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    <completedDate>2025-04-30</completedDate>
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    <title language="eng">Generation of realistic traffic scenarios for virtual and real test drives based on a hybrid machine learning framework</title>
    <parentTitle language="eng">2024 IEEE International Conference on Vehicular Electronics and Safety (ICVES)</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="isbn">979-8-3503-8727-8</identifier>
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    <author>
      <first_name>Peter</first_name>
      <last_name>Riegl</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Karthikeyan</first_name>
      <last_name>Chandra Sekaran</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Michael</first_name>
      <last_name>Botsch</last_name>
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    <collection role="institutes" number="19311">Fakultät Elektro- und Informationstechnik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="19317">CARISSMA Institute of Automated Driving  (C-IAD)</collection>
    <collection role="persons" number="26835">Botsch, Michael</collection>
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  <doc>
    <id>5843</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2023</publishedYear>
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    <language>eng</language>
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    <pageNumber>18</pageNumber>
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    <completedDate>2025-04-16</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
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    <title language="eng">Influence of Blind Spot Assistance Systems in Heavy Commercial Vehicles on Accident Reconstruction</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Accidents between right-turning commercial vehicles and crossing vulnerable road users (VRU) in urban environments often lead to serious or fatal injuries and therefore play a significant role in forensic accident analysis. To reduce the risk of accidents, blind spot assistance systems have been installed in commercial vehicles for several years, among other things, to detect VRUs and warn the driver in time. However, since such systems cannot reliably prevent all turning accidents, an investigation by experts must clarify how the accident occurred and to what extent the blind spot assistance system influenced the course of the accident. The occurrence of the acoustic warning message can be defined as an objective reaction prompt for the driver, so that the blind spot assistance system can significantly influence the avoidability assessment. In order to be able to integrate the system into forensic accident analysis, a precise knowledge of how the system works and its limitations is required. For this purpose, tests with different systems and accident constellations were conducted and evaluated. It was found that the type of sensor used for the assistance systems has a great influence on the system’s performance. The lateral distance between the right side of the commercial vehicle and the VRU as well as obstacles between them and the speed difference can take great influence on the reliability of the assistance system. Depending on the concrete time of the system’s warning signal the accident can be avoided or not by the driver when reacting on this signal.</abstract>
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    <author>
      <first_name>Thomas</first_name>
      <last_name>König</last_name>
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    <author>
      <first_name>Daniel</first_name>
      <last_name>Paula</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Stefan</first_name>
      <last_name>Quaschner</last_name>
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    <author>
      <first_name>Hans-Georg</first_name>
      <last_name>Schweiger</last_name>
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    <collection role="institutes" number="19311">Fakultät Elektro- und Informationstechnik</collection>
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    <collection role="persons" number="26111">Schweiger, Hans-Georg</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt</thesisPublisher>
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  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>5842</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2023</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber>41</pageNumber>
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    <completedDate>2025-04-16</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
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    <title language="eng">A Comprehensive Review of EV Lithium-Ion Battery Degradation</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Lithium-ion batteries with improved energy densities have made understanding the Solid Electrolyte Interphase (SEI) generation mechanisms that cause mechanical, thermal, and chemical failures more complicated. SEI processes reduce battery capacity and power. Thus, a review of this area's understanding is important. It is essential to know how batteries degrade in EVs to estimate battery lifespan as it goes, predict, and minimize losses, and determine the ideal time for a replacement. Lithium-ion batteries used in EVs mainly suffer two types of degradation: calendar degradation and cycling degradation. Despite the existence of several existing works in the literature, several aspects of battery degradation remain unclear or have not been analyzed in detail. This work presents a systematic review of existing works in the literature. The results of the present investigation provide insight into the complex relationships among various factors affecting battery degradation mechanisms. Specifically, this systematic review examined the effects of time, side reactions, temperature fluctuations, high charge/discharge rates, depth of discharge, mechanical stress, thermal stress, and the voltage relationship on battery performance and longevity. The results revealed that these factors interact in complex ways to influence the degradation mechanisms of batteries. For example, high charge currents and deep discharges were found to accelerate degradation, while low temperatures and moderate discharge depths were shown to be beneficial for battery longevity. Additionally, the results showed that the relationship between cell voltage and State-of-Charge (SOC) plays a critical role in determining the rate of degradation. Overall, these findings have important implications for the design and operation of battery systems, as they highlight the need to carefully manage a range of factors to maximize battery performance and longevity. The result is an analysis of the main articles published in this field in recent years. This work aims to present new knowledge about fault detection, diagnosis, and management of lithium-ion batteries based on battery degradation concepts. The new knowledge is presented and discussed in a structured and comprehensive way.</abstract>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-58428</identifier>
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    <licence>Creative Commons BY 4.0</licence>
    <author>
      <first_name>Carlos Antônio</first_name>
      <last_name>Rufino Júnior</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Eleonora</first_name>
      <last_name>Riva Sanseverino</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Pierluigi</first_name>
      <last_name>Gallo</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Murilo Machado</first_name>
      <last_name>Amaral</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Daniel</first_name>
      <last_name>Koch</last_name>
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    <author>
      <first_name>Yash</first_name>
      <last_name>Kotak</last_name>
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    <author>
      <first_name>Sergej</first_name>
      <last_name>Diel</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Gero</first_name>
      <last_name>Walter</last_name>
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    <author>
      <first_name>Hans-Georg</first_name>
      <last_name>Schweiger</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Hudson</first_name>
      <last_name>Zanin</last_name>
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    <collection role="institutes" number="15985">Fakultät Maschinenbau</collection>
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    <collection role="institutes" number="19311">Fakultät Elektro- und Informationstechnik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="19319">CARISSMA Institute of Electric, Connected and Secure Mobility (C-ECOS)</collection>
    <collection role="persons" number="26111">Schweiger, Hans-Georg</collection>
    <collection role="persons" number="26446">Diel, Sergej</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-haw/files/5842/preprints202306.0228.v2.pdf</file>
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  <doc>
    <id>5839</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2024</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber>4</pageNumber>
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    <type>conferenceobject</type>
    <publisherName>IEEE</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Piscataway</publisherPlace>
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    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>2025-04-15</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
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    <title language="eng">Simulation and Validation of Automotive Radar Performance with Water Spray Over Radome</title>
    <parentTitle language="eng">2024 IEEE Sensors 2024: Conference Proceedings</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="isbn">979-8-3503-6351-7</identifier>
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    <enrichment key="conference_title">2024 IEEE SENSORS</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="conference_place">Kobe, Japan</enrichment>
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    <enrichment key="THI_relatedIdentifier">https://doi.org/10.1109/SENSORS60989.2024.10784774</enrichment>
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    <author>
      <first_name>Diogo</first_name>
      <last_name>Wachtel Granado</last_name>
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    <author>
      <first_name>Thomas</first_name>
      <last_name>Rothmeier</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Letícia</first_name>
      <last_name>Cristófoli Duarte Silva</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Martin</first_name>
      <last_name>Vossiek</last_name>
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    <author>
      <first_name>Werner</first_name>
      <last_name>Huber</last_name>
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    <collection role="institutes" number="19311">Fakultät Elektro- und Informationstechnik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="19317">CARISSMA Institute of Automated Driving  (C-IAD)</collection>
    <collection role="persons" number="24800">Huber, Werner</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>5836</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2024</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber>7</pageNumber>
    <edition/>
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    <volume/>
    <articleNumber/>
    <type>preprint</type>
    <publisherName>arXiv</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Ithaca</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
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    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>2025-04-15</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
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    <title language="eng">Applying Extended Object Tracking for Self-Localization of Roadside Radar Sensors</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) can benefit from roadside 4D mmWave radar sensors for large-scale traffic monitoring due to their weatherproof functionality, long sensing range and low manufacturing cost. However, the localization method using external measurement devices has limitations in urban environments. Furthermore, if the sensor mount exhibits changes due to environmental influences, they cannot be corrected when the measurement is performed only during the installation. In this paper, we propose self-localization of roadside radar data using Extended Object Tracking (EOT). The method analyses both the tracked trajectories of the vehicles observed by the sensor and the aerial laser scan of city streets, assigns labels of driving behaviors such as "straight ahead", "left turn", "right turn" to trajectory sections and road segments, and performs Semantic Iterative Closest Points (SICP) algorithm to register the point cloud. The method exploits the result from a down stream task -- object tracking -- for localization. We demonstrate high accuracy in the sub-meter range along with very low orientation error. The method also shows good data efficiency. The evaluation is done in both simulation and real-world tests.</abstract>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-58361</identifier>
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    <licence>Creative Commons BY-NC-SA 4.0</licence>
    <author>
      <first_name>Longfei</first_name>
      <last_name>Han</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Qiuyu</first_name>
      <last_name>Xu</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Klaus</first_name>
      <last_name>Kefferpütz</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Gordon</first_name>
      <last_name>Elger</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Jürgen</first_name>
      <last_name>Beyerer</last_name>
    </author>
    <collection role="open_access" number="">open_access</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="19311">Fakultät Elektro- und Informationstechnik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="19320">Institut für Innovative Mobilität (IIMo)</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="19379">AImotion Bavaria</collection>
    <collection role="persons" number="26589">Elger, Gordon</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="19569">Fraunhofer-Anwendungszentrum "Vernetzte Mobilität und Infrastruktur"</collection>
    <collection role="persons" number="49574">Kefferpütz, Klaus</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-haw/files/5836/2407.03084v1.pdf</file>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>5833</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2025</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber>8</pageNumber>
    <edition/>
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    <volume/>
    <articleNumber/>
    <type>preprint</type>
    <publisherName>arXiv</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Ithaca</publisherPlace>
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    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>2025-04-15</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">3D Extended Object Tracking based on Extruded B-Spline Side View Profiles</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Object tracking is an essential task for autonomous systems. With the advancement of 3D sensors, these systems can better perceive their surroundings using effective 3D Extended Object Tracking (EOT) methods. Based on the observation that common road users are symmetrical on the right and left sides in the traveling direction, we focus on the side view profile of the object. In order to leverage of the development in 2D EOT and balance the number of parameters of a shape model in the tracking algorithms, we propose a method for 3D extended object tracking (EOT) by describing the side view profile of the object with B-spline curves and forming an extrusion to obtain a 3D extent. The use of B-spline curves exploits their flexible representation power by allowing the control points to move freely. The algorithm is developed into an Extended Kalman Filter (EKF). For a through evaluation of this method, we use simulated traffic scenario of different vehicle models and realworld open dataset containing both radar and lidar data.</abstract>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-58331</identifier>
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    <enrichment key="THI_relatedIdentifier">https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2503.10730</enrichment>
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    <licence>Creative Commons BY-NC-SA 4.0</licence>
    <author>
      <first_name>Longfei</first_name>
      <last_name>Han</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Klaus</first_name>
      <last_name>Kefferpütz</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Jürgen</first_name>
      <last_name>Beyerer</last_name>
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    <collection role="open_access" number="">open_access</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="19311">Fakultät Elektro- und Informationstechnik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="19379">AImotion Bavaria</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="19569">Fraunhofer-Anwendungszentrum "Vernetzte Mobilität und Infrastruktur"</collection>
    <collection role="persons" number="49574">Kefferpütz, Klaus</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-haw/files/5833/2503.10730v1-1.pdf</file>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>5831</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2025</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber>19</pageNumber>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <articleNumber/>
    <type>preprint</type>
    <publisherName>arXiv</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Ithaca</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>2025-04-14</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">CoDa-4DGS: Dynamic Gaussian Splatting with Context and Deformation&#13;
Awareness for Autonomous Driving</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Dynamic scene rendering opens new avenues in autonomous driving by enabling closed-loop simulations with photorealistic data, which is crucial for validating end-to-end algorithms. However, the complex and highly dynamic nature of traffic environments presents significant challenges in accurately rendering these scenes. In this paper, we introduce a novel 4D Gaussian Splatting (4DGS) approach, which incorporates context and temporal deformation awareness to improve dynamic scene rendering. Specifically, we employ a 2D semantic segmentation foundation model to self-supervise the 4D semantic features of Gaussians, ensuring meaningful contextual embedding. Simultaneously, we track the temporal deformation of each Gaussian across adjacent frames. By aggregating and encoding both semantic and temporal deformation features, each Gaussian is equipped with cues for potential deformation compensation within 3D space, facilitating a more precise representation of dynamic scenes. Experimental results show that our method improves 4DGS's ability to capture fine details in dynamic scene rendering for autonomous driving and outperforms other self-supervised methods in 4D reconstruction and novel view synthesis. Furthermore, CoDa-4DGS deforms semantic features with each Gaussian, enabling broader applications.</abstract>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-58313</identifier>
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    <licence>Creative Commons BY 4.0</licence>
    <author>
      <first_name>Rui</first_name>
      <last_name>Song</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Chenwei</first_name>
      <last_name>Liang</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Yan</first_name>
      <last_name>Xia</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Walter</first_name>
      <last_name>Zimmer</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Hu</first_name>
      <last_name>Cao</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Holger</first_name>
      <last_name>Caesar</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Andreas</first_name>
      <last_name>Festag</last_name>
    </author>
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    <abstract language="eng">Crack propagation in solder joints remains a critical challenge affecting the thermo-mechanical reliability of electronic devices, emphasizing the need for optimized package and solder pad designs. Traditional Finite Element Analysis (FEA) methods for predicting solder joint lifespan rely heavily on manual post-processing, where high-risk regions for plastic strain accumulation are identified. However, these approaches often overlook intricate failure mechanisms, as they primarily average creep strain and correlate it with experimental lifetime data using the Coffin-Manson equation, limiting their predictive accuracy. &#13;
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    <title language="eng">Holistic evaluation and optimization of multilevel inverter designs for electric vehicle applications</title>
    <abstract language="eng">To advance the development of multilevel inverters (MLIs) for electric vehicle applications, this study introduces novel asymmetric MLI (AMLI) configurations featuring buffer modules to enhance efficiency. A comprehensive comparative analysis of 125 distinct inverter systems is conducted, integrating five different microtopologies and 25 representative symmetrical MLI (SMLI) and AMLI systems. Unlike previous studies, this work employs a successive design process with a graph-based approach to systematically minimize conduction losses. Furthermore, experimental loss measurements ensure practical relevance. By applying Pareto optimization with cost, energy losses, and total harmonic distortion as objective functions, the study identifies the most promising MLI systems among all considered ones. While the cascaded H-bridge MLI emerges as the most cost-effective solution, specific SMLI configurations with 12 or 18 battery cells per module and AMLI designs featuring buffer modules exhibit lower inverter losses. In both cases, the incorporation of microtopologies that enable parallel operation leads to a remarkable reduction in inverter losses by more than 30 % compared to the least efficient MLI systems. Finally, a comparative assessment against a conventional B6-bridge SiC inverter highlights the significant advantages of these optimized MLI configurations in terms of efficiency and system performance.</abstract>
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    <title language="eng">Laser sintering of Cu particle-free inks for high-performance printed electronics</title>
    <abstract language="eng">This study investigates laser sintering of Cu particle-free ink (Cu formate tetrahydrate—amino-2-propanol complex) as an alternative to conventional sintering in an oven (under inert/reducing atmosphere). Utilizing benefits of high-speed localized heating using laser, substrate damage can be prevented for low-melting substrates such as Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET). Firstly, a suitable sintering process window is achieved based on energy density for two different flexible polymeric susbtrates: Polyimide and PET using different laser parameters (laser power, scan rate and spot diameter). Subsequently, characterization of laser sintered traces are also made using different laser optic profiles (Gaussian and top hat). Different methodologies for fabrication of metallized Cu layer were also demonstrated. A very low bulk resistivity of 3.24 µΩcm (1.87 times of bulk Cu) was achieved on trace thickness of 0.85 ± 0.15 µm exhibiting good adherence to polymeric substrates. A promising fabrication process of low-cost and reliable flexible printed electronic devices is demonstrated.</abstract>
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    <title language="eng">Additive Manufacturing for Automotive Radar Sensors Using Copper Inks and Pastes</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Radar sensors are critical for obstacle detection and navigation, especially for automated driving. Using the use-case “printing of heating coils on the inside of the front housing (primary radome)” needed for de-icing in winter, it is demonstrated that additive manufacturing (AM) can provide economic and functional benefits for manufacturing of the sensors. AM will allow significant cost reduction by eliminating parts and simplifying the manufacturing process. Different AM technologies for the coils were investigated, first, by applying the conductive traces by fused deposition modeling (FDM), and, second, by printing copper particle-free inks and pastes. The metal layers were electrically and mechanically characterized using a profilometer to measure the trace dimension and a four-point probe to measure the resistance. It was revealed that low-cost conductive filaments with low resistivity and current carrying capacity are commercially still not available. The best option sourced was a copper–polyester-based filament with 6000 µΩcm after printing. Therefore, low-cost particle-free copper inks and commercial copper flake paste were selected to print the heating coil. The Cu particle-free inks were amine-based Cu (II) formate complexes, where the Cu exists in an ionic form. Using contactless printing processes such as ink-jet printing or pneumatic dispensing, the traces could be deposited onto the low-melting temperature (225 °C) polymeric radome structure. After printing, the material needed to be sintered to form the conductive copper traces. To avoid damaging the polymer radome during sintering, two different processes were investigated: low-temperature (&lt;150 °C) sintering in an oven for 30 min or fast laser sintering. The sintered Cu layers achieved the following specific electric resistivities when slowly sintered in the oven: paste 4 µΩcm and ink 8.8 µΩcm. Using laser sintering, the ink achieved 3.2 µΩcm because the locally high temperature provides better sintering. Also, the adhesion was significantly increased to (5 B). Therefore, laser sintering is the preferred technology. In addition, it allows fast processing directly after printing. Commercial equipment is available where printing and laser sintering is integrated. The potential of low-cost copper material and the integration in additive manufacturing of electronic systems using radar sensors as an example are demonstrated in this paper.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Applied Sciences</parentTitle>
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Using the use-case \u201cprinting of heating coils on the inside of the front housing (primary radome)\u201d needed for de-icing in winter, it is demonstrated that additive manufacturing (AM) can provide economic and functional benefits for manufacturing of the sensors. AM will allow significant cost reduction by eliminating parts and simplifying the manufacturing process. Different AM technologies for the coils were investigated, first, by applying the conductive traces by fused deposition modeling (FDM), and, second, by printing copper particle-free inks and pastes. The metal layers were electrically and mechanically characterized using a profilometer to measure the trace dimension and a four-point probe to measure the resistance. It was revealed that low-cost conductive filaments with low resistivity and current carrying capacity are commercially still not available. The best option sourced was a copper\u2013polyester-based filament with 6000 \u00b5\u2126cm after printing. Therefore, low-cost particle-free copper inks and commercial copper flake paste were selected to print the heating coil. The Cu particle-free inks were amine-based Cu (II) formate complexes, where the Cu exists in an ionic form. Using contactless printing processes such as ink-jet printing or pneumatic dispensing, the traces could be deposited onto the low-melting temperature (225 \u00b0C) polymeric radome structure. After printing, the material needed to be sintered to form the conductive copper traces. To avoid damaging the polymer radome during sintering, two different processes were investigated: low-temperature (&amp;lt;150 \u00b0C) sintering in an oven for 30 min or fast laser sintering. The sintered Cu layers achieved the following specific electric resistivities when slowly sintered in the oven: paste 4 \u00b5\u2126cm and ink 8.8 \u00b5\u2126cm. Using laser sintering, the ink achieved 3.2 \u00b5\u2126cm because the locally high temperature provides better sintering. Also, the adhesion was significantly increased to (5 B). Therefore, laser sintering is the preferred technology. In addition, it allows fast processing directly after printing. Commercial equipment is available where printing and laser sintering is integrated. 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    <title language="eng">From Design to Application: Emergency Maneuver Control in a 1:3.33 Scaled Vehicle</title>
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    <title language="eng">Increasing Safety of Vulnerable Road Users in Scenarios With Occlusion: A Collaborative Approach for Smart Infrastructures and Automated Vehicles</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The impact of Automated Vehicles (AVs) on road traffic safety has become the focus of discussions among governmental organizations, academia, stakeholders, and OEMs. Questions about how safe the automated driving features should be and how the road infrastructure should be improved for the arrival of this new technology must be clarified to enable full acceptance by the customers and society and prepare the mobility of future cities. The fundamental architecture of automated vehicles comprises perception, planning, decision, and actuation. The operation of the perception system, which is responsible for understanding the environment in which the vehicle is inserted, relies mainly on the onboard sensors. However, the available ranging and vision sensors, e.g., LiDAR, radar, and camera, have several limitations. Scenarios with occlusion present a real challenge for state-of-the-art perception systems. The occlusion, caused by obstructing the sensors’ detection field, limits the vehicle’s perception ability and inhibits the detection of other road users in the surroundings, especially Vulnerable Road Users (VRUs). Infrastructure composed of Roadside Units (RSUs) equipped with infrastructure-based sensors can overcome the perception limitations of a system based solely on onboard sensors by monitoring the road environment with a larger field of view and reduced sensitivity to occlusion. This paper presents a collaborative approach for smart infrastructures and automated vehicles for vulnerable road users’ collision avoidance. The proposed extended perception system comprises four main modules: traffic monitoring, long-term motion prediction, collision risk assessment, and trajectory planning. In the event of a safety-critical scenario, the infrastructure generates a safe and comfortable evasive maneuver to avoid a possible collision. Hence, the proposed approach provides a complete solution to overcome scenarios with occluded VRUs. It allows AVs to react to a critical situation with a longer time-to-collision than other systems relying only on onboard sensors, increasing the chance of successful avoidance even when implementing smoother maneuvers. This contributes considerably to the safe and comfortable operation of automated vehicles.</abstract>
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      <last_name>Vaculin</last_name>
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      <first_name>Hormoz</first_name>
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    <title language="eng">Manipulability analysis to improve the performance of a 7-DoF serial manipulator</title>
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    <title language="eng">Testing and Validation of the Vehicle Front Camera Verification Method Using External Stimulation</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The perception of the vehicle’s environment is crucial for automated vehicles. Therefore, environmental sensors’ reliability and correct functioning are becoming increasingly important. Current vehicle inspections and self-diagnostics must be adapted to ensure the correct functioning of environmental sensors throughout the vehicle’s lifetime. There are several promising approaches for developing new test methods for vehicle environmental sensors, one of which has already been developed in our previous work. A method for testing vehicle front cameras was developed. In this work, the method is improved and applied again. Various test vehicles, including the Tesla Model 3, Volkswagen ID.3, and Volkswagen T-Cross, are stimulated by simulating driving scenarios. The stimulation is carried out via a tablet positioned before the camera. The high beam assist is used to evaluate the vehicle’s reaction. It was observed whether the vehicle switched from high to low beam as expected in response to the stimulation. Although no general statement can be made, the principle of stimulation works. A vehicle reaction can be successfully induced using this method. In further test series, the influence of display brightness is examined for the first time in this work. The results show that the display brightness significantly influences the test procedure. In addition, the method is validated by stimulation with colored images. It is shown that no complex traffic simulation is necessary to trigger a vehicle reaction. In the following validation approach, the CAN data of the Tesla Model 3 is analyzed during the tests. Here, too, the assumption that the vehicle reaction is based solely on the detected brightness instead of identifying road users is confirmed. The final validation approach examines the method’s applicability to other vehicles and high beam assist technologies. Although the method could not be used on the Volkswagen T-Cross due to a fault detected by the vehicle’s self-diagnosis, it worked well on the Volkswagen ID.3. This vehicle has a dynamic light assist in which individual segments of the high beam are dimmed during stimulation. Although the method developed to stimulate vehicle front cameras is promising, the specific factors that trigger the vehicle responses remain to be seen. This uncertainty suggests that further research is needed better to understand the interaction of stimulation and sensor detection.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Sensors</parentTitle>
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      <first_name>Ghanshyam Tukarambhai</first_name>
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    <title language="eng">Operating Behavior of a Photovoltaic-driven Electrolysis System</title>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Revista Brasileira de Energia Solar</parentTitle>
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    <title language="eng">Reconstruction-based visual anomaly detection in wound rotor synchronous machine production using convolutional autoencoders and structural similarity</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Manufacturing wound rotor synchronous machines (WRSMs) for electric vehicle traction systems necessitates rigorous quality inspection to ensure optimal product performance and efficiency. This paper presents a novel visual anomaly detection method for monitoring the needle winding process of WRSMs, utilizing unsupervised learning with convolutional autoencoders (CAEs) and the structural similarity index measure (SSIM). The method identifies deviations from the desired orthocyclic winding pattern during each stage of the winding process, enabling early detection of winding errors and preventing resource wastage and potential damage to the product or winding machinery. Trajectory-synchronized frame extraction aligns the visual inspection system with the winding trajectory, ensuring precise monitoring traceable to a specific point in the winding process. We present the comprehensive Winding Anomaly Dataset (WAD), which comprises images of WRSM rotor prototypes with and without winding faults recorded in different lighting conditions. The proposed reconstruction-based anomaly detection technique is trained on fault-free data only and utilizes the introduced masked mean structural dissimilarity index measure (MMSDIM) to focus on the relevant sections of the winding during inference. Comprehensive comparative analysis reveals that the CAE with unregularized latent space and the maximum mean discrepancy Wasserstein autoencoder (MMD-WAE) outperform the beta variational autoencoder (beta-VAE) in terms of anomaly detection performance, with the CAE and WAE delivering comparable results. Extensive testing confirms the approach’s effectiveness, achieving 95.6 % recall at 100 % precision, an AUROC of 99.9 %, and an average precision of 99.1 % on the challenging WAD, considerably outperforming state-of-the-art visual anomaly detection models. This work thus offers a robust solution for WRSM production quality monitoring and promotes the incorporation of visual inspection in electric drive manufacturing systems.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Journal of Manufacturing Systems</parentTitle>
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    <title language="eng">With or Without Replacement? Improving Confidence in Fourier Imaging</title>
    <parentTitle language="eng">2024 International Workshop on the Theory of Computational Sensing and its Applications to Radar, Multimodal Sensing and Imaging (CoSeRa)</parentTitle>
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    <title language="eng">Deep Image Priors for Magnetic Resonance Fingerprinting with Pretrained Bloch-Consistent Denoising Autoencoders</title>
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      <first_name>Bjoern H.</first_name>
      <last_name>Menze</last_name>
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      <first_name>Michela</first_name>
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    <pageNumber>21</pageNumber>
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    <issue>24</issue>
    <volume>24</volume>
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    <publisherName>MDPI</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Basel</publisherPlace>
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    <completedDate>2025-01-29</completedDate>
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    <title language="eng">Post-Processing Kalman Filter Application for Improving Cooperative Awareness Messages’ Position Data Accuracy</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Cooperative intelligent transportation systems continuously send self-referenced data about their current status in the Cooperative Awareness Message (CAM). Each CAM contains the current position of the vehicle based on GPS accuracy, which can have inaccuracies in the meter range. However, a high accuracy of the position data is crucial for many applications, such as electronic toll collection or the reconstruction of traffic accidents. Kalman filters are already frequently used today to increase the accuracy of position data. The problem with applying the Kalman filter to the position data within the Cooperative Awareness Message is the low temporal resolution (max. 10 Hz) and the non-equidistant time steps between the messages. In addition, the filter can only be applied to the data retrospectively. To solve these problems, an Extended Kalman Filter and an Unscented Kalman Filter were designed and investigated in this work. The Kalman filters were implemented with two kinematic models. Subsequently, driving tests were conducted with two V2X vehicles to investigate and compare the influence on the accuracy of the position data. To address the problem of non-equidistant time steps, an iterative adjustment of the Process Noise Covariance Matrix Qand the introduction of additional interpolation points to equidistance the received messages were investigated. The results show that without one of these approaches, it is impossible to design a generally valid filter to improve the position accuracy of the CAM position data retrospectively. The introduction of interpolation points did not lead to a significant improvement in the results. With the Qmatrix adaptation, an Unscented Kalman Filter could be created that improves the longitudinal position accuracy of the two vehicles under investigation by up to 80% (0.54 m) and the lateral position accuracy by up to 72% (0.18 m). The work thus contributes to improving the positioning accuracy of CAM data for applications that receive only these data retrospectively.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Sensors</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">1424-8220</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-55492</identifier>
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    <author>
      <first_name>Maximilian</first_name>
      <last_name>Bauder</last_name>
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    <author>
      <first_name>Robin</first_name>
      <last_name>Langer</last_name>
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    <author>
      <first_name>Tibor</first_name>
      <last_name>Kubjatko</last_name>
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      <first_name>Hans-Georg</first_name>
      <last_name>Schweiger</last_name>
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    <thesisPublisher>Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt</thesisPublisher>
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    <title language="eng">Automotive LiDAR Based Precipitation State Estimation Using Physics Informed Spatio-Temporal 3D Convolutional Neural Networks (PIST-CNN)</title>
    <parentTitle language="eng">2023 29th International Conference on Mechatronics and Machine Vision in Practice (M2VIP)</parentTitle>
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    <title language="eng">Solder joint lifetime model using AI framework operating on FEA data</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The thermo-mechanical reliability of electronic systems is often limited by the crack growth within the solder joints. Addressing this issue requires careful consideration of the design of the package and solder pads. Finite Element Analysis (FEA) is widely used to predict crack growth and to model their lifetime. Traditionally, FEA post-processing methods rely on human expertise to select appropriate regions for evaluating plastic and creep strain at critical locations and correlating these values with experimental data using the Coffin-Manson equation, which predicts fatigue lifetime based on cyclic plastic strain. This study introduces a novel method for FEA post-processing of surface-mounted devices (SMD) on printed circuit boards (PCB) using artificial intelligence. The method transforms the FEA data into a 2D grid map of creep strain values and employs a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) for automatic feature extraction. Afterwards, a fully connected layer correlates the extracted features with the experimental measured solder joint lifetime, effectively capturing nonlinear relationships.&#13;
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The study focuses on the development of the concept of crack formation in the solder interconnects of ceramic based high-power LED packages used in the automotive industry for headlights. The validated FEA model is based on an extensive data set of 1800 LED packages including seven different ceramic-based LED packages and five different solders. The design of the ceramic LED package covers two-pad and three-pad footprint for soldering and thin film and thick film metallized ceramic carriers. Results show a strong agreement (R2 Score is 99.867 %) between simulations and experimental data for ceramic LED packages. This automatic feature extraction from FEA data sets a new benchmark for improving solder reliability predictions, and it has proved to be better than established methods for lifetime prediction of solder joints.</abstract>
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    <title language="eng">Accelerating float current measurement with temperature ramps revealing entropy insights</title>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Journal of Energy Storage</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">2352-1538</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-52253</identifier>
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    <author>
      <first_name>Mohamed</first_name>
      <last_name>Azzam</last_name>
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    <author>
      <first_name>Moritz</first_name>
      <last_name>Ehrensberger</last_name>
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    <author>
      <first_name>Christian</first_name>
      <last_name>Endisch</last_name>
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    <author>
      <first_name>Meinert</first_name>
      <last_name>Lewerenz</last_name>
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    <language>deu</language>
    <pageFirst/>
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    <pageNumber>56</pageNumber>
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    <completedDate>2024-09-30</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>2024-07-19</publishedDate>
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    <title language="deu">Leitungsdimensionierung in Niederspannungsanlagen durch Überlagerung von Auslösekennlinien von Schutzorganen und der Strom-Zeit-abhängigen Leitungserwärmung</title>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-51690</identifier>
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      <first_name>Bernhard</first_name>
      <last_name>Glavina</last_name>
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    <author>
      <first_name>Dominik</first_name>
      <last_name>Seemüller</last_name>
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    <advisor>
      <first_name>Steffen</first_name>
      <last_name>Lehner</last_name>
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  <doc>
    <id>5145</id>
    <completedYear>2024</completedYear>
    <publishedYear>2024</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber>VI, 84</pageNumber>
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    <completedDate>2024-09-25</completedDate>
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    <title language="eng">Real-time semantic and instance segmentation of 3D radar point cloud for smart infrastructure-based road user detection</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The next generation 3 + 1D mmWave automotive Radar (Radio Detection and Ranging) sensors provide additional elevation information along with 2D object location and their relative radial velocity. They are proven to be robust against adverse weather and poor lighting conditions, while also having a long range sensing ability. Due to these advantages, they are widely used in research focusing on autonomous driving functions where scene awareness is a critical component in the decision-making process. However, most of existing literature suffers from one of two limitations: 1) the use of clustering-based approaches, which provide suboptimal performance, or 2) high inference time. Furthermore, the research involving the applicability of Radar in the emerging field of smart roadside perception is still limited. To bridge this gap, a novel roadside perception pipeline is proposed in this thesis, which is capable of real-time inference using automotive Radar point clouds.&#13;
&#13;
While deep learning has revolutionized image processing, its application to automotive Radar point cloud data, especially from smart roadside infrastructure units, remains under-explored. In this thesis, deep learning techniques are used for semantic and instance segmentation on 3 + 1D Radar point cloud data, targeting key road users such as person, bicycle, motorcycle, car, and bus. Additionally, the background class is also considered to account for the Radar clutter. Due to the real-time inference requirements of roadside perception tasks, the proposed pipeline is constructed with as few parameters as possible while also maintaining the desired performance. The main components of the pipeline are MLP (Multi Layer Perceptron) and the self-attention mechanism, which are used for semantic and instance segmentation respectively. Additionally, exploiting the static field of view of the sensor, a 3D background subtraction method is applied to Radar point clouds to further reduce processing time. Experimental results demonstrate a 95.35% F 1 -macro averaged score for semantic segmentation, and 91.03% mAP (mean Average Precision) at an IoU (Intersection over Union) threshold of 0.5 for instance segmentation on a test set. Furthermore, a COCO (Common Objects in Context) mAP of 80.01% is achieved by the method, indicating high performance across a range of overlaps. The complete system, including the neural network, achieves an impressive inference time of just 22.93 milliseconds on an edge device (Nvidia Jetson AGX Orin), yielding a frame rate of 43.61, with a memory requirement of less than 0.7 MB. Thus, it is suitable for real-time roadside perception in ITS (Intelligent Transportation System).</abstract>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-51450</identifier>
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      <first_name>Gordon</first_name>
      <last_name>Elger</last_name>
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      <first_name>Savankumar</first_name>
      <last_name>Bhanderi</last_name>
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    <advisor>
      <first_name>Klaus</first_name>
      <last_name>Kefferpütz</last_name>
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  <doc>
    <id>5134</id>
    <completedYear>2024</completedYear>
    <publishedYear>2024</publishedYear>
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    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber>XII, 71</pageNumber>
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    <publisherPlace>Ingolstadt</publisherPlace>
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    <completedDate>2024-09-24</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>2024-08-14</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Centralized traffic signal control for critical crossing scenarios</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Efficient traffic signal control is crucial for optimizing urban mobility, reducing congestion, and enhancing road safety. This thesis explores a centralized approach to control traffic signals, specifically tailored for critical crossing scenarios where traditional decentralized systems often fail to adapt dynamically to fluctuating traffic conditions. The study develops and evaluates a centralized traffic signal control algorithm that leverages data including vehicle counts from the virtual environment. By integrating CARLA's API (Application Programming Interface), the proposed system anticipates traffic flow variations and adjusts signal timings accordingly to minimize delays and enhance the throughput of intersections. The productiveness of the centralized control strategy is demonstrated through a series of simulations and virtual-world trials, highlighting significant improvements in average wait times and overall traffic efficiency compared to conventional and existing methods. With this approach, an improvised version of the Traffic manager controls the traffic lights based on the different situations to avoid traffic jams compared to the existing traffic manager in CARLA. This research contributes to the field of traffic management by providing a framework for centralized control in complex traffic environments, paving the way for smarter and more responsive urban infrastructure.</abstract>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-51341</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus.import.date">2024-09-24T06:27:26+00:00</enrichment>
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    <advisor>
      <first_name>Christian</first_name>
      <last_name>Birkner</last_name>
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    <author>
      <first_name>Meet Hitendrabhai</first_name>
      <last_name>Vyas</last_name>
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    <advisor>
      <first_name>Ulrich</first_name>
      <last_name>Margull</last_name>
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    <id>5154</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2024</publishedYear>
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    <language>eng</language>
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    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber>37</pageNumber>
    <edition/>
    <issue>11</issue>
    <volume>7</volume>
    <articleNumber>e202300594</articleNumber>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Wiley</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Weinheim</publisherPlace>
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    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>2024-09-26</completedDate>
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    <title language="eng">Short‐Term Tests, Long‐Term Predictions – Accelerating Ageing Characterisation of Lithium‐Ion Batteries</title>
    <abstract language="eng">AbstractFor the battery industry, quick determination of the ageing behaviour of lithium‐ion batteries is important both for the evaluation of existing designs as well as for R&amp;D on future technologies. However, the target battery lifetime is 8–10 years, which implies low ageing rates that lead to an unacceptably long ageing test duration under real operation conditions. Therefore, ageing characterisation tests need to be accelerated to obtain ageing patterns in a period ranging from a few weeks to a few months. Known strategies, such as increasing the severity of stress factors, for example, temperature, current, and taking measurements with particularly high precision, need care in application to achieve meaningful results. We observe that this challenge does not receive enough attention in typical ageing studies. Therefore, this review introduces the definition and challenge of accelerated ageing along existing methods to accelerate the characterisation of battery ageing and lifetime modelling. We systematically discuss approaches along the existing literature. In this context, several test conditions and feasible acceleration strategies are highlighted, and the underlying modelling and statistical perspective is provided. This makes the review valuable for all who set up ageing tests, interpret ageing data, or rely on ageing data to predict battery lifetime.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Batteries &amp; Supercaps</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">2566-6223</identifier>
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    <author>
      <first_name>Sabine</first_name>
      <last_name>Paarmann</last_name>
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    <author>
      <first_name>Markus</first_name>
      <last_name>Schreiber</last_name>
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    <author>
      <first_name>Ahmed</first_name>
      <last_name>Chahbaz</last_name>
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      <first_name>Felix</first_name>
      <last_name>Hildenbrand</last_name>
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    <author>
      <first_name>Gereon</first_name>
      <last_name>Stahl</last_name>
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    <author>
      <first_name>Marcel</first_name>
      <last_name>Rogge</last_name>
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    <author>
      <first_name>Philipp</first_name>
      <last_name>Dechent</last_name>
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    <author>
      <first_name>Oliver</first_name>
      <last_name>Queisser</last_name>
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    <author>
      <first_name>Sebastian Dominic</first_name>
      <last_name>Frankl</last_name>
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    <author>
      <first_name>Pablo</first_name>
      <last_name>Morales Torricos</last_name>
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    <author>
      <first_name>Yao</first_name>
      <last_name>Lu</last_name>
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    <author>
      <first_name>Nikolay I.</first_name>
      <last_name>Nikolov</last_name>
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    <author>
      <first_name>Maria</first_name>
      <last_name>Kateri</last_name>
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    <author>
      <first_name>Dirk Uwe</first_name>
      <last_name>Sauer</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Michael A.</first_name>
      <last_name>Danzer</last_name>
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    <author>
      <first_name>Thomas</first_name>
      <last_name>Wetzel</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Christian</first_name>
      <last_name>Endisch</last_name>
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    <author>
      <first_name>Markus</first_name>
      <last_name>Lienkamp</last_name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <first_name>Andreas</first_name>
      <last_name>Jossen</last_name>
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    <author>
      <first_name>Meinert</first_name>
      <last_name>Lewerenz</last_name>
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    <collection role="institutes" number="19320">Institut für Innovative Mobilität (IIMo)</collection>
    <collection role="persons" number="26571">Endisch, Christian</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt</thesisPublisher>
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  <doc>
    <id>5125</id>
    <completedYear>2024</completedYear>
    <publishedYear>2024</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber>IX, 44</pageNumber>
    <edition/>
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    <publisherPlace>Ingolstadt</publisherPlace>
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    <completedDate>2024-09-24</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>2024-09-09</publishedDate>
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    <title language="eng">Design and configuration of freedom from interference concept using memory protection unit</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The automotive industry is constantly growing, adding more features to new models to meet customer demands for increased comfort, safety, and security.&#13;
In this thesis, we focus on the safety aspect by examining the ISO 26262 safety standards, their components, applications, and the various methods available in the industry to ensure freedom from interference between the different software components in the vehicle’s ECU.&#13;
&#13;
We then delve deeper into the concept of the mixed-criticality approach and the required hardware components needed to implement this concept.&#13;
The MPU is a critical hardware component that safeguards against unintended or unauthorized access to memory, thereby preventing potential system failures and ensuring the integrity of data. This research explores the design principles of an MPU, emphasizing its role in mitigating risks identified in the ISO 26262 safety lifecycle. A detailed examination of the MPU’s architecture is provided, including the segmentation of memory regions, the configuration of access permissions, and the enforcement of protection rules at runtime.&#13;
&#13;
The results indicate that the implemented MPU enhances the safety of the embedded system by effectively preventing unsafe memory operations, thus contributing to the overall Safety Integrity Level (SIL) achievement as per ISO 26262 standards. This work not only provides a comprehensive framework for MPU design in safety-critical applications but also serves as a reference for future developments in the field of embedded system safety.</abstract>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-51257</identifier>
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    <advisor>
      <first_name>Armin</first_name>
      <last_name>Arnold</last_name>
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    <author>
      <first_name>Younis Ebrahim</first_name>
      <last_name>Ebaid</last_name>
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    <advisor>
      <first_name>Ondrej</first_name>
      <last_name>Vaculin</last_name>
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    <collection role="institutes" number="19311">Fakultät Elektro- und Informationstechnik</collection>
    <collection role="degree_programme" number="19351">International Automotive Engineering (M. Eng.)</collection>
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    <language>eng</language>
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    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>18</issue>
    <volume>14</volume>
    <articleNumber>8238</articleNumber>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>MDPI</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Basel</publisherPlace>
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    <title language="eng">Investigation of the Effects Caused by Current Interruption Devices of Lithium Cells at High Overvoltages</title>
    <abstract language="eng">A faulty voltage measurement can lead to the overcharging of a Li-Ion cell, resulting in gas formation and heating inside the cell, which can trigger thermal runaway. To mitigate this risk, cylindrical cells are equipped with a Current Interrupt Device (CID), which functions as a pressure relief valve, disconnecting the electrical circuit within the cell when internal pressure rises. However, this disconnection causes the cell to suddenly become highly resistant, posing a significant issue in series-connected cells. In such configurations, a portion or even the entire system voltage may drop across the disconnected cell, substantially increasing the likelihood of an electric arc. This arc could ignite any escaping flammable gases, leading to catastrophic failures. In a series of tests conducted on three different cell chemistries—NMC (Nickel Manganese Cobalt), NCA (Nickel Cobalt Aluminum), and LFP (Lithium Iron Phosphate)—it was found that the safe operation of the CID cannot be guaranteed for system voltages exceeding 120 V. Although comparative tests at double the nominal cell voltage did not exhibit the same behavior, these findings suggest that current safety standards, which recommend testing at double the nominal voltage, may not adequately address the risks involved. The tests further revealed that series connections of cells with CIDs are inherently dangerous, as, in the worst-case scenario, the entire system voltage can be concentrated across a single cell, leading to potential system failure.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Applied Sciences</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">2076-3417</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-51215</identifier>
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To mitigate this risk, cylindrical cells are equipped with a Current Interrupt Device (CID), which functions as a pressure relief valve, disconnecting the electrical circuit within the cell when internal pressure rises. However, this disconnection causes the cell to suddenly become highly resistant, posing a significant issue in series-connected cells. In such configurations, a portion or even the entire system voltage may drop across the disconnected cell, substantially increasing the likelihood of an electric arc. This arc could ignite any escaping flammable gases, leading to catastrophic failures. In a series of tests conducted on three different cell chemistries\u2014NMC (Nickel Manganese Cobalt), NCA (Nickel Cobalt Aluminum), and LFP (Lithium Iron Phosphate)\u2014it was found that the safe operation of the CID cannot be guaranteed for system voltages exceeding 120 V. Although comparative tests at double the nominal cell voltage did not exhibit the same behavior, these findings suggest that current safety standards, which recommend testing at double the nominal voltage, may not adequately address the risks involved. 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    <author>
      <first_name>Jan</first_name>
      <last_name>Haß</last_name>
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      <first_name>Christina</first_name>
      <last_name>Schieber</last_name>
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      <first_name>Florian</first_name>
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      <first_name>Yash</first_name>
      <last_name>Kotak</last_name>
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      <first_name>Serkan</first_name>
      <last_name>Sevinc</last_name>
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      <first_name>Philipp</first_name>
      <last_name>Lang</last_name>
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      <first_name>Hans-Georg</first_name>
      <last_name>Schweiger</last_name>
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    <title language="eng">Experimental Investigation of Heat Dissipation of Lithium–Ion Cells and Its Correlation with Internal Resistance</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Power loss is a limiting factor for batteries and individual cells. The resulting heat generation due to the power loss leads to reduced battery performance and, thus, lower efficiency. These losses are largely due to the internal resistance of the cells. Therefore, it is important to accurately determine the value of the internal resistance of lithium–ion cells. From the literature, it was found that there are three widely used internal resistance-measurement methods (current step method, direct-energy-loss method, and calorimeter measurement), with negligible research on their comparison demonstrating the most efficient method. Henceforth, to find the most optimal method, this research adopts all three methods on a variety of cell chemistries, including Lithium-ion Manganese Oxide (LMO), Lithium Iron Phosphate (LFP), Nickel Manganese Cobalt (NMC), and Lithium Titanium-Oxide (LTO) for different c-rates (1 C, 2 C, and 3 C), with a wide temperature range (from 0 °C to 40 °C).</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Applied Sciences</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">2076-3417</identifier>
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From the literature, it was found that there are three widely used internal resistance-measurement methods (current step method, direct-energy-loss method, and calorimeter measurement), with negligible research on their comparison demonstrating the most efficient method. 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      <first_name>Stefan Michael</first_name>
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      <first_name>Yash</first_name>
      <last_name>Kotak</last_name>
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      <first_name>Hans-Georg</first_name>
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    <title language="eng">Evaluation of the impact of the posit quantization on the inference performance of a deep learning neural network for 3D object detection and classification with RADAR and camera</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The evolution of autonomous driving is influenced by the convergence of technologies shaping the capabilities of perception systems. This study reflects the interaction between deep learning, specialized hardware accelerators, and advanced numerical representations, specifically Posits, in the context of CenterFusion - a middle-fusion method for fusing radar and camera data designed for autonomous vehicles.&#13;
&#13;
In order to optimize the CenterFusion for embedded systems, a parameter quantization and hardware inference technique using Posit numbers was developed, named Posits4Torch and Posits4TorcHA. Posit is a type of floating-point numerical representation and arithmetic whose fields have variable sizes, resulting in non-uniform precision. The main objective of this study is to evaluate the reduction in memory usage, processing speed gain, and degradation of CenterFusion performance, when subjected to Posit quantization, in terms of the average errors and the NuScenes Detection Score.&#13;
&#13;
The results demonstrate that the inference errors for both the Deep PeNSieve-emulated model on an AMD EPYC 7413 24-Core CPU and the Posits4TorcHA-based model on an AMD Kria KV260 Vision Starter Kit FPGA were identical. The FPGA-based model's inference time of 3,49 seconds was nearly 1000 times lower than the 3194,69 seconds of the CPU model but 300 times higher than the PyTorch GPU model, which ran on a NVIDIA GeForce RTX 3090. Moreover, FPGA implementation metrics for the 2D 8x8 Posit MAC Unit Array on the AMD Kria KV260 showed a power consumption of 2,939 W, 3,033 W, and 3,090 W for Posit precisions of 6, 7, and 8 bits, respectively, highlighting the approach's resource efficiency. When quantizing CenterFusion's regression heads, an 8-bit Posit precision for Posit-as-Storage (PaS) resulted in a degradation in the Mean Average Precision (mAP) and NuScenes Detection Score (NDS) of, respectively, 0,7% and 0,5%. For Posit-as-Arithmetic (PaA) on the FPGA, certain metrics like Mean Average Velocity Error (mAVE) and Mean Average Translation Error (mATE) were more affected, with 8-bit precision leading to degradations in mAP and NDS by 9,8% and 7,7%, respectively, which can be improved by training the model with a higher Posit precision and subsequently quantizing to a lower Posit precision using Posits4Torch.&#13;
&#13;
This approach presents a promising perspective for optimizing neural network performance in perception and sensor fusion systems for autonomous vehicles. By improving efficiency using lower bit-widths without compromising too much accuracy, this research contributes to the development of more energy-efficient high-speed AI solutions for autonomous vehicle's embedded systems, demonstrating ongoing progress in the field of autonomous driving technology.&#13;
&#13;
Key-words: posit, autonomous driving, hardware acceleration.</abstract>
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    <title language="eng">Prediction of communication signal strength with UAVs using artificial neural networks</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Recognizing the growing importance of unmanned aerial vehicles, notably drones, in the surveillance of urban traffic operations, this research initiative seeks to address the challenges associated with wireless communication in signal-interference-prone environments. It proposes the formulation of a specialized artificial neural network designed to predict the Wi-Fi signal strength during drone flights, thereby providing support in emergency scenarios that involve rescue operations at traffic accident sites.&#13;
&#13;
The developed algorithm is a multilayer perceptron with one hidden layer and the following input features: altitude, elevation angle, type of terrain, the distance between the drone and its controller, velocity, and battery percent.&#13;
&#13;
To validate the reliability of the proposed solution, outcomes derived from the neural network were juxtaposed with drone flight simulations using the Longley-Rice model conducted in Radio Mobile, a software extensively utilized for the planning and modeling of wireless communication networks.&#13;
&#13;
For the rural region, the perceptron multilayer achieved an RMSE of 1.95 dB, while the Longley-Rice model showed a significantly higher RMSE of 8.23 dB. In the suburban region, the perceptron multilayer presented an RMSE of 2.93 dB, compared to the Longley-Rice model's RMSE of 10.88 dB. In the urban region, the perceptron multilayer had an RMSE of 2.39 dB, whereas the Longley-Rice model exhibited the RMSE of 12.84 dB. These findings highlight the perceptron multilayer as a promising alternative for signal intensity prediction in areas with different levels of urbanization.</abstract>
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    <pageNumber>XI, 76, IV</pageNumber>
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    <title language="eng">Transparent rating of multivariate time series classification using explainable AI</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Validation of virtual simulation models, particularly for crash tests and occupant safety, is crucial. Traditionally, experts manually validate these models. In the arTIco project by Applus+ IDIADA and C-ISAFE at Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt, an AI model was developed to classify correlation ratings of digital twins into "Good," "Acceptable," "Marginal," or "Poor" based on expert-labeled data. Although these AI models show high accuracy, their decision-making processes are not easily understood. This master's thesis aims to use Explainable AI (XAI) algorithms to interpret the AI model used in arTIco, focusing on understanding the model's decisions and learned patterns. Model-agnostic SHAP methods, including kernelSHAP, deepSHAP, and windowSHAP, are employed to identify key feature points influencing decisions. These are compared with expert criteria to ensure alignment. The study also addresses challenges and limitations of using Shapley values for multivariate time series data.</abstract>
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      <first_name>Sai Sharan</first_name>
      <last_name>Ravichandran</last_name>
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    <advisor>
      <first_name>Martin</first_name>
      <last_name>Ebert</last_name>
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    <title language="eng">Implementation of dynamic trajectory control for an industrial robot by external dSPACE real-time system using the KUKA RSI interface</title>
    <abstract language="eng">This master's thesis focuses on developing a solution to avoid kinematic singularities in six axis serial industrial robots by employing alternative path planning strategies near the singularity. The proposed solution involves implementing a sample-based path searching algorithm that enables the robot to temporarily deviate from its original path, thereby avoiding the singularity and ensuring continuous, smooth motion.</abstract>
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      <last_name>Patel</last_name>
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      <first_name>Armin</first_name>
      <last_name>Arnold</last_name>
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    <pageNumber>VII, 64, xxiii</pageNumber>
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    <title language="deu">Vergleich unterschiedlicher Algorithmen zur Vorhersage der Transmission von Schall auf kurzen Distanzen</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Aufgrund der geringen Geräuschemissionen von Fahrzeugen mit elektrischem Antrieb müssen diese mit einem akustischen Frühwarnsystem, dem sogenannten AVAS (Acoustic Vehicle Alert System), ausgestattet werden, um die Sicherheit von Fußgängern während des elektrischen Betriebs bei geringen Geschwindigkeiten zu gewährleisten.&#13;
&#13;
Im Vorfeld dieser Bachelorarbeit wurden mithilfe eines speziellen Messaufbaus Übertragungsfunktionen mithilfe von AVAS-Lautsprechern im Freien gemessen. Diese variierten abhängig von der Wetterlage. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit werden fünf verschiedene Algorithmen zur Modellbildung vorgestellt, mit dem Ziel, die Änderung der AVAS-Lautsprecherübertragungsfunktionen vorherzusagen. Alle Algorithmen werden hinsichtlich ihrer Funktionsweise und Parametrierung beschrieben. Darüber hinaus beschäftigt sich diese Arbeit mit Techniken zur Parametrierung der Algorithmen und zur Vorverarbeitung der Messdaten.&#13;
Abschließend werden die Vorhersageergebnisse der Algorithmen präsentiert und miteinander verglichen, um die Anwendbarkeit der Algorithmen zu bewerten.</abstract>
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    <title language="eng">First Mile: An Open Innovation Lab for Infrastructure-Assisted Cooperative Intelligent Transportation Systems</title>
    <parentTitle language="eng">2024 IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium (IV)</parentTitle>
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    <title language="eng">Design and Evaluation of V2X Communication Protocols for Cooperatively Interacting Automobiles</title>
    <abstract language="eng">This chapter studies two key communication services for the support of cooperative driving capabilities using Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) communications: sensor data sharing and maneuver coordination. Based on the current state of the art in research and pre-standardization of V2X communications, we enhance the protocol design for both services and assess their performance by discrete-event simulations in highway and city scenarios. The first part of this chapter addresses the performance improvement of sensor data sharing by two complementary strategies. The shared sensor data are adapted to the available resources on the used channel. Furthermore, the redundancy of the transmitted information is reduced to lower the load on the wireless channel, whereas several approaches are proposed and assessed. The second part of the chapter analyzes cooperative maneuver coordination protocols. We propose a distributed approach based on the explicit exchange of V2X messages, which introduces priorities in maneuver coordination and studies several communication patterns for the negotiation and coordination of maneuvers among two and more vehicles. The results demonstrate the potential of V2X communications for automated driving, showcase several approaches for enhancements of sensor data sharing and maneuver coordination, and indicate the performance of these enhancements.</abstract>
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    <title language="eng">Hybrid Cu sinter paste for low temperature bonding of bare semiconductors</title>
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    <title language="eng">Influences of Vehicle Communication on Human Driving Reactions: A Simulator Study on Reaction Times and Behavior for Forensic Accident Analysis</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Cooperative intelligent transport systems (C-ITSs) are mass-produced and sold in Europe, promising enhanced safety and comfort. Direct vehicle communication, known as vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication, is crucial in this context. Drivers receive warnings about potential hazards by exchanging vehicle status and environmental data with other communication-enabled vehicles. However, the impact of these warnings on drivers and their inclusion in accident reconstruction remains uncertain. Unlike sensor-based warnings, V2X warnings may not provide a visible reason for the alert, potentially affecting reaction times and behavior. In this work, a simulator study on V2X warnings was conducted with 32 participants to generate findings on reaction times and behavior for accident reconstruction in connection with these systems. Two scenarios from the Car-2-Car Communication Consortium were implemented: “Stationary Vehicle Warning—Broken-Down Vehicle” and “Dangerous Situation—Electronic Emergency Brake Lights”. Volkswagen’s warning concept was utilized, as they are the sole provider of cooperative vehicles in Europe. Results show that V2X warnings without visible reasons did not negatively impact reaction times or behavior, with average reaction times between 0.58 s (steering) and 0.69 s (braking). No significant distraction or search for warning reasons was observed. However, additional information in the warnings caused confusion and was seldom noticed by subjects. In this study, participants responded correctly and appropriately to the shown false-positive warnings. A wrong reaction triggering an accident is possible but unlikely. Overall, V2X warnings showed no negative impacts compared with sensor-based systems. This means that there are no differences in accident reconstruction regarding the source of the warning (sensors or communication). However, it is important that it is known that there was a warning, which is why the occurrence of V2X warnings should also be saved in the EDR in the future.</abstract>
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Direct vehicle communication, known as vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication, is crucial in this context. Drivers receive warnings about potential hazards by exchanging vehicle status and environmental data with other communication-enabled vehicles. However, the impact of these warnings on drivers and their inclusion in accident reconstruction remains uncertain. Unlike sensor-based warnings, V2X warnings may not provide a visible reason for the alert, potentially affecting reaction times and behavior. In this work, a simulator study on V2X warnings was conducted with 32 participants to generate findings on reaction times and behavior for accident reconstruction in connection with these systems. Two scenarios from the Car-2-Car Communication Consortium were implemented: \u201cStationary Vehicle Warning\u2014Broken-Down Vehicle\u201d and \u201cDangerous Situation\u2014Electronic Emergency Brake Lights\u201d. Volkswagen\u2019s warning concept was utilized, as they are the sole provider of cooperative vehicles in Europe. Results show that V2X warnings without visible reasons did not negatively impact reaction times or behavior, with average reaction times between 0.58 s (steering) and 0.69 s (braking). No significant distraction or search for warning reasons was observed. However, additional information in the warnings caused confusion and was seldom noticed by subjects. In this study, participants responded correctly and appropriately to the shown false-positive warnings. A wrong reaction triggering an accident is possible but unlikely. Overall, V2X warnings showed no negative impacts compared with sensor-based systems. This means that there are no differences in accident reconstruction regarding the source of the warning (sensors or communication). 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    <title language="eng">Influence of Water on Aging Phenomena of Calendric Stored and Cycled Li-Ion Batteries</title>
    <abstract language="eng">We examine the impact of water (160 ± 41 ppm of reference) on the anode, cathode, separator and electrolyte in two aging scenarios: calendric aging (60 °C, 80 days, charged state), resulting in a triggered current interrupt device (CID), and cycling 1680 times (charge/discharge with 1C, 2.75–4.2 V, 20 ± 2 °C), resulting in 24.5% residual capacity. We applied computer tomography (CT), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) to understand the capacity loss. The aged NMC/LCO–graphite cells were compared to a reference cell in pristine state. Both aging scenarios showed (a) thick depositions on the anode and cathode consisting mainly of oxygen, fluorine and phosphorous, (b) reduced separator pore sizes, (c) the deposition of Mn, Co and Ni on top of the anode and (d) the decomposition of the conductive salt LiPF6 accompanied by HF formation and a loss of active lithium. Calendric aging consumes the water content and additionally leads to (e) the decomposition of the organic solvent followed by CO2 gas formation. Cyclic aging increases the water content and additionally results in (f) the consumption of the additive fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC). These findings show how water affects aging phenomena and results in a capacity decrease in the cell.</abstract>
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    <abstract language="eng">Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) is a well-established manufacturing method for producing both prototype and functional components. This study investigates the mechanical properties of FDM components by material and process-related influencing variables. Tensile tests were conducted on seven different materials in their raw filament form, two of which were fiber-reinforced, to analyze their material-related influence. To cover a wide range from standard to advanced materials relevant for load-carrying components as well as their respective variations, polylactic acid (PLA), 30% wood-fiber-reinforced PLA, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), polycarbonate (PC), a blend of ABS and PC, Nylon, and 30% glass-fiber-reinforced Nylon were selected. The process-related influencing variables were studied using the following process parameters: layer thickness, nozzle diameter, build orientation, nozzle temperature, infill density and pattern, and raster angle. The first test series revealed that the addition of wood fibers significantly worsened the mechanical behavior of PLA due to the lack of fiber bonding to the matrix and significant pore formation. The polymer blend of ABS and PC only showed improvements in stiffness. Significant strength and stiffness improvements were found by embedding glass fibers in Nylon, despite partially poor fiber–matrix bonding. The materials with the best properties were selected for the process parameter analysis. When examining the impact of layer thickness on part strength, a clear correlation was evident. Smaller layer thicknesses resulted in higher strength, while stiffness did not appear to be affected. Conversely, larger nozzle diameters and lower nozzle temperatures only positively impacted stiffness, with little effect on strength. The part orientation did alter the fracture behavior of the test specimens. Although an on-edge orientation resulted in higher stiffness, it failed at lower stresses. Higher infill densities and infill patterns aligned with the load direction led to the best mechanical results. The raster angle had a significant impact on the behavior of the printed bodies. An alternating raster angle resulted in lower strengths and stiffness compared to a unidirectional raster angle. However, it also caused significant stretching due to the rotation of the beads.</abstract>
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The first test series revealed that the addition of wood fibers significantly worsened the mechanical behavior of PLA due to the lack of fiber bonding to the matrix and significant pore formation. The polymer blend of ABS and PC only showed improvements in stiffness. Significant strength and stiffness improvements were found by embedding glass fibers in Nylon, despite partially poor fiber\u2013matrix bonding. The materials with the best properties were selected for the process parameter analysis. When examining the impact of layer thickness on part strength, a clear correlation was evident. Smaller layer thicknesses resulted in higher strength, while stiffness did not appear to be affected. Conversely, larger nozzle diameters and lower nozzle temperatures only positively impacted stiffness, with little effect on strength. The part orientation did alter the fracture behavior of the test specimens. 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    <title language="eng">First steps towards real-world traffic signal control optimisation by reinforcement learning</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Enhancing traffic signal optimisation has the potential to improve urban traffic flow without the need for expensive infrastructure modifications. While reinforcement learning (RL) techniques have demonstrated their effectiveness in simulations, their real-world implementation is still a challenge. Real-world systems need to be developed that guarantee a deployable action definition for real traffic systems while prioritising safety constraints and robust policies. This paper introduces a method to overcome this challenge by introducing a novel action definition that optimises parameter-level control programmes designed by traffic engineers. The complete proposed framework consists of a traffic situation estimation, a feature extractor, and a system that enables training on estimates of real-world traffic situations. Further multimodal optimisation, scalability, and continuous training after deployment could be achieved. The first simulative tests using this action definition show an average improvement of more than 20% in traffic flow compared to the baseline – the corresponding pre-optimised real-world control.</abstract>
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