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    <completedYear>2021</completedYear>
    <publishedYear>2021</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber>82</pageNumber>
    <edition/>
    <issue>18</issue>
    <volume>14</volume>
    <articleNumber>5989</articleNumber>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>MDPI</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Basel</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>2021-09-21</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Critical review of intelligent battery systems</title>
    <abstract language="eng">This review provides an overview of new strategies to address the current challenges of automotive battery systems: Intelligent Battery Systems. They have the potential to make battery systems more performant and future-proof for coming generations of electric vehicles. The essential features of Intelligent Battery Systems are the accurate and robust determination of cell individual states and the ability to control the current of each cell by reconfiguration. They enable high-level functions like fault diagnostics, multi-objective balancing strategies, multilevel inverters, and hybrid energy storage systems. State of the art and recent advances in these topics are compiled and critically discussed in this article. A comprising, critical discussion of the implementation aspects of Intelligent Battery Systems complements the review. We touch on sensing, battery topologies and management, switching elements, communication architecture, and impact on the single-cell. This review contributes to transferring the best technologies from research to product development.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Energies</parentTitle>
    <subTitle language="eng">challenges, implementation, and potential for electric vehicles</subTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">1996-1073</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-10132</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="THI_relatedIdentifier">https://doi.org/10.3390/en14185989</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="THI_openaccess">ja</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="THI_articleversion">published</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="THI_review">peer-review</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons BY 4.0</licence>
    <author>
      <first_name>Lidiya</first_name>
      <last_name>Komsiyska</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Tobias</first_name>
      <last_name>Buchberger</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Simon</first_name>
      <last_name>Diehl</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Moritz</first_name>
      <last_name>Ehrensberger</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Christian</first_name>
      <last_name>Hanzl</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Christoph</first_name>
      <last_name>Hartmann</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Markus</first_name>
      <last_name>Hölzle</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Jan</first_name>
      <last_name>Kleiner</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Meinert</first_name>
      <last_name>Lewerenz</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Bernhard</first_name>
      <last_name>Liebhart</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Michael</first_name>
      <last_name>Schmid</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Dominik</first_name>
      <last_name>Schneider</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Sascha</first_name>
      <last_name>Speer</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Julia</first_name>
      <last_name>Stöttner</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Christoph</first_name>
      <last_name>Terbrack</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Michael</first_name>
      <last_name>Hinterberger</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Christian</first_name>
      <last_name>Endisch</last_name>
    </author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>smart battery</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>intelligent battery system</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>advanced monitoring</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>reconfigurable battery</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>battery management system</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>electric vehicle</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="open_access" number="">open_access</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="19311">Fakultät Elektro- und Informationstechnik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="19320">Institut für Innovative Mobilität (IIMo)</collection>
    <collection role="persons" number="26571">Endisch, Christian</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-haw/files/1013/energies-14-05989-v2-1.pdf</file>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>5829</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2025</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>3561</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>3573</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>13</issue>
    <volume>2025</volume>
    <articleNumber/>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Elsevier</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Amsterdam</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>2025-04-14</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Holistic evaluation and optimization of multilevel inverter designs for electric vehicle applications</title>
    <abstract language="eng">To advance the development of multilevel inverters (MLIs) for electric vehicle applications, this study introduces novel asymmetric MLI (AMLI) configurations featuring buffer modules to enhance efficiency. A comprehensive comparative analysis of 125 distinct inverter systems is conducted, integrating five different microtopologies and 25 representative symmetrical MLI (SMLI) and AMLI systems. Unlike previous studies, this work employs a successive design process with a graph-based approach to systematically minimize conduction losses. Furthermore, experimental loss measurements ensure practical relevance. By applying Pareto optimization with cost, energy losses, and total harmonic distortion as objective functions, the study identifies the most promising MLI systems among all considered ones. While the cascaded H-bridge MLI emerges as the most cost-effective solution, specific SMLI configurations with 12 or 18 battery cells per module and AMLI designs featuring buffer modules exhibit lower inverter losses. In both cases, the incorporation of microtopologies that enable parallel operation leads to a remarkable reduction in inverter losses by more than 30 % compared to the least efficient MLI systems. Finally, a comparative assessment against a conventional B6-bridge SiC inverter highlights the significant advantages of these optimized MLI configurations in terms of efficiency and system performance.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Energy Reports</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">2352-4847</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-58297</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus_doi_flag">true</enrichment>
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    <author>
      <first_name>Julia</first_name>
      <last_name>Stöttner</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Christian</first_name>
      <last_name>Hanzl</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Christoph</first_name>
      <last_name>Terbrack</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Christian</first_name>
      <last_name>Endisch</last_name>
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    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2020</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>2081</pageFirst>
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    <completedDate>2022-02-21</completedDate>
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    <title language="eng">Thermal behavior of an intelligent li-ion cell under vehicle conditions</title>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Proceedings: IECON 2020 The 46th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">2577-1647</identifier>
    <identifier type="isbn">978-1-7281-5414-5</identifier>
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    <author>
      <first_name>Jan</first_name>
      <last_name>Kleiner</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Alexander</first_name>
      <last_name>Heider</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Christian</first_name>
      <last_name>Hanzl</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Lidiya</first_name>
      <last_name>Komsiyska</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Gordon</first_name>
      <last_name>Elger</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Christian</first_name>
      <last_name>Endisch</last_name>
    </author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Li-ion</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>electro-thermal model</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>intelligent battery</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>reconfigurable system</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>smart cell</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="institutes" number="19311">Fakultät Elektro- und Informationstechnik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="19320">Institut für Innovative Mobilität (IIMo)</collection>
    <collection role="persons" number="26571">Endisch, Christian</collection>
    <collection role="persons" number="26589">Elger, Gordon</collection>
  </doc>
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    <id>1335</id>
    <completedYear>2020</completedYear>
    <publishedYear>2020</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>2584</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>2597</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>3</issue>
    <volume>36</volume>
    <articleNumber/>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>IEEE</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Piscataway</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>2022-02-22</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Active model-based fault diagnosis in reconfigurable battery systems</title>
    <parentTitle language="eng">IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">1941-0107</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">0885-8993</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="THI_relatedIdentifier">https://doi.org/10.1109/TPEL.2020.3012964</enrichment>
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    <author>
      <first_name>Michael</first_name>
      <last_name>Schmid</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Emanuel</first_name>
      <last_name>Gebauer</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Christian</first_name>
      <last_name>Hanzl</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Christian</first_name>
      <last_name>Endisch</last_name>
    </author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>active fault isolation</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>active hypothesis testing</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>constrained parameter estimation</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>fault tolerance</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>fuzzy clustering</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>reconfigurable battery system (RBS)</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="institutes" number="19320">Institut für Innovative Mobilität (IIMo)</collection>
    <collection role="persons" number="26571">Endisch, Christian</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>1336</id>
    <completedYear>2021</completedYear>
    <publishedYear>2021</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1073</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>1088</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>6</issue>
    <volume>14</volume>
    <articleNumber/>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Wiley</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Hoboken</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>2022-02-22</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Current commutation in a switched lithium-ion cell used in cascaded half-bridge multilevel inverters</title>
    <abstract language="eng">In order to improve the efficiency of battery electric vehicles, the utilization of reconfigurable batteries and multilevel inverters based on low-voltage Si MOSFETs gains growing attention. Focusing on the half-bridge as basic switching unit, this paper examines voltage and current waveforms during switching. It is shown that the current commutation speed depends on various factors such as sign and amplitude of the current as well as the particular switching scenario. For instance, turning off a positive cell current takes 0.21 𝜇s while turning it on takes 0.9 𝜇s. In addition, it is revealed that depending on the switching scenario and current direction, the lithium-ion cell supports or opposes the remagnetization of the parasitic inductances and therefore the switching losses of the MOSFETs. Switching a positive load current of 125 A from active to bypass converts 276 𝜇J into heat while switching from bypass to active converts merely 32.5 𝜇J into heat.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">IET Power Electronics</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">1755-4543</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-13364</identifier>
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    <enrichment key="THI_relatedIdentifier">https://doi.org/10.1049/pel2.12088</enrichment>
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    <licence>Creative Commons BY 4.0</licence>
    <author>
      <first_name>Christian</first_name>
      <last_name>Hanzl</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Christoph</first_name>
      <last_name>Hartmann</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Markus</first_name>
      <last_name>Hölzle</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Bernhard</first_name>
      <last_name>Liebhart</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Michael</first_name>
      <last_name>Schmid</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Christian</first_name>
      <last_name>Endisch</last_name>
    </author>
    <collection role="open_access" number="">open_access</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="19311">Fakultät Elektro- und Informationstechnik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="19320">Institut für Innovative Mobilität (IIMo)</collection>
    <collection role="persons" number="26571">Endisch, Christian</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-haw/files/1336/IET_Power_Electronics-2021-Hanzl.pdf</file>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>3337</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2023</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber>11</pageNumber>
    <edition/>
    <issue>218</issue>
    <volume>2023</volume>
    <articleNumber>109197</articleNumber>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Elsevier</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Amsterdam</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>2023-03-30</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Experimental investigation of parasitic side effects in MOSFET-based multilevel inverter for electric vehicle applications</title>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Electric Power Systems Research</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">1873-2046</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">0378-7796</identifier>
    <enrichment key="THI_articleversion">published</enrichment>
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    <author>
      <first_name>Julia</first_name>
      <last_name>Stöttner</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Christian</first_name>
      <last_name>Hanzl</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Christian</first_name>
      <last_name>Endisch</last_name>
    </author>
    <collection role="institutes" number="19311">Fakultät Elektro- und Informationstechnik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="19320">Institut für Innovative Mobilität (IIMo)</collection>
    <collection role="persons" number="26571">Endisch, Christian</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>2286</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2022</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber>17</pageNumber>
    <edition/>
    <issue>4</issue>
    <volume>8</volume>
    <articleNumber>33</articleNumber>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>MDPI</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Basel</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>2022-04-26</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Influence of Switching on the Aging of High Power Lithium-Ion Cells</title>
    <abstract language="eng">For intelligent battery systems that are able to control the current flow for each individual cell, the multilevel inverter is an interesting approach to replace the bidirectional AC/DC-converter and improve flexibility of charging system and signal quality in both directions. Therefore, the cells are modulated by switching varying the duty cycle, the current and the frequency up to the kHz-range. This is only beneficial if the switching does not lead to a significant additional aging. The scientific gap to assess and understand the impact of switching is investigated in this paper by testing 22 high-power 18650 lithium-ion cells (Samsung 25R). The cells are tested at 50 Hz and 10 kHz switching frequency during charge, discharge and charge/discharge at 50% duty cycle. The tests are compared to eight reference tests with continuous current flow performed at the average and the maximum current for charge and discharge, respectively. The results are obtained by evaluating the remaining capacity, resistance, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and dV/dQ analysis. Before reaching rollover, the investigated cells lose homogeneity and cathode capacity but no significant difference for the aging parameters are found. After rollover, the cell-to-cell variation is greater than the aging induced by the different cycling parameters.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Batteries</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">2313-0105</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-22861</identifier>
    <enrichment key="THI_relatedIdentifier">https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries8040033</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="THI_articleversion">published</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="THI_review">peer-review</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="THI_openaccess">ja</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons BY 4.0</licence>
    <author>
      <first_name>Guy</first_name>
      <last_name>Williams Ngaleu</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Michael</first_name>
      <last_name>Theiler</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Xenia</first_name>
      <last_name>Straßer</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Christian</first_name>
      <last_name>Hanzl</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Lidiya</first_name>
      <last_name>Komsiyska</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Christian</first_name>
      <last_name>Endisch</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Meinert</first_name>
      <last_name>Lewerenz</last_name>
    </author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>18650</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>NCA</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>graphite</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>switching</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>multilevel inverter</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>frequency</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>cycle life</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="open_access" number="">open_access</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="19311">Fakultät Elektro- und Informationstechnik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="19320">Institut für Innovative Mobilität (IIMo)</collection>
    <collection role="persons" number="26571">Endisch, Christian</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-haw/files/2286/batteries-08-00033.pdf</file>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>3904</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2023</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1058</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>1065</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <articleNumber/>
    <type>conferenceobject</type>
    <publisherName>IEEE</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Piscataway</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>2023-09-01</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Experimental Investigation and Analytical Modeling of Half-Bridge Switching Losses in Reconfigurable Lithium-Ion Cells</title>
    <parentTitle language="eng">ICPE 2023 - ECCE Asia: 11th International Conference on Power Electronics - ECCE Asia</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="isbn">978-89-5708-350-5</identifier>
    <enrichment key="THI_review">peer-review</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="THI_openaccess">nein</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="THI_relatedIdentifier">https://doi.org/10.23919/ICPE2023-ECCEAsia54778.2023.10213901</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="THI_conferenceName">2023 11th International Conference on Power Electronics and ECCE Asia (ICPE 2023 - ECCE Asia),  Jeju Island (Republic of Korea), 22.-25.05.2023</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
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    <author>
      <first_name>Christian</first_name>
      <last_name>Hanzl</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Julia</first_name>
      <last_name>Stöttner</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Markus</first_name>
      <last_name>Hölzle</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Christian</first_name>
      <last_name>Endisch</last_name>
    </author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>half-bridge</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>lithium-ion cell</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>MOSFET switching losses</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>multilevel inverter</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="institutes" number="19311">Fakultät Elektro- und Informationstechnik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="19320">Institut für Innovative Mobilität (IIMo)</collection>
    <collection role="persons" number="26571">Endisch, Christian</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>4107</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2023</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber>20</pageNumber>
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    <issue>2</issue>
    <volume>9</volume>
    <articleNumber>139</articleNumber>
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    <publisherName>MDPI</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Basel</publisherPlace>
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    <title language="eng">Influence of Switching on the Aging of High Energy Lithium-Ion Cells</title>
    <abstract language="eng">An AC-battery or multilevel inverter used to increase safety and flexibility is realizable by switching the cells and modules on and off in a defined way and thus can replace the bidirectional converter. Assessing possible additional aging due to switching, the results of a previous study for a high-power optimized cell showed no influence on the current rates or the switching. In this paper, a highly energy-optimized LG 18650-cell is investigated to discuss the influence of switching during the charge and discharge process, respectively, as well as combining both processes together with clear performance differences when applying higher charge and discharge currents. Moreover, the influence of switching is discussed for the two frequencies (50 Hz and 10 kHz) and different duty cycles. The aging is analyzed by capacity loss and resistance increase, by dV/dQ analysis, and by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. We found no clear negative influence of switching but a positive effect if the cells are switched during charge. The best performance is found for switching during charge as well as during discharge. The cell aging during switching is clearly determined by the average and not the maximum current applied. This work shows no negative effects of multilevel inverter applications on the tested cells.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Batteries</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">2313-0105</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-41074</identifier>
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    <author>
      <first_name>Xenia</first_name>
      <last_name>Straßer</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Guy</first_name>
      <last_name>Williams Ngaleu</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Christian</first_name>
      <last_name>Hanzl</last_name>
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    <author>
      <first_name>Mohamed</first_name>
      <last_name>Azzam</last_name>
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    <author>
      <first_name>Christian</first_name>
      <last_name>Endisch</last_name>
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    <author>
      <first_name>Meinert</first_name>
      <last_name>Lewerenz</last_name>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>18650</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>NMC811</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Graphite</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>switching</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>multilevel inverter</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>frequency</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>cycle life</value>
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    <publishedYear>2026</publishedYear>
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    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber>8</pageNumber>
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    <title language="eng">Closed-Form Modeling of MOSFET Switching Losses Including Variable Gate-Drain Capacitance and Zero-Voltage Switching</title>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Proceedings of the 2025 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference and Expo, Asia-Pacific (ITEC Asia-Pacific)</parentTitle>
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    <author>
      <first_name>Christian</first_name>
      <last_name>Hanzl</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Christian</first_name>
      <last_name>Endisch</last_name>
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    <id>2783</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2022</publishedYear>
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    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>209</issue>
    <volume>2022</volume>
    <articleNumber>108009</articleNumber>
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    <publisherName>Elsevier</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Amsterdam</publisherPlace>
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    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>2022-08-29</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
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    <title language="eng">Extensive investigation of symmetrical and asymmetrical cascaded multilevel inverters for electric vehicle applications</title>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Electric Power Systems Research</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">1873-2046</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">0378-7796</identifier>
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    <author>
      <first_name>Julia</first_name>
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    <author>
      <first_name>Christian</first_name>
      <last_name>Hanzl</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Christian</first_name>
      <last_name>Endisch</last_name>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Asymmetrical multilevel inverter (MLI)</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
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      <value>Symmetrical multilevel inverter (MLI)</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
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      <value>Level Redundancy</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Voltage pattern</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
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      <value>Total harmonic distortion (THD)</value>
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    <collection role="institutes" number="19311">Fakultät Elektro- und Informationstechnik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="19320">Institut für Innovative Mobilität (IIMo)</collection>
    <collection role="persons" number="26571">Endisch, Christian</collection>
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  <doc>
    <id>6408</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2025</publishedYear>
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    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber>43</pageNumber>
    <edition/>
    <issue>11</issue>
    <volume>11</volume>
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    <completedDate>2025-11-19</completedDate>
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    <title language="eng">Design and Implementation of an Intelligent Reconfigurable High-Voltage Battery System for Next-Generation Electric Vehicles</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Battery system engineers face the challenge of balancing competing requirements regarding performance, maintainability, sustainability, safety, and cost—especially in the automotive industry. IBS potentially offer a solution with fewer trade-offs. They feature a battery management system with advanced sensing and data analysis capabilities that facilitate improved battery monitoring and operation. Reconfigurable energy storage units enable sophisticated operating strategies, including complete cell state control, full energy content utilization, and a measured response to faults. This article presents the design, development, and operation of a full-scale intelligent battery system prototype comprising 324 automotive lithium-ion cells with a nominal voltage of 400V. The system exhibits a modular single cell architecture and an advanced centralized battery management system. We detail the system architecture, hardware and software component design, and system integration. Initial tests demonstrate the battery’s operability, extended functionality, and enhanced safety. Our analysis shows that the additional losses introduced by reconfigurability are more than offset by the benefits of full energy utilization—even for new cells, with increasing advantage as aging progresses. The results underscore the potential of intelligent battery systems and motivate further research and development toward economic assessment and industrial adoption.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Batteries</parentTitle>
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    <author>
      <first_name>Stefan</first_name>
      <last_name>Schwertner</last_name>
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      <first_name>Tobias</first_name>
      <last_name>Buchberger</last_name>
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      <first_name>Simon</first_name>
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      <first_name>Rebekka</first_name>
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      <first_name>Christian</first_name>
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      <first_name>Christoph</first_name>
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      <first_name>Dominik</first_name>
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      <first_name>Florian</first_name>
      <last_name>Scholz</last_name>
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      <first_name>Sascha</first_name>
      <last_name>Speer</last_name>
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    <author>
      <first_name>Julia</first_name>
      <last_name>Stöttner</last_name>
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    <author>
      <first_name>Christoph</first_name>
      <last_name>Terbrack</last_name>
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    <author>
      <first_name>Michael</first_name>
      <last_name>Hinterberger</last_name>
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      <first_name>Christian</first_name>
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    <thesisPublisher>Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt</thesisPublisher>
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