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  <doc>
    <id>1013</id>
    <completedYear>2021</completedYear>
    <publishedYear>2021</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber>82</pageNumber>
    <edition/>
    <issue>18</issue>
    <volume>14</volume>
    <articleNumber>5989</articleNumber>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>MDPI</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Basel</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>2021-09-21</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Critical review of intelligent battery systems</title>
    <abstract language="eng">This review provides an overview of new strategies to address the current challenges of automotive battery systems: Intelligent Battery Systems. They have the potential to make battery systems more performant and future-proof for coming generations of electric vehicles. The essential features of Intelligent Battery Systems are the accurate and robust determination of cell individual states and the ability to control the current of each cell by reconfiguration. They enable high-level functions like fault diagnostics, multi-objective balancing strategies, multilevel inverters, and hybrid energy storage systems. State of the art and recent advances in these topics are compiled and critically discussed in this article. A comprising, critical discussion of the implementation aspects of Intelligent Battery Systems complements the review. We touch on sensing, battery topologies and management, switching elements, communication architecture, and impact on the single-cell. This review contributes to transferring the best technologies from research to product development.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Energies</parentTitle>
    <subTitle language="eng">challenges, implementation, and potential for electric vehicles</subTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">1996-1073</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-10132</identifier>
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    <enrichment key="THI_articleversion">published</enrichment>
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    <licence>Creative Commons BY 4.0</licence>
    <author>
      <first_name>Lidiya</first_name>
      <last_name>Komsiyska</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Tobias</first_name>
      <last_name>Buchberger</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Simon</first_name>
      <last_name>Diehl</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Moritz</first_name>
      <last_name>Ehrensberger</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Christian</first_name>
      <last_name>Hanzl</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Christoph</first_name>
      <last_name>Hartmann</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Markus</first_name>
      <last_name>Hölzle</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Jan</first_name>
      <last_name>Kleiner</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Meinert</first_name>
      <last_name>Lewerenz</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Bernhard</first_name>
      <last_name>Liebhart</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Michael</first_name>
      <last_name>Schmid</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Dominik</first_name>
      <last_name>Schneider</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Sascha</first_name>
      <last_name>Speer</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Julia</first_name>
      <last_name>Stöttner</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Christoph</first_name>
      <last_name>Terbrack</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Michael</first_name>
      <last_name>Hinterberger</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Christian</first_name>
      <last_name>Endisch</last_name>
    </author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>smart battery</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>intelligent battery system</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>advanced monitoring</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>reconfigurable battery</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>battery management system</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>electric vehicle</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="open_access" number="">open_access</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="19311">Fakultät Elektro- und Informationstechnik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="19320">Institut für Innovative Mobilität (IIMo)</collection>
    <collection role="persons" number="26571">Endisch, Christian</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-haw/files/1013/energies-14-05989-v2-1.pdf</file>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>6408</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2025</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber>43</pageNumber>
    <edition/>
    <issue>11</issue>
    <volume>11</volume>
    <articleNumber>11110424</articleNumber>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>MDPI</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Basel</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>2025-11-19</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Design and Implementation of an Intelligent Reconfigurable High-Voltage Battery System for Next-Generation Electric Vehicles</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Battery system engineers face the challenge of balancing competing requirements regarding performance, maintainability, sustainability, safety, and cost—especially in the automotive industry. IBS potentially offer a solution with fewer trade-offs. They feature a battery management system with advanced sensing and data analysis capabilities that facilitate improved battery monitoring and operation. Reconfigurable energy storage units enable sophisticated operating strategies, including complete cell state control, full energy content utilization, and a measured response to faults. This article presents the design, development, and operation of a full-scale intelligent battery system prototype comprising 324 automotive lithium-ion cells with a nominal voltage of 400V. The system exhibits a modular single cell architecture and an advanced centralized battery management system. We detail the system architecture, hardware and software component design, and system integration. Initial tests demonstrate the battery’s operability, extended functionality, and enhanced safety. Our analysis shows that the additional losses introduced by reconfigurability are more than offset by the benefits of full energy utilization—even for new cells, with increasing advantage as aging progresses. The results underscore the potential of intelligent battery systems and motivate further research and development toward economic assessment and industrial adoption.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Batteries</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">2313-0105</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-64086</identifier>
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    <enrichment key="THI_relatedIdentifier">https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries11110424</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons BY 4.0</licence>
    <author>
      <first_name>Stefan</first_name>
      <last_name>Schwertner</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Tobias</first_name>
      <last_name>Buchberger</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Simon</first_name>
      <last_name>Diehl</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Rebekka</first_name>
      <last_name>Ferg</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Christian</first_name>
      <last_name>Hanzl</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Christoph</first_name>
      <last_name>Hartmann</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Markus</first_name>
      <last_name>Hölzle</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Jan</first_name>
      <last_name>Kleiner</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Lidiya</first_name>
      <last_name>Komsiyska</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Meinert</first_name>
      <last_name>Lewerenz</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Bernhard</first_name>
      <last_name>Liebhart</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Michael</first_name>
      <last_name>Schmid</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Dominik</first_name>
      <last_name>Schneider</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Florian</first_name>
      <last_name>Scholz</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Sascha</first_name>
      <last_name>Speer</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Julia</first_name>
      <last_name>Stöttner</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Christoph</first_name>
      <last_name>Terbrack</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Michael</first_name>
      <last_name>Hinterberger</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Christian</first_name>
      <last_name>Endisch</last_name>
    </author>
    <collection role="open_access" number="">open_access</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="19311">Fakultät Elektro- und Informationstechnik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="19320">Institut für Innovative Mobilität (IIMo)</collection>
    <collection role="persons" number="26571">Endisch, Christian</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-haw/files/6408/batteries-11-00424-v3.pdf</file>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>5641</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2024</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>107</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>124</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <articleNumber/>
    <type>conferenceobject</type>
    <publisherName>Springer</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Cham</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>2025-02-05</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">SEGym: Optimizing Large Language Model Assisted Software Engineering Agents with Reinforcement Learning</title>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Bridging the Gap Between AI and Reality, Second International Conference, AISoLA 2024, Crete, Greece, October 30 – November 3, 2024, Proceedings</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="isbn">978-3-031-75434-0</identifier>
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    <enrichment key="THI_conferenceName">2nd International Symposium on Bridging the Gap Between AI and Reality (AISoLA 2024), Crete (Greece), 30.10. - 03.11.2024</enrichment>
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    <author>
      <first_name>Gerhard</first_name>
      <last_name>Stenzel</last_name>
    </author>
    <editor>
      <first_name>Bernhard</first_name>
      <last_name>Steffen</last_name>
    </editor>
    <author>
      <first_name>Kyrill</first_name>
      <last_name>Schmid</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Michael</first_name>
      <last_name>Kölle</last_name>
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    <author>
      <first_name>Philipp</first_name>
      <last_name>Altmann</last_name>
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    <author>
      <first_name>Marian</first_name>
      <last_name>Lingsch-Rosenfeld</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Maximilian</first_name>
      <last_name>Zorn</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Tim</first_name>
      <last_name>Bücher</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Thomas</first_name>
      <last_name>Gabor</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Martin</first_name>
      <last_name>Wirsing</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Lenz</first_name>
      <last_name>Belzner</last_name>
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    <collection role="persons" number="43324">Belzner, Lenz</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>1334</id>
    <completedYear>2020</completedYear>
    <publishedYear>2020</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1829</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>1837</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>2</issue>
    <volume>21</volume>
    <articleNumber/>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>IEEE</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>New York</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>2022-02-22</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Data-driven fault diagnosis in battery systems through cross-cell monitoring</title>
    <parentTitle language="eng">IEEE Sensors Journal</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">1558-1748</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">1530-437X</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">2379-9153</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="THI_relatedIdentifier">https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2020.3017812</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="THI_articleversion">published</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="THI_openaccess">nein</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="THI_review">peer-review</enrichment>
    <author>
      <first_name>Michael</first_name>
      <last_name>Schmid</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Hans-Georg</first_name>
      <last_name>Kneidinger</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Christian</first_name>
      <last_name>Endisch</last_name>
    </author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Battery systems</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>data-driven fault diagnosis</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>fault isolation</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>recursive principal component analysis</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>signal processing</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="institutes" number="19311">Fakultät Elektro- und Informationstechnik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="19320">Institut für Innovative Mobilität (IIMo)</collection>
    <collection role="persons" number="26571">Endisch, Christian</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>1335</id>
    <completedYear>2020</completedYear>
    <publishedYear>2020</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>2584</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>2597</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>3</issue>
    <volume>36</volume>
    <articleNumber/>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>IEEE</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Piscataway</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>2022-02-22</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Active model-based fault diagnosis in reconfigurable battery systems</title>
    <parentTitle language="eng">IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">1941-0107</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">0885-8993</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="THI_relatedIdentifier">https://doi.org/10.1109/TPEL.2020.3012964</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="THI_articleversion">published</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="THI_openaccess">nein</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="THI_review">peer-review</enrichment>
    <author>
      <first_name>Michael</first_name>
      <last_name>Schmid</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Emanuel</first_name>
      <last_name>Gebauer</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Christian</first_name>
      <last_name>Hanzl</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Christian</first_name>
      <last_name>Endisch</last_name>
    </author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>active fault isolation</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>active hypothesis testing</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>constrained parameter estimation</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>fault tolerance</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>fuzzy clustering</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>reconfigurable battery system (RBS)</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="institutes" number="19320">Institut für Innovative Mobilität (IIMo)</collection>
    <collection role="persons" number="26571">Endisch, Christian</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>1336</id>
    <completedYear>2021</completedYear>
    <publishedYear>2021</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1073</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>1088</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>6</issue>
    <volume>14</volume>
    <articleNumber/>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Wiley</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Hoboken</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>2022-02-22</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Current commutation in a switched lithium-ion cell used in cascaded half-bridge multilevel inverters</title>
    <abstract language="eng">In order to improve the efficiency of battery electric vehicles, the utilization of reconfigurable batteries and multilevel inverters based on low-voltage Si MOSFETs gains growing attention. Focusing on the half-bridge as basic switching unit, this paper examines voltage and current waveforms during switching. It is shown that the current commutation speed depends on various factors such as sign and amplitude of the current as well as the particular switching scenario. For instance, turning off a positive cell current takes 0.21 𝜇s while turning it on takes 0.9 𝜇s. In addition, it is revealed that depending on the switching scenario and current direction, the lithium-ion cell supports or opposes the remagnetization of the parasitic inductances and therefore the switching losses of the MOSFETs. Switching a positive load current of 125 A from active to bypass converts 276 𝜇J into heat while switching from bypass to active converts merely 32.5 𝜇J into heat.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">IET Power Electronics</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">1755-4543</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-13364</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="THI_relatedIdentifier">https://doi.org/10.1049/pel2.12088</enrichment>
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    <licence>Creative Commons BY 4.0</licence>
    <author>
      <first_name>Christian</first_name>
      <last_name>Hanzl</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Christoph</first_name>
      <last_name>Hartmann</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Markus</first_name>
      <last_name>Hölzle</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Bernhard</first_name>
      <last_name>Liebhart</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Michael</first_name>
      <last_name>Schmid</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Christian</first_name>
      <last_name>Endisch</last_name>
    </author>
    <collection role="open_access" number="">open_access</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="19311">Fakultät Elektro- und Informationstechnik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="19320">Institut für Innovative Mobilität (IIMo)</collection>
    <collection role="persons" number="26571">Endisch, Christian</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-haw/files/1336/IET_Power_Electronics-2021-Hanzl.pdf</file>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>1190</id>
    <completedYear>2021</completedYear>
    <publishedYear>2020</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>188</issue>
    <volume>2021</volume>
    <articleNumber>116328</articleNumber>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Elsevier</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Amsterdam</publisherPlace>
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    <title language="eng">Influence of heat pipe assisted terminal cooling on the thermal behavior of a large prismatic lithium-ion cell during fast charging in electric vehicles</title>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Applied Thermal Engineering</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">1359-4311</identifier>
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    <author>
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      <last_name>Kleiner</last_name>
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    <author>
      <first_name>Randeep</first_name>
      <last_name>Singh</last_name>
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    <author>
      <first_name>Michael</first_name>
      <last_name>Schmid</last_name>
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      <last_name>Elger</last_name>
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      <first_name>Christian</first_name>
      <last_name>Endisch</last_name>
    </author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Lithium-ion battery</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Battery modeling</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Electro-thermal model</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Fast charging</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Terminal cooling</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Heat pipe</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="institutes" number="19320">Institut für Innovative Mobilität (IIMo)</collection>
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    <title language="eng">Structural analysis in reconfigurable battery systems for active fault diagnosis</title>
    <parentTitle language="eng">IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">1941-0107</identifier>
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      <last_name>Schmid</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Emanuel</first_name>
      <last_name>Gebauer</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Christian</first_name>
      <last_name>Endisch</last_name>
    </author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Active fault diagnosis</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>electrothermal battery model</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>minimal sensor set</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>reconfigurable battery</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>structural analysis</value>
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    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>000199</pageFirst>
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    <completedDate>2022-02-28</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Sensitivity Analysis for Driver Energy Prediction with Environmental Features and Naturalistic Data</title>
    <parentTitle language="eng">2018 IEEE International Conference on Intelligent Engineering Systems (INES)</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="isbn">978-1-5386-1122-7</identifier>
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    <enrichment key="THI_conferenceName">2018 IEEE 22nd International Conference on Intelligent Engineering Systems (INES), Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (Spain), 21.-23.06.2018</enrichment>
    <author>
      <first_name>Johannes</first_name>
      <last_name>Ziegmann</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Michael</first_name>
      <last_name>Schmid</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Christian</first_name>
      <last_name>Endisch</last_name>
    </author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Driver Energy Prediction</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Environmental Feature Selection</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Sensitivity Analysis</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Feature Transformation</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Filter and Wrapper Methods</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="institutes" number="15984">Fakultät Elektrotechnik und Informatik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="19320">Institut für Innovative Mobilität (IIMo)</collection>
    <collection role="persons" number="26571">Endisch, Christian</collection>
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    <publishedYear>2021</publishedYear>
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    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1736</pageFirst>
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    <completedDate>2022-02-25</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Improved Impedance Measurements for Electric Vehicles with Reconfigurable Battery Systems</title>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Proceedings of the Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition – Asia, 2021 (ECCE Asia 2021)</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="isbn">978-1-7281-6344-4</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">2150-6086</identifier>
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    <enrichment key="THI_relatedIdentifier">https://doi.org/10.1109/ECCE-Asia49820.2021.9479060</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="THI_conferenceName">2021 IEEE 12th Energy Conversion Congress &amp; Exposition - Asia (ECCE-Asia), Singapore (Singapore), 24.-27.05.2021</enrichment>
    <author>
      <first_name>Bernhard</first_name>
      <last_name>Liebhart</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Simon</first_name>
      <last_name>Diehl</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Michael</first_name>
      <last_name>Schmid</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Christian</first_name>
      <last_name>Endisch</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Ralph</first_name>
      <last_name>Kennel</last_name>
    </author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Reconfigurable Battery System</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Impedance Spectroscopy</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Power MOSFET</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Artificial Neural Network</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="institutes" number="19311">Fakultät Elektro- und Informationstechnik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="19320">Institut für Innovative Mobilität (IIMo)</collection>
    <collection role="persons" number="26571">Endisch, Christian</collection>
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    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>2023-01-12</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Online Detection of Soft Internal Short Circuits in Lithium-Ion Battery Packs by Data-Driven Cell Voltage Monitoring</title>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Proceedings of the Energy Conversion Congress &amp; Exposition - Asia, 2021 (ECCE-Asia 2021)</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="isbn">978-1-7281-6344-4</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">2150-6086</identifier>
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    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="THI_conferenceName">2021 IEEE 12th Energy Conversion Congress &amp; Exposition - Asia (ECCE-Asia), Singapore, 24.-27.05.2021</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="THI_relatedIdentifier">https://doi.org/10.1109/ECCE-Asia49820.2021.9479175</enrichment>
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    <author>
      <first_name>Michael</first_name>
      <last_name>Schmid</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Bernhard</first_name>
      <last_name>Liebhart</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Jan</first_name>
      <last_name>Kleiner</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Christian</first_name>
      <last_name>Endisch</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Ralph</first_name>
      <last_name>Kennel</last_name>
    </author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Internal Short Circuit</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Fault Diagnosis</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Lithium-Ion Battery</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Battery Safety</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Electric Vehicle</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="institutes" number="19311">Fakultät Elektro- und Informationstechnik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="19320">Institut für Innovative Mobilität (IIMo)</collection>
    <collection role="persons" number="26571">Endisch, Christian</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>1041</id>
    <completedYear>2020</completedYear>
    <publishedYear>2020</publishedYear>
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    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>32</issue>
    <volume>2020</volume>
    <articleNumber>101736</articleNumber>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Elsevier</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Amsterdam</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>2020-08-17</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">A novel matrix-vector-based framework for modeling and simulation of electric vehicle battery packs</title>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Journal of Energy Storage</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">2352-1538</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="THI_relatedIdentifier">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2020.101736</enrichment>
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    <author>
      <first_name>Michael</first_name>
      <last_name>Schmid</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Ulrich</first_name>
      <last_name>Vögele</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Christian</first_name>
      <last_name>Endisch</last_name>
    </author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Electric vehicle</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Lithium-ion battery pack</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Control-oriented modeling</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Electro-thermal model</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Fault diagnosis</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Performance analysis</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="institutes" number="19311">Fakultät Elektro- und Informationstechnik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="19320">Institut für Innovative Mobilität (IIMo)</collection>
    <collection role="persons" number="26571">Endisch, Christian</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>2528</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2022</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber>15</pageNumber>
    <edition/>
    <issue>53</issue>
    <volume>2022</volume>
    <articleNumber>104815</articleNumber>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Elsevier</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Amsterdam</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>2022-07-19</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Online diagnosis of soft internal short circuits in series-connected battery packs using modified kernel principal component analysis</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Safe operation of large battery storage systems requires advanced fault diagnosis that is able to detect faults and provide an early warning in the event of a fault. Since Internal Short Circuits (ISC) are the most common abuse condition leading to thermal runaway, this study addresses the early detection of incipient soft ISCs at the stage when the fault is still uncritical and does not lead to significant heat generation. The differences in cell voltages as measured by conventional battery management systems prove to be indicative features for ISC diagnosis. However, due to poor balancing and parameter variations, the cell voltage differences exhibit nonlinear variations. This work addresses this challenge with a nonlinear data model based on Kernel Principal Component Analysis (KPCA). To enable an online application in a vehicle, the present work reduces the computational complexity of the method by an optimal choice of training data. An analysis of the contribution of each cell to the fault statistics enables identification of the faulty cell. Since early-stage ISCs can exhibit a wide range of short-circuit resistances, experimental validation is performed with resistances from 10Ω to 10kΩ, which are correctly detected and isolated by the optimized cross-cell monitoring in all cases.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Journal of Energy Storage</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">2352-1538</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-25282</identifier>
    <enrichment key="THI_relatedIdentifier">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2022.104815</enrichment>
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    <licence>Creative Commons BY 4.0</licence>
    <author>
      <first_name>Michael</first_name>
      <last_name>Schmid</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Christian</first_name>
      <last_name>Endisch</last_name>
    </author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>lithium-ion battery</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>internal short circuit</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>fault diagnosis</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
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      <value>fault isolation</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>kernel principal component analysis</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>battery safety</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="open_access" number="">open_access</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="19311">Fakultät Elektro- und Informationstechnik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="19320">Institut für Innovative Mobilität (IIMo)</collection>
    <collection role="persons" number="26571">Endisch, Christian</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-haw/files/2528/1-s2.0-S2352152X22008234-main.pdf</file>
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    <publishedYear>2022</publishedYear>
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    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber>11</pageNumber>
    <edition/>
    <issue>48</issue>
    <volume>2022</volume>
    <articleNumber>103732</articleNumber>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Elsevier</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Amsterdam</publisherPlace>
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    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>2022-02-24</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
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    <title language="eng">Early detection of Internal Short Circuits in series-connected battery packs based on nonlinear process monitoring</title>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Journal of Energy Storage</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">2352-1538</identifier>
    <enrichment key="THI_articleversion">published</enrichment>
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    <enrichment key="THI_relatedIdentifier">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2021.103732</enrichment>
    <author>
      <first_name>Michael</first_name>
      <last_name>Schmid</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Jan</first_name>
      <last_name>Kleiner</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Christian</first_name>
      <last_name>Endisch</last_name>
    </author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Lithium-ion battery</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Internal Short Circuit</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Fault diagnosis</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Kernel Principal Component Analysis</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Cell inconsistencies</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Battery safety</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="institutes" number="19311">Fakultät Elektro- und Informationstechnik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="19320">Institut für Innovative Mobilität (IIMo)</collection>
    <collection role="persons" number="26571">Endisch, Christian</collection>
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