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  <doc>
    <id>1013</id>
    <completedYear>2021</completedYear>
    <publishedYear>2021</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber>82</pageNumber>
    <edition/>
    <issue>18</issue>
    <volume>14</volume>
    <articleNumber>5989</articleNumber>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>MDPI</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Basel</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>2021-09-21</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Critical review of intelligent battery systems</title>
    <abstract language="eng">This review provides an overview of new strategies to address the current challenges of automotive battery systems: Intelligent Battery Systems. They have the potential to make battery systems more performant and future-proof for coming generations of electric vehicles. The essential features of Intelligent Battery Systems are the accurate and robust determination of cell individual states and the ability to control the current of each cell by reconfiguration. They enable high-level functions like fault diagnostics, multi-objective balancing strategies, multilevel inverters, and hybrid energy storage systems. State of the art and recent advances in these topics are compiled and critically discussed in this article. A comprising, critical discussion of the implementation aspects of Intelligent Battery Systems complements the review. We touch on sensing, battery topologies and management, switching elements, communication architecture, and impact on the single-cell. This review contributes to transferring the best technologies from research to product development.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Energies</parentTitle>
    <subTitle language="eng">challenges, implementation, and potential for electric vehicles</subTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">1996-1073</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-10132</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="THI_relatedIdentifier">https://doi.org/10.3390/en14185989</enrichment>
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    <enrichment key="THI_articleversion">published</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="THI_review">peer-review</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons BY 4.0</licence>
    <author>
      <first_name>Lidiya</first_name>
      <last_name>Komsiyska</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Tobias</first_name>
      <last_name>Buchberger</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Simon</first_name>
      <last_name>Diehl</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Moritz</first_name>
      <last_name>Ehrensberger</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Christian</first_name>
      <last_name>Hanzl</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Christoph</first_name>
      <last_name>Hartmann</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Markus</first_name>
      <last_name>Hölzle</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Jan</first_name>
      <last_name>Kleiner</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Meinert</first_name>
      <last_name>Lewerenz</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Bernhard</first_name>
      <last_name>Liebhart</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Michael</first_name>
      <last_name>Schmid</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Dominik</first_name>
      <last_name>Schneider</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Sascha</first_name>
      <last_name>Speer</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Julia</first_name>
      <last_name>Stöttner</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Christoph</first_name>
      <last_name>Terbrack</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Michael</first_name>
      <last_name>Hinterberger</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Christian</first_name>
      <last_name>Endisch</last_name>
    </author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>smart battery</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>intelligent battery system</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>advanced monitoring</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>reconfigurable battery</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>battery management system</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>electric vehicle</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="open_access" number="">open_access</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="19311">Fakultät Elektro- und Informationstechnik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="19320">Institut für Innovative Mobilität (IIMo)</collection>
    <collection role="persons" number="26571">Endisch, Christian</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-haw/files/1013/energies-14-05989-v2-1.pdf</file>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>1336</id>
    <completedYear>2021</completedYear>
    <publishedYear>2021</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1073</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>1088</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>6</issue>
    <volume>14</volume>
    <articleNumber/>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Wiley</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Hoboken</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>2022-02-22</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Current commutation in a switched lithium-ion cell used in cascaded half-bridge multilevel inverters</title>
    <abstract language="eng">In order to improve the efficiency of battery electric vehicles, the utilization of reconfigurable batteries and multilevel inverters based on low-voltage Si MOSFETs gains growing attention. Focusing on the half-bridge as basic switching unit, this paper examines voltage and current waveforms during switching. It is shown that the current commutation speed depends on various factors such as sign and amplitude of the current as well as the particular switching scenario. For instance, turning off a positive cell current takes 0.21 𝜇s while turning it on takes 0.9 𝜇s. In addition, it is revealed that depending on the switching scenario and current direction, the lithium-ion cell supports or opposes the remagnetization of the parasitic inductances and therefore the switching losses of the MOSFETs. Switching a positive load current of 125 A from active to bypass converts 276 𝜇J into heat while switching from bypass to active converts merely 32.5 𝜇J into heat.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">IET Power Electronics</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">1755-4543</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-13364</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="THI_relatedIdentifier">https://doi.org/10.1049/pel2.12088</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="THI_openaccess">ja</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="THI_articleversion">published</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="THI_review">peer-review</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons BY 4.0</licence>
    <author>
      <first_name>Christian</first_name>
      <last_name>Hanzl</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Christoph</first_name>
      <last_name>Hartmann</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Markus</first_name>
      <last_name>Hölzle</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Bernhard</first_name>
      <last_name>Liebhart</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Michael</first_name>
      <last_name>Schmid</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Christian</first_name>
      <last_name>Endisch</last_name>
    </author>
    <collection role="open_access" number="">open_access</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="19311">Fakultät Elektro- und Informationstechnik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="19320">Institut für Innovative Mobilität (IIMo)</collection>
    <collection role="persons" number="26571">Endisch, Christian</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-haw/files/1336/IET_Power_Electronics-2021-Hanzl.pdf</file>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>3904</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2023</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1058</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>1065</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <articleNumber/>
    <type>conferenceobject</type>
    <publisherName>IEEE</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Piscataway</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>2023-09-01</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Experimental Investigation and Analytical Modeling of Half-Bridge Switching Losses in Reconfigurable Lithium-Ion Cells</title>
    <parentTitle language="eng">ICPE 2023 - ECCE Asia: 11th International Conference on Power Electronics - ECCE Asia</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="isbn">978-89-5708-350-5</identifier>
    <enrichment key="THI_review">peer-review</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="THI_openaccess">nein</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="THI_relatedIdentifier">https://doi.org/10.23919/ICPE2023-ECCEAsia54778.2023.10213901</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="THI_conferenceName">2023 11th International Conference on Power Electronics and ECCE Asia (ICPE 2023 - ECCE Asia),  Jeju Island (Republic of Korea), 22.-25.05.2023</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <author>
      <first_name>Christian</first_name>
      <last_name>Hanzl</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Julia</first_name>
      <last_name>Stöttner</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Markus</first_name>
      <last_name>Hölzle</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Christian</first_name>
      <last_name>Endisch</last_name>
    </author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>half-bridge</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>lithium-ion cell</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>MOSFET switching losses</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>multilevel inverter</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="institutes" number="19311">Fakultät Elektro- und Informationstechnik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="19320">Institut für Innovative Mobilität (IIMo)</collection>
    <collection role="persons" number="26571">Endisch, Christian</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>6408</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2025</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber>43</pageNumber>
    <edition/>
    <issue>11</issue>
    <volume>11</volume>
    <articleNumber>11110424</articleNumber>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>MDPI</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Basel</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>2025-11-19</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Design and Implementation of an Intelligent Reconfigurable High-Voltage Battery System for Next-Generation Electric Vehicles</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Battery system engineers face the challenge of balancing competing requirements regarding performance, maintainability, sustainability, safety, and cost—especially in the automotive industry. IBS potentially offer a solution with fewer trade-offs. They feature a battery management system with advanced sensing and data analysis capabilities that facilitate improved battery monitoring and operation. Reconfigurable energy storage units enable sophisticated operating strategies, including complete cell state control, full energy content utilization, and a measured response to faults. This article presents the design, development, and operation of a full-scale intelligent battery system prototype comprising 324 automotive lithium-ion cells with a nominal voltage of 400V. The system exhibits a modular single cell architecture and an advanced centralized battery management system. We detail the system architecture, hardware and software component design, and system integration. Initial tests demonstrate the battery’s operability, extended functionality, and enhanced safety. Our analysis shows that the additional losses introduced by reconfigurability are more than offset by the benefits of full energy utilization—even for new cells, with increasing advantage as aging progresses. The results underscore the potential of intelligent battery systems and motivate further research and development toward economic assessment and industrial adoption.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Batteries</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">2313-0105</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-64086</identifier>
    <enrichment key="THI_articleversion">published</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="THI_review">peer-review</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="THI_openaccess">ja</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="THI_relatedIdentifier">https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries11110424</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons BY 4.0</licence>
    <author>
      <first_name>Stefan</first_name>
      <last_name>Schwertner</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Tobias</first_name>
      <last_name>Buchberger</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Simon</first_name>
      <last_name>Diehl</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Rebekka</first_name>
      <last_name>Ferg</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Christian</first_name>
      <last_name>Hanzl</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Christoph</first_name>
      <last_name>Hartmann</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Markus</first_name>
      <last_name>Hölzle</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Jan</first_name>
      <last_name>Kleiner</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Lidiya</first_name>
      <last_name>Komsiyska</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Meinert</first_name>
      <last_name>Lewerenz</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Bernhard</first_name>
      <last_name>Liebhart</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Michael</first_name>
      <last_name>Schmid</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Dominik</first_name>
      <last_name>Schneider</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Florian</first_name>
      <last_name>Scholz</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Sascha</first_name>
      <last_name>Speer</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Julia</first_name>
      <last_name>Stöttner</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Christoph</first_name>
      <last_name>Terbrack</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Michael</first_name>
      <last_name>Hinterberger</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Christian</first_name>
      <last_name>Endisch</last_name>
    </author>
    <collection role="open_access" number="">open_access</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="19311">Fakultät Elektro- und Informationstechnik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="19320">Institut für Innovative Mobilität (IIMo)</collection>
    <collection role="persons" number="26571">Endisch, Christian</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-haw/files/6408/batteries-11-00424-v3.pdf</file>
  </doc>
</export-example>
