@article{KotakMarchanteFernandezCanalsCasalsetal.2021, author = {Kotak, Yash and Marchante Fern{\´a}ndez, Carlos and Canals Casals, Lluc and Kotak, Bhavya and Koch, Daniel and Geisbauer, Christian and Trilla, Llu{\´i}s and G{\´o}mez-Nu{\~n}ez, Alberto and Schweiger, Hans-Georg}, title = {End of Electric Vehicle Batteries}, volume = {14}, pages = {2217}, journal = {Energies}, subtitle = {Reuse vs. Recycle}, number = {8}, publisher = {MDPI}, address = {Basel}, issn = {1996-1073}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.3390/en14082217}, year = {2021}, abstract = {It is a fact that electric vehicles (EVs) are beneficial for climate protection. However, the current challenge is to decide on whether to reuse an EV battery or to recycle it after its first use. This paper theoretically investigates these areas i.e., recycle and reuse. It was found that there are several commercially used recycling processes and also some are under research to regain maximum possible materials and quantity. The concept of reusing (second life) of the battery is promising because, at the end of the first life, batteries from EVs can be used in several applications such as storing energy generated from renewable sources to support the government grid. However, the cost and life-cycle analysis (LCA) demonstrated that there are several aspects involved in battery reuse applications. Henceforth, one LCA generalised method cannot provide an optimal approach for all cases. It is important to have a detailed study on each of the battery reusing applications. Until then, it is safe to say that reusing the battery is a good option as it would give some time to recycling companies to develop cost and energy-efficient methods.}, language = {en} } @article{WoehrlGeisbauerNebletal.2021, author = {W{\"o}hrl, Katharina and Geisbauer, Christian and Nebl, Christoph and Lott, Susanne and Schweiger, Hans-Georg}, title = {Crashed Electric Vehicle Handling and Recommendations - State of the Art in Germany}, volume = {14}, pages = {1040}, journal = {Energies}, number = {4}, publisher = {MDPI}, address = {Basel}, issn = {1996-1073}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.3390/en14041040}, year = {2021}, abstract = {In the near future, electric powered vehicles will represent a major part of the road traffic. Accordingly, there will be a natural increase of accidents involving electric vehicles. There are not many cases of such accidents yet and therefore the experience and correct handling are still partially open points for the involved parties, such as the rescue services for example. The aim of this work is to provide a complete overview of the accident handling sequence in Germany, starting with the damaged vehicle on site and moving on to the risks and challenges for the stakeholders, such as transport and recycling companies. Arising from the developed overview, a handling recommendation for yet undiscussed points is given. Especially, different extinguishing and deactivation methods are compared and discussed. Due to a lack of a common live-feed from battery data on site, other criteria have to be taken into account to assess the state of the battery. The wrecked vehicle—including the high voltage system—needs to be in a definite safe state at the handover to a towing service. Depending on the case, different options for securing the vehicle will be considered in this work.}, language = {en} } @article{BauderKubjatkoSchweiger2023, author = {Bauder, Maximilian and Kubjatko, Tibor and Schweiger, Hans-Georg}, title = {Cooperative Awareness Messages' Generation Frequencies, Trigger Distributions, and Pseudonym Changes of First Commercially Deployed Vehicles in Real Operating Scenarios}, volume = {11}, journal = {IEEE Access}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {New York}, issn = {2169-3536}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3292576}, pages = {69708 -- 69719}, year = {2023}, abstract = {Cooperative Intelligent Transport Systems have been deployed in mass-produced vehicles in Europe (Golf 8, ID.3, etc.) since 2019, promising major improvements in vehicle safety, efficiency, and comfort. Equipped with Vehicle-to-X communication, the vehicles directly send information about their driving status to the environment. The data are already used for many Vehicle-to-X communication use-cases specified by the Car-2-Car Communication Consortium to achieve the above-mentioned improvements. This study focuses on using Vehicle-2-X communication and its messages for accident analysis. For this purpose, we investigated the advantage in temporal resolution of the continuously sent Cooperative Awareness Message compared to the Event-Data-Recorder for accident reconstruction in the pre-crash. A high resolution of the temporal accident scene is essential for the doubtless clarification of accidents. Therefore, we analyzed the generation frequencies and the trigger conditions of the Cooperative Awareness Message of vehicles available on the European market while driving in real traffic and during different parking maneuvers. Also, the pseudonym change was analyzed. We found that the average generation frequency of the Cooperative Awareness Message is higher than the 2.00 Hz recording frequency of the event data recorder for all scenarios investigated. Especially on rural roads and highways, the temporal resolution is advantageous. Since many serious accidents occur on rural roads, the use of Cooperative Awareness Messages could significantly benefit the reconstruction of the accident scene. Thus, we recommend increasing efforts to use the Cooperative Awareness Message as digital data for accident analysis and encourage more scientists to deal with this topic.}, language = {en} } @article{SchweigerMultererWietelmannetal.2005, author = {Schweiger, Hans-Georg and Multerer, Michael and Wietelmann, U. and Panitz, J.-C. and Burgemeister, T. and Gores, Heiner Jakob}, title = {NMR Determination of Trace Water in Lithium Salts for Battery Electrolytes}, volume = {152}, journal = {Journal of the Electrochemical Society}, number = {3}, publisher = {IOP Publishing}, address = {Bristol}, issn = {1945-7111}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1149/1.1859693}, pages = {A622 -- A627}, year = {2005}, language = {en} } @article{SchweigerMultererSchweizerBerberichetal.2005, author = {Schweiger, Hans-Georg and Multerer, Michael and Schweizer-Berberich, M. and Gores, Heiner Jakob}, title = {Finding Conductivity Optima of Battery Electrolytes by Conductivity Measurements Guided by a Simplex Algorithm}, volume = {152}, journal = {Journal of the Electrochemical Society}, number = {3}, publisher = {IOP Publishing}, address = {Bristol}, issn = {1945-7111}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1149/1.1859711}, pages = {A577 -- A582}, year = {2005}, language = {en} } @article{KochSchweiger2022, author = {Koch, Daniel and Schweiger, Hans-Georg}, title = {Possibilities for a Quick Onsite Safety-State Assessment of Stand-Alone Lithium-Ion Batteries}, volume = {8}, pages = {213}, journal = {Batteries}, number = {11}, publisher = {MDPI}, address = {Basel}, issn = {2313-0105}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries8110213}, year = {2022}, abstract = {Electric vehicles' high-voltage lithium-ion batteries are complex systems and can be sources of several hazards for interacting people. Sophisticated battery management systems (BMS) therefore constantly monitor their characteristics and varying states, to keep the battery within desired operational conditions and to mitigate safety risks as well as excessive degradation. However, there can be several situations where the battery is not in normal operation (e.g., a stand-alone battery) and a fully functional BMS monitoring function is not available. When necessary to interact with the system, its safety state must be deduced to ensure the safety of interactors. This can be a challenging task depending on a situation's characteristics (time pressure, technical knowledge of involved people). Thus, this article discusses how the safety state of electric vehicle batteries can be evaluated quickly even by untrained people. To develop a solution, different scenarios, which require a battery's state assessment, and the options for collecting relevant information are motivated and discussed, respectively. Finally, a mobile interface that can evaluate and display the safety state by using BMS-internal data is described and demonstrated.}, language = {en} } @article{StegerKroghMeegahapolaetal.2022, author = {Steger, Fabian and Krogh, Jonathan and Meegahapola, Lasantha and Schweiger, Hans-Georg}, title = {Calculating Available Charge and Energy of Lithium-Ion Cells Based on OCV and Internal Resistance}, volume = {15}, pages = {7902}, journal = {Energies}, number = {21}, publisher = {MDPI}, address = {Basel}, issn = {1996-1073}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.3390/en15217902}, year = {2022}, abstract = {The design and operation of performant and safe electric vehicles depend on precise knowledge of the behavior of their electrochemical energy storage systems. The performance of the battery management systems often relies on the discrete-time battery models, which can correctly emulate the battery characteristics. Among the available methods, electric circuit-based equations have shown to be especially useful in describing the electrical characteristics of batteries. To overcome the existing drawbacks, such as discrete-time simulations for parameter estimation and the usage of look-up tables, a set of equations has been developed in this study that solely relies on the open-circuit voltage and the internal resistance of a battery. The parameters can be obtained from typical cell datasheets or can be easily extracted via standard measurements. The proposed equations allow for the direct analytical determination of available discharge capacity and the available energy content depending on the discharge current, as well as the Peukert exponent. The fidelity of the proposed system was validated experimentally using 18650 NMC and LFP lithium-ion cells, and the results are in close agreement with the datasheet.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{StegerNitscheSchweigeretal.2017, author = {Steger, Fabian and Nitsche, Alexander and Schweiger, Hans-Georg and Belski, Iouri}, title = {Hands-on Experiments vs. Computer-based Simulations in Energy Storage Laboratories}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 45th SEFI Annual Conference 2017 : Education Excellence for Sustainability}, editor = {Quadrado, Jos{\´e} Carlos and Bernardino, Jorge and Rocha, Jo{\~a}o}, publisher = {SEFI (Soci{\´e}t{\´e} Europ{\´e}enne pour la Formation des Ing{\´e}nieurs)}, address = {Br{\"u}ssel}, isbn = {978-989-98875-7-2}, url = {https://www.sefi.be/conference/2017-azores/}, pages = {121 -- 128}, year = {2017}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{PourtoulidouStegerBurgeretal.2019, author = {Pourtoulidou, Despoina and Steger, Fabian and Burger, Uli and G{\"o}llinger, Harald and K{\"o}nig, Ludwig and Obermeier, Erwin and Schweiger, Hans-Georg and Frey, Andreas}, title = {Mission-framed Project-based Learning and Teaching}, booktitle = {Varietas delectat… Complexity is the new normality: SEFI 47th Annual Conference Proceedings}, subtitle = {integrating an Electric Powertrain into a Motor Glider}, editor = {Nagy, Bal{\´a}zs Vince and Murphy, Mike and J{\"a}rvinen, Hannu-Matti and K{\´a}lm{\´a}n, Anik{\´o}}, publisher = {SEFI}, address = {Br{\"u}ssel}, isbn = {978-2-87352-018-2}, doi = {https://www.sefi.be/proceedings/?conference=2019-budapest-isbn-978-2-87352-018-2}, pages = {879 -- 888}, year = {2019}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{StegerArbesmeierNitscheetal.2019, author = {Steger, Fabian and Arbesmeier, Alexander and Nitsche, Alexander and Brade, Katja and Schweiger, Hans-Georg and Belski, Iouri}, title = {Laboratory learning}, booktitle = {Varietas delectat… Complexity is the new normality: SEFI 47th Annual Conference Proceedings}, subtitle = {influence of the perceived laboratory mode on learning outcomes}, editor = {Nagy, Bal{\´a}zs Vince and Murphy, Mike and J{\"a}rvinen, Hannu-Matti and K{\´a}lm{\´a}n, Anik{\´o}}, publisher = {SEFI}, address = {Br{\"u}ssel}, isbn = {978-2-87352-018-2}, doi = {https://www.sefi.be/proceedings/?conference=2019-budapest-isbn-978-2-87352-018-2}, pages = {1897 -- 1907}, year = {2019}, language = {en} }