TY - JOUR A1 - Azzam, Mohamed A1 - Sauer, Dirk Uwe A1 - Endisch, Christian A1 - Lewerenz, Meinert T1 - Comprehensive Analysis of Float Current Behavior and Calendar Aging Mechanisms in Lithium‐Ion Batteries JF - Batteries & Supercaps N2 - Aiming to quantify degradation currents from solid electrolyte interphase formation (ISEIgrowth) and gain of active lithium due to cathode lithiation (ICL), resulting from electrolyte decomposition, the float current behavior of lithium-ion batteries is investigated with different cathode materials. The float current, IFloat , represents the recharge current required to maintain the cell at a fixed potential during calendar aging. This current arises as lithium is irreversibly consumed at the anode or inserted into the cathode, shifting the electrode potentials. To account for the asymmetric response of the electrodes, a voltage-dependent scaling factor, SF, is introduced, derived from the slopes of the electrode-specific voltage curves. Using this factor in combination with measured float currents and capacity loss rates from check-up tests, ISEIgrowth and ICL is quantified at 30 °C across various float voltages. Although the SF and capacity data are limited to 30 °C, the model is extended to a range of 5–50 °C using only float current measurements. The results show that using capacity loss rates alone underestimate ISEIgrowth and that ICL, contributes significantly to the observed float current at elevated voltages, indicating that cathode lithiation plays an increasingly important role in high-voltage calendar aging. UR - https://doi.org/10.1002/batt.202500349 Y1 - 2025 UR - https://doi.org/10.1002/batt.202500349 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-68054 SN - 2566-6223 VL - 9 IS - 1 PB - Wiley CY - Weinheim ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Horn, Alexander A1 - Adam, Philip-Roman A1 - Schmidtner, Stefanie T1 - A Benchmark Dataset for Bus Travel and Dwell Time Prediction T2 - 2025 IEEE 28th International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC) UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/ITSC60802.2025.11423733 Y1 - 2026 UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/ITSC60802.2025.11423733 SN - 979-8-3315-2418-0 SP - 2047 EP - 2054 PB - IEEE CY - Piscataway ER - TY - INPR A1 - Wurst, Jonas A1 - Balasubramanian, Lakshman A1 - Botsch, Michael A1 - Utschick, Wolfgang T1 - Novelty Detection and Analysis of Traffic Scenario Infrastructures in the Latent Space of a Vision Transformer-Based Triplet Autoencoder UR - https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2105.01924 Y1 - 2021 UR - https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2105.01924 PB - arXiv CY - Ithaca ER - TY - INPR A1 - Bauder, Maximilian A1 - Paula, Daniel A1 - Pfeilschifter, Claus A1 - Petermeier, Franziska A1 - Kubjatko, Tibor A1 - Riener, Andreas A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg T1 - Influences of Vehicle Communication on Human Driving Reactions: A Simulator Study on Reaction Times and Behavior for Forensic Accident Analysis T2 - SSRN UR - https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4588275 Y1 - 2023 UR - https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4588275 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Langer, Robin A1 - Tentrup, Thomas A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg T1 - A Vehicle-in-the-Loop Approach for Front Camera Verification Using Adaptive High Beam JF - IEEE Open Journal of Intelligent Transportation Systems N2 - As automated driving functions based on environmental sensors become increasingly deployed, ensuring reliable performance over the vehicle lifetime is essential. Currently, verification is carried out through internal self-diagnostics, which do not always operate correctly, and periodic technical inspection, which assesses only the test criteria installation and condition. Test criteria for function and efficiency of environmental sensors are neither standardized nor routinely assessed, creating the need for new testing approaches. Previous low-cost research approaches defined a method and conducted experiments to verify a vehicle’s front camera by displaying visual stimuli and evaluating the high beam assist response. Whereas the camera’s function could be verified through a basic qualitative check, the approach did not enable a quantitative evaluation of its performance. The aim of this work was therefore to advance this approach and investigate the added value of a Vehicle-in-the-Loop test bench for front camera verification. Three tests were conducted. A supporting method was introduced to reproducibly detect and define the position of the headlight cutoff line, enabling consistent evaluation of the vehicle’s reaction. With static camera stimuli (Test I), the function of the front camera could be verified, and the influence of the vehicle geometry on the reaction was assessed. Dynamic stimuli (Test II) additionally enabled an efficiency evaluation, allowing quantitative comparison between vehicles. However, transferring the stimuli into a reproducible virtual simulation (Test III) remained challenging, as the vehicles under test did not respond consistently. Further research is required to refine and simplify the method toward a standardized periodic technical inspection procedure. UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/OJITS.2026.3672438 Y1 - 2026 UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/OJITS.2026.3672438 SN - 2687-7813 PB - IEEE CY - New York ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rappsilber, Tim A1 - Krüger, Simone A1 - Raspe, Tina A1 - Reclo, Rudolf A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg T1 - Toxic gas emission in electric vehicles: What a battery fire means for occupant safety JF - Fire Safety Journal N2 - This work investigates the ability of occupants to escape from a battery electric vehicle during a thermal runaway of the traction battery initiated by nail penetration. Such events generate intense fires and large amounts of toxic gases, rapidly reducing the time available for safe evacuation. In controlled full-scale outdoor experiments on two identical mid-range battery electric vehicles, the smoke gas composition inside the cabin is examined. Using FTIR spectrometers and an oxygen analyzer, temporal and spatial concentrations of organic carbonates, hydrocarbons, hydrogen fluoride, hydrogen cyanide, acetylene, and oxygen are measured. Sampling locations include the driver's breathing zone, the right rear passenger's breathing zone, and the exterior right rear wheel housing. The study further evaluates occupant's escape capability using the fractional effective dose (FED) model in accordance with ISO 13571. Results show that toxic gases can reach harmful concentrations within minutes after smoke enters the cabin, though smoke entry times vary widely with fire progression. Differences in fire development and smoke dispersion strongly affect FED values and thus the time available for self-rescue. Overall, the findings provide an important basis for assessing occupant safety during battery electric vehicle fires and highlight the need for improved mitigation strategies. UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.firesaf.2026.104717 Y1 - 2026 UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.firesaf.2026.104717 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-67774 SN - 1873-7226 VL - 2026 IS - 162 PB - Elsevier CY - New York ER - TY - INPR A1 - Schlamp, Anna-Lena A1 - Gerner, Jeremias A1 - Bogenberger, Klaus A1 - Huber, Werner A1 - Schmidtner, Stefanie T1 - ROSA: Roundabout Optimized Speed Advisory with Multi-Agent Trajectory Prediction in Multimodal Traffic UR - https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2602.14780 Y1 - 2026 UR - https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2602.14780 PB - arXiv CY - Ithaca ER - TY - INPR A1 - Wurst, Jonas A1 - Flores Fernandez, Alberto A1 - Botsch, Michael A1 - Utschick, Wolfgang T1 - An Entropy Based Outlier Score and its Application to Novelty Detection for Road Infrastructure Images UR - https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2005.13288 Y1 - 2020 UR - https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2005.13288 PB - arXiv CY - Ithaca ER - TY - INPR A1 - Tolksdorf, Leon A1 - Tejada, Arturo A1 - Bauernfeind, Jonas A1 - Birkner, Christian A1 - van de Wouw, Nathan T1 - Risk Estimation for Automated Driving UR - https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2601.15018 Y1 - 2026 UR - https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2601.15018 PB - arXiv CY - Ithaca ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Pandey, Amit A1 - Mohd, Zubair Akhtar A1 - Veettil, Nandana Kappuva A1 - Wunderle, Bernhard A1 - Elger, Gordon T1 - Quantitative Kernel estimation from traffic signs using slanted edge spatial frequency response as a sharpness metric JF - Scientific Reports N2 - Sharpness is a critical optical property of automotive cameras, measured by the spatial frequency response (SFR) within the end-of-line (EOL) test after manufacturing. This work presents a method to estimate the blurring kernel of an automotive camera, which could be the first step toward state monitoring of automotive cameras. To achieve this, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was performed, using synthetic kernels generated by Zemax. The PCA model was built with approximately 1300 base kernels representing spatially variant point spread functions (PSFs). This model generates kernel samples during the estimation process. Synthetic images were created by convolving the synthetic kernels with reference traffic sign images and compared with real-life data captured by an automotive camera. These synthetic data were utilized for algorithm development, and later on, validation was performed on real-life data. The algorithm extracts two pixels regions of interest (ROIs) containing slanted edges from the blurred image and crops matching ROIs from a reference sharp image. Each candidate kernel was used to blur the reference ROIs, and the resulting SFR was compared with the blurred ROIs’ SFR. Differential evolution optimization minimizes the SFR difference, selecting the kernel that best matches the observed blur. The final kernel was evaluated against the true kernel for accuracy. The structural similarity index measure (SSIM) between the original and estimated blurred ROIs ranges from 0.808 to 0.945. For true vs. estimated kernels, SSIM varies from 0.92 to 0.98. Pearson correlation coefficients range from 0.84 to 0.99, Cosine similarity from 0.86 to 0.99, and mean squared error (MSE) from to . Validation on real-life camera images showed that the SSIM between the estimated and blurred ROI was >0.82, showing promising accuracy in kernel estimation, which could be used towards in-field monitoring of camera sharpness degradation. UR - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-40556-w Y1 - 2026 UR - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-40556-w UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-66915 SN - 2045-2322 VL - 16 IS - 1 PB - Springer Nature CY - London ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Dönmez, Ömer A1 - Tejero de la Piedra, Ricardo A1 - Klose, Simona A1 - Riolet, Matthieu A1 - Rozek, Lukas A1 - Vaculin, Ondrej A1 - Hach, Christian T1 - Approach for Passive Safety Assessment of Rearward-Sitting Occupants T2 - 2025 IEEE International Conference on Vehicular Electronics and Safety (ICVES) UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/ICVES65691.2025.11376179 Y1 - 2026 UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/ICVES65691.2025.11376179 SN - 978-1-6654-7778-9 SP - 445 EP - 452 PB - IEEE CY - Piscataway ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Funk Drechsler, Maikol A1 - Sell, Christoph Dominic A1 - Poledna, Yuri A1 - Huber, Werner T1 - Accelerating the Approval of Automated Driving Vehicles through standardized XiL test environments T2 - 2025 IEEE International Conference on Vehicular Electronics and Safety (ICVES) UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/ICVES65691.2025.11376566 Y1 - 2026 UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/ICVES65691.2025.11376566 SN - 978-1-6654-7778-9 SP - 183 EP - 188 PB - IEEE CY - Piscataway ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Ulreich, Fabian A1 - Funk Drechsler, Maikol A1 - Poledna, Yuri A1 - Chan, Pak Hung A1 - Herraren, Tuomas A1 - Ebert, Martin A1 - Kaup, André A1 - Huber, Werner T1 - Validating Camera Sensor Models for Virtual Testing of Vision Systems in Automated Driving T2 - 2025 IEEE International Conference on Vehicular Electronics and Safety (ICVES) UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/ICVES65691.2025.11376043 Y1 - 2026 UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/ICVES65691.2025.11376043 SN - 978-1-6654-7778-9 SP - 57 EP - 64 PB - IEEE CY - Piscataway ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Da Silva Junior, Amauri A1 - Müller, Steffen A1 - Birkner, Christian A1 - Jazar, Reza A1 - Marzbani, Hormoz T1 - Fault Tolerant Control With Reinforcement Learning for Evasive Maneuvers Using a Scaled Vehicle JF - IEEE Access N2 - Autonomous vehicle controllers are responsible for handling the vehicle at all times in any situation, including emergency conditions. An emergency might arise from, e.g., adverse weather conditions, short-time detection, and system faults. In this paper, we develop a fault-tolerant controller to handle actuator faults for an over-actuated autonomous vehicle based on reinforcement learning. A worst-case scenario is selected for the controller development, involving short-time detection of the preceding objects, high velocity, and dry to wet road conditions. The design of the vehicle controller is performed in three steps. First, a robust controller based on sliding mode control with lateral and longitudinal coupled strategy was built to ensure stability in emergency scenarios. Secondly, a strategy was proposed to identify the most critical vehicle faults that might lead to a crash. Building on these foundations, this study extends the vehicle controller to handle vehicle faults with a reinforcement learning strategy, enabling adaptive and robust fault handling in complex fault scenarios. The vehicle controller is designed and optimized in IPG-Carmaker®, and proof of concept is carried out in a scaled 1:3.33 test vehicle. The results demonstrate the robustness of the proposed controller in an emergency single-lane change with a velocity of up to 130 km/h. Tests in the scaled vehicle demonstrate the vehicle controller’s accuracy against simulation, with the application of reinforcement learning strategy in real-case scenarios. UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2026.3661179 Y1 - 2026 UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2026.3661179 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-66839 SN - 2169-3536 VL - 14 SP - 21353 EP - 21383 PB - IEEE CY - New York ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kreilinger, Laurens A1 - Zott, Stefan A1 - Hemmert, Werner A1 - Karg, Sonja T1 - Dry electrode impedance: a new approach towards improved characterization JF - Biomedical Physics & Engineering Express N2 - Electrode-skin impedance plays a crucial role in electrophysiological signal acquisition, influencing signal quality and measurement reliability. We designed a reproducibility measurement setup, using a membrane with a saline solution and a three-electrode Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy measurement setup (range 1 Hz–20 kHz), to mimic the electrode-skin impedance. The system allowed controlled application of pressure to the working electrode (WE) and measurement of all setup parameters. With this setup, reproducible results were achieved, with a standard deviation of 5.5% of the mean impedance across three builds. Potentiostatic and impedance analyzer measurements with six types of dry electrodes produced comparable results, with an average error of 10%. The six dry electrode types exhibited impedance variations of up to a factor of 10,000 at low frequencies, depending on material and geometry. Ag/AgCl-coated electrodes exhibited an impedance reduction by a factor of 100 at 1 Hz compared to their uncoated counterparts. The proposed setup provides a standardized and reproducible approach for characterizing electrode impedance across different materials, coatings, and geometries. UR - https://doi.org/10.1088/2057-1976/ae3e9c Y1 - 2026 UR - https://doi.org/10.1088/2057-1976/ae3e9c UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-66800 SN - 2057-1976 VL - 12 IS - 2 PB - IOP Publishing CY - Bristol ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Agrawal, Atharva Mangeshkumar A1 - Chaudhary, Arvind Kumar A1 - Gandamalla, Viswa A1 - Sheru, Aravind Reddy A1 - Chakraborty, Ashmita A1 - Dhirwani, Bhavesh Arjan A1 - Agarwal, Priyank T1 - Author-Oriented Semantic Plagiarism Detection Using Transformer Architectures T2 - 2025 IEEE International Conference on Advanced Computing Technologies (ICACT) UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/ICACT67549.2025.11351398 Y1 - 2026 UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/ICACT67549.2025.11351398 SN - 979-8-3315-9002-4 SP - 401 EP - 406 PB - IEEE CY - Piscataway ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Kurada, Sai Bhuvana A1 - Agrawal, Atharva Mangeshkumar A1 - Gandamalla, Viswa A1 - Goel, Krishna A1 - Dhirwani, Bhavesh Arjan A1 - Bansal, Prakhyati A1 - Injarapu, Gopi Chandu T1 - Sarcasm-Aware Neural Translation for Informal Social Media Texts in Low-Resource Languages T2 - 2025 IEEE International Conference on Advanced Computing Technologies (ICACT) UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/ICACT67549.2025.11351510 Y1 - 2026 UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/ICACT67549.2025.11351510 SN - 979-8-3315-9002-4 SP - 407 EP - 411 PB - IEEE CY - Piscataway ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hußenether, Thomas A1 - Rufino Júnior, Carlos Antônio A1 - Selaibe Pires, Tomás A1 - Mishra, Tarani A1 - Nahar, Jinesh A1 - Vaghani, Akash A1 - Polzer, Richard A1 - Diel, Sergej A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg T1 - Analysis of the Measurement Uncertainties in the Characterization Tests of Lithium-Ion Cells JF - Energies N2 - The transition to renewable energy systems and electric mobility depends on the effectiveness, reliability, and durability of lithium-ion battery technology. Accurate modeling and control of battery systems are essential to ensure safety, efficiency, and cost-effectiveness in electric vehicles and grid storage. In engineering and materials science, battery models depend on physical parameters such as capacity, energy, state of charge (SOC), internal resistance, power, and self-discharge rate. These parameters are affected by measurement uncertainty. Despite the widespread use of lithium-ion cells, few studies quantify how measurement uncertainty propagates to derived battery parameters and affects predictive modeling. This study quantifies how uncertainty in voltage, current, and temperature measurements reduces the accuracy of derived parameters used for simulation and control. This work presents a comprehensive uncertainty analysis of 18650 format lithium-ion cells with nickel cobalt aluminum oxide (NCA), nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC), and lithium iron phosphate (LFP) cathodes. It applies the law of error propagation to quantify uncertainty in key battery parameters. The main result shows that small variations in voltage, current, and temperature measurements can produce measurable deviations in internal resistance and SOC. These findings challenge the common assumption that such uncertainties are negligible in practice. The results also highlight a risk for battery management systems that rely on these parameters for control and diagnostics. The results show that propagated uncertainty depends on chemistry because of differences in voltage profiles, kinetic limitations, and temperature sensitivity. This observation informs cell selection and testing for specific applications. Improved quantification and control of measurement uncertainty can improve model calibration and reduce lifetime and cost risks in battery systems. These results support more robust diagnostic strategies and more defensible warranty thresholds. This study shows that battery testing and modeling should report and propagate measurement uncertainty explicitly. This is important for data-driven and physics-informed models used in industry and research. UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/en19030825 Y1 - 2026 UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/en19030825 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-66630 SN - 1996-1073 VL - 19 IS - 3 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - INPR A1 - Kruber, Friedrich A1 - Sánchez Morales, Eduardo A1 - Chakraborty, Samarjit A1 - Botsch, Michael T1 - Vehicle Position Estimation with Aerial Imagery from Unmanned Aerial Vehicles UR - https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2004.08206 Y1 - 2020 UR - https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2004.08206 PB - arXiv CY - Ithaca ER - TY - INPR A1 - Dönmez, Ömer A1 - Tejero de la Piedra, Ricardo A1 - Klose, Simona A1 - Riolet, Matthieu A1 - Rozek, Lukas A1 - Vaculin, Ondrej A1 - Hach, Christian T1 - Approach for Passive Safety Assessment of Rearward-Sitting Occupants N2 - The introduction of highly automated vehicles (HAVs) will allow vehicle occupants to take advantage of new seating configurations, such as sitting rearward in the first row. One critical aspect of assessing occupant safety during high-speed impacts is the lack of a dedicated safety framework for rearward-facing passengers in the first row. This paper introduces a method to develop new assessment criteria for these novel seat configurations. Thus, this research presents some preliminary results of rearward-facing occupant injury biomechanics analyses carried out employing a variety of anthropomorphic test devices (ATDs) and the VIVA+ 50M human body model (HBM), restrained with different belt configurations and considering different seat typologies. It reviews the suitability of 50th percentile male ATDs to capture a biofidelic engagement with the seat structure and belt system and evaluates the reaction loads on the occupant, along with the energy management resulting from seat back rotational stiffness and energy-absorbing foams layered behind the seat cushion. Based on the results, the THOR-AV-50M is a suitable candidate for further biofidelity analysis. Torso occupant loads can be effectively reduced utilizing seat back rotation but pelvis load management requires further studies. UR - https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18338626 Y1 - 2026 UR - https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18338626 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-66254 PB - Zenodo CY - Genf ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Hoyos, Andres A1 - Quevedo, Ximena A1 - Cortes, Camilo A1 - Triana, Santiago A1 - Anwar, Sohel A1 - Tovar, Andres A1 - Gutiérrez, Alvaro A1 - Arcos-Legarda, Jaime ED - Ovalle Martinez, Diana Marcela ED - Obando Bravo, German Dario T1 - Active Disturbance Rejection Control for a Self-Driving Racecar T2 - Proceedings of the 2025 IEEE 7th Colombian Conference on Automatic Control (CCAC) UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/CCAC64704.2025.11259182 Y1 - 2025 UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/CCAC64704.2025.11259182 SN - 979-8-3315-9955-3 PB - IEEE CY - Piscataway ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Maksimovski, Daniel A1 - Festag, Andreas A1 - Facchi, Christian T1 - Adaptive Message Generation Rules for V2X Maneuver Coordination Service JF - IEEE Access N2 - Maneuver coordination enables connected and automated vehicles (CAVs) to collaboratively plan, negotiate, and execute driving maneuvers, aiming to enhance safety, traffic flow, and energy efficiency. As part of the Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) communication system, it operates as a dedicated service that relies on detailed, bidirectional interactions between vehicles, unlike traditional broadcast-based V2X services. While maneuver coordination is the focus of ongoing research and standardization, the rules that govern when and how vehicles generate Maneuver Coordination Messages (MCMs) within the Maneuver Coordination Service (MCS) are still not fully defined. These rules are essential for ensuring timely and reliable coordination. This paper proposes three adaptive MCM generation strategies based on the operation mode of the MCS, maneuver priority, and current channel load. The first approach defines MCM rules for intent sharing, maneuver negotiation, and execution phases, factoring in maneuver importance. The second adjusts the frequency of intent MCMs when a negotiation message is received from another vehicle. The third adapts frequency based on real-time channel load during intent sharing. For comparison, two baseline strategies are also evaluated. The proposed rules are tested for highway merging and lane change use cases in traffic scenarios with increasing vehicle density and high channel loads. A comprehensive evaluation is conducted using metrics related to the network, message generation frequency, congestion control, and maneuver coordination. The results demonstrate significantly enhanced channel efficiency and communication reliability across all metrics. For example, under the final approach, maneuver negotiation time is reduced by a factor of five in congested V2X environments. UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2026.3652364 Y1 - 2026 UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2026.3652364 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-66051 SN - 2169-3536 VL - 14 SP - 6417 EP - 6437 PB - IEEE CY - New York ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Hanzl, Christian A1 - Endisch, Christian T1 - Closed-Form Modeling of MOSFET Switching Losses Including Variable Gate-Drain Capacitance and Zero-Voltage Switching T2 - Proceedings of the 2025 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference and Expo, Asia-Pacific (ITEC Asia-Pacific) UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/ITECAsia-Pacific63742.2025.11345027 Y1 - 2026 UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/ITECAsia-Pacific63742.2025.11345027 SN - 979-8-3315-5984-7 PB - IEEE CY - Piscataway ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Engert, Rainer A1 - Zaumseil, Patrick A1 - Zdetski, Dennis A1 - Brandmeier, Thomas T1 - Fahrzeugsicherheit autonomer Fahrzeuge: Grenzen heutiger Systeme und potenzielle Lösungen JF - at - Automatisierungstechnik UR - https://doi.org/10.1515/auto-2025-0064 Y1 - 2026 UR - https://doi.org/10.1515/auto-2025-0064 SN - 2196-677X VL - 74 IS - 1 SP - 12 EP - 34 PB - De Gruyter CY - Berlin ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Gregor, Markus A1 - Bauder, Maximilian A1 - Kirsten Vidal de Oliveira, Aline A1 - Mast, Pascal A1 - Rüther, Ricardo A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg T1 - Approaches for Lifetime Prediction of Vehicle Traction Battery Systems During a Technical Inspection: A Systematic Review JF - World Electric Vehicle Journal N2 - Creating trust in society for new technologies, such as a new types of powertrains, and making them marketable requires transparent, neutral, and independent technical verification. This is crucial for the acceptance and success of electrified vehicles in the used car markets. A key component of electric vehicles is the traction battery, whose current and future condition, particularly regarding aging, determines its residual value and safe operation. This review aims to identify and evaluate methods for predicting the lifetime of onboard traction batteries, focusing on their applicability in technical inspections. A systematic literature and patent review was conducted using targeted keywords, yielding 22 patents and 633 publications. From these, 150 distinct lifetime prediction methods were extracted and categorized into a four-level mind map. These methods are summarized, cited, and structured in detailed tables. The relationships between approaches are explained to clarify the current research landscape. Long Short-Term Memory, Convolutional Neural Networks, and Particle Filters were identified as the most frequently used techniques. However, no methods were found suitable for predicting the lifetime of traction batteries during technical vehicle inspections, which operate under short test durations, limited data access, and diverse real-world operating conditions. Most studies focused on cell-level testing and did not address complete battery systems in operational vehicles. This gap highlights the need for applied research and the development of practical methods to support battery assessment in real-world conditions. Advancing this field is essential to foster confidence in battery systems and enable a sustainable transition to electromobility. UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj17010003 Y1 - 2025 UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj17010003 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-65631 SN - 2032-6653 VL - 17 IS - 1 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Gerner, Jeremias A1 - Bogenberger, Klaus A1 - Schmidtner, Stefanie T1 - Investigating Floating Car Observers for Traffic State Estimation through Co-Simulation T2 - MFTS: The 5th Symposium on Management of Future Motorway and Urban Traffic System 2024 Y1 - 2024 PB - Technion CY - Haifa ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Haryanto, Aditya A1 - Vaculin, Ondrej T1 - YoFlow Method for Scenario Based Automatic Accident Detection JF - IEEE Open Journal of Intelligent Transportation Systems N2 - Recent advances in sensor and computing technologies have enabled road side units (RSUs) to not only monitor traffic flow but also process data in real time to improve road safety. However, leveraging RSUs for proactive accident detection remains a challenging and underexplored task, partly due to the lack of diverse accident data. To address this, this study proposes two key contributions: (i) a scenario-based synthetic data generation framework, and (ii) YoFlow, a novel system for vehicle-tovehicle accident detection from a simulated RSU camera perspective. The proposed framework leverages the PEGASUS method for scenario generation strategy and BeamNG.tech for generating synthetic traffic videos. This approach led to the development of the SB-SIF dataset, which includes five representative intersection crash scenarios derived from German accident data. The SB-SIF dataset contains 914 crash videos, 123 near-miss events, and 924 normal traffic instances and is publicly available at: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15267252. The proposed YoFlow system identifies accidents by analyzing temporal variations in vehicle speed vectors, using YOLO for vehicle classification and CUDA-accelerated dense optical flow to capture abrupt motion changes. The extracted features are processed and classified using an XGBoost model, achieving 94% recall and 90% precision in accident detection. UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/OJITS.2025.3639557 KW - accident detection KW - traffic accident KW - surveillance camera KW - optical flow KW - traffic scenarios Y1 - 2025 UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/OJITS.2025.3639557 SN - 2687-7813 VL - 7 SP - 61 EP - 73 PB - IEEE CY - New York ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schwan, Hannes A1 - Mohan, Nihesh A1 - Schmid, Maximilian A1 - Saha, Rocky Kumar A1 - Klassen, Holger A1 - Müller, Klaus A1 - Elger, Gordon T1 - Sintering for High Power Optoelectronic Devices JF - Micromachines N2 - Residual-free eutectic Au80Sn20 soldering is still the dominant assembly technology for optoelectronic devices such as high-power lasers, LEDs, and photodiodes. Due to the high cost of gold, alternatives are desirable. This paper investigates the thermal performance of copper-based sintering for optoelectronic submodules on first and second level to obtain thermally efficient thin bondlines. Sintered interconnects obtained by a new particle-free copper ink, based on complexed copper salt, are compared with copper flake and silver nanoparticle sintered interconnects and benchmarked against AuSn solder interconnects. The copper ink is dispensed and predried at 130 °C to facilitate in situ generation of Cu nanoparticles by thermal decomposition of the metal salt before sintering. Submounts are then sintered at 275 °C for 15 min under nitrogen with 30 MPa pressure, forming uniform 2–5 µm copper layers achieving shear strengths above 31 MPa. Unpackaged LEDs are bonded on first level using the copper ink but applying only 10 MPa to avoid damaging the semiconductor dies. Thermal performance is evaluated via transient thermal analysis. Results show that copper ink interfaces approach the performance of thin AuSn joints and match silver interconnects at second level. However, at first level, AuSn and sintered interconnects of commercial silver and copper pastes remained superior due to the relative inhomogeneous thickness of the thin Cu copper layer after predrying, requiring higher bonding pressure to equalize surface inhomogeneities. UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/mi16101164 Y1 - 2025 UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/mi16101164 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-64984 SN - 2072-666X VL - 16 IS - 10 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zippelius, Andreas A1 - Mohd, Zubair Akhtar A1 - Schmid, Maximilian A1 - Elger, Gordon T1 - Comparison of different Input data for the prediction of LED solder joints using Artificial Neural Networks JF - IEEE Transactions on Device and Materials Reliability N2 - Scarcity of raw data is a major issue for applying data driven methods to reliability prediction, so making the best use of what is available is critical. This paper studies how different aspects of measurement data can be used best. Specifically, the reliability of the solder joint of LED packages is predicted based on Transient Thermal Analysis and Scanning Acoustic Microscopy data from a large measurement campaign. The impact of using full temporal information vs measurements at individual datapoints is investigated as well as the benefit of including the SAM data, and different ways of presenting the TTA information, either as a full curve or as expert-selected features. The impact of formatting categorical information of solder and LED package type as one-hot encoding or using embeddings is considered. Finally, the performance for Pass/Fail predictions of the best identified model with a model architecture developed on a similar dataset is compared. We identified the most relevant sources of information for predicting the behavior and the best format for the data, which helps guide the choice for future model architectures. UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/TDMR.2025.3633876 Y1 - 2025 UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/TDMR.2025.3633876 SN - 1558-2574 PB - IEEE CY - New York ER - TY - INPR A1 - Chandra Sekaran, Karthikeyan A1 - Geisler, Markus A1 - Rößle, Dominik A1 - Mohan, Adithya A1 - Cremers, Daniel A1 - Utschick, Wolfgang A1 - Botsch, Michael A1 - Huber, Werner A1 - Schön, Torsten T1 - UrbanIng-V2X: A Large-Scale Multi-Vehicle, Multi-Infrastructure Dataset Across Multiple Intersections for Cooperative Perception UR - https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2510.23478 Y1 - 2025 UR - https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2510.23478 PB - arXiv CY - Ithaca ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Pandey, Amit A1 - Kühn, Stephan A1 - Weis, Alexander A1 - Wunderle, Bernhard A1 - Elger, Gordon T1 - Evaluating optical performance degradation of automotive cameras under accelerated aging JF - Optics and Lasers in Engineering N2 - Automotive cameras are subject to environmental stress, which degrades performance by reducing image sharpness. To qualify for automotive use and to ensure that the cameras maintain sharpness according to the hard requirements of end-of-line testing, cameras have to undergo standardized accelerated aging tests. These tests are performed to demonstrate reliability and functional safety over lifetime. Few studies have been published that demonstrate how aging contributes to the degradation of optical performance. This study addresses this gap by combining accelerated thermal aging with sharpness tracking to investigate degradation over time. To quantify sharpness degradation, six series-production cameras were subjected to accelerated thermal aging between −40◦𝐶 and +85◦𝐶. Each camera underwent 2000 aging cycles, equivalent to 80% of their lifetime based on the Coffin-Manson model of the LV124 standard. Sharpness was measured by calculating the Spatial Frequency Response (SFR) from images captured of a double-cross reticle projected by a virtual object generator with three illumination wavelengths (625nm, 520nm, and 470nm). The change in sharpness was evaluated with SFR50 and SFR at 60 line pairs per millimeter (SFR@60). During the first 250 cycles, a wear-in effect was observed, where sharpness increased before leveling off, as seen previously. The results also indicated a slow decline in sharpness showing long-term stability. Analysis indicated that before aging, the best focal plane was located closer to the focal position of the red wavelength, which lies furthest from the objective. By the end of the aging process, the best focal plane had shifted toward the focal position of the blue wavelength, which is located closer to the objective. This suggests a forward movement of the image sensor due to aging. Even after 2000 cycles, all cameras maintained an SFR@60 above 0.5. A Random Forest regression model was trained to predict the age based on the SFR curves, achieving a mean absolute error of 126 cycles and a 𝑅2 score of 0.96. UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optlaseng.2025.109396 Y1 - 2025 UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optlaseng.2025.109396 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-64821 SN - 1873-0302 VL - 2026 IS - 196 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wan, Lei A1 - Zhao, Jianxin A1 - Wiedholz, Andreas A1 - Bied, Manuel A1 - Martinez de Lucena, Mateus A1 - Jagtap, Abhishek Dinkar A1 - Festag, Andreas A1 - Fröhlich, Antônio A1 - Keen, Hannan Ejaz A1 - Vinel, Alexey T1 - A Systematic Literature Review on Vehicular Collaborative Perception—A Computer Vision Perspective JF - IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems N2 - The effectiveness of autonomous vehicles relies on reliable perception capabilities. Despite significant advancements in artificial intelligence and sensor fusion technologies, current single-vehicle perception systems continue to encounter limitations, notably visual occlusions and limited long-range detection capabilities. Collaborative Perception (CP), enabled by Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) and Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) communication, has emerged as a promising solution to mitigate these issues and enhance the reliability of autonomous systems. Beyond advancements in communication, the computer vision community is increasingly focusing on improving vehicular perception through collaborative approaches. However, a systematic literature review that thoroughly examines existing work and reduces subjective bias is still lacking. Such a systematic approach helps identify research gaps, recognize common trends across studies, and inform future research directions. In response, this study follows the PRISMA 2020 guidelines and includes 106 peer-reviewed articles. These publications are analyzed based on modalities, collaboration schemes, and key perception tasks. Through a comparative analysis, this review illustrates how different methods address practical issues such as pose errors, temporal latency, communication constraints, domain shifts, heterogeneity, and adversarial attacks. Furthermore, it critically examines evaluation methodologies, highlighting a misalignment between current metrics and CP’s fundamental objectives. By delving into all relevant topics in-depth, this review offers valuable insights into challenges, opportunities, and risks, serving as a reference for advancing research in vehicular collaborative perception. UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/TITS.2025.3631141 Y1 - 2025 UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/TITS.2025.3631141 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-64708 SN - 1558-0016 VL - 27 IS - 1 SP - 81 EP - 118 PB - IEEE CY - New York ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Zippelius, Andreas A1 - Hufnagel, Elias A1 - Shah, Jainam A1 - Schmid, Maximilian A1 - Elger, Gordon T1 - Reliability of High-Power LEDs Under Varying Thermal Aging Conditions T2 - 2025 31st International Workshop on Thermal Investigations of ICs and Systems (THERMINIC) UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/THERMINIC65879.2025.11216869 Y1 - 2025 UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/THERMINIC65879.2025.11216869 SN - 979-8-3315-9486-2 PB - IEEE CY - Piscataway ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Han, Longfei A1 - Kefferpütz, Klaus A1 - Beyerer, Jürgen ED - Rupniewski, Marek ED - Blunt, Shannon ED - Misiurewicz, Jacek ED - Greco, Maria Sabrina ED - Himed, Braham T1 - Improving B-Spline-Based 3D Extended Object Tracking Using Doppler Measurements T2 - Proceedings of the 2025 IEEE Radar Conference (RadarConf25), October 4–9, 2025, Kraków, Poland UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/RadarConf2559087.2025.11205008 Y1 - 2025 UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/RadarConf2559087.2025.11205008 SN - 979-8-3315-4433-1 SP - 599 EP - 604 PB - IEEE CY - Piscataway ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Kofler, Franziska A1 - Wendler, Mark A1 - Baumgartner, Christoph A1 - Kopják, József T1 - Sensorless Detection of Unbalanced Loads in Embedded Motor Control via ML-Trained Pattern Matching on Speed Signals T2 - SISY 2025: IEEE 23rd International Symposium on Intelligent Systems and Informatics, September 25-27, 2025, Subotica, Serbia, Proceedings UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/SISY67000.2025.11205383 Y1 - 2025 UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/SISY67000.2025.11205383 SN - 979-8-3315-9657-6 SP - 000339 EP - 000344 PB - IEEE CY - Piscataway ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Jamadar, Mohammad I. A1 - Sekhar, Ravi A1 - Yada, Vijay Ramarao A1 - Rairikar, Sandeep D. A1 - Thipse, Sukrut T1 - Emission Testing of Flex Fuel Vehicles up to M100/E100: Upgradation of Existing Test Facility for Vehicles below 3.5-ton GVW for Testing Methanol or Ethanol Operated Vehicles JF - Journal Européen des Systèmes Automatisés​ N2 - This paper is focused on enhancing the existing dilute emission measurement system to accommodate the emission testing of vehicles operating with gasoline blends with methanol and ethanol, dedicated M100/E100 etc. India is moving towards achieving the E20 blend on the pan-country level by April 2025 with the initiations of NITI Aayog and exploring alternate fuels like 100% methanol and ethanol. Government of India is now focused on introducing the flex fuel vehicle (FFV) technology that supports the usage of higher ethanol blends. As per CMVR guidelines for M and N category vehicles with a gross vehicle weight less than 3,500 kg; a dilute emission measurement system is used to evaluate tailpipe pollutants and fuel economy. Most of the present emission systems are compatible with testing the vehicle till M15 and E20 blends. Beyond this percentage, usage of a test facility for M100, E100, and other flex-fuel vehicles, require certain modifications in existing test facility to maintain the precision and reliability of the results considering higher water content in exhaust and effect of condensation on emission measurement due to dilution. The modifications needed, implementation and their impact are experimentally briefed in the present paper. UR - https://doi.org/10.18280/jesa.580816 Y1 - 2025 UR - https://doi.org/10.18280/jesa.580816 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-64502 SN - 2116-7087 VL - 58 IS - 8 SP - 1721 EP - 1732 PB - IIETA CY - Edmonton ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schwertner, Stefan A1 - Buchberger, Tobias A1 - Diehl, Simon A1 - Ferg, Rebekka A1 - Hanzl, Christian A1 - Hartmann, Christoph A1 - Hölzle, Markus A1 - Kleiner, Jan A1 - Komsiyska, Lidiya A1 - Lewerenz, Meinert A1 - Liebhart, Bernhard A1 - Schmid, Michael A1 - Schneider, Dominik A1 - Scholz, Florian A1 - Speer, Sascha A1 - Stöttner, Julia A1 - Terbrack, Christoph A1 - Hinterberger, Michael A1 - Endisch, Christian T1 - Design and Implementation of an Intelligent Reconfigurable High-Voltage Battery System for Next-Generation Electric Vehicles JF - Batteries N2 - Battery system engineers face the challenge of balancing competing requirements regarding performance, maintainability, sustainability, safety, and cost—especially in the automotive industry. IBS potentially offer a solution with fewer trade-offs. They feature a battery management system with advanced sensing and data analysis capabilities that facilitate improved battery monitoring and operation. Reconfigurable energy storage units enable sophisticated operating strategies, including complete cell state control, full energy content utilization, and a measured response to faults. This article presents the design, development, and operation of a full-scale intelligent battery system prototype comprising 324 automotive lithium-ion cells with a nominal voltage of 400V. The system exhibits a modular single cell architecture and an advanced centralized battery management system. We detail the system architecture, hardware and software component design, and system integration. Initial tests demonstrate the battery’s operability, extended functionality, and enhanced safety. Our analysis shows that the additional losses introduced by reconfigurability are more than offset by the benefits of full energy utilization—even for new cells, with increasing advantage as aging progresses. The results underscore the potential of intelligent battery systems and motivate further research and development toward economic assessment and industrial adoption. UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries11110424 Y1 - 2025 UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries11110424 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-64086 SN - 2313-0105 VL - 11 IS - 11 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Fertig, Alexander A1 - Balasubramanian, Lakshman A1 - Botsch, Michael T1 - Hybrid Machine Learning Model with a Constrained Action Space for Trajectory Prediction T2 - 2025 IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium (IV) UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/IV64158.2025.11097759 Y1 - 2025 UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/IV64158.2025.11097759 SN - 979-8-3315-3803-3 SP - 38 EP - 44 PB - IEEE CY - Piscataway ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Denk, Florian A1 - Fröhling, Felix A1 - Brunner, Pascal A1 - Huber, Werner A1 - Margreiter, Martin A1 - Bogenberger, Klaus A1 - Kates, Ronald T1 - Influence of gaze strategies and cognitive load on safeguarding performance of motorists in right-turning scenarios involving potential conflicts with vulnerable road users JF - Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour N2 - In urban traffic, while the fraction of collisions involving Vulnerable Road Users (VRU) is low, their importance is high due to the higher injury risk for VRU. Their infrequent occurrence on average (compared with far more common individual perceptual and behavioral errors by both drivers and VRUs) reflects an underlying fault tolerance in traffic processes. However, the degree of fault tolerance varies among traffic situations. The underlying perceptual and cognitive processes involved are complex and can require a high level of attention and concentration, particularly in situations with intersecting trajectories. These processes can occasionally fail, leading to collision risk. The situation of right-turning motorists (in right-hand-drive countries) encountering cyclists moving straight on a bike lane (with right of way) has a particularly low error tolerance, since motorists must actively scan for cyclists approaching from behind. In order to develop, test and assess solutions that mitigate collision risk in this situation, the behavior-related causation mechanisms need investigation. This is the focus of this article. We conducted a trial on our closed test track with n = 35 subjects. The experiment was designed as a within-subject design with three independent factors: maneuver, target velocity, and cognitive load in an n-back task. The trial included observations of participants' gaze control. A primary research focus was the quality and efficiency of the safeguarding gaze behavior of participants in order to draw conclusions on the causation mechanisms of collisions in this situation. For this purpose we define metrics in order to quantify the quality and efficiency of a specific gaze behavior. Furthermore, we studied the effect of factors cognitive load and target velocity on safety and secondary (n-back) task performance. Remarkably, only four out of 35 participants reached a collision risk of 0% relating to the defined quality metric. Furthermore, we identified four distinct gaze strategy groups through hierarchical clustering, where one group performed particularly few glances overall. This group showed significant differences with respect to the defined quality metric whereas the other groups showed only slight differences to each other. The results have implications on subsequent crash causation model development. UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2024.11.012 Y1 - 2024 UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2024.11.012 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-63967 SN - 1873-5517 VL - 2025 IS - 109 SP - 32 EP - 49 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Panchal, Dhruv A1 - Patel, Bhavesh A1 - Gohil, Hardik T1 - Experimental Investigation on Performance Characteristics of Dry Centrifugal Clutch with Grooved Friction Liners JF - International Journal of Automotive and Mechanical Engineering N2 - The deteriorated condition of friction liners after prolonged use is one of the primary causes of judder in centrifugal clutches. The friction characteristics can be retained by generating specific textures or grooves on the friction liner. An attempt has been made to study the characteristics of centrifugal clutch using grooved friction liners. A test cycle for centrifugal clutch has been developed using a number of engagements as the basis. A vehicle test bench was used for the experiment where the developed test cycle was automated. The performance characteristics of the centrifugal clutch have been recorded and analyzed with normal friction liners and grooved friction liners for 100 test cycles. For this study, the groove area ratio was retained at 0.15, and the grooves were cut at 90°. After completing 100 test cycles, the clutch with a grooved friction liner exhibited better characteristics. After completing 100 test cycles, the surface roughness reduction at the leading section of the grooved friction liner and normal friction liner has been found to be 6.44% and 8.11%, respectively. The thickness reduction at the leading section of the grooved friction liner and normal friction liner has been reported to be 3.73% and 4.98%, respectively. Throughout the run of 100 test cycles, the higher clutch housing temperature has been witnessed in the case of a clutch with a grooved friction liner. At the 100th test cycle, the clutch torque with a grooved friction liner was 15.22% more than the clutch torque with a normal friction liner. Even after prolonged use, the clutch with grooved friction liner exhibited better judder characteristics and also provided higher fuel economy for vehicles. UR - https://doi.org/10.15282/ijame.20.1.2023.01.0786 Y1 - 2023 UR - https://doi.org/10.15282/ijame.20.1.2023.01.0786 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-63929 SN - 2180-1606 VL - 20 IS - 1 SP - 10152 EP - 10164 PB - Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah Publishing CY - Pekan ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Niessen, Natascha A1 - Pirkl, Carolin A1 - Solana, Ana Beatriz A1 - Eichhorn, Hannah A1 - Spieker, Veronika A1 - Huang, Wenqi A1 - Sprenger, Tim A1 - Menzel, Marion Irene A1 - Schnabel, Julia A. ED - Felsner, Lina ED - Küstner, Thomas ED - Maier, Andreas ED - Qin, Chen ED - Ahmadi, Seyed-Ahmad ED - Kazi, Anees ED - Hu, Xiaoling T1 - INR Meets Multi-contrast MRI Reconstruction T2 - Reconstruction and Imaging Motion Estimation, and Graphs in Biomedical Image Analysis: First International Workshop, RIME 2025, and 7th International Workshop, GRAIL 2025, Daejeon, South Korea, September 27, 2025, Proceedings UR - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-06103-4_3 Y1 - 2025 UR - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-06103-4_3 SN - 978-3-032-06103-4 SP - 23 EP - 33 PB - Springer CY - Cham ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Shuvo, Shihab Hossain A1 - Riaz, Abdul Al Mahmud A1 - Paban, Masud Rana A1 - Howlader, Sajib A1 - Bhattacharjee, Ratul A1 - Talha, Md Abu T1 - Cyberbullying Detection in Bengali Social Media Using TF-IDF and Supervised Machine Learning Techniques T2 - 2025 International Conference on Quantum Photonics, Artificial Intelligence, and Networking (QPAIN) UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/QPAIN66474.2025.11171789 Y1 - 2025 UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/QPAIN66474.2025.11171789 SN - 979-8-3315-9694-1 PB - IEEE CY - Piscataway ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Santos, Cassiano A1 - Neto, Milad Kalume A1 - Kanieski, João Marcos A1 - Rufino Júnior, Carlos Antônio A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg A1 - Zanin, Hudson T1 - A multidimensional assessment of electrification in automotive powertrains: Technical, operational, and strategic perspectives JF - Results in Engineering N2 - Global transportation is undergoing a profound transformation, driven by the convergence of decarbonization targets and advances in electrification technologies. Electrification, ranging from mild Hybrid Electric Vehicles (mHEVs) to Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs), represents the main technological path in the transition from internal combustion engines. This transition is inherently multidimensional, simultaneously reshaping vehicle design, manufacturing systems, supply chains, customer value, and environmental outcomes in interconnected ways. Each architecture, including mHEV, Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV), Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV), and BEV, presents different tradeoffs in these dimensions, requiring a structured framework for systematic comparison. To address this gap, this work details an integrated framework that systematically compares electrification pathways across five interrelated dimensions: vehicle concepts, research and development, manufacturing and logistics, customer experience, and environmental footprint. This framework culminates in a decision matrix that consolidates trade-offs into a practical SWOT based tool for strategic planning. UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rineng.2025.107377 Y1 - 2025 UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rineng.2025.107377 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-63829 SN - 2590-1230 VL - 2025 IS - 28 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Theiler, Michael A1 - Nörpel, Felix A1 - Baumann, Alexander A1 - Endisch, Christian T1 - Thermal fault detection in battery systems using principal component analysis with adaptive thresholding JF - Journal of Energy Storage N2 - Lithium-ion cells pose serious safety risks when they enter a state with highly exothermic reactions known as thermal runaway. Because elevated temperature is the ultimate trigger for this failure mode, reliable and timely detection of abnormal cell temperature is critical. Early detection enables, user warning, fast emergency response, and provides the basis for effective active prevention strategies. In this work, we present an unsupervised data-driven approach that detects thermal faults by monitoring inter-cell voltage deviations. We apply principal component analysis (PCA) to capture systematic changes in voltage homogeneity that occur when a cell within a battery module heats abnormally. By systematically analyzing the effects of thermal stress on voltage homogeneity under varying operating conditions, we reveal requirements for a reliable detection method. Leveraging these insights, we introduce an adaptive thresholding mechanism. This novel approach significantly boosts the sensitivity to faults for a wide range of operating conditions while maintaining detection robustness. We validate the method through extensive experiments in which we externally heat a single cell within a module with the power of 1 W. Compared to both conventional linear PCA and nonlinear kernel PCA with a constant threshold, linear PCA with adaptive thresholding achieves a significantly better balance between sensitivity and robustness across the full range of test conditions. UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2025.119101 Y1 - 2025 UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2025.119101 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-63603 SN - 2352-1538 VL - 2026 IS - 141, Part B PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bhanderi, Savankumar A1 - Agrawal, Shiva A1 - Elger, Gordon T1 - Deep segmentation of 3+1D radar point cloud for real-time roadside traffic user detection JF - Scientific Reports N2 - Smart cities rely on intelligent infrastructure to enhance road safety, optimize traffic flow, and enable vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communication. A key component of such infrastructure is an efficient and real-time perception system that accurately detects diverse traffic participants. Among various sensing modalities, automotive radar is one of the best choices due to its robust performance in adverse weather and low-light conditions. However, due to low spatial resolution, traditional clustering-based approaches for radar object detection often struggle with vulnerable road user detection and nearby object separation. Hence, this paper proposes a deep learning-based D radar point cloud clustering methodology tailored for smart infrastructure-based perception applications. This approach first performs semantic segmentation of the radar point cloud, followed by instance segmentation to generate well-formed clusters with class labels using a deep neural network. It also detects single-point objects that conventional methods often miss. The described approach is developed and experimented using a smart infrastructure-based sensor setup and it performs segmentation of the point cloud in real-time. Experimental results demonstrate 95.35% F1-macro score for semantic segmentation and 91.03% mean average precision (mAP) at an intersection over union (IoU) threshold of 0.5 for instance segmentation. Further, the complete pipeline operates at 43.61 frames per second with a memory requirement of less than 0.7 MB on the edge device (Nvidia Jetson AGX Orin). UR - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-23019-6 Y1 - 2025 UR - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-23019-6 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-63458 SN - 2045-2322 VL - 15 PB - Springer Nature CY - London ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Vanderschuren, Maria A1 - Vaculin, Ondrej A1 - Newlands, Alexandra T1 - Vehicle rescue sheets: opportunities and barriers in the South African context T2 - 43rd Annual Southern African Transport Conference 2025 Y1 - 2025 UR - http://hdl.handle.net/2263/104908 SN - 978-0-0370-8021-0 PB - SATC CY - Johannesburg ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Vaculin, Ondrej A1 - Haryanto, Aditya A1 - de Borba, Thiago T1 - Potential of infrastructure-based sensors to road safety T2 - 43rd Annual Southern African Transport Conference 2025 Y1 - 2025 UR - http://hdl.handle.net/2263/104958 SN - 978-0-0370-8021-0 PB - SATC CY - Johannesburg ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Beutenmüller, Frank A1 - Brostek, Lukas A1 - Doberstein, Christian A1 - Han, Longfei A1 - Kefferpütz, Klaus A1 - Obstbaum, Martin A1 - Pawlowski, Antonia A1 - Rössert, Christian A1 - Sas-Brunschier, Lucas A1 - Schön, Thilo A1 - Sichermann, Jörg T1 - DISRUPT - Decentralized Intelligent System for Road User Prediction and Tracking JF - SAE Technical Paper UR - https://doi.org/10.4271/2025-01-0294 Y1 - 2025 UR - https://doi.org/10.4271/2025-01-0294 SN - 0148-7191 SN - 2688-3627 PB - SAE CY - Warrendale ER - TY - INPR A1 - Kettelgerdes, Marcel A1 - Hillmann, Tjorven A1 - Hirmer, Thomas A1 - Erdogan, Hüseyin A1 - Wunderle, Bernhard A1 - Elger, Gordon T1 - Accelerated Real-Life (ARL) Testing and Characterization of Automotive LiDAR Sensors to facilitate the Development and Validation of Enhanced Sensor Models N2 - In the realm of automated driving simulation and sensor modeling, the need for highly accurate sensor models is paramount for ensuring the reliability and safety of advanced driving assistance systems (ADAS). Hence, numerous works focus on the development of high-fidelity models of ADAS sensors, such as camera, Radar as well as modern LiDAR systems to simulate the sensor behavior in different driving scenarios, even under varying environmental conditions, considering for example adverse weather effects. However, aging effects of sensors, leading to suboptimal system performance, are mostly overlooked by current simulation techniques. This paper introduces a cutting-edge Hardware-in-the-Loop (HiL) test bench designed for the automated, accelerated aging and characterization of Automotive LiDAR sensors. The primary objective of this research is to address the aging effects of LiDAR sensors over the product life cycle, specifically focusing on aspects such as laser beam profile deterioration, output power reduction and intrinsic parameter drift, which are mostly neglected in current sensor models. By that, this proceeding research is intended to path the way, not only towards identifying and modeling respective degradation effects, but also to suggest quantitative model validation metrics. UR - https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2312.04229 Y1 - 2023 UR - https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2312.04229 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-59856 PB - arXiv CY - Ithaca ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Graf, Michael A1 - Steinhauser, Dagmar A1 - Vaculin, Ondrej A1 - Brandmeier, Thomas T1 - Impact of Adverse Weather on Road Safety: A Survey of Test Methods for Enhancing Safety of Automated Vehicles and Sensor Robustness in Challenging Environmental Conditions JF - IEEE Access N2 - Adverse weather conditions can significantly affect environmental sensors and reduce the ability of automated vehicles to interpret the environment. This can lead to the failure of driving and safety functions. To validate and increase the robustness of these, several adverse weather test methods have been introduced in recent years. The survey first gives an overview of the current traffic and accident analysis with a focus on adverse weather influences to assess the most relevant weather phenomena. Overall, rain and glare are the statistically most important adverse weather phenomena in terms of accidents. Heavy fog is rare but can cause very serious accidents. In a second step, meteorological knowledge is incorporated and the key environmental indicators for the respective weather conditions are determined, particularly taking the environmental sensor characteristics into account. Both sets of information are then utilized to provide a qualified overview of simulative and physical test methods used to reproduce critical adverse weather situations. These methods are employed to investigate the disturbance effects of inclement weather on sensors and to test the robustness of automated vehicles. The paper reveals that various approaches are used to reproduce weather effects and that test methods, each with different advantages and disadvantages, have been developed to varying degrees depending on the type of the weather phenomena. Overall, this review integrates perspectives from road safety research, meteorology, and testing methodologies to provide new insights into the validation of automated driving systems in challenging weather conditions. UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2025.3622501 Y1 - 2025 UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2025.3622501 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-63190 SN - 2169-3536 VL - 13 SP - 179817 EP - 179838 PB - IEEE CY - New York ER -