@thesis{Islam2021, author = {Islam, Md Anik}, title = {Coupling of agent-based model 'AgentHomeID' and energy system model 'SCOPE-Path'}, subtitle = {impact of buildings aggregation level on computation effort and accuracy of results}, publisher = {Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt}, address = {Ingolstadt}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-33315}, pages = {viii, 91}, year = {2021}, abstract = {This study aims to compose a coupling interface between the agent-based model 'AgentHomeID' and the energy system model 'SCOPE-Path' to determine building heat supply systems and then evaluate the impact of building aggregations and decentralized heat limits changes on 'SCOPE-Path' model output and computation effort. First, a coupling interface based on the output of the 'AgentHomeID' was developed, and then it was used as an input to the existing path optimization model 'SCOPE-Path.' The first model defined as reference model holds the highest number of building classes and narrow space on decentralized heat limits. Three more different models were derived from the detailed reference model. A reduced number of ten and eight residential building classes were applied to the second and third models. The fourth model derived from the reference model specified a wide range of decentralized heat limits with a similar number of building classes as in the reference model. Finally, the three different models were optimally simulated for the same scenario, given that the third model with eight residential building classes failed to be optimized, and the accuracy of the outputs and computational effort of the optimized models were evaluated. The reference model required the longest computation time. The second model with ten residential building classes showed the most significant reduction in computational effort with varying degrees of accuracy loss. The fourth model with a wide range of decentralized heat limits reduced computational efforts substantially with varying degrees of accuracy loss in outputs. The crucial drawback of this study is the exclusion of solar thermal from the second, third and fourth models to simulate optimally. This approach barred the observation to determine the definite impacts of the building aggregation and wide range of decentralized heat limits distinctly on the 'SCOPE-Path' model's output and computation effort. Furthermore, it was insufficient to identify the effects of further building aggregation on 'SCOPE-Path' due to the non-optimized third model with eight residential building classes.}, language = {en} } @thesis{VargasAguilar2022, author = {Vargas Aguilar, Juan Jesus}, title = {Test scenarios and dynamic analysis of cross-coupling of active and reactive power in grid forming inverter}, publisher = {Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt}, address = {Ingolstadt}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-34178}, pages = {xii, 58}, year = {2022}, abstract = {Since more and more large conventional power plants, based on direct-coupled synchronous generators (SGs), will be phased out in the future, frequency stability must be guaranteed. Consequently, grid-forming inverters are needed to ensure the system stability of the future grid. In the joint research project "VerbundnetzStabil", conducted by Fraunhofer ISE and its partners, the stability of a grid system with a high penetration of inverter-based renewable energy sources (RES) is investigated. This master thesis aims to analyze the response of the inverter simulation model, designed by Fraunhofer ISE, facing different events, whether it reacts as a synchronous machine and helps to maintain the stability in the network, and at the same time analyze the cross-coupling effect between the active and reactive power of the controller. For this purpose, the test models were designed in DIgSILENT PowerFactory to get RMS and EMT results. The results were compared with experimental results obtained in the multimegawatt Lab from Fraunhofer ISE to improve the inverter response. Keywords: droop control, grid forming inverters, cross-coupling effect, inverter control, power system stability, inverter testing, inverter parameters}, language = {en} } @thesis{Lwakatare2022, author = {Lwakatare, Bertha Phenias}, title = {Assesing the technical feasibility of micro grid integration as an electrification approach in rural settlements of Sub-Saharan Africa}, subtitle = {Case study of Uutsathima, Namibia}, publisher = {Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt}, address = {Ingolstadt}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-34846}, pages = {ix, 85}, year = {2022}, abstract = {Despite having the world's fastest-growing population, Sub-Saharan Africa has the lowest electrification rates, indicating the urgent need for improved energy infrastructure. While all its member countries have, since 2016, bid to abide and follow through with the 7th sustainable development goal, among others, electricity access remains below targeted rates. Research and implementation plans have extensively focused and relied on grid extension into semi-urban regions while neglecting rural settlements. Low population densities of rural regions discourage many electrification approaches. Sub-Saharan Africa, however, records a drop in the price of renewable power products and penetration of mini-grid technology into some of its rural regions. This brings forth the potential in assessing whether the integration of existing micro-grids in rural regions is a feasible electrification approach. To link energy demand and supply from the existing micro-grids, this thesis quantitatively audits energy consumption and develops load profiles for Uutsathima village and its distinguished settlement categories using MATLAB algorithms. The resulting load profiles are fed into PVsyst to size mini-grids per case scenario and compare the existing micro-grid capacity to recommend the best solutions when considering micro-grid integration. Results show that the existing 50\% of excess unused energy generated can potentially electrify business settlements of Uutsathima and electrification of households can be attained by implementation of a new mini-grid. Findings validate and define conditions for the feasibility of micro-grid integration dependent on generation capacities as well population/ settlement density.}, language = {en} } @thesis{Armal2022, author = {Armal, Vaibhav Vijay}, title = {A business case study of green hydrogen production using photovoltaics in Germany}, publisher = {Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt}, address = {Ingolstadt}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-34867}, pages = {x, 66, T}, year = {2022}, abstract = {The world is moving forward, and its energy need is also increasing daily. Currently, a significant amount of this energy comes from a finite resource called fossil fuels. The biggest problem with this resource is the high amount of carbon emissions, which has an adverse impact on the environment in the form of global warming, greenhouse gases, ozone layer depletion, etc. This in turn could lead to dangerous consequences for the planet and the ecosystems. Governments across the globe are getting serious and taking big resolutions toward green energy, but the set targets are big and still far away. High motivation and strong will among the top leaders are necessary to achieve the target of using green energy for most of the world's energy demands. This must be met with prompt actions and a decisive approach. Hydrogen, the resource available abundantly in the atmosphere, can be the biggest hope towards this target. Studies have shown that hydrogen can take the green energy revolution a long way if produced on a large scale. A renewed and widespread hydrogen momentum is growing in the energy market. The last years have witnessed a substantial increase in demand for hydrogen, including several countries introducing and developing new hydrogen national strategies and many private companies leaning toward investing in hydrogen-related projects. Green hydrogen's environment-friendly and versatility will lead the world toward a hydrogen economy. Though there are increased investments in the technological advancement in green hydrogen, there exist many unresolved issues related to technical and infrastructural challenges. Nevertheless, a clean and renewable hydrogen economy will not only fight climate change but also offers a comprehensive infrastructure for new opportunities in terms of jobs and employment. Hydrogen may play a crucial role in restructuring the international alliances and conflicts regarding global transformation and decarbonisation of the energy market. By 2050, hydrogen can supply up to 24\% of the world's energy needs This paper is inclined towards a quantitative assessment of the hybrid (with and without battery storage) green hydrogen production system in terms of working and financial feasibility.}, language = {en} } @thesis{Hussain2021, author = {Hussain, Waleed}, title = {Modelica-based simulation for the optimization of a district heating system with variable temperatures}, publisher = {Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt}, address = {Ingolstadt}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-8104}, pages = {IX, 67}, year = {2021}, abstract = {This thesis presents an insight into the possibility of implementing the intelligent sector coupling between the heat and electricity supply grids by using the combination of a solar PV system, decentralized heat pumps and decentralized thermal energy storage in an existing district heating system with variable temperatures in Germany. The district heating system was optimized for the summer period utilizing the existing system's Modelica language model in Dymola software. In order to implement the intelligent sector coupling between heat and generated renewable energy-based electricity a separate control theory was developed so that the generated electricity can be utilized in an efficient way to operate the decentralized heat pumps. Moreover, the role of decentralized thermal energy storage was also considered for the appropriate sizing of solar PV system so as to utilize the maximum amount of renewable energy-based electricity to produce heat during the summer period. The assessment of the energy production and utilization from different systems was carried out by performing the electrical and heat energy analysis of the simulation results. The findings of the thesis exhibited an appropriately sized solar PV system which fulfilled up to the 80 \% of total electricity consumption for heat production during the summer period by implementing an intelligent sector coupling between the heat and electricity supply grids.}, language = {en} } @thesis{AsadollahiEsfahani2021, author = {Asadollahi Esfahani, Bahareh}, title = {Integrating renewable energies into a district heating network in a residential area in Dachau}, publisher = {Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt}, address = {Ingolstadt}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-7764}, pages = {XIV, 92}, year = {2021}, abstract = {The project includes designing a low-temperature district heating network center with a flow and return temperature of 45 °C/20 °C in a modern residential area with 50 buildings with 37,000 square meters located in Dachau, Bavaria and consists two scenarios. In the first scenario, in energy generation, the focus was on the natural gas supply. And in the scenario 2 the region's renewable potential was integrated and replaced with fossil fuels. By comparing the two systems, although the investment costs of System 2 were more, it is more cost-effective in financial accounting, considering the government's financial support for renewable energy projects and more maintenance and fuel costs of the first system. According to the present factors and CO2 emissions, the renewable system was much better in environmentally-friendly terms.}, language = {en} } @thesis{Sinha2021, author = {Sinha, Anuj}, title = {Multi-feature based development of a power-disaggregation algorithm for dairy farms}, publisher = {Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt}, address = {Ingolstadt}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-8568}, pages = {X, 62}, year = {2021}, abstract = {Smart meter technology implementation in the last decade had initiated many data collection processes, which have provided a strong foundation for the development of Artificial Intelligence (AI) based load monitoring systems. It is easier to identify the energy-saving potential with the help of advanced load monitoring systems. Since 2015, deep-learning-based Nonintrusive load monitoring (NILM) is being focused in the research community. It requires minimal hardware, which can justify its development and maintenance cost. Several AI-based models and tools are available for load monitoring, but it is challenging to identify a suitable model for the specific application. There is still a domain-specific transformation, and considerations are usually required. The residential sector has been the focus area due to the market size, but the industrial sector still has massive potential for research and development. Thus, in the presented thesis, dairy farms in Germany are targeted for developing a power disaggregation algorithm based on deep learning, which can identify the on/off state of individual appliances in the farm from the aggregated load profile data. Mainly four appliances named milk cooling (MK), milk pump (MP), vacuum pump (VP), and cleaning automatic machine (SA) are targeted for disaggregation. NILM is a promising approach to identify individual operating times of appliances. Thus, deep neural networkbased algorithms are developed, focusing mainly on one-dimensional convolution neural network (1D-CNN) and recurrent neural network (RNN). Literature research was carried out to determine the state-of-the-art of deep-learningbased NILM and understand AI technology. Data acquisition for model development and testing was made from four dairy farms based out of Bavaria, Germany. The presented work provides a detailed discussion about data pre-processing and development of models. The result shows that deep-learning-based disaggregation algorithms outperform for this application area, and the proposed model successfully identifies the states of individual appliances. The presented work provides a foundation for modifying the proposed algorithm or developing a new algorithm for real-time power disaggregation.}, language = {en} } @thesis{Abdalsalam2022, author = {Abdalsalam, Mohannad Mohamad Alsayed}, title = {Convective losses inside a cavity of a novel insulating glass flat-plate solar thermal collector}, publisher = {Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt}, address = {Ingolstadt}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-35881}, pages = {IX, 87}, year = {2022}, abstract = {Large-scale solar thermal district heating plants are considered to serve as a renewable alternative in European District Heating systems but their execution imposes widely-considered demand fluctuations and initial cost challenges. Consequently, A novel Insulated glass flat plate solar thermal collector (IGFPC) of low manufacturing cost is introduced to the industry, nevertheless, more research is needed on the collector's convective heat losses and efficiency. This research focuses on the numerical study of the convective heat losses inside the cavity of the novel IGFPC. The review of other literature concludes the inability to describe the convective losses inside the cavity using other researchers' correlations due to its large aspect ratio and high operating Rayleigh range so a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation using the Finite Elements Method (FEM) is performed. The research investigates the optimum simulation settings and the optimum mesh size to solve the CFD simulation, in addition to, the governing correlations representing the heat transfer regime inside the cavity. The cavity inclination is studied at angles 0, 15, 30, 45, and 60 degrees heated from below, and Rayleigh numbers ranging from 10^3 to 10^6. It is concluded that the Reynolds stress model (RSM) is the most accurate turbulent model to represent turbulent flow inside the cavity and its results are comparable to other results from the literature. In comparison with the literature review, the simulation results show low convective heat losses at Ra < Ra critical and high convective heat losses at Ra > Ra critical. It is also noted that at a lower Rayleigh number, the cavity experience edge rolls at lower inclination angles and cell rolls at higher inclination angles. Finally, a correlation in the Nusselt Rayleigh domain is derived to be used for numerically calculating overall losses and efficiency for cavities with a high aspect ratio. Keywords: solar district heating, convective heat losses, solar thermal collector, insulated glass flat-plate collector, natural convection, computational fluid dynamics, Nusselt / Rayleigh correlations, Rayleigh number, rectangular cavity, cavity inclination angle}, language = {en} } @thesis{Osunde2022, author = {Osunde, Alex Osakpolor}, title = {Medium and low voltage distribution grid network composition analysis and review for the North American and European networks}, publisher = {Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt}, address = {Ingolstadt}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-35294}, pages = {VIII, 67}, year = {2022}, abstract = {The Distribution Network (DN) in Europe and North America today is witnessing a paradigm shift in operation from a conventional passive system where a top to bottom active and reactive power flow is maintained with a low level of monitoring to an active system where the power flow has become bi-directional with the influx of Distributed Generators (rooftop solar photovoltaic units, wind generating units, etc) in the low voltage (LV) and medium voltage (MV) networks. This implementation of DGs poses power quality problems as it causes stress on the existing voltage regulating strategy in the DN. To tackle this issue, utilities in both regions are integrating smart devices for controlling and monitoring the DN to guarantee power quality for their customers. The initial part of this paper focuses on individually and collectively studying the factors that determine how a network responds to voltage control. After which the impact and response of various load types and composition to voltage control were analysed. The difference between the MV and LV grid topology of the two regions was also highlighted. The second part of the project concentrates on the conventional and improved control devices implemented by utilities for achieving voltage stability. A case study of a representative network from both regions highlighting the advantages and challenges faced by adopting automated voltage regulation (AVR) was also carried out in this paper. In addition, the historical failure of the grids of both regions was examined to identify how the grid will react when a voltage control tool fails intending to suggest possible solutions.}, language = {en} } @thesis{Babariya2022, author = {Babariya, Ronak Sanjaybhai}, title = {Thermal simulation of battery energy storage system for energy market applications}, publisher = {Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt}, address = {Ingolstadt}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-35221}, pages = {ix, 65}, year = {2022}, abstract = {The battery energy storage system is one of the systems that can support the use of renewable energy. The battery system is used to store electric energy, and it provides flexibility when energy is required at a certain time. It is essential to adjust the temperature of the battery cells in order to maintain better performance, a long lifespan, and great safety in the battery system. As a result, it is necessary to have a proper and better designed thermal management system that can keep the battery cells within the required temperature range when the battery systems are in operation. Heat transfer is a considerable phenomenon that is connected with the battery energy storage system. In general, temperature is the most important variable in heat transfer, which occurs when heat moves from a higher temperature zone to a lower temperature region. Heat transfer within the medium can be described by conduction, convection, and radiation. This thesis describes a study that was undertaken to tackle heat convection based thermal problems inside the battery module and the battery system rack. The battery module and the battery system rack are employed in energy market operations and renewable energy storage. Thermal heat convection based on heat transfer and fluid (air) flow inside the battery module and the battery system rack is designed in SolidWorks software and then simulated with FloEFD software for CFD simulations. SolidWorks and FloEFD software are described in detail, including heat transfer and fluid flow, internal and external air-forced boundaries, and physics connections. In addition, the process flow of 3D model design using SolidWorks software and the simulation process using FloEFD software explains the different possible initial conditions, boundary conditions, and necessary inputs. This thesis report also describes in detail the available strategies and approaches to addressing this thermal problem using FloEFD software. The simulation results are presented at the end of the thesis report in the form of a simulation and analysed solution for the battery system cooling.}, language = {en} } @thesis{Sheryar2024, author = {Sheryar, Muhammad}, title = {Reinforcement learning for building energy system control in multi-family buildings}, publisher = {Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt}, address = {Ingolstadt}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-44608}, pages = {viii, 42}, year = {2024}, abstract = {The demand for heat energy is increasing worldwide and to achieve net zero carbon emissions targets, more innovation is needed for heat production. Heat pumps are considered a potential replacement for boilers and are currently in high demand. The next approach is to optimize the use of heat pumps with household PV production to avoid grid overloading due to running increased demand by the heat pump. In this work, a Reinforcement Learning algorithm is used in the MATLAB RL toolbox with an energy-building model built in MATLAB Simulink Carnot. The energy building model uses a heat pump to charge thermal storage, and a PV system is considered with a typical ON/OFF strategy. This work shows how the RL toolbox has the potential to interact with this energy-building model to optimize the heat pump with a PV system. All suggested agents by the MATLAB RL toolbox are investigated with this building energy model (BEM), and annual simulation is performed with a well-trained agent, which converges during training. Two different models have been developed for heat pump control. The first model is called the RL-based Heat Pump Controller, which is designed to meet thermal targets only. The second model is called the PV- optimized RL-based Heat Pump Controller, which not only meets thermal targets but also considers the operation of the PV system with the heat pump. The simulation results show that using the RL toolbox, the RL-based Heat Pump Controller model has performed excellently. In the PV-optimized RL-based Heat Pump Controller model, there is almost a 4.37\% increase in PV self-consumption compared to the typical control strategy, resulting in annual electricity savings of almost 3.52 MWh. Some challenges of using the RL toolbox are also highlighted with future recommendations, which mainly include computational efforts.}, language = {en} } @thesis{Ghorreshi2024, author = {Ghorreshi, Amirmahdi}, title = {Determining the optimal size of Agri-PV and battery systems in rural areas}, subtitle = {a case study of Morocco and Algeria}, publisher = {Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt}, address = {Ingolstadt}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-47614}, pages = {x, 75}, year = {2024}, abstract = {The global population is anticipated to experience a significant surge by 2050, posing profound challenges in ensuring food and energy security. Concurrently, the prevalence of hunger, exacerbated by pandemics, climate shocks, and conflicts, underscores the urgency to enhance agricultural productivity and energy efficiency. Agriculture currently accounts for 70\% of freshwater consumption and 30\% of global energy usage, requiring innovative solutions to meet increasing demands. In this context, Agri-Photovoltaic (Agri-PV) systems emerge as a promising approach, integrating agricultural practices with solar technology to enhance food production and energy generation simultaneously. These systems not only address the pressing need for sustainable food and energy sources but also offer benefits such as resilience against extreme weather events and income diversification for farmers. This study investigates the potential of Agri-PV systems to address power outages in rural areas of Kissane in Morocco, as well as Bouda in Algeria. These areas are characterized by weak grid networks. After developing the load profiles of farms and households in the case study areas based on real data and literature, the PV-SOL software is utilized to estimate the size of the photovoltaic system. After simulation in the software and considering the type of Agri-PV substructure, three different scenarios for sizing the system are taken into account. The first scenario aims to cover all energy demands for both farms and households, the second focuses solely on farms, and the third focuses only on household energy requirements. The results reveal that with six hours of power outage in a day, Kissane requires a 39 kWp Agri-PV system with an 85.31 kWh battery to fulfill its total energy demands. For farms alone, a 38 kWp system with an 82.04 kWh battery is necessary, while households, due to cooperative arrangements and few houses, need only a 1 kWp system with a 3.27 kWh battery. In Bouda, facing six power outages in a day, a 46 kWp system with a 144.34 kWh battery is required for total energy, 41 kWp with a 125.78 kWh battery for farms, and 5 kWp with an 18.56 kWh battery for households. Economic analysis favors Morocco due to higher electricity prices, yielding Kissane a positive 8.69\% internal rate of return (IRR) and a competitive 10.95 cent/kWh levelized cost of electricity (LCOE). In contrast, Bouda faces economic challenges with a -2.93\% IRR and a 13.77 cent/kWh LCOE, necessitating financial incentives for viability. Keywords: Agri-Photovoltaic (Agri-PV), power outage, load profile, grid network, rural energy security, Morocco, Algeria}, language = {en} } @thesis{Dhavale2024, author = {Dhavale, Aditya Bhalchandra}, title = {Study on potential of energy optimization in German dairy industry}, publisher = {Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt}, address = {Ingolstadt}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-46977}, pages = {IX, 58}, year = {2024}, abstract = {The dairy farms form a vital part of German agriculture and consume significant energy for their operation. Germany is working towards energy transition to transform the existing fossil fuel-nuclear system to a sustainable energy system that relies on renewable sources due to various societal and political demands. As the energy demand is increasing due to the rise in population, there is also a growing push in Germany to adopt energy efficient technologies and measures to reduce energy waste. There is a scope for improving the energy efficiency in dairy farms. Using energy optimization techniques can help reduce the load on energy suppliers as well as increase cost savings for farms. German farmers are adopting newer digital technologies to achieve optimization of energy in their farms. One of the key tools in realizing energy optimization is the Energy Management System (EMS). The use of EMS in the case of dairy farms has been reviewed and presented in this work. The objective of the study is to investigate the potential of energy optimization in dairy farms. Efficiency measures like replacing inefficient farm equipment are necessary to achieve energy efficiency. These measures are discussed in detail and their potential to save energy in dairy farms is presented. A comparison of all these measures is studied and how much energy savings can be obtained is reviewed. The use case scenario of EMS in different applications is presented as an indication of possibilities for energy savings using EMS. Furthermore, how the AI technology in combination with EMS can be used in farms and its benefits in dairy farming is reviewed. The types of farms on which the energy optimization measures can be implemented in an ideal case scenario are reviewed. The result of the study shows that there is vast potential for energy optimization in German dairy farms. Thus, the presented work can be further studied to identify further optimization possibilities with the advancement of AI and newer technologies.}, language = {en} } @thesis{Baluev2023, author = {Baluev, Igor}, title = {Design and performance evaluation of a nearly zero-energy office building in a cold climate}, publisher = {Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt}, address = {Ingolstadt}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-45192}, pages = {VIII, 75}, year = {2023}, abstract = {Energy independence of commercial buildings is a critical aspect of modern construction. In the context of a planned office building project in Ekibastuz, Kazakhstan, located in an extreme climate with unstable coal energy tariffs, it is necessary to determine the energy needs and understand how to cover them. This thesis focuses on determining the level of efficiency in the use of electricity, reducing dependence on local energy suppliers, and integrating alternative sources. The energy assessment was carried out using software tools such as Autodesk Revit and DesignBuilder, which allow the integration of building information modeling (BIM), building energy modeling (BEM) and energy supply modeling (ESM) to optimize the energy design. The results of commercial projects aimed at achieving nearly zero-energy building (nZEB) standards have informed the development of two energy concepts, both aiming to decrease dependency on district heating networks. These concepts encompass electrical and thermal concepts. In the electrical concept, the air-water heat pump (AWHP) and electric boiler demonstrated better energy efficiency compared to the thermal concept, which utilized a biomass boiler in conjunction with solar thermal collectors (STC) to mitigate the impact of coal-fired electricity. In addition to reducing energy dependence in the air handling unit (AHU), it is proposed to introduce a ground water-to-water heat pump (GWWHP), which is connected to the surface exchanger to capture heat leaks from central heating networks. A comparative analysis of installations without and with heating recovery unit (HRU) shows a fivefold reduction in electricity consumption for heating supply air. Solar technologies, including STC and photovoltaic (PV) panels, are integrated into each concept, but the limited use of STC makes a PV system the preferred option. The decisions made during the modeling process resulted in a fourfold reduction in the office building's average annual consumption compared to government requirements. Selection of energy efficient equipment and modeling led to nZEB classification for both concepts, achieving renewable energy system (RES) penetration rate from 16\% to 33\% of total consumption. Economic analysis using the annuity method highlights the cost-effectiveness of rooftop PV systems compared to fa{\c{c}}ade PV systems. In addition, wood pellets and solar heat help reduce costs in the thermal concept. The environmental analysis shows the significant reduction in carbon dioxide emissions achieved by the thermal concept, highlighting the importance of alternative energy sources for sustainable urban development.}, language = {en} }