TY - INPR A1 - Sánchez Morales, Eduardo A1 - Botsch, Michael A1 - Huber, Bertold A1 - García Higuera, Andrés T1 - High precision indoor positioning by means of LiDAR UR - https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2005.06798 Y1 - 2020 UR - https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2005.06798 PB - arXiv CY - Ithaca ER - TY - INPR A1 - Sánchez Morales, Eduardo A1 - Membarth, Richard A1 - Gaull, Andreas A1 - Slusallek, Philipp A1 - Dirndorfer, Tobias A1 - Kammenhuber, Alexander A1 - Lauer, Christoph A1 - Botsch, Michael T1 - Parallel Multi-Hypothesis Algorithm for Criticality Estimation in Traffic and Collision Avoidance UR - https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2005.06773 Y1 - 2020 UR - https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2005.06773 PB - arXiv CY - Ithaca ER - TY - INPR A1 - Kruber, Friedrich A1 - Sánchez Morales, Eduardo A1 - Chakraborty, Samarjit A1 - Botsch, Michael T1 - Vehicle Position Estimation with Aerial Imagery from Unmanned Aerial Vehicles UR - https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2004.08206 Y1 - 2020 UR - https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2004.08206 PB - arXiv CY - Ithaca ER - TY - INPR A1 - Kruber, Friedrich A1 - Wurst, Jonas A1 - Botsch, Michael T1 - An Unsupervised Random Forest Clustering Technique for Automatic Traffic Scenario Categorization UR - https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2004.02121 Y1 - 2020 UR - https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2004.02121 PB - arXiv CY - Ithaca ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Deep, Yoshana A1 - Held, Patrick A1 - Sundar Ram, Shobha A1 - Steinhauser, Dagmar A1 - Gupta, Anshu A1 - Gruson, Frank A1 - Koch, Andreas A1 - Roy, Anirban T1 - Radar cross-sections of pedestrians at automotive radar frequencies using ray tracing and point scatterer modelling JF - IET Radar, Sonar & Navigation UR - https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-rsn.2019.0471 Y1 - 2020 UR - https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-rsn.2019.0471 SN - 1751-8792 VL - 14 IS - 6 SP - 833 EP - 844 PB - IET CY - Stevenage ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Hof, Hans-Joachim ED - Schulz, Thomas T1 - Cybersicherheit für mobile und intelligente Komponenten BT - Einführung und Grundlagen T2 - Cybersicherheit für vernetzte Anwendungen in der Industrie 4.0 Y1 - 2020 SN - 978-3-8343-3424-4 SP - 85 EP - 205 PB - Vogel Communications Group CY - Würzburg ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kundinger, Thomas A1 - Mayr, Celena A1 - Riener, Andreas T1 - Towards a Reliable Ground Truth for Drowsiness: A Complexity Analysis on the Example of Driver Fatigue JF - Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction UR - https://doi.org/10.1145/3394980 KW - driver drowsiness detection KW - driver state KW - automated driving KW - machine learning KW - subjective measures KW - simulator study Y1 - 2020 UR - https://doi.org/10.1145/3394980 SN - 2573-0142 VL - 4 IS - EICS PB - ACM CY - New York ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Fothen, Christoph A1 - Böhm, Klaus A1 - Paula, Daniel T1 - Kann die Verwendung digitaler Fahrzeugdaten zur Rekonstruktion von Verkehrsunfällen unterhalb der Schwelle schwerster Unfallereignisse verhältnismäßig sein? JF - NZV: Neue Zeitschrift für Verkehrsrecht Y1 - 2020 UR - https://beck-online.beck.de/Bcid/Y-300-Z-NZV-B-2020-S-284-N-1 SN - 0934-1307 VL - 33 IS - 6 SP - 284 EP - 289 PB - Beck CY - München ER - TY - CHAP A1 - von Sawitzky, Tamara A1 - Wintersberger, Philipp A1 - Löcken, Andreas A1 - Frison, Anna-Katharina A1 - Riener, Andreas T1 - Augmentation Concepts with HUDs for Cyclists to Improve Road Safety in Shared Spaces T2 - CHI'20: Extended Abstracts of the 2020 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3334480.3383022 KW - augmented reality KW - automated driving KW - car-to-x KW - cyclist safety KW - virtual reality simulation KW - traffic safety Y1 - 2020 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3334480.3383022 SN - 978-1-4503-6819-3 PB - ACM CY - New York ER - TY - JOUR ED - Hof, Hans-Joachim ED - Gersbeck-Schierholz, Birgit T1 - International Journal on Advances in Security. 13(1&2) Y1 - 2020 UR - http://www.iariajournals.org/security/tocv13n12.html SN - 1942-2636 PB - IARIA CY - [s. l.] ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Reway, Fabio A1 - Funk Drechsler, Maikol A1 - Wachtel Granado, Diogo A1 - Huber, Werner T1 - Validity Analysis of Simulation-based Testing concerning Free-space Detection in Autonomous Driving T2 - Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Vehicle Technology and Intelligent Transport Systems UR - https://doi.org/10.5220/0009573705520558 KW - automated driving KW - testing KW - validation KW - simulation Y1 - 2020 UR - https://doi.org/10.5220/0009573705520558 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-18804 SN - 978-989-758-419-0 SN - 2184-495X SP - 552 EP - 558 PB - SciTePress CY - Setúbal ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Lopes da Silva, Joed A1 - Tabata, Alan Naoto A1 - Cardoso Broto, Lucas A1 - Pereira Cocron, Marta A1 - Zimmer, Alessandro A1 - Brandmeier, Thomas ED - Campilho, Aurélio ED - Karray, Fakhri ED - Wang, Zhou T1 - Open Source Multipurpose Multimedia Annotation Tool T2 - Image Analysis and Recognition: 17th International Conference, ICIAR 2020, Proceedings, Part I UR - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-50347-5_31 KW - open source KW - video annotation KW - multipurpose KW - generic annotation Y1 - 2020 UR - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-50347-5_31 SN - 978-3-030-50346-8 SN - 978-3-030-50347-5 SN - 0302-9743 SN - 1611-3349 SP - 356 EP - 367 PB - Springer CY - Cham ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Vriesman, Daniel A1 - Britto Junior, Alceu A1 - Zimmer, Alessandro A1 - Koerich, Alessandro Lameiras T1 - Texture CNN for thermoelectric metal pipe image classification T2 - 2019 IEEE 31st International Conference on Tools with Artificial Intelligence (ICTAI) UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/ICTAI.2019.00085 KW - automatic inspection KW - Convolution Neural Networks KW - deep learning KW - visual inspection KW - texture Y1 - 2020 UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/ICTAI.2019.00085 SN - 978-1-7281-3798-8 SP - 569 EP - 574 PB - IEEE CY - Piscataway ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Kolb, Jan Christopher A1 - Wech, Lothar A1 - Schwabe, Martin A1 - Ruzok, Christopher A1 - Trost, Christoph ED - Riener, Andreas ED - Appel, Alexandra ED - Dorner, Wolfgang ED - Huber, Thomas ED - Kolb, Jan Christopher ED - Wagner, Harry T1 - Technische Aspekte des automatisierten Fahrens am Projekt des autonomen Shuttlebusses in Bad Birnbach T2 - Autonome Shuttlebusse im ÖPNV N2 - Die Entwickler von selbstfahrenden Fahrzeugen sind sich einig, dass es nach heutigem Stand der Technik über eine Milliarde Testkilometer bedarf, um ein autonom fahrendes Fahrzeug zu entwickeln. Daher überrascht es nicht, dass der „autonome“ Shuttlebus in Bad Birnbach lediglich als teilautomatisiert einzustufen ist. Dennoch ist das Projekt wertvoll, um Erkenntnisse für die Entwicklung von autonomen Fahrzeugen zu erlangen und deren Einsatz im öffentlichen Personennahverkehr (ÖPNV) beurteilen zu können. Im vorliegenden Teilprojekt wurden innerhalb von vier Monaten über dreihundert Situationen dokumentiert, in denen die Fahrt unplanmäßig unterbrochen wurde. Diese wurden anschließend ausgewertet und teilweise in Versuchen nachgestellt. Es hat sich gezeigt, dass der Shuttlebus im aktuellen Betriebsmodell unfallfrei fahren kann. Allerdings ist für das unfall- und unterbrechungsfreie Fahren der durch die Zulassungsauflagen vorgeschriebene Operator an Bord zwingend erforderlich. Dieser muss an verschiedenen Stellen der Strecke – inklusive der Haltestellen – die Weiterfahrt bestätigen, den Bus um Hindernisse lenken und bei einem drohenden Unfall eingreifen. Ohne Operator käme es zur Kollision, da die Technik des Busses nicht alle kritischen Situationen erkennt. Der Bus kann im aktuellen Entwicklungsstand weder fahrerlos betrieben noch als zuverlässige Ergänzung im ÖPNV eingesetzt werden. Der Bus stellt dennoch einen wichtigen Schritt in Richtung autonomen Fahrens dar, welches weiterhin im Rahmen zukünftiger Forschungs- und Entwicklungsprojekte vorangetrieben werden muss. UR - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-59406-3_5 Y1 - 2020 UR - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-59406-3_5 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-17520 SN - 978-3-662-59405-6 SN - 978-3-662-59406-3 SP - 57 EP - 91 PB - Springer Vieweg CY - Berlin, Heidelberg ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Neumeier, Stefan A1 - Höpp, Michael A1 - Facchi, Christian T1 - Yet Another Driving Simulator OpenROUTS3D: The Driving Simulator for Teleoperated Driving T2 - 2019 IEEE ICCVE, The 8th IEEE International Conference on Connected Vehicles and Expo (ICCVE), November 4-8, 2019, 2019 Conference Proceedings UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/ICCVE45908.2019.8965037 Y1 - 2020 UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/ICCVE45908.2019.8965037 SN - 978-1-7281-0142-2 PB - IEEE CY - Piscataway ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Delooz, Quentin A1 - Festag, Andreas T1 - Network Load Adaptation for Collective Perception in V2X Communication T2 - 2019 IEEE ICCVE, The 8th IEEE International Conference on Connected Vehicles and Expo (ICCVE), November 4-8, 2019, 2019 Conference Proceedings UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/ICCVE45908.2019.8964988 KW - V2X communications KW - collective perception KW - object filtering Y1 - 2020 UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/ICCVE45908.2019.8964988 SN - 978-1-7281-0142-2 PB - IEEE CY - Piscataway ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Weigl, Klemens A1 - Ponocny, Ivo T1 - Group sequential designs applied in psychological research JF - Methodology: European Journal of Research Methods for the Behavioral and Social Sciences N2 - Psychological research is confronted with ever-increasing demands to save resources such as time and money while assuring high ethical standards. In medical and pharmaceutical research, group sequential designs have fundamentally changed traditional statistical testing approaches featuring only one analysis at the end of a single-stage study. They enable early stopping at an interim stage, after a group of observations, for efficacy or futility in case of an overwhelmingly large or small effect, respectively. Otherwise, the trial is continued to the next stage. On average over many studies time and money are saved and more ethical trials are facilitated by diminishing the risk of patients' exposure to inferior treatments. We provide an easy-to-use tutorial for psychological research replete with easily understandable figures highlighting the core idea of different group sequential designs, a workflow chart, an empirical real-world data set, and the annotated R code. Finally, we demonstrate the application of early stopping for efficacy. UR - https://doi.org/10.5964/meth.2811 KW - group sequential designs KW - interim analyses KW - workflow chart KW - R Code KW - tutorial Y1 - 2020 UR - https://doi.org/10.5964/meth.2811 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-13190 SN - 1614-2241 VL - 16 IS - 1 SP - 75 EP - 91 PB - PsychOpen CY - Trier ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Sequeira, Gerald Joy A1 - Patel, Akshay A1 - Afraj, Shahabaz A1 - Lugner, Robert A1 - Brandmeier, Thomas T1 - FEM-based methodology for crash severity estimation in frontal crash scenarios JF - IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering N2 - With the technological development of forward-looking sensors, researchers are exploring their use not only for advanced driver assistance systems but also to gain important pre-crash information. Based on this pre-crash information, if the occupant motion inside the vehicle structure can be predicted for the oncoming crash scenario, then an optimal restraint strategy can be planned before the crash. This paper introduces a two-step FEM simulation based methodology for predicting the occupant severity in head-on crash scenarios. In the first step, we simulate the vehicle level model with different impact positions and relative approach angles. The results of these simulations, linear velocities in the longitudinal and lateral direction and angular velocities (roll, pitch, and yaw) during in-crash phase are the loading conditions for next simulation step (occupant level). This step simulates the motion of the driver in different crash scenarios. In this paper, we investigate the head, neck, and chest injury risks from vehicle-to-vehicle crash both traveling at 50 kilometers per hour. Prediction of the head injury criterion, identifying the cases where additional deployment of side-airbags and discussion of injury criteria with contour plots are the main outcome of this paper. UR - https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/831/1/012019 Y1 - 2020 UR - https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/831/1/012019 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-13159 SN - 1757-899X SN - 1757-8981 VL - 2020 IS - 831 PB - IOP CY - Bristol ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Geisbauer, Christian A1 - Wöhrl, Katharina A1 - Mittmann, Christoph A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg T1 - Review of Safety Aspects of Calendar Aged Lithium Ion Batteries JF - Journal of the Electrochemical Society N2 - Nowadays, lithium ion batteries have found their place in a various field of portable applications. With the upcoming of electrically propelled vehicles, it is mandatory to guarantee a safe and predictable behavior during the whole lifetime and not only after manufacturing during performance tests. To gain a general overview of the abuse behavior, research on the topic of abusive tests on calendar-aged cells is being investigated, split up depending on the electrode composition and lined up against each other. It can be shown, that almost all abuse experiments have been performed with external heating tests in the past, still leaving research gaps that need to be filled. UR - https://doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ab89bf Y1 - 2020 UR - https://doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ab89bf UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-10183 SN - 1945-7111 VL - 167 IS - 9 PB - IOP Publishing CY - Bristol ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Steger, Fabian A1 - Nitsche, Alexander A1 - Arbesmeier, Alexander A1 - Brade, Katja A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg A1 - Belski, Iouri T1 - Teaching Battery Basics in Laboratories: Hands-On Versus Simulated Experiments JF - IEEE Transactions on Education N2 - Contribution: Prior studies comparing the effectiveness of different laboratory learning modes do not allow one to draw a universally valid conclusion, as other influences are mixed with the learning modes. In order to contribute to the existing body of work and to add another piece to the puzzle, this article demonstrates an improved methodology to evaluate the effectiveness of computer-simulated laboratories in comparison to hands-on exercises using a battery basics practical course as a case study. Background: Computer-simulated experiments are becoming increasingly popular for conducting laboratory exercises in higher education and vocational training institutions. To ensure the consistent quality of laboratory learning, an accurate comparison between the results of simulated experiments and practical hands-on experiments is required. Intended Outcomes: In this article, the achievement of the following learning objectives were compared between the two laboratory modes: 1) comprehension of the most important parameters of battery cells and 2) knowledge on how these parameters can be determined using adequate experimental procedures. Application Design: To avoid interference of factors other than laboratory mode on the learning, laboratory instructions and experimental interfaces ensured identical execution of the experiments in the compared modes. Using a counterbalanced methodology, the two laboratory modes alternated by the session, while the experimental procedures remained constant regardless of the respective modes. Findings: Tests taken by the participants after conducting the laboratory experiments revealed that hands-on laboratories resulted in statistically significantly better student performance than simulated laboratories. This difference was even more pronounced for the participants that finished a vocational education and training program before the university studies. UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/TE.2020.2970554 KW - battery KW - electrical engineering KW - energy storages KW - hands-on KW - knowledge gain KW - laboratory learning KW - simulation KW - student experience Y1 - 2020 UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/TE.2020.2970554 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-9517 SN - 1557-9638 VL - 63 IS - 3 SP - 198 EP - 208 PB - IEEE CY - Piscataway ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kundinger, Thomas A1 - Sofra, Nikoletta A1 - Riener, Andreas T1 - Assessment of the Potential of Wrist-Worn Wearable Sensors for Driver Drowsiness Detection JF - Sensors N2 - Drowsy driving imposes a high safety risk. Current systems often use driving behavior parameters for driver drowsiness detection. The continuous driving automation reduces the availability of these parameters, therefore reducing the scope of such methods. Especially, techniques that include physiological measurements seem to be a promising alternative. However, in a dynamic environment such as driving, only non- or minimal intrusive methods are accepted, and vibrations from the roadbed could lead to degraded sensor technology. This work contributes to driver drowsiness detection with a machine learning approach applied solely to physiological data collected from a non-intrusive retrofittable system in the form of a wrist-worn wearable sensor. To check accuracy and feasibility, results are compared with reference data from a medical-grade ECG device. A user study with 30 participants in a high-fidelity driving simulator was conducted. Several machine learning algorithms for binary classification were applied in user-dependent and independent tests. Results provide evidence that the non-intrusive setting achieves a similar accuracy as compared to the medical-grade device, and high accuracies (>92%) could be achieved, especially in a user-dependent scenario. The proposed approach offers new possibilities for human–machine interaction in a car and especially for driver state monitoring in the field of automated driving. UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/s20041029 KW - drowsiness detection KW - driver state KW - simulator study KW - physiological measures KW - machine learning KW - wearable sensors KW - automated driving Y1 - 2020 UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/s20041029 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-9506 SN - 1424-8220 VL - 20 IS - 4 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Böhm, Klaus A1 - Kubjatko, Tibor A1 - Paula, Daniel A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg T1 - New developments on EDR (Event Data Recorder) for automated vehicles JF - Open Engineering N2 - With the upcoming new legislative rules in the EU on Event Data Recorder beginning 2022 the question is whether the discussed data base is sufficient for the needs of clarifying accidents involving automated vehicles. Based on the reconstruction of real accidents including vehicles with ADAS combined with specially designed crash tests a broader data base than US EDR regulation (NHTSA 49 CFR Part 563.7) is proposed. The working group AHEAD, to which the authors contribute, has already elaborated a data model that fits the needs of automated driving. The structure of this data model is shown. Moreover, the special benefits of storing internal video or photo feeds form the vehicle camera systems combined with object data is illustrated. When using a sophisticate 3D measurement method of the accident scene the videos or photos can also serve as a control instance for the stored vehicle data. The AHEAD Data Model enhanced with the storage of the video and photo feeds should be considered in the planned roadmap of the Informal Working Group (IWG) on EDR/ DSSAD (Data Storage System for Automated Driving) reporting to UNECE WP29. Also, a data access over the air using technology already applied in China for electric vehicles called Real Time Monitoring would allow a quantum leap in forensic accident reconstruction. UR - https://doi.org/10.1515/eng-2020-0007 KW - Event Data Recorder (EDR) KW - automated vehicles KW - video and photo feeds KW - Real Time Monitoring (RTM) KW - AHEAD (Aggregated Homologation proposal for Event data recorder for Automated Driving) Y1 - 2020 UR - https://doi.org/10.1515/eng-2020-0007 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-9263 SN - 2391-5439 VL - 10 IS - 1 SP - 140 EP - 146 PB - De Gruyter CY - Berlin ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Nebl, Christoph A1 - Kotzur, Frank-Oliver A1 - Koch, Daniel A1 - Schweiger, Hans-Georg T1 - Prediction of constant power delivery of lithium-ion cells at high loads JF - Journal of Energy Storage N2 - Available energy and available capacity are key factors for dimensioning batteries. Discharge duration of a battery and its dependency on discharge current amplitude are well described by Peukert’s law from low to medium current ranges. Other equations describe this dependency up to very high current rates, including the currents occurring during a short circuit. It is not current and capacity, but energy and power which are the key parameters for dimensioning battery systems. Thus, the available power of battery cells, vs. the discharge duration was investigated from low to high constant power discharge loads. Based on the results of these experiments, a correlation of the maximum discharge duration for low to medium discharge power pulses, similar to the Peukert’s equation was found. Additionally, a new equation is proposed, describing the power range from low to very high discharge power rates. The result of this work simplifies the design of battery systems, its electromechanical components, as well as improves the prediction of available boost power cost-effective way e.g. for hybrid electric vehicles. UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2020.101552 KW - Constant power discharge KW - Lithium-ion batteries KW - Peukert equation KW - High load amplitudes KW - Constant power prediction KW - Discharge power Y1 - 2020 UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2020.101552 UR - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-9239 SN - 2352-1538 VL - 2020 IS - 30 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER -