@article{SchartmuellerWeiglLoeckenetal.2021, author = {Schartm{\"u}ller, Clemens and Weigl, Klemens and L{\"o}cken, Andreas and Wintersberger, Philipp and Steinhauser, Marco and Riener, Andreas}, title = {Displays for Productive Non-Driving Related Tasks: Visual Behavior and Its Impact in Conditionally Automated Driving}, volume = {5}, pages = {21}, journal = {Multimodal Technologies and Interaction}, number = {4}, publisher = {MDPI}, address = {Basel}, issn = {2414-4088}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.3390/mti5040021}, year = {2021}, abstract = {(1) Background: Primary driving tasks are increasingly being handled by vehicle automation so that support for non-driving related tasks (NDRTs) is becoming more and more important. In SAE L3 automation, vehicles can require the driver-passenger to take over driving controls, though. Interfaces for NDRTs must therefore guarantee safe operation and should also support productive work. (2) Method: We conducted a within-subjects driving simulator study (N=53) comparing Heads-Up Displays (HUDs) and Auditory Speech Displays (ASDs) for productive NDRT engagement. In this article, we assess the NDRT displays' effectiveness by evaluating eye-tracking measures and setting them into relation to workload measures, self-ratings, and NDRT/take-over performance. (3) Results: Our data highlights substantially higher gaze dispersion but more extensive glances on the road center in the auditory condition than the HUD condition during automated driving. We further observed potentially safety-critical glance deviations from the road during take-overs after a HUD was used. These differences are reflected in self-ratings, workload indicators and take-over reaction times, but not in driving performance. (4) Conclusion: NDRT interfaces can influence visual attention even beyond their usage during automated driving. In particular, the HUD has resulted in safety-critical glances during manual driving after take-overs. We found this impacted workload and productivity but not driving performance}, language = {en} } @article{RieglerRienerHolzmann2021, author = {Riegler, Andreas and Riener, Andreas and Holzmann, Clemens}, title = {A systematic review of virtual reality applications for automated driving: 2009-2020}, volume = {3}, pages = {689856}, journal = {Frontiers in human dynamics}, publisher = {Frontiers Media}, address = {Lausanne}, issn = {2673-2726}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.3389/fhumd.2021.689856}, year = {2021}, abstract = {While virtual reality (VR) interfaces have been researched extensively over the last decades, studies on their application in vehicles have only recently advanced. In this paper, we systematically review 12 years of VR research in the context of automated driving (AD), from 2009 to 2020. Due to the multitude of possibilities for studies with regard to VR technology, at present, the pool of findings is heterogeneous and non-transparent. We investigated N = 176 scientific papers of relevant journals and conferences with the goal to analyze the status quo of existing VR studies in AD, and to classify the related literature into application areas. We provide insights into the utilization of VR technology which is applicable at specific level of vehicle automation and for different users (drivers, passengers, pedestrians) and tasks. Results show that most studies focused on designing automotive experiences in VR, safety aspects, and vulnerable road users. Trust, simulator and motion sickness, and external human-machine interfaces (eHMIs) also marked a significant portion of the published papers, however a wide range of different parameters was investigated by researchers. Finally, we discuss a set of open challenges, and give recommendation for future research in automated driving at the VR side of the reality-virtuality continuum.}, language = {en} } @article{SchussWintersbergerRiener2021, author = {Schuß, Martina and Wintersberger, Philipp and Riener, Andreas}, title = {Security Issues in Shared Automated Mobility Systems: A Feminist HCI Perspective}, volume = {5}, pages = {43}, journal = {Multimodal Technologies and Interaction}, number = {8}, publisher = {MDPI}, address = {Basel}, issn = {2414-4088}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.3390/mti5080043}, year = {2021}, abstract = {The spread of automated vehicles (AVs) is expected to disrupt our mobility behavior. Currently, a male bias is prevalent in the technology industry in general, and in the automotive industry in particular, mainly focusing on white men. This leads to an under-representation of groups of people with other social, physiological, and psychological characteristics. The advent of automated driving (AD) should be taken as an opportunity to mitigate this bias and consider a diverse variety of people within the development process. We conducted a qualitative, exploratory study to investigate how shared automated vehicles (SAVs) should be designed from a pluralistic perspective considering a holistic viewpoint on the whole passenger journey by including booking, pick-up, and drop-off points. Both, men and women, emphasized the importance of SAVs being flexible and clean, whereas security issues were mentioned exclusively by our female participants. While proposing different potential solutions to mitigate security matters, we discuss them through the lens of the feminist HCI framework.}, language = {en} } @article{RienerSchlacklMalsametal.2021, author = {Riener, Andreas and Schlackl, Dominik and Malsam, Julia and Huber, Josef and Homm, Benjamin and Kaczmar, Marion and Kleitsch, Iris and Megos, Alina and Park, Eunji and Sanverdi, G{\"u}ls{\"u}m and Schmidt, Sabrina and Bracaci, Daniel and Anees, Esha}, title = {Improving the UX for Users of Automated Shuttle Buses in Public Transport: Investigating Aspects of Exterior Communication and Interior Design}, volume = {5}, pages = {61}, journal = {Multimodal Technologies and Interaction}, number = {10}, publisher = {MDPI}, address = {Basel}, issn = {2414-4088}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.3390/mti5100061}, year = {2021}, abstract = {As a precursor to future public transportation, automated shuttle buses can already be experienced in some test regions, but the general public still has reservations and may not yet be ready for this change. For example, the fact that such vehicles might operate independently (without a human driver) creates a barrier of uncertainty and mistrust among people. In this work, we aim to identify and classify the prevailing reservations and propose solutions. We followed the User Centered Design (UCD) process to design concepts that are specifically tailored to the needs of future public transport users. After related work analysis, on-site research, and pre-studies, two main studies were conducted specifically to address communication in the exterior (n = 24) and interior/service design (n = 21). For both studies, we applied a mixed-methods approach combining quantitative and qualitative measures. Our results indicate that, in general, existing ways of communication in the exterior are insufficient to meet future needs. The two visualization concepts for external communication developed in this work were rated (significantly) better in most dimensions of the User Experience Questionnaire (UEQ), when compared to the baseline condition with no additional visualization. Furthermore, preferences among the study participants towards simple, highly visible, and well-known lighting concepts could be observed. As for the interior, the results show that participants rated attractiveness highly for the two design concepts (closer, further in the future) as compared to current, state-of-the-art solutions (automated buses currently in operation). For the "near future" concept, the pragmatic quality dominated, while in the other (the "far future") concept the hedonic quality was in the foreground. From the results, design recommendations in different categories were derived, which reflect the general openness of the public towards new technologies and interior approaches, but also point out the importance for privacy and designated personal spaces inside an (automated) shuttle bus. Some of the results do not strictly apply to automated shuttle buses, and can serve as valuable suggestions for improving conventional shuttle buses.}, language = {en} } @article{DeyHabibovicLoeckenetal.2020, author = {Dey, Debargha and Habibovic, Azra and L{\"o}cken, Andreas and Wintersberger, Philipp and Pfleging, Bastian and Riener, Andreas and Martens, Marieke and Terken, Jacques}, title = {Taming the eHMI jungle: A classification taxonomy to guide, compare, and assess the design principles of automated vehicles' external human-machine interfaces}, volume = {2020}, pages = {100174}, journal = {Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives}, number = {7}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {Amsterdam}, issn = {2590-1982}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trip.2020.100174}, year = {2020}, abstract = {There is a growing body of research in the field of interaction between automated vehicles and other road users in their vicinity. To facilitate such interactions, researchers and designers have explored designs, and this line of work has yielded several concepts of external Human-Machine Interfaces (eHMI) for vehicles. Literature and media review reveals that the description of interfaces is often lacking in fidelity or details of their functionalities in specific situations, which makes it challenging to understand the originating concepts. There is also a lack of a universal understanding of the various dimensions of a communication interface, which has impeded a consistent and coherent addressal of the different aspects of the functionalities of such interface concepts. In this paper, we present a unified taxonomy that allowsa systematic comparison of the eHMI across 18 dimensions, covering their physical characteristics and communication aspects from the perspective of human factors and human-machine interaction. We analyzed and coded 70eHMI concepts according to this taxonomy to portray the state of the art and highlight the relative maturity of different contributions. The results point to a number of unexplored research areas that could inspire future work. Additionally, we believe that our proposed taxonomy can serve as a checklist for user interface designers and researchers when developing their interfaces.}, language = {en} } @article{BanoHegnerHeinrichetal.2020, author = {Bano, Tayyaba and Hegner, Franziska and Heinrich, Martin and Schwarze, R{\"u}diger}, title = {Investigation of Fluid-Structure Interaction Induced Bending for Elastic Flaps in a Cross Flow}, volume = {10}, pages = {6177}, journal = {Applied Sciences}, number = {18}, publisher = {MDPI}, address = {Basel}, issn = {2076-3417}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.3390/app10186177}, year = {2020}, abstract = {With the recent increase in the design of light and flexible structures, numerical investigations of fluid and structure together play a significant role in most engineering applications. Therefore, the current study presents an examination of fluid-structure interaction involving flexible structures. The problem is numerically solved by a commercial software ANSYS-Workbench. Two-way coupled three-dimensional transient simulations are carried out for the flexible flaps of different thicknesses in glycerin for a laminar flow and Reynolds number ranging from 3 < Re < 12. The bending line of the flaps is compared with experimental data for different alignments of the flaps relative to the fluid flow. The study reports the computation of the maximum tip-deflection and deformation of flaps fixed at the bottom and mounted normal to the flow. Additionally, drag coefficients for flexible flaps are computed and flow regimes in the wake of the flaps are presented. As well, the study gives an understanding on how the fluid response changes as the structure deforms and the model is appropriate to predict the behavior of thick and comparatively thinner flaps. The results are sufficiently encouraging to consider the present model for analyzing turbulent flow processes against flexible objects.}, language = {en} } @article{FrisonForsterWintersbergeretal.2020, author = {Frison, Anna-Katharina and Forster, Yannick and Wintersberger, Philipp and Geisel, Viktoria and Riener, Andreas}, title = {Where We Come from and Where We Are Going: A Systematic Review of Human Factors Research in Driving Automation}, volume = {10}, pages = {8914}, journal = {Applied Sciences}, number = {24}, publisher = {MDPI}, address = {Basel}, issn = {2076-3417}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.3390/app10248914}, year = {2020}, abstract = {During the last decade, research has brought forth a large amount of studies that investigated driving automation from a human factor perspective. Due to the multitude of possibilities for the study design with regard to the investigated constructs, data collection methods, and evaluated parameters, at present, the pool of findings is heterogeneous and nontransparent. This literature review applied a structured approach, where five reviewers investigated n = 161 scientific papers of relevant journals and conferences focusing on driving automation between 2010 and 2018. The aim was to present an overview of the status quo of existing methodological approaches and investigated constructs to help scientists in conducting research with established methods and advanced study setups. Results show that most studies focused on safety aspects, followed by trust and acceptance, which were mainly collected through self-report measures. Driving/Take-Over performance also marked a significant portion of the published papers; however, a wide range of different parameters were investigated by researchers. Based on our insights, we propose a set of recommendations for future studies. Amongst others, this includes validation of existing results on real roads, studying long-term effects on trust and acceptance (and of course other constructs), or triangulation of self-reported and behavioral data. We furthermore emphasize the need to establish a standardized set of parameters for recurring use cases to increase comparability. To assure a holistic contemplation of automated driving, we moreover encourage researchers to investigate other constructs that go beyond safety.}, language = {en} } @article{KundingerYalavarthiRieneretal.2020, author = {Kundinger, Thomas and Yalavarthi, Phani Krishna and Riener, Andreas and Wintersberger, Philipp and Schartm{\"u}ller, Clemens}, title = {Feasibility of smart wearables for driver drowsiness detection and its potential among different age groups}, volume = {16}, journal = {International Journal of Pervasive Computing and Communications}, number = {1}, publisher = {Emerald}, address = {Bingley}, issn = {1742-7371}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1108/IJPCC-03-2019-0017}, pages = {1 -- 23}, year = {2020}, language = {en} } @article{HasirliogluRiener2019, author = {Hasirlioglu, Sinan and Riener, Andreas}, title = {A General Approach for Simulating Rain Effects on Sensor Data in Real and Virtual Environments}, volume = {5}, journal = {IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Vehicles}, number = {3}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {New York}, issn = {2379-8904}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1109/TIV.2019.2960944}, pages = {426 -- 438}, year = {2019}, language = {en} } @article{RieglerWintersbergerRieneretal.2019, author = {Riegler, Andreas and Wintersberger, Philipp and Riener, Andreas and Holzmann, Clemens}, title = {Augmented Reality Windshield Displays and Their Potential to Enhance User Experience in Automated Driving}, volume = {18}, journal = {i-com: Journal of Interactive Media}, number = {2}, publisher = {De Gruyter}, address = {Berlin}, issn = {2196-6826}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1515/icom-2018-0033}, pages = {127 -- 149}, year = {2019}, language = {en} }