigated N = 176 scientific papers of relevant journals and conferences with the goal to analyze the status quo of existing VR studies in AD, and to classify the related literature into application areas. We provide insights into the utilization of VR technology which is applicable at specific level of vehicle automation and for different users (drivers, passengers, pedestrians) and tasks. Results show that most studies focused on designing automotive experiences in VR, safety aspects, and vulnerable road users. Trust, simulator and motion sickness, and external human-machine interfaces (eHMIs) also marked a significant portion of the published papers, however a wide range of different parameters was investigated by researchers. Finally, we discuss a set of open challenges, and give recommendation for future research in automated driving at the VR side of the reality-virtuality continuum. UR - https://doi.org/10.3389/fhumd.2021.689856 KW - virtual reality KW - automated driving KW - systematic review KW - user studies KW - augmented reality KW - user experience KW - usability KW - classifications Y1 - 2021 UR - https://doi.org/10.3389/fhumd.2021.689856 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-11067 SN - 2673-2726 VL - 3 PB - Frontiers Media CY - Lausanne ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Dey, Debargha A1 - Habibovic, Azra A1 - Löcken, Andreas A1 - Wintersberger, Philipp A1 - Pfleging, Bastian A1 - Riener, Andreas A1 - Martens, Marieke A1 - Terken, Jacques T1 - Taming the eHMI jungle: A classification taxonomy to guide, compare, and assess the design principles of automated vehicles' external human-machine interfaces JF - Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives N2 - There is a growing body of research in the field of interaction between automated vehicles and other road users in their vicinity. To facilitate such interactions, researchers and designers have explored designs, and this line of work has yielded several concepts of external Human-Machine Interfaces (eHMI) for vehicles. Literature and media review reveals that the description of interfaces is often lacking in fidelity or details of their functionalities in specific situations, which makes it challenging to understand the originating concepts. There is also a lack of a universal understanding of the various dimensions of a communication interface, which has impeded a consistent and coherent addressal of the different aspects of the functionalities of such interface concepts. In this paper, we present a unified taxonomy that allowsa systematic comparison of the eHMI across 18 dimensions, covering their physical characteristics and communication aspects from the perspective of human factors and human-machine interaction. We analyzed and coded 70eHMI concepts according to this taxonomy to portray the state of the art and highlight the relative maturity of different contributions. The results point to a number of unexplored research areas that could inspire future work. Additionally, we believe that our proposed taxonomy can serve as a checklist for user interface designers and researchers when developing their interfaces. UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trip.2020.100174 KW - Automated vehicle KW - Vulnerable road user KW - Pedestrian KW - External human-machine interface KW - Taxonomy KW - Human factors KW - Human-computer interaction Y1 - 2020 UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trip.2020.100174 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-9241 SN - 2590-1982 VL - 2020 IS - 7 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Riegler, Andreas A1 - Wintersberger, Philipp A1 - Riener, Andreas A1 - Holzmann, Clemens T1 - Augmented Reality Windshield Displays and Their Potential to Enhance User Experience in Automated Driving JF - i-com: Journal of Interactive Media UR - https://doi.org/10.1515/icom-2018-0033 KW - windshield displays KW - head-up displays KW - user preferences KW - automated driving KW - heatmaps Y1 - 2019 UR - https://doi.org/10.1515/icom-2018-0033 SN - 2196-6826 VL - 18 IS - 2 SP - 127 EP - 149 PB - De Gruyter CY - Berlin ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Rosbach, Emely A1 - Ammeling, Jonas A1 - Krügel, Sebastian A1 - Kießig, Angelika A1 - Fritz, Alexis A1 - Ganz, Jonathan A1 - Puget, Chloé A1 - Donovan, Taryn A1 - Klang, Andrea A1 - Köller, Maximilian C. A1 - Bolfa, Pompei A1 - Tecilla, Marco A1 - Denk, Daniela A1 - Kiupel, Matti A1 - Paraschou, Georgios A1 - Kok, Mun Keong A1 - Haake, Alexander F. H. A1 - de Krijger, Ronald R. A1 - Sonnen, Andreas F.-P. A1 - Kasantikul, Tanit A1 - Dorrestein, Gerry M. A1 - Smedley, Rebecca C. A1 - Stathonikos, Nikolas A1 - Uhl, Matthias A1 - Bertram, Christof A1 - Riener, Andreas A1 - Aubreville, Marc ED - Yamashita, Naomi ED - Evers, Vanessa ED - Yatani, Koji ED - Ding, Xianghua ED - Lee, Bongshin ED - Chetty, Marshini ED - Toups-Dugas, Phoebe T1 - "When Two Wrongs Don't Make a Right" - Examining Confirmation Bias and the Role of Time Pressure During Human-AI Collaboration in Computational Pathology T2 - CHI'25: Proceedings of the 2025 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems N2 - Artificial intelligence (AI)-based decision support systems hold promise for enhancing diagnostic accuracy and efficiency in computational pathology. However, human-AI collaboration can introduce and amplify cognitive biases, like confirmation bias caused by false confirmation when erroneous human opinions are reinforced by inaccurate AI output. This bias may increase under time pressure, a ubiquitous factor in routine pathology, as it strains practitioners’ cognitive resources. We quantified confirmation bias triggered by AI-induced false confirmation and examined the role of time constraints in a web-based experiment, where trained pathology experts (n=28) estimated tumor cell percentages. Our results suggest that AI integration fuels confirmation bias, evidenced by a statistically significant positive linear-mixed-effects model coefficient linking AI recommendations mirroring flawed human judgment and alignment with system advice. Conversely, time pressure appeared to weaken this relationship. These findings highlight potential risks of AI in healthcare and aim to support the safe integration of clinical decision support systems. UR - https://doi.org/10.1145/3706598.3713319 Y1 - 2025 UR - https://doi.org/10.1145/3706598.3713319 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-58797 SN - 979-8-4007-1394-1 PB - ACM CY - New York ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Manger, Carina A1 - Pusch, Florian A1 - Thöne, Manuel A1 - Wenger, Marco A1 - Löcken, Andreas A1 - Riener, Andreas ED - Michahelles, Florian ED - Knierim, Pascal ED - Häkkilä, Jonna T1 - Explainability in Automated Parking: The Effect of Augmented Reality Visualizations on User Experience and Situation Awareness T2 - Proceedings of MUM 2023: the 22nd International Conference on Mobile and Ubiquitous Multimedia UR - https://doi.org/10.1145/3626705.3627796 Y1 - 2023 UR - https://doi.org/10.1145/3626705.3627796 SN - 979-8-4007-0921-0 SP - 146 EP - 152 PB - ACM CY - New York ER - TY - INPR A1 - Rosbach, Emely A1 - Ammeling, Jonas A1 - Krügel, Sebastian A1 - Kießig, Angelika A1 - Fritz, Alexis A1 - Ganz, Jonathan A1 - Puget, Chloé A1 - Donovan, Taryn A1 - Klang, Andrea A1 - Köller, Maximilian C. A1 - Bolfa, Pompei A1 - Tecilla, Marco A1 - Denk, Daniela A1 - Kiupel, Matti A1 - Paraschou, Georgios A1 - Kok, Mun Keong A1 - Haake, Alexander F. H. A1 - de Krijger, Ronald R. A1 - Sonnen, Andreas F.-P. A1 - Kasantikul, Tanit A1 - Dorrestein, Gerry M. A1 - Smedley, Rebecca C. A1 - Stathonikos, Nikolas A1 - Uhl, Matthias A1 - Bertram, Christof A1 - Riener, Andreas A1 - Aubreville, Marc T1 - "When TwoWrongs Don’t Make a Right" - Examining Confirmation Bias and the Role of Time Pressure During Human-AI Collaboration in Computational Pathology UR - https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2411.01007 Y1 - 2024 UR - https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2411.01007 PB - arXiv CY - Ithaca ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Riegler, Andreas A1 - Riener, Andreas A1 - Ostermayer, Gerald T1 - From Me to We: Combining Driving Simulation and Traffic Simulation for Holistic Usability and Safety Research T2 - 15th International ACM Conference on Automotive User Interfaces: Adjunct Conference Proceedings UR - https://doi.org/10.1145/3581961.3609840 Y1 - 2023 UR - https://doi.org/10.1145/3581961.3609840 SN - 979-8-4007-0112-2 SP - 294 EP - 296 PB - ACM CY - New York ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Riegler, Andreas A1 - Riener, Andreas A1 - Holzmann, Clemens T1 - Augmented Reality for Future Mobility: Insights from a Literature Review and HCI Workshop JF - i-com: Journal of Interactive Media N2 - There is a growing body of research in the field of interaction between drivers/passengers and automated vehicles using augmented reality (AR) technology. Furthering the advancements and availability of AR, the number of use cases in and around vehicles rises. Our literature review reveals that in the past, AR research focussed on increasing road safety and displaying navigational aids, however, more recent research explores the support of immersive (non-)driving related activities, and finally enhance driving and passenger experiences, as well as assist other road users through external human-machine interfaces (HMIs). AR may also be the enabling technology to increase trust and acceptance in automated vehicles through explainable artificial intelligence (AI), and therefore help on the shift from manual to automated driving. We organized a workshop addressing AR in automotive human-computer interaction (HCI) design, and identified a number of challenges including human factors issues that need to be tackled, as well as opportunities and practical usages of AR in future mobility. We believe that our status-quo literature analysis and future-oriented workshop results can serve as a research agenda for user interface designers and researchers when developing automotive AR interfaces. UR - https://doi.org/10.1515/icom-2021-0029 Y1 - 2021 UR - https://doi.org/10.1515/icom-2021-0029 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-56402 SN - 2196-6826 VL - 20 IS - 3 SP - 295 EP - 318 PB - De Gruyter CY - Berlin ER - TY - JOUR A1 - von Sawitzky, Tamara A1 - Löcken, Andreas A1 - Grauschopf, Thomas A1 - Riener, Andreas T1 - Enhancing cyclist safety in cyclist-vehicle interactions through early hazard notifications: a comparison of bi-modal cues at head level JF - Traffic Safety Research N2 - Cyclists frequently face numerous hazards on the road. Often those hazards are posed by motorised vehicles. Advanced support systems that alert cyclists to potential dangers could enhance their safety. However, research in this area, particularly regarding hazard notifications for cyclists, remains sparse. This work assesses bi-modal early hazard notification concepts (combining visual cues with either auditory or tactile feedback) provided at head level (smart glasses with speakers, tactile headband). They are detailing the nature of the hazard, its direction relative to the cyclist, and the timing of exposure. This work investigates cyclists' preference and perception of the proposed concepts for two hazardous situations originating from interactions with vehicles: ‘dooring’, the hazard of a potential collision with an opening door of a parked vehicle (evaluated through a test track study, N = 32) and ‘being overtaken’ which poses the hazard of being cut off or hit by the overtaking vehicle (assessed in a bicycle simulator study, N = 21). The study involved comparisons of supported and unsupported rides, focusing on their impact on usability, intuitiveness, workload, and perceived safety. Our findings reveal varied preferences for the supporting feedback modality, with 56% favouring visual-auditory and 31% visual-tactile. The participants rated user experience, intuitiveness and perceived safety for the use of both concepts quite high. Further, the workload for assisted rides was rated as equally low as for unassisted rides. UR - https://doi.org/10.55329/bodb6366 Y1 - 2024 UR - https://doi.org/10.55329/bodb6366 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-56562 SN - 2004-3082 VL - 7 PB - Lund University CY - Lund ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Stojmenova, Kristina A1 - Lee, Seulchan A1 - Hong, Sara A1 - Schuß, Martina A1 - Sahin, Hatice A1 - Patel, Ankit R. A1 - Löcken, Andreas A1 - Dey, Debargha A1 - Riener, Andreas A1 - Mirnig, Alexander G. A1 - Jeon, Myounghoon T1 - How to Ensure Diversity and Inclusion at Conferences BT - A Workshop for General Chairs, Program Committee Members, Reviewers and Authors T2 - 15th International ACM Conference on Automotive User Interfaces: Adjunct Conference Proceedings UR - https://doi.org/10.1145/3581961.3609838 Y1 - 2023 UR - https://doi.org/10.1145/3581961.3609838 SN - 979-8-4007-0112-2 SP - 241 EP - 244 PB - ACM CY - New York ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Löcken, Andreas A1 - Frison, Anna-Katharina A1 - Fahn, Vanessa A1 - Kreppold, Dominik A1 - Götz, Maximilian A1 - Riener, Andreas T1 - Increasing User Experience and Trust in Automated Vehicles via an Ambient Light Display T2 - Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction with Mobile Devices and Services UR - https://doi.org/10.1145/3379503.3403567 KW - automated driving KW - AV-passenger interaction KW - light display KW - trust KW - user experience KW - video-based Y1 - 2020 UR - https://doi.org/10.1145/3379503.3403567 SN - 978-1-4503-7516-0 PB - ACM CY - New York ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Riegler, Andreas A1 - Riener, Andreas A1 - Holzmann, Clemens T1 - A research agenda for mixed reality in automated vehicles T2 - 19th International Conference on Mobile and Ubiquitous Multimedia: Proceedings UR - https://doi.org/10.1145/3428361.3428390 KW - research agenda KW - mixed reality KW - automotive user interfaces KW - automated driving Y1 - 2020 UR - https://doi.org/10.1145/3428361.3428390 SN - 978-1-4503-8870-2 SP - 119 EP - 131 PB - ACM CY - New York ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Riegler, Andreas A1 - Weigl, Klemens A1 - Riener, Andreas A1 - Holzmann, Clemens ED - Cauchard, Jessica ED - Löchtefeld, Markus T1 - StickyWSD: investigating content positioning on a windshield display for automated driving T2 - MUM 2020: 19th International Conference on Mobile and Ubiquitous Multimedia: Proceedings UR - https://doi.org/10.1145/3428361.3428405 KW - virtual reality KW - augmented reality KW - automated driving KW - windshield display KW - user study KW - focus distance Y1 - 2020 UR - https://doi.org/10.1145/3428361.3428405 SN - 978-1-4503-8870-2 SP - 143 EP - 151 PB - ACM CY - New York ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Löcken, Andreas A1 - Wintersberger, Philipp A1 - Frison, Anna-Katharina A1 - Riener, Andreas T1 - Investigating User Requirements for Communication Between Automated Vehicles and Vulnerable Road Users T2 - 2019 IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium (IV) UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/IVS.2019.8814027 KW - interviews KW - roads KW - light emitting diodes KW - pragmatics KW - vehicles KW - communication systems KW - safety Y1 - 2019 UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/IVS.2019.8814027 SN - 978-1-7281-0560-4 SP - 879 EP - 884 PB - IEEE CY - Piscataway ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Schuß, Martina A1 - Manger, Carina A1 - Löcken, Andreas A1 - Riener, Andreas T1 - You’ll Never Ride Alone: Insights into Women’s Security Needs in Shared Automated Vehicles T2 - Main Proceedings: 14th International ACM Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications UR - https://doi.org/10.1145/3543174.3546848 KW - shared automated vehicles KW - participatory design KW - security KW - women KW - senior citizens Y1 - 2022 UR - https://doi.org/10.1145/3543174.3546848 SN - 978-1-4503-9415-4 SP - 13 EP - 23 PB - ACM CY - New York ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Riegler, Andreas A1 - Song, Ye Eun A1 - Riener, Andreas T1 - In-Vehicle Transitional Interfaces: User Journey in Virtual Reality T2 - Adjunct Proceedings: 14th International ACM Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications UR - https://doi.org/10.1145/3544999.3552317 KW - mixed reality KW - intelligent vehicles KW - automated driving KW - transitional interfaces Y1 - 2022 UR - https://doi.org/10.1145/3544999.3552317 SN - 978-1-4503-9428-4 SP - 30 EP - 33 PB - ACM CY - New York ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Riegler, Andreas A1 - Riener, Andreas A1 - Wintersberger, Philipp A1 - von Sawitzky, Tamara A1 - Song, Ye Eun T1 - Workshop on Automotive Mixed Reality Applications: Transitional Interfaces, Multi-User VR, and Helmet-Mounted AR for Cyclists T2 - Adjunct Proceedings: 14th International ACM Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications UR - https://doi.org/10.1145/3544999.3550158 KW - mixed reality KW - intelligent vehicles KW - automated driving KW - research agenda Y1 - 2022 UR - https://doi.org/10.1145/3544999.3550158 SN - 978-1-4503-9428-4 SP - 172 EP - 175 PB - ACM CY - New York ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Löcken, Andreas A1 - Matviienko, Andrii A1 - Colley, Mark A1 - Dey, Debargha A1 - Habibovic, Azra A1 - Lee, Yee Mun A1 - Riener, Andreas T1 - Accessible Automated Automotive Workshop Series (A3WS): International Perspective on Inclusive External Human-Machine Interfaces T2 - Adjunct Proceedings: 14th International ACM Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications UR - https://doi.org/10.1145/3544999.3551347 KW - workshop KW - vulnerable road users KW - automated vehicles KW - inclusiveness KW - human-machine interaction KW - external human-machine interfaces Y1 - 2022 UR - https://doi.org/10.1145/3544999.3551347 SN - 978-1-4503-9428-4 SP - 192 EP - 195 PB - ACM CY - New York ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Wintersberger, Philipp A1 - Löcken, Andreas A1 - Frison, Anna-Katharina A1 - Riener, Andreas ED - Riener, Andreas ED - Appel, Alexandra ED - Dorner, Wolfgang ED - Huber, Thomas ED - Kolb, Jan Christopher ED - Wagner, Harry T1 - Evaluierung von Benutzeranforderungen für die Kommunikation zwischen automatisierten Fahrzeugen und ungeschützten Verkehrsteilnehmern T2 - Autonome Shuttlebusse im ÖPNV: Analysen und Bewertungen zum Fallbeispiel Bad Birnbach aus technischer, gesellschaftlicher und planerischer Sicht N2 - Es wurden bereits einige Lösungen vorgestellt, um die Kommunikation zwischen automatisierten Fahrzeugen und ungeschützten Verkehrsteilnehmern (sog. „Vulnerable Road Users“, VRUs) zu unterstützen. Noch ist jedoch unklar, ob diese Systeme den Anforderungen zukünftiger Benutzer auch gerecht werden. Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, Benutzeranforderungen von VRUs nach direktem Kontakt mit einem automatisierten Fahrzeug zu erfassen. Hierfür wurde eine Feldstudie mit 32 Teilnehmern durchgeführt. Die Resultate, welche sowohl auf subjektiven (Fragebögen, Interviews) als auch objektiven (Videoanalyse) Daten basieren, legen nahe, dass ungeschützte Verkehrsteilnehmer einfache und bekannte Konzepte (beispielsweise Ampelsysteme oder Hupen) zur Kommunikation bevorzugen. Des Weiteren wurden diverse Problemszenarien identifiziert, welche für eine Bereitstellung von automatisierten Fahrzeugen in „Shared Spaces“ von besonderer Bedeutung sind. UR - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-59406-3_7 Y1 - 2020 UR - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-59406-3_7 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-17601 SN - 978-3-662-59405-6 SN - 978-3-662-59406-3 SP - 115 EP - 132 PB - Springer Vieweg CY - Berlin ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Löcken, Andreas A1 - Golling, Carmen A1 - Riener, Andreas T1 - How should automated vehicles interact with pedestrians?: A comparative analysis of interaction concepts in virtual reality T2 - Proceedings: 11th International ACM Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications UR - https://doi.org/10.1145/3342197.3344544 KW - vehicle-pedestrian communication KW - automated vehicles (AV) KW - vulnerable road user (VRU) KW - virtual reality (VR) KW - external human-machine interface (eHMI) KW - user experience KW - trust KW - acceptance Y1 - 2019 UR - https://doi.org/10.1145/3342197.3344544 SN - 978-1-4503-6884-1 SP - 262 EP - 274 PB - ACM CY - New York ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Riegler, Andreas A1 - Aksoy, Bilal A1 - Riener, Andreas A1 - Holzmann, Clemens T1 - Gaze-based Interaction with Windshield Displays for Automated Driving: Impact of Dwell Time and Feedback Design on Task Performance and SubjectiveWorkload T2 - Proceedings: 12th International ACM Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications UR - https://doi.org/10.1145/3409120.3410654 KW - gaze-based interaction KW - feedback design KW - dwell time KW - windshield display KW - automated driving KW - user study KW - virtual reality Y1 - 2020 UR - https://doi.org/10.1145/3409120.3410654 SN - 978-1-4503-8065-2 SP - 151 EP - 160 PB - ACM CY - New York ER - TY - CHAP A1 - von Sawitzky, Tamara A1 - Wintersberger, Philipp A1 - Löcken, Andreas A1 - Frison, Anna-Katharina A1 - Riener, Andreas T1 - Augmentation Concepts with HUDs for Cyclists to Improve Road Safety in Shared Spaces T2 - CHI'20: Extended Abstracts of the 2020 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3334480.3383022 KW - augmented reality KW - automated driving KW - car-to-x KW - cyclist safety KW - virtual reality simulation KW - traffic safety Y1 - 2020 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3334480.3383022 SN - 978-1-4503-6819-3 PB - ACM CY - New York ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Riegler, Andreas A1 - Riener, Andreas A1 - Holzmann, Clemens T1 - Adaptive dark mode: Investigating text and transparency of windshield display content for automated driving T2 - Mensch und Computer 2019 - Workshopband UR - https://doi.org/10.18420/muc2019-ws-612 KW - dark mode KW - visual aesthetics KW - automated driving KW - windshield display KW - chat application Y1 - 2019 UR - https://doi.org/10.18420/muc2019-ws-612 SP - 421 EP - 428 PB - Gesellschaft für Informatik e.V. CY - Bonn ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Riegler, Andreas A1 - Riener, Andreas A1 - Holzmann, Clemens T1 - Towards Dynamic Positioning of Text Content on a Windshield Display for Automated Driving T2 - Proceedings VRST 2019: 25th ACM Symposium on Virtual Reality Software and Technology UR - https://doi.org/10.1145/3359996.3364757 KW - human-centered computing KW - human computer interaction (HCI) KW - interaction paradigms KW - virtual reality Y1 - 2019 UR - https://doi.org/10.1145/3359996.3364757 SN - 978-1-4503-7001-1 PB - ACM CY - New York ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Riegler, Andreas A1 - Anthes, Christoph A1 - Holzmann, Clemens A1 - Riener, Andreas A1 - Mohseni, Shiva T1 - AutoSimAR: In-Vehicle Cross-Virtuality Transitions between Planar Displays and 3D Augmented Reality Spaces T2 - ISS’21 Workshop Proceedings: "Transitional Interfaces in Mixed and Cross-Reality: A new frontier?" UR - https://dx.doi.org/10.18148/kops/352-2-1udvl21t4wfns7 KW - cross virtuality interaction KW - mixed reality KW - automated driving KW - human factors Y1 - 2021 UR - https://dx.doi.org/10.18148/kops/352-2-1udvl21t4wfns7 UR - https://idux-jetter.org/ti-iss2021/ PB - ACM CY - New York ER - TY - CHAP A1 - von Sawitzky, Tamara A1 - Wintersberger, Philipp A1 - Matviienko, Andrii A1 - Löcken, Andreas A1 - Riener, Andreas A1 - Michahelles, Florian ED - Wienrich, Carolin ED - Wintersberger, Philipp ED - Weyers, Benjamin T1 - Workshop on Intelligent Cyclist Support Systems and Applications T2 - Mensch und Computer 2021 - Workshopband UR - https://doi.org/10.18420/muc2021-mci-ws12-122 KW - Intelligent Transport Systems KW - Cyclist Safety, Mobility KW - Vulnerable Road Users KW - Workshop Y1 - 2021 UR - https://doi.org/10.18420/muc2021-mci-ws12-122 PB - Gesellschaft für Informatik e.V. CY - Bonn ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Riegler, Andreas A1 - Riener, Andreas A1 - Holzmann, Clemens ED - Wienrich, Carolin ED - Wintersberger, Philipp ED - Weyers, Benjamin T1 - Workshop on Mixed Reality Applications for In-Vehicle Experiences in Automated Driving T2 - Mensch und Computer 2021 - Workshopband UR - https://doi.org/10.18420/muc2021-mci-ws03-108 KW - workshop KW - mixed reality KW - automated driving KW - user experience Y1 - 2021 UR - https://doi.org/10.18420/muc2021-mci-ws03-108 PB - Gesellschaft für Informatik e.V. CY - Bonn ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Riegler, Andreas A1 - Kun, Andrew A1 - Brewster, Stephen A1 - Riener, Andreas A1 - Gabbard, Joseph A1 - Wienrich, Carolin T1 - MRV 2019: 3rd workshop on mixed reality for intelligent vehicles T2 - Adjunct Proceedings: 11th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications UR - https://doi.org/10.1145/3349263.3350758 KW - human computer interaction (HCI) KW - interaction design KW - human-centered computing KW - interface design prototyping Y1 - 2019 UR - https://doi.org/10.1145/3349263.3350758 SN - 978-1-4503-6920-6 SP - 38 EP - 44 PB - ACM CY - New York ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wintersberger, Philipp A1 - Janotta, Frederica A1 - Peintner, Jakob A1 - Löcken, Andreas A1 - Riener, Andreas T1 - Evaluating feedback requirements for trust calibration in automated vehicles JF - it – Information Technology UR - https://doi.org/10.1515/itit-2020-0024 KW - automated driving KW - trust in automation KW - user acceptance KW - user studies KW - mixed/augmented reality KW - adaptive UIs KW - personalized UIs Y1 - 2021 UR - https://doi.org/10.1515/itit-2020-0024 SN - 1611-2776 VL - 63 IS - 2 SP - 111 EP - 122 PB - De Gruyter CY - Berlin ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Riegler, Andreas A1 - Riener, Andreas A1 - Holzmann, Clemens T1 - Virtual reality driving simulator for user studies on automated driving T2 - Adjunct Proceedings: 11th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications UR - https://doi.org/10.1145/3349263.3349595 KW - human computer interaction (HCI) KW - interaction design KW - virtual reality KW - human-centered computing Y1 - 2019 UR - https://doi.org/10.1145/3349263.3349595 SN - 978-1-4503-6920-6 SP - 502 EP - 507 PB - ACM CY - New York ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Riegler, Andreas A1 - Riener, Andreas A1 - Holzmann, Clemens ED - Alt, Florian ED - Bulling, Andreas ED - Döring, Tanja T1 - AutoWSD: Virtual Reality Automated Driving Simulator for Rapid HCI Prototyping T2 - Mensch und Computer 2019: Tagungsband UR - https://doi.org/10.1145/3340764.3345366 KW - human computer interaction (HCI) KW - interaction design KW - interface design prototyping KW - virtual reality KW - interaction techniques Y1 - 2019 UR - https://doi.org/10.1145/3340764.3345366 SN - 978-1-4503-7198-8 SP - 853 EP - 857 PB - ACM CY - New York ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Riegler, Andreas A1 - Wintersberger, Philipp A1 - Riener, Andreas A1 - Holzmann, Clemens ED - Schmidt, Albrecht ED - Williamson, Julie R. ED - Elhart, Ivan ED - Baldauf, Matthias ED - Mikusz, Mateusz ED - Sorce, Salvatore ED - Kurdyukova, Katja ED - El.Agroudy, Passant ED - Gentile, Vito T1 - Investigating User Preferences for Windshield Displays in Automated Vehicles T2 - Proceedings: Pervasive Displays 2018 - The 7th ACM International Symposium on Pervasive Displays UR - https://doi.org/10.1145/3205873.3205885 KW - automated driving KW - windshield displays KW - in-vehicle information systems KW - user studies KW - user experience Y1 - 2018 UR - https://doi.org/10.1145/3205873.3205885 SN - 978-1-4503-5765-4 PB - ACM CY - New York ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Löcken, Andreas A1 - Brunner, Pascal A1 - Kates, Ronald A1 - Riener, Andreas T1 - Impact of Hand Signals on Safety: Two Controlled Studies With Novice E-Scooter Riders T2 - Proceedings: 12th International ACM Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications UR - https://doi.org/10.1145/3409120.3410641 KW - hand signs KW - e-scooter KW - novice riders KW - turning KW - safety KW - driving experiment Y1 - 2020 UR - https://doi.org/10.1145/3409120.3410641 SN - 978-1-4503-8065-2 SP - 132 EP - 140 PB - ACM CY - New York ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Pettersson, Ingrid A1 - Lachner, Florian A1 - Frison, Anna-Katharina A1 - Riener, Andreas A1 - Butz, Andreas T1 - A Bermuda Triangle?: A Review of Method Application and Triangulation in User Experience Evaluation T2 - CHI '18: Proceedings of the 2018 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems UR - https://doi.org/10.1145/3173574.3174035 KW - User Experience KW - UX KW - evaluation KW - triangulation KW - mixed methods KW - review KW - meta-analysis Y1 - 2018 UR - https://doi.org/10.1145/3173574.3174035 SN - 978-1-4503-5620-6 PB - ACM CY - New York ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Löcken, Andreas A1 - Colley, Mark A1 - Matviienko, Andrii A1 - Holländer, Kai A1 - Dey, Debargha A1 - Habibovic, Azra A1 - Kun, Andrew A1 - Boll, Susanne A1 - Riener, Andreas T1 - WeCARe: Workshop on Inclusive Communication between Automated Vehicles and Vulnerable Road Users T2 - MobileHCI 2020 Extended Abstracts: The 22nd International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction with Mobile Devices and Services UR - https://doi.org/10.1145/3406324.3424587 KW - workshop KW - vulnerable road users KW - automated vehicles KW - inclusivness KW - human-machine interaction KW - external human-machine interfaces Y1 - 2021 UR - https://doi.org/10.1145/3406324.3424587 SN - 978-1-4503-8052-2 PB - ACM CY - New York ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Riener, Andreas A1 - Brewster, Stephen A1 - Kun, Andrew A1 - Riegler, Andreas A1 - Gabbard, Joseph T1 - ARV 2018: 2nd Workshop on Augmented Reality for Intelligent Vehicles T2 - Adjunct Proceedings: 10th International ACM Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications UR - https://doi.org/10.1145/3239092.3239096 KW - Augmented Reality KW - Automated Driving KW - WSDs/HUDs. Y1 - 2018 UR - https://doi.org/10.1145/3239092.3239096 SN - 978-1-4503-5947-4 SP - 30 EP - 36 PB - ACM CY - New York ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Riegler, Andreas A1 - Riener, Andreas A1 - Holzmann, Clemens T1 - Towards Personalized 3D Augmented Reality Windshield Displays in the Context of Automated Driving JF - Frontiers in Future Transportation N2 - As vehicle automation advances, drivers of automated vehicles become more disengaged from the primary driving task. Windshield displays provide a large screen space supporting drivers in non-driving related activities. This article presents user preferences as well as task and safety issues for 3D augmented reality windshield displays in automated driving. Participants of a user study (n = 24) customized two modes of content presentation (multiple content-specific windows vs. one main window), and could freely adjust visual parameters for these content windows using a simulated “ideal” windshield display in a virtual reality driving simulator. We found that user preferences differ with respect to contextual aspects. Additionally, using one main content window resulted in better task performance and lower take-over times, but the subjective user experience was higher for the multi-window user interface. These findings help automotive interface designers to improve experiences in automated vehicles. UR - https://doi.org/10.3389/ffutr.2022.810698 KW - augmented reality KW - windshield display KW - automated driving KW - user study KW - user preferences Y1 - 2022 UR - https://doi.org/10.3389/ffutr.2022.810698 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-28093 SN - 2673-5210 VL - 3 PB - Frontiers Media CY - Lausanne ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Ferscha, Alois A1 - Hechinger, Manfred A1 - Riener, Andreas A1 - Schmitzberger, Heinrich A1 - Franz, Marquart A1 - dos Santos Rocha, M. A1 - Zeidler, Andreas ED - Dini, Petre ED - Ayed, Dhouha ED - Dini, Cosmin ED - Berbers, Yolande T1 - Context-Aware Profiles T2 - International Conference on Autonomic and Autonomous Systems UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/ICAS.2006.18 KW - Context-Aware Profiles KW - Semistructured Data KW - Peer-to-Peer KW - Profile Matching KW - Proximity KW - Self Description Y1 - 2006 UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/ICAS.2006.18 SN - 0-7695-2653-5 PB - IEEE CY - Piscataway ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Riegler, Andreas A1 - Riener, Andreas A1 - Holzmann, Clemens T1 - Content presentation on 3D augmented reality windshield displays in the context of automated driving T2 - 2022 IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces (VR) UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/VR51125.2022.00074 KW - human-centered computing KW - visualization KW - visualization techniques KW - visualization design and evaluation methods KW - user interfaces KW - graphical user interfaces (GUI) KW - information interfaces and presentation KW - miscellaneous Y1 - 2022 UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/VR51125.2022.00074 SN - 978-1-6654-9617-9 SP - 543 EP - 552 PB - IEEE CY - Piscataway, NJ ER - TY - CHAP A1 - von Sawitzky, Tamara A1 - Himmels, Chantal A1 - Löcken, Andreas A1 - Grauschopf, Thomas A1 - Riener, Andreas T1 - Investigating Hazard Notifications for Cyclists in Mixed Reality: A Comparative Analysis with a Test Track Study T2 - 15th International ACM Conference on Automotive User Interfaces: Main Conference Proceedings UR - https://doi.org/10.1145/3580585.3606282 KW - Cyclist Safety KW - Dooring KW - Hazard Notifications KW - Mixed Reality Study KW - Test Track Study KW - Validation Y1 - 2023 UR - https://doi.org/10.1145/3580585.3606282 SN - 979-8-4007-0105-4 SP - 202 EP - 212 PB - ACM CY - New York ER - TY - CHAP A1 - von Sawitzky, Tamara A1 - Song, Ye Eun A1 - Riegler, Andreas A1 - Riener, Andreas T1 - Detaching from the Windshield: Augmented Reality Interfaces for Infotainment in Fully Automated Vehicles T2 - 15th International ACM Conference on Automotive User Interfaces: Adjunct Conference Proceedings UR - https://doi.org/10.1145/3581961.3609873 KW - augmented reality interface KW - content placement and manipulation KW - fully automated driving KW - infotainment Y1 - 2023 UR - https://doi.org/10.1145/3581961.3609873 SN - 979-8-4007-0112-2 SP - 53 EP - 59 PB - ACM CY - New York ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Löcken, Andreas A1 - Peine, Louisa A1 - Hogreve, Jens A1 - Riener, Andreas T1 - The Science Gallery: Exploring Future Mobility Concepts at the Heart of Ingolstadt T2 - 15th International ACM Conference on Automotive User Interfaces: Adjunct Conference Proceedings UR - https://doi.org/10.1145/3581961.3610375 KW - Science Communication KW - Future mobility KW - Public engagement Y1 - 2023 UR - https://doi.org/10.1145/3581961.3610375 SN - 979-8-4007-0112-2 SP - 314 EP - 316 PB - ACM CY - New York ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Löcken, Andreas A1 - von Sawitzky, Tamara A1 - Bauer, Janine A1 - Riener, Andreas T1 - Exploring the Potential of eHMIs as Traffic Light Alternatives T2 - 15th International ACM Conference on Automotive User Interfaces: Adjunct Conference Proceedings UR - https://doi.org/10.1145/3581961.3609885 KW - Automated Driving KW - External Human-Machine Interface KW - Vulnerable Road Users KW - Scalability Y1 - 2023 UR - https://doi.org/10.1145/3581961.3609885 SN - 979-8-4007-0112-2 SP - 99 EP - 104 PB - ACM CY - New York ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Riegler, Andreas A1 - Song, Ye Eun A1 - von Sawitzky, Tamara A1 - Riener, Andreas ED - Bruder, Gerd ED - Olivier, Anne-Hélène ED - Cunningham, Andrew ED - Peng, Evan Yifan ED - Grubert, Jens ED - Williams, Ian T1 - Driving Cross-Reality Experiences for Future Mobility T2 - Proceedings: 2023 IEEE International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality Adjunct UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/ISMAR-Adjunct60411.2023.00009 Y1 - 2023 UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/ISMAR-Adjunct60411.2023.00009 SP - 5 EP - 8 PB - IEEE CY - Los Alamitos ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Himmels, Chantal A1 - Parduzi, Arben A1 - Löcken, Andreas A1 - Protschky, Valentin A1 - Venrooij, Joost A1 - Riener, Andreas T1 - Validating risk behavior in driving simulation using naturalistic driving data JF - Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2024.09.026 Y1 - 2024 UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2024.09.026 SN - 1369-8478 SN - 1873-5517 VL - 2024 IS - 107 SP - 710 EP - 725 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Riegler, Andreas A1 - Riener, Andreas A1 - Holzmann, Clemens T1 - A Systematic Review of Augmented Reality Applications for Automated Driving: 2009–2020 JF - Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments UR - https://doi.org/10.1162/pres_a_00343 Y1 - 2019 UR - https://doi.org/10.1162/pres_a_00343 SN - 1054-7460 SN - 1531-3263 VL - 28 SP - 87 EP - 126 PB - MIT Press CY - Cambridge ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Haimerl, Mathias A1 - Colley, Mark A1 - Löcken, Andreas A1 - Riener, Andreas ED - Marky, Karola ED - Grünefeld, Uwe ED - Kosch, Thomas T1 - Accessible Automated AutomotiveWorkshop Series (A3WS): Focus External Human-Machine Interfaces (eHMIs) T2 - Mensch und Computer 2022 - Workshopband UR - https://doi.org/10.18420/muc2022-mci-ws09-116 KW - accessibility KW - learning disorder KW - eHMI KW - automated vehicles KW - vulnerable road users Y1 - 2022 UR - https://doi.org/10.18420/muc2022-mci-ws09-116 PB - Gesellschaft für Informatik e.V. CY - Bonn ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schuß, Martina A1 - Wintersberger, Philipp A1 - Riener, Andreas T1 - Security Issues in Shared Automated Mobility Systems: A Feminist HCI Perspective JF - Multimodal Technologies and Interaction N2 - The spread of automated vehicles (AVs) is expected to disrupt our mobility behavior. Currently, a male bias is prevalent in the technology industry in general, and in the automotive industry in particular, mainly focusing on white men. This leads to an under-representation of groups of people with other social, physiological, and psychological characteristics. The advent of automated driving (AD) should be taken as an opportunity to mitigate this bias and consider a diverse variety of people within the development process. We conducted a qualitative, exploratory study to investigate how shared automated vehicles (SAVs) should be designed from a pluralistic perspective considering a holistic viewpoint on the whole passenger journey by including booking, pick-up, and drop-off points. Both, men and women, emphasized the importance of SAVs being flexible and clean, whereas security issues were mentioned exclusively by our female participants. While proposing different potential solutions to mitigate security matters, we discuss them through the lens of the feminist HCI framework. UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/mti5080043 KW - shared automated vehicles KW - feminist HCI KW - gender-bias KW - automated systems Y1 - 2021 UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/mti5080043 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-9191 SN - 2414-4088 VL - 5 IS - 8 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Riener, Andreas A1 - Schlackl, Dominik A1 - Malsam, Julia A1 - Huber, Josef A1 - Homm, Benjamin A1 - Kaczmar, Marion A1 - Kleitsch, Iris A1 - Megos, Alina A1 - Park, Eunji A1 - Sanverdi, Gülsüm A1 - Schmidt, Sabrina A1 - Bracaci, Daniel A1 - Anees, Esha T1 - Improving the UX for Users of Automated Shuttle Buses in Public Transport: Investigating Aspects of Exterior Communication and Interior Design JF - Multimodal Technologies and Interaction N2 - As a precursor to future public transportation, automated shuttle buses can already be experienced in some test regions, but the general public still has reservations and may not yet be ready for this change. For example, the fact that such vehicles might operate independently (without a human driver) creates a barrier of uncertainty and mistrust among people. In this work, we aim to identify and classify the prevailing reservations and propose solutions. We followed the User Centered Design (UCD) process to design concepts that are specifically tailored to the needs of future public transport users. After related work analysis, on-site research, and pre-studies, two main studies were conducted specifically to address communication in the exterior (n = 24) and interior/service design (n = 21). For both studies, we applied a mixed-methods approach combining quantitative and qualitative measures. Our results indicate that, in general, existing ways of communication in the exterior are insufficient to meet future needs. The two visualization concepts for external communication developed in this work were rated (significantly) better in most dimensions of the User Experience Questionnaire (UEQ), when compared to the baseline condition with no additional visualization. Furthermore, preferences among the study participants towards simple, highly visible, and well-known lighting concepts could be observed. As for the interior, the results show that participants rated attractiveness highly for the two design concepts (closer, further in the future) as compared to current, state-of-the-art solutions (automated buses currently in operation). For the “near future” concept, the pragmatic quality dominated, while in the other (the “far future”) concept the hedonic quality was in the foreground. From the results, design recommendations in different categories were derived, which reflect the general openness of the public towards new technologies and interior approaches, but also point out the importance for privacy and designated personal spaces inside an (automated) shuttle bus. Some of the results do not strictly apply to automated shuttle buses, and can serve as valuable suggestions for improving conventional shuttle buses. UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/mti5100061 KW - automated shuttle buses KW - public transport KW - user experience KW - user centered design KW - exterior communication KW - interior design KW - future mobility services Y1 - 2021 UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/mti5100061 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-9220 SN - 2414-4088 VL - 5 IS - 10 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Frison, Anna-Katharina A1 - Forster, Yannick A1 - Wintersberger, Philipp A1 - Geisel, Viktoria A1 - Riener, Andreas T1 - Where We Come from and Where We Are Going: A Systematic Review of Human Factors Research in Driving Automation JF - Applied Sciences N2 - During the last decade, research has brought forth a large amount of studies that investigated driving automation from a human factor perspective. Due to the multitude of possibilities for the study design with regard to the investigated constructs, data collection methods, and evaluated parameters, at present, the pool of findings is heterogeneous and nontransparent. This literature review applied a structured approach, where five reviewers investigated n = 161 scientific papers of relevant journals and conferences focusing on driving automation between 2010 and 2018. The aim was to present an overview of the status quo of existing methodological approaches and investigated constructs to help scientists in conducting research with established methods and advanced study setups. Results show that most studies focused on safety aspects, followed by trust and acceptance, which were mainly collected through self-report measures. Driving/Take-Over performance also marked a significant portion of the published papers; however, a wide range of different parameters were investigated by researchers. Based on our insights, we propose a set of recommendations for future studies. Amongst others, this includes validation of existing results on real roads, studying long-term effects on trust and acceptance (and of course other constructs), or triangulation of self-reported and behavioral data. We furthermore emphasize the need to establish a standardized set of parameters for recurring use cases to increase comparability. To assure a holistic contemplation of automated driving, we moreover encourage researchers to investigate other constructs that go beyond safety. UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/app10248914 KW - automated driving KW - literature review KW - human–automation interaction KW - method development Y1 - 2020 UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/app10248914 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-9369 SN - 2076-3417 VL - 10 IS - 24 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER -