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    <publisherName>arXiv</publisherName>
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    <title language="eng">Defining Self-adaptive Systems: A Systematic Literature Review</title>
    <abstract language="eng">In the last two decades, the popularity of self-adaptive systems in the field of software and systems engineering has drastically increased. However, despite the extensive work on self-adaptive systems, the literature still lacks a common agreement on the definition of these systems. To this day, the notion of self-adaptive systems is mainly used intuitively without a precise understanding of the terminology. Using terminology only by intuition does not suffice, especially in engineering and science, where a more rigorous definition is necessary. In this paper, we investigate the existing formal definitions of self-adaptive systems and how these systems are characterised across the literature. Additionally, we analyse and summarise the limitations of the existing formal definitions in order to understand why none of the existing formal definitions is used more broadly by the community. To achieve this, we have conducted a systematic literature review in which we have analysed over 1400 papers related to self-adaptive systems. Concretely, from an initial pool of 1493 papers, we have selected 314 relevant papers, which resulted in nine primary studies whose primary objective was to define self-adaptive systems formally. Our systematic review reveals that although there has been an increasing interest in self-adaptive systems over the years, there is a scarcity of efforts to define these systems formally. Finally, as part of this paper, based on the analysed primary studies, we also elicit requirements and set a foundation for a potential (formal) definition in the future that is accepted by the community on a broader range.</abstract>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-61576</identifier>
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    <author>
      <first_name>Ana</first_name>
      <last_name>Petrovska</last_name>
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    <author>
      <first_name>Guan</first_name>
      <last_name>Erjiage</last_name>
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    <author>
      <first_name>Stefan</first_name>
      <last_name>Kugele</last_name>
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  <doc>
    <id>6156</id>
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    <language>eng</language>
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    <pageNumber>8</pageNumber>
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    <publisherName>arXiv</publisherName>
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    <title language="eng">A Systematic Mapping Study on Software Architecture for AI-based Mobility Systems</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Background: Due to their diversity, complexity, and above all importance, safety-critical and dependable systems must be developed with special diligence. Criticality increases as these systems likely contain artificial intelligence (AI) components known for their uncertainty. As software and reference architectures form the backbone of any successful system, including safety-critical dependable systems with learning-enabled components, choosing the suitable architecture that guarantees safety despite uncertainties is of great eminence.&#13;
Aim: We aim to provide the missing overview of all existing architectures, their contribution to safety, and their level of maturity in AI-based safety-critical systems.&#13;
Method: To achieve this aim, we report a systematic mapping study. From a set of 1,639 primary studies, we selected 38 relevant studies dealing with safety assurance through software architecture in AI-based safety-critical systems. The selected studies were then examined using various criteria to answer the research questions and identify gaps in this area of research.&#13;
Results: Our findings showed which architectures have been proposed and to what extent they have been implemented. Furthermore, we identified gaps in different application areas of those systems and explained these gaps with various arguments.&#13;
Conclusion: As the AI trend continues to grow, the system complexity will inevitably increase, too. To ensure the lasting safety of the systems, we provide an overview of the state of the art, intending to identify best practices and research gaps and direct future research more focused.</abstract>
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      <first_name>Amra</first_name>
      <last_name>Ramic</last_name>
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    <title language="eng">22nd Workshop on Automotive Software Engineering</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Software-driven systems are becoming pivotal, underpinning the majority of innovations in contemporary automobiles. This workshop is poised to explore a plethora of topics pertinent to automotive software development. Attendees will engage in discourse on the most apt methodologies, techniques, and tools essential for navigating the foremost challenges faced by researchers and practitioners in the field.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Software Engineering 2025 – Companion Proceedings</parentTitle>
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    <author>
      <first_name>Jörg</first_name>
      <last_name>Henß</last_name>
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      <first_name>Kevin</first_name>
      <last_name>Feichtinger</last_name>
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      <first_name>Stefan</first_name>
      <last_name>Kugele</last_name>
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      <first_name>Lisa</first_name>
      <last_name>Sonnleithner</last_name>
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      <first_name>Hamideh</first_name>
      <last_name>Hajiabadi</last_name>
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    <issue>147</issue>
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    <completedDate>2022-03-10</completedDate>
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    <title language="eng">Defining adaptivity and logical architecture for engineering (smart) self-adaptive cyber–physical systems</title>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Information and Software Technology</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">0950-5849</identifier>
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    <completedDate>2022-03-11</completedDate>
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    <title language="eng">7th International Workshop on Automotive System/Software Architecture (WASA 2021)</title>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Proceedings : IEEE 18th International Conference on Software Architecture Companion (ICSA-C 2021)</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="isbn">978-1-6654-3910-7</identifier>
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      <first_name>Stefan</first_name>
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      <first_name>Darko</first_name>
      <last_name>Durisic</last_name>
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      <first_name>Yanja</first_name>
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    <title language="eng">Towards a Taxonomy of Autonomous Systems</title>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Software Architecture: 15th European Conference, ECSA 2021; Virtual Event, Sweden, September 13–17, 2021: Proceedings</parentTitle>
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    <author>
      <first_name>Stefan</first_name>
      <last_name>Kugele</last_name>
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    <editor>
      <first_name>Stefan</first_name>
      <last_name>Biffl</last_name>
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    <author>
      <first_name>Ana</first_name>
      <last_name>Petrovska</last_name>
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      <first_name>Elena</first_name>
      <last_name>Navarro</last_name>
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      <first_name>Ilias</first_name>
      <last_name>Gerostathopoulos</last_name>
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      <first_name>Welf</first_name>
      <last_name>Löwe</last_name>
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      <first_name>Danny</first_name>
      <last_name>Weyns</last_name>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Autonomous systems</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Taxonomy</value>
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      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Architecture</value>
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    <publisherName>IEEE</publisherName>
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    <completedDate>2022-11-15</completedDate>
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    <title language="eng">Architecture as a Backbone for Safe DevOps in Automotive Systems</title>
    <parentTitle language="eng">2022 IEEE 25th International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC)</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="isbn">978-1-6654-6880-0</identifier>
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    <author>
      <first_name>Stefan</first_name>
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      <first_name>Manfred</first_name>
      <last_name>Broy</last_name>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Encapsulation</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
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      <value>Intelligent transportation systems</value>
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      <value>Automotive engineering</value>
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    <completedDate>2023-07-05</completedDate>
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    <title language="eng">Joint Workshop on Model-Driven Engineering for Software Architecture (MDE4SA) and International Workshop on Automotive System/Software Architectures (WASA)</title>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Proceedings: IEEE 20th International Conference on Software Architecture Companion</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="isbn">978-1-6654-6459-8</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">2768-4288</identifier>
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    <author>
      <first_name>Alessio</first_name>
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      <first_name>Amleto</first_name>
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      <first_name>Ludovico</first_name>
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      <first_name>Stefan</first_name>
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    <language>eng</language>
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    <publisherName>ACM</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>New York</publisherPlace>
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    <completedDate>2023-07-05</completedDate>
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    <title language="eng">A Theoretical Framework for Self-Adaptive Systems: Specifications, Formalisation, and Architectural Implications</title>
    <parentTitle language="eng">SAC '23: Proceedings of the 38th ACM/SIGAPP Symposium on Applied Computing</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="isbn">978-1-4503-9517-5</identifier>
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    <enrichment key="THI_conferenceName">38th ACM/SIGAPP Symposium on Applied Computing, Tallinn (Estonia), 27.-31.03.2023</enrichment>
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    <author>
      <first_name>Ana</first_name>
      <last_name>Petrovska</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Thomas</first_name>
      <last_name>Hutzelmann</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Stefan</first_name>
      <last_name>Kugele</last_name>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>self-adaptive systems</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>theoretical framework</value>
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      <value>minimum requirements</value>
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      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>formalisation</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>architectural implication</value>
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    <title language="eng">20th Workshop on Automotive Software Engineering (ASE’23)</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Software-based systems play an increasingly important role and enable most innovations in modern cars. This workshop will address various topics related to automotive software development. The participants will discuss appropriate methods, techniques, and tools needed to address the most current challenges for researchers and practitioners.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="deu">Software Engineering 2023: Fachtagung des GI-Fachbereichs Softwaretechnik</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="url">https://dl.gi.de/items/a826d18c-1633-4dc8-8efe-e745f26e66ce</identifier>
    <identifier type="isbn">978-3-88579-726-5</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-32168</identifier>
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      <first_name>Gregor</first_name>
      <last_name>Engels</last_name>
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      <first_name>Lars</first_name>
      <last_name>Grunske</last_name>
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      <first_name>Regina</first_name>
      <last_name>Hebig</last_name>
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    <editor>
      <first_name>Matthias</first_name>
      <last_name>Tichy</last_name>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
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    <title language="eng">21st Workshop on Automotive Software Engineering (ASE’24)</title>
    <parentTitle language="deu">Software Engineering 2024, Fachtagung des GI-Fachbereichs Softwaretechnik</parentTitle>
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    <title language="eng">Traceability Evaluation in Requirements Engineering According to Automotive SPICE</title>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Proceedings: 31st IEEE International Requirements Engineering Conference: RE 2023</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="isbn">979-8-3503-2689-5</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">2332-6441</identifier>
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      <first_name>Kurt</first_name>
      <last_name>Schneider</last_name>
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      <first_name>Thomas</first_name>
      <last_name>Cebulla</last_name>
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      <first_name>Fabiano</first_name>
      <last_name>Dalpiaz</last_name>
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      <last_name>Horkoff</last_name>
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      <value>Traceability Evaluation Tool</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
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      <value>Dependency Tree Visualisation</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
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      <value>Automotive SPICE</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Requirements Engineering</value>
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    <title language="eng">Simulation-based Support for Semi-automated Automotive Safety Analysis</title>
    <parentTitle language="eng">2023 IEEE 26th International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC)</parentTitle>
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    <title language="eng">A Systematic Mapping Study on Contract-based Software Design for Dependable Systems</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Background: Contract-based Design (CbD) is a valuable methodology for software design that allows annotation of code and architectural components with contracts, thereby enhancing clarity and reliability in software development. It establishes rules that outline the behaviour of software components and their interfaces and interactions. This modular approach enables the design process to be segmented into smaller, independently developed, tested, and verified system components, ultimately leading to more robust and dependable software. Aim: Despite the significance and well-established theoretical background of CbD, there is a need for a comprehensive systematic mapping study for reliable software systems. Our study provides an evidence-based overview of a method and demonstrates its practical feasibility.&#13;
Method: To conduct this study, we systematically searched three different databases using specially formulated queries, which initially yielded 1,221 primary studies. After voting, we focused on 288 primary studies for more detailed analysis. Finally, a collaborative review allowed us to gather relevant evidence and information to address our research questions. Results: Our findings suggest potential avenues for future research trajectories in CbD, emphasising its role in improving the dependability of software systems. We highlight maturity levels across different domains and identify areas that may benefit from further research. &#13;
Conclusion: Although CbD is a well-established software design approach, a more comprehensive literature review is needed to clarify its theoretical state about dependable systems. Our study addresses this gap by providing a detailed overview of CbD from various perspectives, identifying key gaps, and suggesting future research directions.</abstract>
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    <title language="eng">Runtime Monitor Synthesis for Automotive Software Architectures</title>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Software Architecture: 19th European Conference, ECSA 2025, Limassol, Cyprus, September 15–19, 2025, Proceedings</parentTitle>
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    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1945</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>1975</pageLast>
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    <title language="eng">Model-based resource analysis and synthesis of service-oriented automotive software architectures</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Context&#13;
Automotive software architectures describe distributed functionality by an interaction of software components. One drawback of today’s architectures is their strong integration into the onboard communication network based on predefined dependencies at design time. The idea is to reduce this rigid integration and technological dependencies. To this end, service-oriented architecture offers a suitable methodology since network communication is dynamically established at run-time.&#13;
&#13;
Aim&#13;
We target to provide a methodology for analysing hardware resources and synthesising automotive service-oriented architectures based on platform-independent service models. Subsequently, we focus on transforming these models into a platform-specific architecture realisation process following AUTOSAR Adaptive.&#13;
&#13;
Approach&#13;
For the platform-independent part, we apply the concepts of design space exploration and simulation to analyse and synthesise deployment configurations, i. e., mapping services to hardware resources at an early development stage. We refine these configurations to AUTOSAR Adaptive software architecture models representing the necessary input for a subsequent implementation process for the platform-specific part.&#13;
&#13;
Result&#13;
We present deployment configurations that are optimal for the usage of a given set of computing resources currently under consideration for our next generation of E/E architecture. We also provide simulation results that demonstrate the ability of these configurations to meet the run time requirements. Both results helped us to decide whether a particular configuration can be implemented. As a possible software toolchain for this purpose, we finally provide a prototype.&#13;
&#13;
Conclusion&#13;
The use of models and their analysis are proper means to get there, but the quality and speed of development must also be considered.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Software and Systems Modeling</parentTitle>
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      <first_name>Stefan</first_name>
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      <first_name>Philipp</first_name>
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      <first_name>Eric</first_name>
      <last_name>Sax</last_name>
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