<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<export-example>
  <doc>
    <id>753</id>
    <completedYear>2019</completedYear>
    <publishedYear>2019</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>1</issue>
    <volume>13</volume>
    <articleNumber>62</articleNumber>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>MDPI</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Basel</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>2020-01-17</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Thermal modelling of a prismatic lithium-ion cell in a battery electric vehicle environment</title>
    <abstract language="eng">In electric vehicles with lithium-ion battery systems, the temperature of the battery cells has a great impact on performance, safety, and lifetime. Therefore, developing thermal models of lithium-ion batteries to predict and investigate the temperature development and its impact is crucial. Commonly, models are validated with experimental data to ensure correct model behaviour. However, influences of experimental setups or comprehensive validation concepts are often not considered, especially for the use case of prismatic cells in a battery electric vehicle. In this work, a 3D electro–thermal model is developed and experimentally validated to predict the cell’s temperature behaviour for a single prismatic cell under battery electric vehicle (BEV) boundary conditions. One focus is on the development of a single cell’s experimental setup and the investigation of the commonly neglected influences of an experimental setup on the cell’s thermal behaviour. Furthermore, a detailed validation is performed for the laboratory BEV scenario for spatially resolved temperatures and heat generation. For validation, static and dynamic loads are considered as well as the detected experimental influences. The validated model is used to predict the temperature within the cell in the BEV application for constant current and Worldwide harmonized Light vehicles Test Procedure (WLTP) load profile.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Energies</parentTitle>
    <subTitle language="eng">influences of the experimental validation setup</subTitle>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-7532</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">1996-1073</identifier>
    <enrichment key="THI_relatedIdentifier">https://doi.org/10.3390/en13010062</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="THI_articleversion">published</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="THI_openaccess">ja</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="THI_review">peer-review</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons BY 4.0</licence>
    <author>
      <first_name>Jan</first_name>
      <last_name>Kleiner</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Lidiya</first_name>
      <last_name>Komsiyska</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Gordon</first_name>
      <last_name>Elger</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Christian</first_name>
      <last_name>Endisch</last_name>
    </author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>swd</type>
      <value>Lithium-Ionen-Batterie</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>swd</type>
      <value>Elektrofahrzeug</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="open_access" number="">open_access</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="19320">Institut für Innovative Mobilität (IIMo)</collection>
    <collection role="persons" number="26571">Endisch, Christian</collection>
    <collection role="persons" number="26589">Elger, Gordon</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-haw/files/753/Kleiner2019ThermalModellingofLiIon.pdf</file>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>1013</id>
    <completedYear>2021</completedYear>
    <publishedYear>2021</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber>82</pageNumber>
    <edition/>
    <issue>18</issue>
    <volume>14</volume>
    <articleNumber>5989</articleNumber>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>MDPI</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Basel</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>2021-09-21</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Critical review of intelligent battery systems</title>
    <abstract language="eng">This review provides an overview of new strategies to address the current challenges of automotive battery systems: Intelligent Battery Systems. They have the potential to make battery systems more performant and future-proof for coming generations of electric vehicles. The essential features of Intelligent Battery Systems are the accurate and robust determination of cell individual states and the ability to control the current of each cell by reconfiguration. They enable high-level functions like fault diagnostics, multi-objective balancing strategies, multilevel inverters, and hybrid energy storage systems. State of the art and recent advances in these topics are compiled and critically discussed in this article. A comprising, critical discussion of the implementation aspects of Intelligent Battery Systems complements the review. We touch on sensing, battery topologies and management, switching elements, communication architecture, and impact on the single-cell. This review contributes to transferring the best technologies from research to product development.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Energies</parentTitle>
    <subTitle language="eng">challenges, implementation, and potential for electric vehicles</subTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">1996-1073</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-10132</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="THI_relatedIdentifier">https://doi.org/10.3390/en14185989</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="THI_openaccess">ja</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="THI_articleversion">published</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="THI_review">peer-review</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons BY 4.0</licence>
    <author>
      <first_name>Lidiya</first_name>
      <last_name>Komsiyska</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Tobias</first_name>
      <last_name>Buchberger</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Simon</first_name>
      <last_name>Diehl</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Moritz</first_name>
      <last_name>Ehrensberger</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Christian</first_name>
      <last_name>Hanzl</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Christoph</first_name>
      <last_name>Hartmann</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Markus</first_name>
      <last_name>Hölzle</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Jan</first_name>
      <last_name>Kleiner</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Meinert</first_name>
      <last_name>Lewerenz</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Bernhard</first_name>
      <last_name>Liebhart</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Michael</first_name>
      <last_name>Schmid</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Dominik</first_name>
      <last_name>Schneider</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Sascha</first_name>
      <last_name>Speer</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Julia</first_name>
      <last_name>Stöttner</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Christoph</first_name>
      <last_name>Terbrack</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Michael</first_name>
      <last_name>Hinterberger</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Christian</first_name>
      <last_name>Endisch</last_name>
    </author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>smart battery</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>intelligent battery system</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>advanced monitoring</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>reconfigurable battery</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>battery management system</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>electric vehicle</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="open_access" number="">open_access</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="19311">Fakultät Elektro- und Informationstechnik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="19320">Institut für Innovative Mobilität (IIMo)</collection>
    <collection role="persons" number="26571">Endisch, Christian</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-haw/files/1013/energies-14-05989-v2-1.pdf</file>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>1045</id>
    <completedYear>2018</completedYear>
    <publishedYear>2018</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>45</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>66</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>83</issue>
    <volume>2019</volume>
    <articleNumber/>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Elsevier</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Amsterdam</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>2018-11-07</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Look-ahead controls of heavy duty trucks on open roads — six benchmark solutions</title>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Control Engineering Practice</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">1873-6939</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="THI_relatedIdentifier">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conengprac.2018.10.014</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="THI_openaccess">nein</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="THI_review">peer-review</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="THI_articleversion">published</enrichment>
    <author>
      <first_name>Lars</first_name>
      <last_name>Eriksson</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Andreas</first_name>
      <last_name>Thomasson</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Kristoffer</first_name>
      <last_name>Ekberg</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Alberto</first_name>
      <last_name>Reig</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Mark</first_name>
      <last_name>Eifert</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Fabrizio</first_name>
      <last_name>Donatantonio</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Antonio</first_name>
      <last_name>D'Amato</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Ivan</first_name>
      <last_name>Arsie</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Cesare</first_name>
      <last_name>Pianese</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Pavel</first_name>
      <last_name>Otta</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Manne</first_name>
      <last_name>Held</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Ulrich</first_name>
      <last_name>Vögele</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Christian</first_name>
      <last_name>Endisch</last_name>
    </author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Engine model</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Driveline model</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Vehicle model</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Control design</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Optimal control</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="institutes" number="15984">Fakultät Elektrotechnik und Informatik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="19320">Institut für Innovative Mobilität (IIMo)</collection>
    <collection role="persons" number="26571">Endisch, Christian</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>1040</id>
    <completedYear>2020</completedYear>
    <publishedYear>2020</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>480</issue>
    <volume>2020</volume>
    <articleNumber>228673</articleNumber>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Elsevier</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>New York</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>2020-09-29</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Application of nonlinear impedance spectroscopy for the diagnosis of lithium-ion battery cells under various operating conditions</title>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Journal of Power Sources</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">1873-2755</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="THI_relatedIdentifier">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2020.228673</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="THI_articleversion">published</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="THI_openaccess">nein</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="THI_review">peer-review</enrichment>
    <author>
      <first_name>Bernhard</first_name>
      <last_name>Liebhart</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Martin</first_name>
      <last_name>Satzke</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Lidiya</first_name>
      <last_name>Komsiyska</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Christian</first_name>
      <last_name>Endisch</last_name>
    </author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Nonlinear impedance spectroscopy</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Mechanical pressure</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Frequency response functions</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Volterra kernels</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="institutes" number="19311">Fakultät Elektro- und Informationstechnik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="19320">Institut für Innovative Mobilität (IIMo)</collection>
    <collection role="persons" number="26571">Endisch, Christian</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>1043</id>
    <completedYear>2019</completedYear>
    <publishedYear>2019</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>449</issue>
    <volume>2020</volume>
    <articleNumber>227297</articleNumber>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Elsevier</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>New York</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>2019-12-18</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Passive impedance spectroscopy for monitoring lithium-ion battery cells during vehicle operation</title>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Journal of Power Sources</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">1873-2755</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="THI_relatedIdentifier">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2019.227297</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="THI_articleversion">published</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="THI_openaccess">nein</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="THI_review">peer-review</enrichment>
    <author>
      <first_name>Bernhard</first_name>
      <last_name>Liebhart</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Lidiya</first_name>
      <last_name>Komsiyska</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Christian</first_name>
      <last_name>Endisch</last_name>
    </author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>(Nonparametric) system identification</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>(Passive) impedance spectroscopy</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Data-driven battery parameter estimation</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Single-cell BMS</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="institutes" number="19311">Fakultät Elektro- und Informationstechnik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="19320">Institut für Innovative Mobilität (IIMo)</collection>
    <collection role="persons" number="26571">Endisch, Christian</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>1044</id>
    <completedYear>2019</completedYear>
    <publishedYear>2019</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>440</issue>
    <volume>2019</volume>
    <articleNumber>227156</articleNumber>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Elsevier</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>New York</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>2019-09-17</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Model-based sensor data fusion of quasi-redundant voltage and current measurements in a lithium-ion battery module</title>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Journal of Power Sources</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">1873-2755</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="THI_relatedIdentifier">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2019.227156</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="THI_articleversion">published</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="THI_openaccess">nein</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="THI_review">peer-review</enrichment>
    <author>
      <first_name>Dominik</first_name>
      <last_name>Schneider</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Ulrich</first_name>
      <last_name>Vögele</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Christian</first_name>
      <last_name>Endisch</last_name>
    </author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Battery model</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Current sensor</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Dual kalman filter</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Sensor data fusion</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>State estimation</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Weighted least squares</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="institutes" number="19311">Fakultät Elektro- und Informationstechnik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="19320">Institut für Innovative Mobilität (IIMo)</collection>
    <collection role="persons" number="26571">Endisch, Christian</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>940</id>
    <completedYear>2020</completedYear>
    <publishedYear>2020</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber>7</pageNumber>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume>11</volume>
    <articleNumber>590294</articleNumber>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Frontiers Media</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Lausanne</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>2020-11-12</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Eco-evolutionary effects of bacterial cooperation on phage therapy</title>
    <abstract language="eng">If there is something we have learned from the antibiotic era, it is that indiscriminate use of a therapeutic agent without a clear understanding of its long-term evolutionary impact can have enormous health repercussions. This knowledge is particularly relevant when the therapeutic agents are remarkably adaptable and diverse biological entities capable of a plethora of interactions, most of which remain largely unexplored. Although phage therapy (PT) undoubtedly holds the potential to save lives, its current efficacy in case studies recalls the golden era of antibiotics, when these compounds were highly effective and the possibility of them becoming ineffective seemed remote. Safe PT schemes depend on our understanding of how phages interact with, and evolve in, highly complex environments. Here, we summarize and review emerging evidence in a commonly overlooked theme in PT: bacteria-phage interactions. In particular, we discuss the influence of quorum sensing (QS) on phage susceptibility, the consequent role of phages in modulating bacterial cooperation, and the potential implications of this relationship in PT, including how we can use this knowledge to inform PT strategies. We highlight that the influence of QS on phage susceptibility seems to be widespread but can have contrasting outcomes depending on the bacterial host, underscoring the need to thoroughly characterize this link in various bacterial models. Furthermore, we encourage researchers to exploit competition experiments, experimental evolution, and mathematical modeling to explore this relationship further in relevant infection models. Finally, we emphasize that long-term PT success requires research on phage ecology and evolution to inform the design of optimal therapeutic schemes.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Frontiers in Microbiology</parentTitle>
    <subTitle language="eng">an unknown risk?</subTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">1664-302X</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-9408</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="THI_relatedIdentifier">https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2020.590294</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="THI_articleversion">published</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="THI_openaccess">ja</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="THI_review">peer-review</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons BY 4.0</licence>
    <author>
      <first_name>Adrián</first_name>
      <last_name>Cazares</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Rodolfo</first_name>
      <last_name>García-Contreras</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Judith</first_name>
      <last_name>Pérez-Velázquez</last_name>
    </author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>phages</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>phage therapy</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>quorum sensing</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>bacteria-phage interactions</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>cheaters</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>anti-phage defense</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="open_access" number="">open_access</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="19320">Institut für Innovative Mobilität (IIMo)</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-haw/files/940/fmicb-11-590294.pdf</file>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>943</id>
    <completedYear>2020</completedYear>
    <publishedYear>2020</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>2083</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>2094</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>10</issue>
    <volume>51</volume>
    <articleNumber/>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Wiley</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Chichester</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>2020-07-27</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Thermomechanical stress in GaN-LEDs soldered onto Cu substrates studied using finite element method and Raman spectroscopy</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Local thermomechanical stress can cause failures in semiconductor packages during long-time operation under harsh environmental conditions. This study helps to explain the packaging-induced stress in blue GaN-LEDs soldered onto copper substrates using AuSn alloy as lead-free interconnect material. Based on the finite element method, a virtual prototype is developed to simulate the thermomechanical behavior and stress in the LED and in the complete LED/AuSn/Cu assembly considering plastic and viscoplastic strain. The investigations were performed by varying the temperature between −50°C and 180°C. To validate the model, the simulation results are compared to experimental data collected with Raman spectroscopy. Studies of the urn:x-wiley:03770486:media:jrs5947:jrs5947-math-0003 phonon mode of GaN semiconductor are elaborated to understand the induced thermomechanical stress. The model enables evaluation of the stress in the interfaces of the assembly, which otherwise cannot be accessed by measurements. It serves to predict how assemblies would perform, before committing resources to build a physical prototype.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Journal of Raman Spectroscopy</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">1097-4555</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-9438</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="THI_relatedIdentifier">https://doi.org/10.1002/jrs.5947</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="THI_articleversion">published</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="THI_review">peer-review</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons BY 4.0</licence>
    <author>
      <first_name>E</first_name>
      <last_name>Liu</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Fosca</first_name>
      <last_name>Conti</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Sri Krishna</first_name>
      <last_name>Bhogaraju</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Raffaella</first_name>
      <last_name>Signorini</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Danilo</first_name>
      <last_name>Pedron</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Bernhard</first_name>
      <last_name>Wunderle</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Gordon</first_name>
      <last_name>Elger</last_name>
    </author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>finite element method</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>gallium nitride (GaN)</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>LED</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>semiconductor</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>thermomechanical stress</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="open_access" number="">open_access</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="19311">Fakultät Elektro- und Informationstechnik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="19320">Institut für Innovative Mobilität (IIMo)</collection>
    <collection role="persons" number="26589">Elger, Gordon</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-haw/files/943/jrs.5947.pdf</file>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>1306</id>
    <completedYear>2021</completedYear>
    <publishedYear>2021</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber>20</pageNumber>
    <edition/>
    <issue>2</issue>
    <volume>7</volume>
    <articleNumber>31</articleNumber>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>MDPI</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Basel</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>2022-02-18</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Advanced monitoring and prediction of the thermal state of intelligent battery cells in electric vehicles by physics-based and data-driven modeling</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Novel intelligent battery systems are gaining importance with functional hardware on the cell level. Cell-level hardware allows for advanced battery state monitoring and thermal management, but also leads to additional thermal interactions. In this work, an electro-thermal framework for the modeling of these novel intelligent battery cells is provided. Thereby, a lumped thermal model, as well as a novel neural network, are implemented in the framework as thermal submodels. For the first time, a direct comparison of a physics-based and a data-driven thermal battery model is performed in the same framework. The models are compared in terms of temperature estimation with regard to accuracy. Both models are very well suited to represent the thermal behavior in novel intelligent battery cells. In terms of accuracy and computation time, however, the data-driven neural network approach with a Nonlinear AutoregRessive network with eXogeneous input (NARX) shows slight advantages. Finally, novel applications of temperature prediction in battery electric vehicles are presented and the applicability of the models is illustrated. Thereby, the conventional prediction of the state of power is extended by simultaneous temperature prediction. Additionally, temperature forecasting is used for pre-conditioning by advanced cooling system regulation to enable energy efficiency and fast charging.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Batteries</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">2313-0105</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-13068</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="THI_relatedIdentifier">https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries7020031</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="THI_openaccess">ja</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="THI_articleversion">published</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="THI_review">peer-review</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons BY 4.0</licence>
    <author>
      <first_name>Jan</first_name>
      <last_name>Kleiner</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Magdalena</first_name>
      <last_name>Stuckenberger</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Lidiya</first_name>
      <last_name>Komsiyska</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Christian</first_name>
      <last_name>Endisch</last_name>
    </author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>lithium-ion battery</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>electro-thermal model</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>smart cell</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>intelligent battery</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>neural network</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>temperature prediction</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="open_access" number="">open_access</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="19311">Fakultät Elektro- und Informationstechnik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="19320">Institut für Innovative Mobilität (IIMo)</collection>
    <collection role="persons" number="26571">Endisch, Christian</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-haw/files/1306/batteries-07-00031.pdf</file>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>1308</id>
    <completedYear>2021</completedYear>
    <publishedYear>2021</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber>18</pageNumber>
    <edition/>
    <issue>2</issue>
    <volume>7</volume>
    <articleNumber>22</articleNumber>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>MDPI</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Basel</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>2022-02-18</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Float Current Analysis for Fast Calendar Aging Assessment of&#13;
18650 Li(NiCoAl)O2/Graphite Cells</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Float currents are steady-state self-discharge currents after a transient phase—caused by anode overhang, polarization, etc.—is accomplished. The float current is measured in this study with a standard test bench for five 18650 cells (Samsung 25R) at potentiostatic conditions while the temperature is changed in 5 K steps from 5 °C to 60 °C. The entire test is performed in about 100 days resulting in 12 measurement points per cell potential for an Arrhenius representation. The float current follows the Arrhenius law with an activation energy of about 60 kJ/mol. The capacity loss measured at reference condition shows a high correlation to the results of float currents analysis. In contrast to classical calendar aging tests, the performed float current analysis enables determining the aging rate with high precision down to at least 10 °C. Returning from higher temperatures to 30 °C reference temperature shows reducing float currents at 30 °C for increasing temperature steps that may originate from an hysteresis effect that has to be investigated in future publications.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Batteries</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">2313-0105</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-13081</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="THI_relatedIdentifier">https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries7020022</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="THI_openaccess">ja</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="THI_articleversion">published</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="THI_review">peer-review</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons BY 4.0</licence>
    <author>
      <first_name>Michael</first_name>
      <last_name>Theiler</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Christian</first_name>
      <last_name>Endisch</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Meinert</first_name>
      <last_name>Lewerenz</last_name>
    </author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>18650</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>NCA</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>graphite</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>float current</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>self-discharge</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>calendar aging</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Arrhenius</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="open_access" number="">open_access</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="19311">Fakultät Elektro- und Informationstechnik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="19320">Institut für Innovative Mobilität (IIMo)</collection>
    <collection role="persons" number="26571">Endisch, Christian</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-haw/files/1308/batteries-07-00022.pdf</file>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>1309</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2021</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>2335</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>2351</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>8</issue>
    <volume>32</volume>
    <articleNumber/>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Springer Nature</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Cham</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>2022-02-18</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Modular production control using deep reinforcement learning: proximal policy optimization</title>
    <abstract language="eng">EU regulations on CO2 limits and the trend of individualization are pushing the automotive industry towards greater flexibility and robustness in production. One approach to address these challenges is modular production, where workstations are decoupled by automated guided vehicles, requiring new control concepts. Modular production control aims at throughput-optimal coordination of products, workstations, and vehicles. For this np-hard problem, conventional control approaches lack in computing efficiency, do not find optimal solutions, or are not generalizable. In contrast, Deep Reinforcement Learning offers powerful and generalizable algorithms, able to deal with varying environments and high complexity. One of these algorithms is Proximal Policy Optimization, which is used in this article to address modular production control. Experiments in several modular production control settings demonstrate stable, reliable, optimal, and generalizable learning behavior. The agent successfully adapts its strategies with respect to the given problem configuration. We explain how to get to this learning behavior, especially focusing on the agent’s action, state, and reward design.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Journal of Intelligent Manufacturing</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">1572-8145</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-13092</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="THI_relatedIdentifier">https://doi.org/10.1007/s10845-021-01778-z</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="THI_openaccess">ja</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="THI_articleversion">published</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="THI_review">peer-review</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons BY 4.0</licence>
    <author>
      <first_name>Sebastian</first_name>
      <last_name>Mayer</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Tobias</first_name>
      <last_name>Classen</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Christian</first_name>
      <last_name>Endisch</last_name>
    </author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>modular production</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>production control</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>production scheduling</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>deep reinforcement learning</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>proximal policy optimization</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>automotive industry</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="open_access" number="">open_access</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="19311">Fakultät Elektro- und Informationstechnik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="19320">Institut für Innovative Mobilität (IIMo)</collection>
    <collection role="persons" number="26571">Endisch, Christian</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-haw/files/1309/Mayer2021_ModularProductionControlUsingD.pdf</file>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>1321</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2021</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber>4</pageNumber>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <articleNumber/>
    <type>conferenceobject</type>
    <publisherName>IEEE</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Piscataway</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>2022-02-21</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Concept of infrastructure based environment perception for IN2Lab test field for automated driving</title>
    <parentTitle language="eng">2021 IEEE International Smart Cities Conference (ISC2)</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">2687-8860</identifier>
    <identifier type="isbn">978-1-6654-4919-9</identifier>
    <enrichment key="THI_relatedIdentifier">https://doi.org/10.1109/ISC253183.2021.9562894</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="THI_review">peer-review</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="THI_openaccess">nein</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="THI_conferenceName">2021 IEEE International Smart Cities Conference (ISC2), online, 07.-10.09.2021</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <author>
      <first_name>Shiva</first_name>
      <last_name>Agrawal</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Gordon</first_name>
      <last_name>Elger</last_name>
    </author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>RSU</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Radar</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Lidar</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Camera</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Intelligent Infrastructure</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Autonomous Driving</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Sensor fusion</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="institutes" number="19311">Fakultät Elektro- und Informationstechnik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="19320">Institut für Innovative Mobilität (IIMo)</collection>
    <collection role="persons" number="26589">Elger, Gordon</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>1322</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2021</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber>5</pageNumber>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <articleNumber/>
    <type>conferenceobject</type>
    <publisherName>IEEE</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Piscataway</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>2022-02-21</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Simulations and experiments to analyze stress phenomena in soldered and sintered interconnections between silicon nitride chips and copper substrates</title>
    <parentTitle language="eng">2021 22nd International Conference on Thermal, Mechanical and Multi-Physics Simulation and Experiments in Microelectronics and Microsystems (EuroSimE)</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="isbn">978-1-6654-1373-2</identifier>
    <enrichment key="THI_relatedIdentifier">https://doi.org/10.1109/EuroSimE52062.2021.9410869</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="THI_review">peer-review</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="THI_openaccess">nein</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="THI_conferenceName">2021 22nd International Conference on Thermal, Mechanical and Multi-Physics Simulation and Experiments in Microelectronics and Microsystems (EuroSimE), St. Julian (Malta), 19.-21.04.2021</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <author>
      <first_name>E</first_name>
      <last_name>Liu</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Fosca</first_name>
      <last_name>Conti</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Sri Krishna</first_name>
      <last_name>Bhogaraju</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Gordon</first_name>
      <last_name>Elger</last_name>
    </author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Performance evaluation</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Analytical models</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Compressive stress</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Thermomechanical processes</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Data models</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Microelectronics</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Finite element analysis</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="institutes" number="19311">Fakultät Elektro- und Informationstechnik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="19320">Institut für Innovative Mobilität (IIMo)</collection>
    <collection role="persons" number="26589">Elger, Gordon</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>1251</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2020</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber>19</pageNumber>
    <edition/>
    <issue>23</issue>
    <volume>10</volume>
    <articleNumber>8516</articleNumber>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>MDPI</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Basel</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>2022-02-15</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Comparison of Nondestructive Testing Methods for Solder, Sinter, and Adhesive Interconnects in Power and Opto-Electronics</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Reliability is one of the major requirements for power and opto-electronic devices across all segments. High operation temperature and/or high thermomechanical stress cause defects and degradation of materials and interconnects, which may lead to malfunctions with costly or even life-threatening consequences. To avoid or at least reduce failures, nondestructive testing (NDT) methods are common within development and production of power and opto-electronics. Currently, the dominating NDT methods are X-ray, scanning acoustic microscopy (SAM), and transient thermal analysis (TTA). However, they have different strengths and weaknesses with respect to materials and mechanical designs. This paper compares these NDT methods for different interconnect technologies, i.e., reflow soldering, adhesive, and sintered interconnection. While X-ray provided adequate results for soldered interfaces, inspection of adhesives and sintered interconnects was not possible. With SAM, evaluation of adhesives and sintered interconnects was also feasible, but quality depended strongly on the sample under test. TTA enabled sufficiently detailed results for all the interconnect applications. Automated TTA equipment, as the in-house developed tester used within this investigation, enabled measurement times compatible with SAM and X-ray. In the investigations, all methods revealed their pros and cons, and their selection has to depend on the sample under tests and the required analysis depth and data details. In the paper, guidelines are formulated for an appropriate decision on the NDT method depending on sample and requirements.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Applied Sciences</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">2076-3417</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-12518</identifier>
    <enrichment key="THI_relatedIdentifier">https://doi.org/10.3390/app10238516</enrichment>
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    <licence>Creative Commons BY 4.0</licence>
    <author>
      <first_name>Maximilian</first_name>
      <last_name>Schmid</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Sri Krishna</first_name>
      <last_name>Bhogaraju</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>E</first_name>
      <last_name>Liu</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Gordon</first_name>
      <last_name>Elger</last_name>
    </author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>reliability</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>nondestructive testing</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>power electronics</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>X-ray</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>scanning acoustic microscopy</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>transient thermal analysis</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>TTA</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>sintering</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>LED</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>MOSFET</value>
    </subject>
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    <collection role="institutes" number="19311">Fakultät Elektro- und Informationstechnik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="19320">Institut für Innovative Mobilität (IIMo)</collection>
    <collection role="persons" number="26589">Elger, Gordon</collection>
    <collection role="persons" number="26880">Schmid, Maximilian</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-haw/files/1251/applsci-10-08516.pdf</file>
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    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber>15</pageNumber>
    <edition/>
    <issue>131, Part A</issue>
    <volume>2025</volume>
    <articleNumber>117323</articleNumber>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Elsevier</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Amsterdam</publisherPlace>
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    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>2025-06-23</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
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    <title language="eng">The important role of lithiation-induced pressure change on apparent aging of lithium-ion batteries during accelerated cyclic aging tests</title>
    <abstract language="eng">In assessing the lifespan of lithium-ion batteries in laboratory conditions, the measured capacity declines during accelerated cyclic aging tests but increases when the cells are left idle. This recoverable capacity loss, known in literature as apparent aging, results from an inhomogeneous lithium distribution in the anode appearing in dV/dQ and capacity difference analysis. This study explores the origin of the apparent aging by correlating lithium distribution in the anode and recoverable capacity loss, with the lithiation induced pressure change and generated electrolyte motion during cycling. To this end, we compressed five commercial pouch lithium-ion cells (NMC/Gr) with holder stiffnesses ranging from 0.9 to 15.4 MPa/mm and offset pressure from 289 to 681 kPa and subjected them to continuous cyclic aging tests. While offset pressure had no significant impact, we observed, that holder stiffnesses over 3.3 MPa/mm induces an apparent capacity loss, which is recoverable by 35 % during a resting phase. The root cause is the so-called electrolyte motion induced salt inhomogeneity (EMSI), driven by continuous high current cycling and electrolyte motion, which is intensified by higher holder stiffness but not by offset pressure. These insights are crucial for improving the accuracy of accelerated aging tests and enhancing battery lifespan predictions.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Journal of Energy Storage</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">2352-1538</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-60173</identifier>
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    <licence>Creative Commons BY 4.0</licence>
    <author>
      <first_name>Pablo</first_name>
      <last_name>Morales Torricos</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Sascha</first_name>
      <last_name>Berg</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Egbert</first_name>
      <last_name>Figgemeier</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Christian</first_name>
      <last_name>Endisch</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Meinert</first_name>
      <last_name>Lewerenz</last_name>
    </author>
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    <collection role="persons" number="26571">Endisch, Christian</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-haw/files/6017/1-s2.0-S2352152X25020365-main.pdf</file>
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  <doc>
    <id>1312</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2021</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>561</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>566</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>99</issue>
    <volume>2021</volume>
    <articleNumber/>
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    <publisherName>Elsevier</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Amsterdam</publisherPlace>
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    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>2022-02-18</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Production in the loop: the interoperability of digital twins of the product and the production system</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The Internet of Things (IoT) era facilitates new possibilities at the interface between the lifecycle of the product and the manufacturing disciplines allowing to add value and meet growing legal requirements. This work presents use cases from the automobile industry which are analyzed in order to derive requirements for data exchange. The analysis of the use cases shows clearly that we need to focus on the instance level for this purpose. This means that both, a specific unit of the product and the production system, must be considered. As a solution approach, a communication loop is proposed bringing the Digital Twin concept in a new field of usage. The key aspect of the proposed solution is the direct intercommunication between the Digital Twins of the product being produced as a Cyber-Physical System (CPS) and the production resources as Cyber-Physical Production Systems (CPPS). This solution enables the aggregation of production-related data within the products Digital Twin and therefore promotes maximal transparency throughout engineering disciplines, phases of the product lifecycle and the whole supply chain.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Procedia CIRP</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">2212-8271</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-13120</identifier>
    <enrichment key="THI_relatedIdentifier">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2021.03.077</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="THI_review">peer-review</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="THI_openaccess">ja</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="THI_conferenceName">14th CIRP Conference on Intelligent Computation in Manufacturing Engineering (CIRP ICME ‘20), Naples (Italy), 15.-17.07.2020</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="THI_articleversion">published</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons BY-NC-ND 4.0</licence>
    <author>
      <first_name>Anna</first_name>
      <last_name>Vogt</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Philipp Heiner</first_name>
      <last_name>Schmidt</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Sebastian</first_name>
      <last_name>Mayer</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Rainer</first_name>
      <last_name>Stark</last_name>
    </author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>digital twin</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>digital shadow</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>digital twin lifecycle</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>cyber-physical system</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>intelligent production systems</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>smart production</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="open_access" number="">open_access</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="19320">Institut für Innovative Mobilität (IIMo)</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-haw/files/1312/1-s2.0-S2212827121003644-main.pdf</file>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>6050</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2025</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber>13</pageNumber>
    <edition/>
    <issue>6</issue>
    <volume>172</volume>
    <articleNumber>060523</articleNumber>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>IOP Publishing</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Bristol</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>2025-07-02</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Assigning Calendar Aging during Open Circuit and Float Current Analysis to Anode and Cathode Aging Using Three-Electrode Cells</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Analyzing calendar aging by float current analysis, instead of solely repeating capacity tests, gains more insights into aging. However, the underlying mechanisms of the recharge current required to keep the voltage constant are not yet fully understood. Therefore, this study performs float current and additional open circuit voltage (OCV) tests on 3-electrode cells for four different voltages at 30 °C. By monitoring the potentials of the anode and the cathode over time individually, the aging rate on both electrodes and the present capacity can be calculated based on adjusting the electrode-specific OCV curves according to the voltage slippery theory. The electrode-specific aging and the capacity prediction show high agreement among both methods and the capacity tests at the end of the experiment. As a result, the capacity loss appears linear-like and is associated with the loss of active lithium mainly due to SEI formation on the anode. Additionally, a significant cathode voltage decay is observed especially for higher cell voltage. According to the literature, this is associated with cathode lithiation where the conductive salt is decomposed by inserting active lithium into the cathode masking SEI losses. Finally, OCV and float current analysis return comparable results and support present 2-electrode evaluation approaches.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Journal of the Electrochemical Society</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">1945-7111</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-60504</identifier>
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    <author>
      <first_name>Qing</first_name>
      <last_name>Yu</last_name>
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    <author>
      <first_name>Iqra</first_name>
      <last_name>Kiran</last_name>
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    <author>
      <first_name>Moritz</first_name>
      <last_name>Ehrensberger</last_name>
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    <author>
      <first_name>Luiza</first_name>
      <last_name>Streck</last_name>
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    <author>
      <first_name>Thomas</first_name>
      <last_name>Roth</last_name>
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    <author>
      <first_name>Andreas</first_name>
      <last_name>Jossen</last_name>
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    <author>
      <first_name>Christian</first_name>
      <last_name>Endisch</last_name>
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    <author>
      <first_name>Meinert</first_name>
      <last_name>Lewerenz</last_name>
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    <publishedYear>2024</publishedYear>
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    <completedDate>2024-08-19</completedDate>
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    <title language="eng">First Mile: An Open Innovation Lab for Infrastructure-Assisted Cooperative Intelligent Transportation Systems</title>
    <parentTitle language="eng">2024 IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium (IV)</parentTitle>
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    <title language="eng">Instance Segmentation and Detection of Children to Safeguard Vulnerable Traffic User by Infrastructure</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Cameras mounted on intelligent roadside infrastructure units and vehicles can detect humans on the road using state-of-the-art perception algorithms, but these algorithms are presently not trained to distinguish between human and adult. However, this is a crucial requirement from a safety perspective because a child may not follow all the traffic rules, particularly while crossing the road. Moreover, a child may stop or may start playing on the road. In such situations, the separation of a child from an adult is necessary. The work in this paper targets to solve this problem by applying a transfer-learning-based neural network approach to classify child and adult separately in camera images. The described work is comprised of image data collection, data annotation, transfer learning-based model development, and evaluation. For the work, Mask-RCNN (region-based convolutional neural network) with different backbone architectures and two different baselines are investigated and the perception precision of the architectures after transfer-learning is compared. The results reveal that the best performing trained model is able to detect and classify children and adults separately in different road scenarios with segmentation mask AP (average precision) of 85% and bounding box AP of 92%.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Vehicle Technology and Intelligent Transport Systems</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">2184-495X</identifier>
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      <last_name>Agrawal</last_name>
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    <editor>
      <first_name>Alexey</first_name>
      <last_name>Vinel</last_name>
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    <author>
      <first_name>Savankumar</first_name>
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      <first_name>Sumit</first_name>
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      <value>Traffic Flow Optimization</value>
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    <subject>
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      <value>Transfer Learning</value>
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    <title language="eng">Infra-3DRC-FusionNet: Deep Fusion of Roadside Mounted RGB Mono Camera and Three-Dimensional Automotive Radar for Traffic User Detection</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Mono RGB cameras and automotive radar sensors provide a complementary information set that makes them excellent candidates for sensor data fusion to obtain robust traffic user detection. This has been widely used in the vehicle domain and recently introduced in roadside-mounted smart infrastructure-based road user detection. However, the performance of the most commonly used late fusion methods often degrades when the camera fails to detect road users in adverse environmental conditions. The solution is to fuse the data using deep neural networks at the early stage of the fusion pipeline to use the complete data provided by both sensors. Research has been carried out in this area, but is limited to vehicle-based sensor setups. Hence, this work proposes a novel deep neural network to jointly fuse RGB mono-camera images and 3D automotive radar point cloud data to obtain enhanced traffic user detection for the roadside-mounted smart infrastructure setup. Projected radar points are first used to generate anchors in image regions with a high likelihood of road users, including areas not visible to the camera. These anchors guide the prediction of 2D bounding boxes, object categories, and confidence scores. Valid detections are then used to segment radar points by instance, and the results are post-processed to produce final road user detections in the ground plane. The trained model is evaluated for different light and weather conditions using ground truth data from a lidar sensor. It provides a precision of 92%, recall of 78%, and F1-score of 85%. The proposed deep fusion methodology has 33%, 6%, and 21% absolute improvement in precision, recall, and F1-score, respectively, compared to object-level spatial fusion output.</abstract>
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    <abstract language="eng">This study investigates laser sintering of Cu particle-free ink (Cu formate tetrahydrate—amino-2-propanol complex) as an alternative to conventional sintering in an oven (under inert/reducing atmosphere). Utilizing benefits of high-speed localized heating using laser, substrate damage can be prevented for low-melting substrates such as Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET). Firstly, a suitable sintering process window is achieved based on energy density for two different flexible polymeric susbtrates: Polyimide and PET using different laser parameters (laser power, scan rate and spot diameter). Subsequently, characterization of laser sintered traces are also made using different laser optic profiles (Gaussian and top hat). Different methodologies for fabrication of metallized Cu layer were also demonstrated. A very low bulk resistivity of 3.24 µΩcm (1.87 times of bulk Cu) was achieved on trace thickness of 0.85 ± 0.15 µm exhibiting good adherence to polymeric substrates. A promising fabrication process of low-cost and reliable flexible printed electronic devices is demonstrated.</abstract>
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Utilizing benefits of high-speed localized heating using laser, substrate damage can be prevented for low-melting substrates such as Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET). Firstly, a suitable sintering process window is achieved based on energy density for two different flexible polymeric susbtrates: Polyimide and PET using different laser parameters (laser power, scan rate and spot diameter). Subsequently, characterization of laser sintered traces are also made using different laser optic profiles (Gaussian and top hat). Different methodologies for fabrication of metallized Cu layer were also demonstrated. A very low bulk resistivity of 3.24\u2009\u00b5\u2126cm (1.87 times of bulk Cu) was achieved on trace thickness of 0.85\u2009\u00b1\u20090.15\u2009\u00b5m exhibiting good adherence to polymeric substrates. 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    <title language="eng">Holistic evaluation and optimization of multilevel inverter designs for electric vehicle applications</title>
    <abstract language="eng">To advance the development of multilevel inverters (MLIs) for electric vehicle applications, this study introduces novel asymmetric MLI (AMLI) configurations featuring buffer modules to enhance efficiency. A comprehensive comparative analysis of 125 distinct inverter systems is conducted, integrating five different microtopologies and 25 representative symmetrical MLI (SMLI) and AMLI systems. Unlike previous studies, this work employs a successive design process with a graph-based approach to systematically minimize conduction losses. Furthermore, experimental loss measurements ensure practical relevance. By applying Pareto optimization with cost, energy losses, and total harmonic distortion as objective functions, the study identifies the most promising MLI systems among all considered ones. While the cascaded H-bridge MLI emerges as the most cost-effective solution, specific SMLI configurations with 12 or 18 battery cells per module and AMLI designs featuring buffer modules exhibit lower inverter losses. In both cases, the incorporation of microtopologies that enable parallel operation leads to a remarkable reduction in inverter losses by more than 30 % compared to the least efficient MLI systems. Finally, a comparative assessment against a conventional B6-bridge SiC inverter highlights the significant advantages of these optimized MLI configurations in terms of efficiency and system performance.</abstract>
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    <abstract language="eng">Recent developments in maintenance modelling fuelled by data-based approaches such as machine learning (ML), have enabled a broad range of applications. In the automotive industry, ensuring the functional safety over the product life cycle while limiting maintenance costs has become a major challenge. One crucial approach to achieve this, is predictive maintenance (PdM). Since modern vehicles come with an enormous amount of operating data, ML is an ideal candidate for PdM. While PdM and ML for automotive systems have both been covered in numerous review papers, there is no current survey on ML-based PdM for automotive systems. The number of publications in this field is increasing — underlining the need for such a survey. Consequently, we survey and categorize papers and analyse them from an application and ML perspective. Following that, we identify open challenges and discuss possible research directions. We conclude that (a) publicly available data would lead to a boost in research activities, (b) the majority of papers rely on supervised methods requiring labelled data, (c) combining multiple data sources can improve accuracies, (d) the use of deep learning methods will further increase but requires efficient and interpretable methods and the availability of large amounts of (labelled) data.</abstract>
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      <first_name>Judith</first_name>
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      <first_name>Marcel</first_name>
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      <first_name>Gordon</first_name>
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    <title language="eng">Semi-Automatic Annotation of 3D Radar and Camera for Smart Infrastructure-Based Perception</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Environment perception using camera, radar, and/or lidar sensors has significantly improved in the last few years because of deep learning-based methods. However, a large group of these methods fall into the category of supervised learning, which requires a considerable amount of annotated data. Due to uncertainties in multi-sensor data, automating the data labeling process is extremely challenging; hence,&#13;
it is performed manually to a large extent. Even though full automation of such a process is difficult, semiautomation can be a significant step to ease this process. However, the available work in this regard is still very limited; hence, in this paper, a novel semi-automatic annotation methodology is developed for labeling RGB camera images and 3D automotive radar point cloud data using a smart infrastructure-based sensor setup. This paper also describes a new method for 3D radar background subtraction to remove clutter and a new object category, GROUP, for radar-based object detection for closely located vulnerable road users. To validate the work, a dataset named INFRA-3DRC is created using this methodology, where 75% of the&#13;
labels are automatically generated. In addition, a radar cluster classifier and an image classifier are developed, trained, and tested on this dataset, achieving accuracy of 98.26% and 94.86%, respectively. The dataset and Python scripts are available at https://fraunhoferivi.github.io/INFRA-3DRC-Dataset/.</abstract>
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    <title language="eng">Additive Manufacturing for Automotive Radar Sensors Using Copper Inks and Pastes</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Radar sensors are critical for obstacle detection and navigation, especially for automated driving. Using the use-case “printing of heating coils on the inside of the front housing (primary radome)” needed for de-icing in winter, it is demonstrated that additive manufacturing (AM) can provide economic and functional benefits for manufacturing of the sensors. AM will allow significant cost reduction by eliminating parts and simplifying the manufacturing process. Different AM technologies for the coils were investigated, first, by applying the conductive traces by fused deposition modeling (FDM), and, second, by printing copper particle-free inks and pastes. The metal layers were electrically and mechanically characterized using a profilometer to measure the trace dimension and a four-point probe to measure the resistance. It was revealed that low-cost conductive filaments with low resistivity and current carrying capacity are commercially still not available. The best option sourced was a copper–polyester-based filament with 6000 µΩcm after printing. Therefore, low-cost particle-free copper inks and commercial copper flake paste were selected to print the heating coil. The Cu particle-free inks were amine-based Cu (II) formate complexes, where the Cu exists in an ionic form. Using contactless printing processes such as ink-jet printing or pneumatic dispensing, the traces could be deposited onto the low-melting temperature (225 °C) polymeric radome structure. After printing, the material needed to be sintered to form the conductive copper traces. To avoid damaging the polymer radome during sintering, two different processes were investigated: low-temperature (&lt;150 °C) sintering in an oven for 30 min or fast laser sintering. The sintered Cu layers achieved the following specific electric resistivities when slowly sintered in the oven: paste 4 µΩcm and ink 8.8 µΩcm. Using laser sintering, the ink achieved 3.2 µΩcm because the locally high temperature provides better sintering. Also, the adhesion was significantly increased to (5 B). Therefore, laser sintering is the preferred technology. In addition, it allows fast processing directly after printing. Commercial equipment is available where printing and laser sintering is integrated. The potential of low-cost copper material and the integration in additive manufacturing of electronic systems using radar sensors as an example are demonstrated in this paper.</abstract>
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Using the use-case \u201cprinting of heating coils on the inside of the front housing (primary radome)\u201d needed for de-icing in winter, it is demonstrated that additive manufacturing (AM) can provide economic and functional benefits for manufacturing of the sensors. AM will allow significant cost reduction by eliminating parts and simplifying the manufacturing process. Different AM technologies for the coils were investigated, first, by applying the conductive traces by fused deposition modeling (FDM), and, second, by printing copper particle-free inks and pastes. The metal layers were electrically and mechanically characterized using a profilometer to measure the trace dimension and a four-point probe to measure the resistance. It was revealed that low-cost conductive filaments with low resistivity and current carrying capacity are commercially still not available. The best option sourced was a copper\u2013polyester-based filament with 6000 \u00b5\u2126cm after printing. Therefore, low-cost particle-free copper inks and commercial copper flake paste were selected to print the heating coil. The Cu particle-free inks were amine-based Cu (II) formate complexes, where the Cu exists in an ionic form. Using contactless printing processes such as ink-jet printing or pneumatic dispensing, the traces could be deposited onto the low-melting temperature (225 \u00b0C) polymeric radome structure. After printing, the material needed to be sintered to form the conductive copper traces. To avoid damaging the polymer radome during sintering, two different processes were investigated: low-temperature (&amp;lt;150 \u00b0C) sintering in an oven for 30 min or fast laser sintering. The sintered Cu layers achieved the following specific electric resistivities when slowly sintered in the oven: paste 4 \u00b5\u2126cm and ink 8.8 \u00b5\u2126cm. Using laser sintering, the ink achieved 3.2 \u00b5\u2126cm because the locally high temperature provides better sintering. Also, the adhesion was significantly increased to (5 B). Therefore, laser sintering is the preferred technology. In addition, it allows fast processing directly after printing. Commercial equipment is available where printing and laser sintering is integrated. The potential of low-cost copper material and the integration in additive manufacturing of electronic systems using radar sensors as an example are demonstrated in this paper.&lt;\/jats:p&gt;","DOI":"10.3390\/app15052676","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,3]],"date-time":"2025-03-03T12:37:17Z","timestamp":1741005437000},"page":"2676","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Additive Manufacturing for Automotive Radar Sensors Using Copper Inks and Pastes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4601-979X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nihesh","family":"Mohan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Innovative Mobility (IIMo), Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt, Esplanade 10, 85049 Ingolstadt, Germany"}]},{"given":"Fabian","family":"Steinberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Innovative Mobility (IIMo), Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt, Esplanade 10, 85049 Ingolstadt, Germany"}]},{"given":"Sonja","family":"W\u00e4chter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Continental Autonomous Mobility Germany GmbH, Ringlerstrasse 17, 85057 Ingolstadt, Germany"}]},{"given":"H\u00fcseyin","family":"Erdogan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Continental Autonomous Mobility Germany GmbH, Ringlerstrasse 17, 85057 Ingolstadt, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7643-7327","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gordon","family":"Elger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Innovative Mobility (IIMo), Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt, Esplanade 10, 85049 Ingolstadt, Germany"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Mallaiah, M., Thapliyal, S., and Bose, S.C. 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Chem."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scriptamat.2020.02.045","article-title":"Die-Attach Bonding for High Temperature Applications Using Thermal Decomposition of Copper(II) Formate with Polyethylene Glycol","volume":"182","author":"Bhogaraju","year":"2020","journal-title":"Scr. Mater."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohan, N., Torres, J.A., Bhogaraju, S.K., Kotadia, H., and Elger, G. (2023, January 11\u201314). Rapid Sintering of Inkjet Printed Cu Complex Inks Using Laser in Air. Proceedings of the 24th European Microelectronics and Packaging Conference &amp; Exhibition (EMPC), Cambridge, UK.","DOI":"10.23919\/EMPC55870.2023.10418323"},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"(2023). 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    <title language="eng">Apparent vs. true battery aging: Impact of various load characteristics on accelerated aging tests</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Vehicle applications involve highly dynamic and variable operating conditions. These result from changing driving profiles and diverse driving behaviors. To accelerate battery aging tests, experiments are often based on constant load cycles. While efficient, this approach distorts the natural degradation behavior of the cells. This study compares cell aging under real-world and laboratory load conditions. For this purpose, we compare realistic driving profiles measured in a test vehicle in the field with synthetic constant power cycles. Average discharge power and charging sequences are kept identical for comparability. Results show that constant power cycles cause stronger cell aging than dynamic loads. Differential voltage analysis indicates more lithium inventory loss and active material loss at the negative electrode under static loads. Static loading also leads to strong inhomogeneity in the negative electrode and altered charge transfer and diffusion kinetics, as shown by impedance data. After 15 months of rest, the cells recovered up to 52  of lost capacity and 66  of the resistance increase. Impedance assessment and differential voltage analysis confirm the recovery and rehomogenization of the negative electrode. These findings show that conventional accelerated tests are strongly influenced by relaxation and load dynamics. As a result, their applicability to specific use cases, such as automotive applications, is strongly limited . Therefore, andraditional test strategies require reconsideration and redesign.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Journal of Energy Storage</parentTitle>
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    <pageNumber>16</pageNumber>
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    <title language="eng">Float Current Analysis for Lithium-Ion Battery Aging: Insights into SEI Growth and Cathode Lithiation with EIS and ICP OES</title>
    <abstract language="eng">This study investigates calendar-aging mechanisms in lithium-ion batteries, focusing on cathode lithiation due to decomposition of conductive salt and SEI growth, by correlating quantified float currents, capacity loss rates, and pulse resistances with changes in electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) spectra. Seven SamSung 25 R cells are aged at different float voltages with periodic EIS measurements at 30 °C. Using a pre-characterization cell, the internal processes via EIS are allocated across various states of charge and temperatures and GITT measurements are performed to derive scaling factors. GITT, float currents and capacity loss rate measurements at 30 °C enables the separation of SEI growth ISEI growth and cathode lithiation current ICL based on float current behavior across a temperature range of 5 °C to 50 °C. The distribution of relaxation times (DRT) method is employed to deconvolute overlapping electrochemical processes. EIS and DRT analyses showed significant changes in cathode charge transfer resistance and diffusion, confirming that cathode lithiation correlates substantially to elevated internal resistance at high cell voltages. The theory of ISEI growth and ICL is further supported using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy by quantifying elemental inventory changes and linking phosphorus release and lithium consumption to degradation mechanisms.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Journal of The Electrochemical Society</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">1945-7111</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-60922</identifier>
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    <author>
      <first_name>Mohamed</first_name>
      <last_name>Azzam</last_name>
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      <first_name>Atakhan</first_name>
      <last_name>Aydin</last_name>
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    <author>
      <first_name>Christian</first_name>
      <last_name>Endisch</last_name>
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    <author>
      <first_name>Dirk Uwe</first_name>
      <last_name>Sauer</last_name>
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    <author>
      <first_name>Meinert</first_name>
      <last_name>Lewerenz</last_name>
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    <id>3517</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2022</publishedYear>
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    <language>eng</language>
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    <edition/>
    <issue>8</issue>
    <volume>169</volume>
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    <title language="eng">Electrochemical Aging and Characterization of Graphite-Polymer Based Composite Bipolar Plates for Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Three bipolar plates (BPP) comprised of a composite of polypropylene or polyvinylidene fluoride polymer and varying average graphite particle size were studied for application in a vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB). The BPPs were electrochemically aged via 3000 cyclic voltammetry curves in 1.8 M VOSO4 + 2.0 M H2SO4 electrolyte. After every 500th cycle the aging progression was determined by performing cyclic voltammetry on the bipolar plates in 0.1 M H2SO4 solution where the double layer capacitance, the quinone/hydroquinone and the vanadium species redox activity were quantitatively evaluated. Prior to the aging, the composite plates were extensively characterized using various physical methods. The performed studies reveal that the wettability, surface roughness and accessible porosity of the bipolar plates significantly influence their electrochemical stability. Cycling tests in vanadium redox flow single cells at a constant current density of 60 mA cm−2 revealed a close correlation of the cell efficiencies to the electrochemical stability of the bipolar plates. Thus, the proposed electrochemical characterization method can be an effective foresight to predict the applicability of a bipolar plate in a vanadium redox flow battery.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Journal of the Electrochemical Society</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">1945-7111</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-35172</identifier>
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    <author>
      <first_name>Gaurav</first_name>
      <last_name>Gupta</last_name>
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    <author>
      <first_name>Barbara</first_name>
      <last_name>Satola</last_name>
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      <first_name>Lidiya</first_name>
      <last_name>Komsiyska</last_name>
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      <first_name>Corinna</first_name>
      <last_name>Harms</last_name>
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    <author>
      <first_name>Thorsten</first_name>
      <last_name>Hickmann</last_name>
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    <author>
      <first_name>Alexander</first_name>
      <last_name>Dyck</last_name>
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    <thesisPublisher>Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt</thesisPublisher>
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    <completedDate>2025-06-26</completedDate>
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    <title language="eng">Modular Production Control with Multi-Agent Deep Q-Learning</title>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Proceedings: 2021 26th IEEE International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation (ETFA)</parentTitle>
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      <first_name>Dennis</first_name>
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      <first_name>Sebastian</first_name>
      <last_name>Mayer</last_name>
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      <first_name>Jonas</first_name>
      <last_name>Zinn</last_name>
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      <first_name>Birgit</first_name>
      <last_name>Vogel-Heuser</last_name>
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    <title language="eng">Correlating Intrinsic Parameters and Sharpness for Condition Monitoring of Automotive Imaging Sensors</title>
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      <first_name>Lena</first_name>
      <last_name>Böhm</last_name>
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      <first_name>Gordon</first_name>
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    <id>1323</id>
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    <publishedYear>2021</publishedYear>
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    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber>9</pageNumber>
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    <publisherName>IEEE</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Piscataway</publisherPlace>
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    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>2022-02-21</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
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    <title language="eng">Thermo-mechanical-optical coupling within a digital twin development for automotive LiDAR</title>
    <parentTitle language="eng">2021 22nd International Conference on Thermal, Mechanical and Multi-Physics Simulation and Experiments in Microelectronics and Microsystems (EuroSimE)</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="isbn">978-1-6654-1373-2</identifier>
    <enrichment key="THI_relatedIdentifier">https://doi.org/10.1109/EuroSimE52062.2021.9410831</enrichment>
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    <enrichment key="THI_conferenceName">2021 22nd International Conference on Thermal, Mechanical and Multi-Physics Simulation and Experiments in Microelectronics and Microsystems (EuroSimE), St. Julian (Malta), 19.-21.04.2021</enrichment>
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    <author>
      <first_name>M.</first_name>
      <last_name>Tavakolibasti</last_name>
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    <author>
      <first_name>P.</first_name>
      <last_name>Meszmer</last_name>
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    <author>
      <first_name>Gunnar</first_name>
      <last_name>Böttger</last_name>
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    <author>
      <first_name>Marcel</first_name>
      <last_name>Kettelgerdes</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Gordon</first_name>
      <last_name>Elger</last_name>
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    <author>
      <first_name>Hüseyin</first_name>
      <last_name>Erdogan</last_name>
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      <first_name>A.</first_name>
      <last_name>Seshaditya</last_name>
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      <first_name>Bernhard</first_name>
      <last_name>Wunderle</last_name>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Couplings</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Laser radar</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Digital twin</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Thermomechanical processes</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Adaptive optics</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Optical coupling</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Real-time systems</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="institutes" number="19311">Fakultät Elektro- und Informationstechnik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="19320">Institut für Innovative Mobilität (IIMo)</collection>
    <collection role="persons" number="26589">Elger, Gordon</collection>
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    <publishedYear>2021</publishedYear>
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    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>526</pageFirst>
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    <completedDate>2022-02-21</completedDate>
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    <title language="eng">Low temperature and low pressure die-attach bonding of high power light emitting diodes with self reducing copper complex paste</title>
    <parentTitle language="eng">IEEE 71st Electronic Components and Technology Conference ECTC 2021, Proceedings</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="isbn">978-1-6654-4097-4</identifier>
    <enrichment key="THI_relatedIdentifier">https://doi.org/10.1109/ECTC32696.2021.00094</enrichment>
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    <author>
      <first_name>Sri Krishna</first_name>
      <last_name>Bhogaraju</last_name>
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    <author>
      <first_name>Maximilian</first_name>
      <last_name>Schmid</last_name>
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    <author>
      <first_name>Elias</first_name>
      <last_name>Hufnagel</last_name>
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    <author>
      <first_name>Fosca</first_name>
      <last_name>Conti</last_name>
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      <first_name>Hiren R.</first_name>
      <last_name>Kotadia</last_name>
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    <author>
      <first_name>Gordon</first_name>
      <last_name>Elger</last_name>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>low temperature sintering</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>rapid sintering</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Cu(II) formate</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>reducing binder</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>low pressure sintering</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>high bond strength</value>
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    <collection role="persons" number="26880">Schmid, Maximilian</collection>
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    <completedDate>2022-02-21</completedDate>
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    <title language="eng">Characterization of copper sintered interconnects by transient thermal analysis</title>
    <parentTitle language="eng">2021 International Conference on Electronics Packaging (ICEP 2021)</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="isbn">978-4-9911-9111-4</identifier>
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    <enrichment key="THI_conferenceName">2021 International Conference on Electronics Packaging (ICEP), online, 12.-14.05.2021</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <author>
      <first_name>Maximilian</first_name>
      <last_name>Schmid</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Sri Krishna</first_name>
      <last_name>Bhogaraju</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Gordon</first_name>
      <last_name>Elger</last_name>
    </author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>copper sintering</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>transient thermal analysis (TTA)</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>thermal impedance (Zth)</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>non-destructive testing (NDT)</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>scanning acoustic microscopy (SAM)</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="institutes" number="19311">Fakultät Elektro- und Informationstechnik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="19320">Institut für Innovative Mobilität (IIMo)</collection>
    <collection role="persons" number="26589">Elger, Gordon</collection>
    <collection role="persons" number="26880">Schmid, Maximilian</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>1332</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2020</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>2081</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>2086</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <articleNumber/>
    <type>conferenceobject</type>
    <publisherName>IEEE</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Piscataway</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>2022-02-21</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Thermal behavior of an intelligent li-ion cell under vehicle conditions</title>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Proceedings: IECON 2020 The 46th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">2577-1647</identifier>
    <identifier type="isbn">978-1-7281-5414-5</identifier>
    <enrichment key="THI_relatedIdentifier">https://doi.org/10.1109/IECON43393.2020.9254336</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="THI_review">peer-review</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="THI_openaccess">nein</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="THI_conferenceName">IECON 2020 The 46th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society, online, 18.-21.10.2020</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <author>
      <first_name>Jan</first_name>
      <last_name>Kleiner</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Alexander</first_name>
      <last_name>Heider</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Christian</first_name>
      <last_name>Hanzl</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Lidiya</first_name>
      <last_name>Komsiyska</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Gordon</first_name>
      <last_name>Elger</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Christian</first_name>
      <last_name>Endisch</last_name>
    </author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Li-ion</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>electro-thermal model</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>intelligent battery</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>reconfigurable system</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>smart cell</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="institutes" number="19311">Fakultät Elektro- und Informationstechnik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="19320">Institut für Innovative Mobilität (IIMo)</collection>
    <collection role="persons" number="26571">Endisch, Christian</collection>
    <collection role="persons" number="26589">Elger, Gordon</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>1334</id>
    <completedYear>2020</completedYear>
    <publishedYear>2020</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1829</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>1837</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>2</issue>
    <volume>21</volume>
    <articleNumber/>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>IEEE</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>New York</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>2022-02-22</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Data-driven fault diagnosis in battery systems through cross-cell monitoring</title>
    <parentTitle language="eng">IEEE Sensors Journal</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">1558-1748</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">1530-437X</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">2379-9153</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="THI_relatedIdentifier">https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2020.3017812</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="THI_articleversion">published</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="THI_openaccess">nein</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="THI_review">peer-review</enrichment>
    <author>
      <first_name>Michael</first_name>
      <last_name>Schmid</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Hans-Georg</first_name>
      <last_name>Kneidinger</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Christian</first_name>
      <last_name>Endisch</last_name>
    </author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Battery systems</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>data-driven fault diagnosis</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>fault isolation</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>recursive principal component analysis</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>signal processing</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="institutes" number="19311">Fakultät Elektro- und Informationstechnik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="19320">Institut für Innovative Mobilität (IIMo)</collection>
    <collection role="persons" number="26571">Endisch, Christian</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>1335</id>
    <completedYear>2020</completedYear>
    <publishedYear>2020</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>2584</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>2597</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>3</issue>
    <volume>36</volume>
    <articleNumber/>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>IEEE</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Piscataway</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>2022-02-22</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Active model-based fault diagnosis in reconfigurable battery systems</title>
    <parentTitle language="eng">IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">1941-0107</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">0885-8993</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="THI_relatedIdentifier">https://doi.org/10.1109/TPEL.2020.3012964</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="THI_articleversion">published</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="THI_openaccess">nein</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="THI_review">peer-review</enrichment>
    <author>
      <first_name>Michael</first_name>
      <last_name>Schmid</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Emanuel</first_name>
      <last_name>Gebauer</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Christian</first_name>
      <last_name>Hanzl</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Christian</first_name>
      <last_name>Endisch</last_name>
    </author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>active fault isolation</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>active hypothesis testing</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>constrained parameter estimation</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>fault tolerance</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>fuzzy clustering</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>reconfigurable battery system (RBS)</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="institutes" number="19320">Institut für Innovative Mobilität (IIMo)</collection>
    <collection role="persons" number="26571">Endisch, Christian</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>1336</id>
    <completedYear>2021</completedYear>
    <publishedYear>2021</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1073</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>1088</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>6</issue>
    <volume>14</volume>
    <articleNumber/>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Wiley</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Hoboken</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>2022-02-22</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Current commutation in a switched lithium-ion cell used in cascaded half-bridge multilevel inverters</title>
    <abstract language="eng">In order to improve the efficiency of battery electric vehicles, the utilization of reconfigurable batteries and multilevel inverters based on low-voltage Si MOSFETs gains growing attention. Focusing on the half-bridge as basic switching unit, this paper examines voltage and current waveforms during switching. It is shown that the current commutation speed depends on various factors such as sign and amplitude of the current as well as the particular switching scenario. For instance, turning off a positive cell current takes 0.21 𝜇s while turning it on takes 0.9 𝜇s. In addition, it is revealed that depending on the switching scenario and current direction, the lithium-ion cell supports or opposes the remagnetization of the parasitic inductances and therefore the switching losses of the MOSFETs. Switching a positive load current of 125 A from active to bypass converts 276 𝜇J into heat while switching from bypass to active converts merely 32.5 𝜇J into heat.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">IET Power Electronics</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">1755-4543</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-13364</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="THI_relatedIdentifier">https://doi.org/10.1049/pel2.12088</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="THI_openaccess">ja</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="THI_articleversion">published</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="THI_review">peer-review</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons BY 4.0</licence>
    <author>
      <first_name>Christian</first_name>
      <last_name>Hanzl</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Christoph</first_name>
      <last_name>Hartmann</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Markus</first_name>
      <last_name>Hölzle</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Bernhard</first_name>
      <last_name>Liebhart</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Michael</first_name>
      <last_name>Schmid</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Christian</first_name>
      <last_name>Endisch</last_name>
    </author>
    <collection role="open_access" number="">open_access</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="19311">Fakultät Elektro- und Informationstechnik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="19320">Institut für Innovative Mobilität (IIMo)</collection>
    <collection role="persons" number="26571">Endisch, Christian</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-haw/files/1336/IET_Power_Electronics-2021-Hanzl.pdf</file>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>1338</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2020</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber>7</pageNumber>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <articleNumber/>
    <type>conferenceobject</type>
    <publisherName>IEEE</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Piscataway</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>2022-02-22</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Finite Element simulations and Raman measurements to investigate thermomechanical stress in GaN-LEDs</title>
    <parentTitle language="eng">2020 IEEE 8th Electronics System-Integration Technology Conference (ESTC)</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="isbn">978-1-7281-6293-5</identifier>
    <enrichment key="THI_relatedIdentifier">https://doi.org/10.1109/ESTC48849.2020.9229843</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="THI_review">peer-review</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="THI_openaccess">nein</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="THI_conferenceName">2020 IEEE 8th Electronics System-Integration Technology Conference (ESTC), Tønsberg (Norway), 15.-18.09.2020</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <author>
      <first_name>Fosca</first_name>
      <last_name>Conti</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>E</first_name>
      <last_name>Liu</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Sri Krishna</first_name>
      <last_name>Bhogaraju</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Bernhard</first_name>
      <last_name>Wunderle</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Gordon</first_name>
      <last_name>Elger</last_name>
    </author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>finite element method</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>gallium nitride (GaN)</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>LED</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Raman spectroscopy</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>semiconductor</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>thermomechanical stress</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="institutes" number="19311">Fakultät Elektro- und Informationstechnik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="19320">Institut für Innovative Mobilität (IIMo)</collection>
    <collection role="persons" number="26589">Elger, Gordon</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>1339</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2020</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber>7</pageNumber>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <articleNumber/>
    <type>conferenceobject</type>
    <publisherName>IEEE</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Piscataway</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>2022-02-22</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Copper die bonding using copper formate based pastes with α-terpineol, amino-2-propanol and hexylamine as binders</title>
    <parentTitle language="eng">2020 IEEE 8th Electronics System-Integration Technology Conference (ESTC)</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="isbn">978-1-7281-6293-5</identifier>
    <enrichment key="THI_relatedIdentifier">https://doi.org/10.1109/ESTC48849.2020.9229801</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="THI_review">peer-review</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="THI_openaccess">nein</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="THI_conferenceName">2020 IEEE 8th Electronics System-Integration Technology Conference (ESTC), Tønsberg (Norway), 15.-18.09.2020</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <author>
      <first_name>Sri Krishna</first_name>
      <last_name>Bhogaraju</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Fosca</first_name>
      <last_name>Conti</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Gordon</first_name>
      <last_name>Elger</last_name>
    </author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>copper inks</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>sintering</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>low temperature</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>copper nano particles</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>copper formate</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>binder</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>terpineol</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>hexylamine</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>amino-2-propanol</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="institutes" number="19311">Fakultät Elektro- und Informationstechnik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="19320">Institut für Innovative Mobilität (IIMo)</collection>
    <collection role="persons" number="26589">Elger, Gordon</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>1340</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2020</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>2005</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>2012</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <articleNumber/>
    <type>conferenceobject</type>
    <publisherName>IEEE</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Piscataway</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>2022-02-22</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">The influence of different-sized Ni micro- and nanopowders on the processing and microstructural properties of Sn-Ag-Cu-solder with low Ag content</title>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Proceedings: IEEE 70th Electronic Components and Technology Conference, ECTC 2020</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">2377-5726</identifier>
    <identifier type="isbn">978-1-7281-6180-8</identifier>
    <enrichment key="THI_relatedIdentifier">https://doi.org/10.1109/ECTC32862.2020.00312</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="THI_review">peer-review</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="THI_openaccess">nein</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="THI_conferenceName">2020 IEEE 70th Electronic Components and Technology Conference (ECTC), Orlando (USA), 3.-30.06.2020</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <author>
      <first_name>Simon</first_name>
      <last_name>Keim</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Ulrich</first_name>
      <last_name>Tetzlaff</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Gordon</first_name>
      <last_name>Elger</last_name>
    </author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Composites</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Soldering</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Porosity</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Microstructure</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Intermetallics</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Phase interfaces</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="institutes" number="15985">Fakultät Maschinenbau</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="19311">Fakultät Elektro- und Informationstechnik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="19320">Institut für Innovative Mobilität (IIMo)</collection>
    <collection role="persons" number="26589">Elger, Gordon</collection>
    <collection role="persons" number="26484">Tetzlaff, Ulrich</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>1341</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2021</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>204</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>208</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <articleNumber/>
    <type>conferenceobject</type>
    <publisherName>IEEE</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Piscataway</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>2022-02-22</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
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    <title language="eng">Stress evaluations of silicon nitride chips bonded onto copper substrates via SAC soldering, AuSn soldering, and copper sintering</title>
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