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    <title language="eng">A Comprehensive Review of EV Lithium-Ion Battery Degradation</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Lithium-ion batteries with improved energy densities have made understanding the Solid Electrolyte Interphase (SEI) generation mechanisms that cause mechanical, thermal, and chemical failures more complicated. SEI processes reduce battery capacity and power. Thus, a review of this area's understanding is important. It is essential to know how batteries degrade in EVs to estimate battery lifespan as it goes, predict, and minimize losses, and determine the ideal time for a replacement. Lithium-ion batteries used in EVs mainly suffer two types of degradation: calendar degradation and cycling degradation. Despite the existence of several existing works in the literature, several aspects of battery degradation remain unclear or have not been analyzed in detail. This work presents a systematic review of existing works in the literature. The results of the present investigation provide insight into the complex relationships among various factors affecting battery degradation mechanisms. Specifically, this systematic review examined the effects of time, side reactions, temperature fluctuations, high charge/discharge rates, depth of discharge, mechanical stress, thermal stress, and the voltage relationship on battery performance and longevity. The results revealed that these factors interact in complex ways to influence the degradation mechanisms of batteries. For example, high charge currents and deep discharges were found to accelerate degradation, while low temperatures and moderate discharge depths were shown to be beneficial for battery longevity. Additionally, the results showed that the relationship between cell voltage and State-of-Charge (SOC) plays a critical role in determining the rate of degradation. Overall, these findings have important implications for the design and operation of battery systems, as they highlight the need to carefully manage a range of factors to maximize battery performance and longevity. The result is an analysis of the main articles published in this field in recent years. This work aims to present new knowledge about fault detection, diagnosis, and management of lithium-ion batteries based on battery degradation concepts. The new knowledge is presented and discussed in a structured and comprehensive way.</abstract>
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    <author>
      <first_name>Carlos Antônio</first_name>
      <last_name>Rufino Júnior</last_name>
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      <first_name>Eleonora</first_name>
      <last_name>Riva Sanseverino</last_name>
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      <first_name>Pierluigi</first_name>
      <last_name>Gallo</last_name>
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      <first_name>Murilo Machado</first_name>
      <last_name>Amaral</last_name>
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      <first_name>Daniel</first_name>
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      <first_name>Yash</first_name>
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      <first_name>Sergej</first_name>
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      <first_name>Gero</first_name>
      <last_name>Walter</last_name>
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      <first_name>Hans-Georg</first_name>
      <last_name>Schweiger</last_name>
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    <title language="eng">Unraveling the Degradation Mechanisms of Lithium-Ion Batteries</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Lithium-Ion Batteries (LIBs) usually present several degradation processes, which include their complex Solid-Electrolyte Interphase (SEI) formation process, which can result in mechanical, thermal, and chemical failures. The SEI layer is a protective layer that forms on the anode surface. The SEI layer allows the movement of lithium ions while blocking electrons, which is necessary to prevent short circuits in the battery and ensure safe operation. However, the SEI formation mechanisms reduce battery capacity and power as they consume electrolyte species, resulting in irreversible material loss. Furthermore, it is important to understand the degradation reactions of the LIBs used in Electric Vehicles (EVs), aiming to establish the battery lifespan, predict and minimise material losses, and establish an adequate time for replacement. Moreover, LIBs applied in EVs suffer from two main categories of degradation, which are, specifically, calendar degradation and cycling degradation. There are several studies about battery degradation available in the literature, including different degradation phenomena, but the degradation mechanisms of large-format LIBs have rarely been investigated. Therefore, this review aims to present a systematic review of the existing literature about LIB degradation, providing insight into the complex parameters that affect battery degradation mechanisms. Furthermore, this review has investigated the influence of time, C-rate, depth of discharge, working voltage window, thermal and mechanical stresses, and side reactions in the degradation of LIBs.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Energies</parentTitle>
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