@thesis{Ndanusa2020, author = {Ndanusa, Ibrahim Balarabe}, title = {Energy saving buildings in Africa}, publisher = {Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt}, address = {Ingolstadt}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-8384}, pages = {146}, year = {2020}, abstract = {With the increasing rate of urbanization in Africa, the need for sustainable building solutions have become more paramount. More so, the tropical weather condition in Africa, means that building requirement for cooling activities would equally increase. Thus, resulting in growing energy consumption in Buildings. Therefore, it is based on these concerns, that the proposed herbarium building in the Okavango Research Institutes (ORI), in Maun Botswana, seeks to examine environmentally sustainable solution for the proposed herbarium building. This research study, therefore, focuses on evaluating the environmental impact and energy saving potential from the use of commonly available construction materials used for fa{\c{c}}ade units of a building using life cycle assessment methodologies. Thus, clay bricks and hollow concrete blocks were considered for analysis. The life cycle assessment professional software tool, SimaPro 8.4.0 was used in performing a life cycle assessment of the considered building components (clay bricks, hollow concrete blocks, reinforce concrete, window units and PV system). Hence, using this assessment tool, environmental impact assessment on the considered building components was carried out, and the evaluation of the impact category using two environmental indicators, namely: global warming potential and cumulative energy demand, was performed. Furthermore, a comparative study between the considered fa{\c{c}}ade materials (clay brick and hollow concrete block) was performed in order to evaluate the contribution of the different fa{\c{c}}ade unit to the ecological sink of the building system. Also, a comparative study between the fa{\c{c}}ade unit and the other building components was performed to understand the significance of the fa{\c{c}}ade unit in the overall ecological sink of the building. In addition, a CO2 mitigation potential from the use of a PV system for the supply of energy for cooling activities in the proposed herbarium was evaluated against the use of electricity for supply from the Botswana national grid. Consequently, the results obtained showed that hollow concrete block offers a more environmentally friendly solution than clay bricks when used as fa{\c{c}}ade unit in a building system. This because, it contributes twice as less GHG emission to the building ecological sink when compared with clay bricks. Although, clay bricks has a slightly better energy savings potential during the use-phase than hollow concrete block, the environmental impact associated with the production of clay bricks in form of embodied energy, outweighs the energy saving gained during the use-phase for a reference lifetime of 50 years when compared with hollow concrete block. Also, the PV system's CO2 mitigation potential when used for cooling activities during the reference lifetime of the building (50 years), resulted in a CO2 saving potential of 2.03E+06 CO2 Kg-eq. This finding showed that the PV system has a more significant impact on the reduction in the environmental impact of the building system than the environmental impact associated to the fa{\c{c}}ade unit of the proposed herbarium building in Botswana.}, language = {en} } @thesis{Refaay2021, author = {Refaay, Mohamed Samy Abdel Moaty}, title = {Analysis of DC charge distribution and electromagnetic fields in high-voltage direct current transmission lines for bulk energy transmission}, publisher = {Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt}, address = {Ingolstadt}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-8470}, pages = {VIII, 76}, year = {2021}, abstract = {Analysis of DC Charge Distribution and Electromagnetic Fields in High-Voltage Direct Current Transmission Lines for Bulk Energy Transmission}, language = {en} } @thesis{Madueke2021, author = {Madueke, Obinna Derek}, title = {Integration of renewable energy sources (wind \& solar PV) into energy grids in smart cities}, publisher = {Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt}, address = {Ingolstadt}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-22700}, pages = {xii, 68}, year = {2021}, abstract = {The purpose of this thesis is to analyze the impact of the integration of variable renewable energy sources (wind and solar PV) into the energy mix of smart cities and, in extension, smart grids. The thesis commenced with a review of scientific and industrial literature on smart cities, different energy generation sources, and energy storage technology's role in grid integration of variable energy source}, language = {en} } @thesis{Li2021, author = {Li, Yifei}, title = {Characterization of the reaction time of different power plants}, publisher = {Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt}, address = {Ingolstadt}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-22649}, pages = {XVIII, 76}, year = {2021}, abstract = {With the high percentage penetration of intermittent renewable energy power plants in the power system, a significant challenge has emerged to balance the demand side and supply side. To keep the stable power system needs the coordination of various units, such as the generation side. For example, the power system frequency may cause rapid decline due to the connection of large loads. In the past, the conventional power plants played prominent roles in providing the residual load to the fast response to support the power system frequency. Nowadays, renewable energy power plants, such as wind power plants and solar photovoltaic power plants, are considered potential response units to participate in the power system. However, different power plants have different attributes, such as the startup time from cold status to the minimum load, from set point one to set point two. Therefore, classifying the power plants into appropriate levels is significant. In this thesis, the literature review regarding the power system's flexibility factors has been studied. The appropriate class of each power plants according to response time has been defined into primary response, secondary response, and tertiary response. Meanwhile, the typical power plants at present, such as thermal power plants, hydropower plants, wind power plants, solar photovoltaic power plants, biogas power plants, and energy storage facilities, have been researched. The average startup time and ramp rate of each power plant have been investigated. Moreover, the simple simulation of wind turbine pitch angle control based on the MATLAB/Simulink has been conducted. Finally, the classification of different power plants has been concluded based on their specific attributes. Furthermore, the solutions of improving the flexibility of conventional power plants are considered as the future work. At the moment, the outlook for the development of renewable energy and energy storage have also been described.}, language = {en} } @thesis{Rahman2021, author = {Rahman, Md Raziur}, title = {Microgrids design and operation}, publisher = {Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt}, address = {Ingolstadt}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-32728}, pages = {ix, 69}, year = {2021}, abstract = {This research work will be focused mainly on the design, operation, and control of microgrids for both grid-connected and off-grid operation. The research will then be integrated with the project work focusing on an active distribution networks predominantly microgrids with renewable energy sources to deliver low voltage power systems and loads. Microgrids as a distribution network will be introduced and the interrelation and the interoperability between the components of a microgrid will be discussed. Selection criteria for the components will be elaborated and a general guideline will be developed for the sizing, designing and integration of the components for a microgrid. The designing guidelines will be utilized for developing a suggested design for the related project work. Moreover, for the major equipment of the microgrid, a viability structure will be setup by the technical and financial analysis based on some basic market research, cost analysis and availability and capacity evaluation. In addition, demand response and market models will be analyzed focusing on the project site to form demand side management yardstick. The monitoring structures and control strategies were researched expressively along with a market research for the monitoring components. Finally, some operational microgrid project will be discussed as case studies in order to get a practical view of the research work for a better understanding.}, language = {en} } @thesis{Rao2021, author = {Rao, Rohit Suresh}, title = {Building integrated and ommunity photovoltaic systems to support the e-mobility infrastructure}, publisher = {Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt}, address = {Ingolstadt}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-32646}, pages = {XI, 67}, year = {2021}, abstract = {The sustainability of technology is one of the crucial factors on which the long-term use of the technology drives. Mobility is a vital part of the human species due to this from the 19th century; after introducing the first fossil fuel-based vehicle, technologies are developed around using these fossil fuels efficiently.But as the population is growing and more people can afford the cars as mobility source, a significant increase of fossil fuel is an issue, it has an immediate impact is on environmental issues like global warming. The current trends in the automobile industry are towards the research and development of sustainable e-mobility technologies. Hence, it impacts the power industry to develop clean energy sources to support these technologies. The current automotive and battery technologies do not support the cause entirely due to technological constraints. Hence, the power engineers' responsibility to support the current automotive technologies by supplying the Power on-demand using renewable technologies using photovoltaics sources. Building the various charging nodes is considered to power the e-mobility by analyzing current trends and habits of using traditional mobility technologies. These nodes can be single-family houses, offices, shopping complexes for small cars. The hypothesis is made on the various scenarios and locations considering the financial aspects giving the exact idea of the infrastructure's sustainability to be developed or already available. The advantages of using charging at source are needed to be discussed and further supported using renewable technologies to reduce fossil fuel consumption to generate electricity. This includes statistically analyzing the pattern of using the cars by an individual, further using this data to design a small-scale and economical BIPV bases solution fully or partially supporting the mobility cause. In this research, a car's consumption data is analyzed and then compared with the typical PV system designed as per the lowest available space and budget. The system is further technically and commercially analyzed,to get a brief idea of the sustainability of the system.}, language = {en} } @thesis{MirallesDelgado2021, author = {Miralles Delgado, Joaquin Ignacio}, title = {Green hydrogen as decarbonization vector for the Chilean energy market}, publisher = {Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt}, address = {Ingolstadt}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-22781}, pages = {ix, 36}, year = {2021}, abstract = {In recent time, the popularity of hydrogen has considerably increased. As a fuel, hydrogen generates a considerable amount of energy with clean water being its only by-product. Green hydrogen could help decarbonize several industries as long as its supply chain is powered by renewable energy sources. Hydrogen is a versatile fuel that can be used for long-term storage as well as for immediate consumption. Unlike fossil fuels, the chemical reaction of hydrolysis is reversible, meaning that electricity can be used for hydrogen production which in turn can be used to generate electricity again. This principle has given rise to the concept known as "Power-to-X". Chile has high solar irradiation levels in the north of the country, which allows for very cheap solar energy to be produced. Leveraging this and the wind potential}, language = {en} } @thesis{Igiligi2021, author = {Igiligi, Anthony}, title = {Conservation voltage reduction measurement and evaluation in MV/LV distribution networks equipped with ECOTAP VPD.}, publisher = {Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt}, address = {Ingolstadt}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-21930}, pages = {viii, 81}, year = {2021}, abstract = {The application of voltage reduction in medium and low voltage grids has been implemented since the 1980s using several approaches. Conservation Voltage Reduction (CVR) as one approach in the Volt/Var Optimization (VVO) scheme uses on-load tap changers (OLTC) on Voltage Regulated Distribution Transformers (VRDT) to reduce or increase the voltage setpoint, thereby reducing the amount of active and reactive power supply in a network. A top-down estimation approach was applied in this research, using measurement data from substation transformers. In this research, random tap changes were deduced from a set of annual measurements of voltage and power, and using a direct method, a CVR factor ranging from 0,95 to 1,31 was obtained. Using a continuous voltage reduction protocol over a one-month period, a CVR factor for energy and energy savings of 0,71 and 3,69\% was obtained, respectively. In the end, proof for the validity of the results from the power demand reduction by testing various scenarios, hypotheses and isolating the impact of PV integration on the network was presented.}, language = {en} } @thesis{Aydin2021, author = {Aydin, Berkan}, title = {Revolution of the fully transparent luminescent solar concentrators and its impact on the world}, publisher = {Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt}, address = {Ingolstadt}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-11163}, pages = {74}, year = {2021}, abstract = {Rapidly increasing demand in energy allows room for constant improvement in renewable energy generation technologies. Solar energy usage is likely to increase even more in the recent years since the sun provides enough energy just in one hour that is sufficient to supply for whole humanity's energy requirement in one year. This study initially explains the history of solar cells as well as how they function by utilizing the sun's wavelengths. Following that, the current and future applications of solar energy is discussed briefly. In the first half of this decade, in 2013, the transparent solar cell technology was invented by MIT professors and since then it is accepted as future's most effective way of producing energy. Considering the fact that the application areas such as integration in the buildings, car windows, greenhouses and other electrical applicants that has a screen to cover with transparent luminescent solar concentrators (TLSC) is extremely crucial in term of world's 2030 and 2050 energy targets. This includes 32\% and 100\% sustainable energy shares, respectively. This study further examines the comparison of solar cell technologies such as newly emerging Perovskite and Quantum Dots by providing annual developments in efficiency. The quantum dots are used in TLSC in order to reflect the incoming sun's ultraviolet and infrared wavelengths to panel's PV cell where the electricity is generated. This technology is to be implemented through the simulation phase of this work. Referring to above explanation, this study is related to create a model island by using AutoCAD to demonstrate the city life in every aspect in terms of energy. There are 10 different structures with various window surfaces to be covered with TLSC in order to determine the electricity generation. The solar radiation that comes on vertical positioned panels must be identified to obtain possible electricity production. For that reason, MATLAB is utilized to find exact value of the vertical solar radiation. After obtaining the results, the manual calculations took place in order to approve that the numbers match. Being such a promising technology, the future prospects as financial point of views is investigated by using the price dropdown of the monocrystalline solar cell from 1975 to 2020. The possible future prices per Watt are effectively calculated by utilizing the trend between these years for 2030 and 2050 energy targets of the European Union. By using this trend, the future price dropdown of transparent luminescent solar concentrators is projected and if the model project were to take place in 2030 and 2050, the plausible budget belonging these years can be found. As a conclusion, world's population is increasing day by day as the energy demand. Therefore, instead of constructing new renewable technologies in land areas that are limited, using TLSC on buildings and other implementation fields would result in compensating the rising electricity demand.}, language = {en} } @thesis{Patel2021, author = {Patel, Jaimin Babubhai}, title = {An overview of smart cities with model-based analysis of a smart grid}, publisher = {Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt}, address = {Ingolstadt}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-33068}, pages = {XI, 95}, year = {2021}, abstract = {Due to different reasons, cities are continuously changing in terms of technology, infrastructure, Internet of Things (IoT), strategy and are increasingly challenged to improve their competitiveness. With the speedy expansion in the metropolitan area, climate change problems are also increasing. The concept of a smart city was invented to address all the challenges what cities are facing. A Smart city target is to plan a city to provide primary resources like infrastructure, health care, secure food supply, energy, but at the same time; it also needs to make sure that overall economic, social, and environmental sustainability and include citizens with good quality of life, both sustainable and environmentally helpful by decreasing the carbon footprint. A smart city is distributed in three main components, a smart physical infrastructure, a smart digital infrastructure, and a smart community infrastructure. Smart cities components are explained with the targets and future research on different components with examples. Existing and developing smart cities such as Masdar City, Amsterdam, and Singapore are explained with the vision and strategy. Fossil fuel will be empty shortly, and with having this in mind, Renewable energy sources are the key parameter for smart city development. The smart grid utilizes the power in more advanced technology with fewer power losses, and it also gives them the freedom to integrate different renewable energy sources and divide them into different microgrids for better power efficiency. A detailed Hybrid Microgrid (HMG) model has been simulated in the MATLAB/Simulink 2021a environment. The proposed model contains the different distributed energy resources such as photovoltaic, battery energy storage system, doubly fed induction machine for a wind turbine, transformers, and different controllers. Furthermore, It consists of AC and DC buses with different types of load at two voltage levels. The proposed model results are being analyzed in two scenarios. The proposed model will provide a base case for other future studies such as reactive power compensation, optimization, energy storage strategies, fault-tolerant control, stability and inertia analysis, demand response studies, hierarchical control.}, language = {en} } @thesis{Dalir2021, author = {Dalir, Amirsam}, title = {The main tear and wear cases in off-shore wind turbines}, publisher = {Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt}, address = {Ingolstadt}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-33117}, pages = {X, 83}, year = {2021}, abstract = {The offshore wind industry is flourishing year by year and the operators are dealing with the respective challenges affecting the lifespan of the offshore wind turbines. For this purpose, a thorough acquaintance with the vulnerabilities and related failure modes in the offshore wind turbine components is the first step to encounter and tackle the problems. However, both the offshore and onshore wind turbines generally experience the same failures, the specific conditions in offshore cases such as salty and corrosive environment, wind gust, etc…, can accelerate these failures and affect the service life of the components. Accordingly, precise investigations of the main failures in the offshore environment are necessary to recognize the causes and mechanisms of these failures and protect the system from them. In this research, the critical failure modes in offshore cases are investigated besides their causes and mechanisms, as well as the most critical components are discussed to determine the share of each of them in the total failure rate for offshore wind turbines.}, language = {en} } @thesis{Senguttuvan2021, author = {Senguttuvan, Kaushik}, title = {Investigations into the energy recovery potential of glass facade and window-integrated PV}, publisher = {Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt}, address = {Ingolstadt}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-33288}, pages = {xi, 54, b}, year = {2021}, abstract = {Photovoltaic facade, a dual functional product which is an elemental component of the building envelope has the capability to generate clean electricity. It also has the capacity to meet the local energy demand and provide protection from external environment. This research is focused on distributed electricity generation application and economic feasibility of vertical window PV facades, an element of building-integrated PV. The objective of the study is to investigate the energy potential that can be recovered from window-integrated organic photovoltaics (OPV), a technology that allows solar modules to be (semi-)transparent. A brief description of the regulations, standards and laws that monitor the development rate of PV is reviewed. A simulation model using MATLAB is built to determine the irradiation potential and the energy harvest of OPV modules in Nuremberg, Germany. The optimum orientation angle of the facade is found based on the azimuth angles. For the area of Nuremberg, a vertical PV system yields the maximum energy harvest when being a southwest-oriented. Based on a statistical distribution of buildings and facade orientations considered all over Germany, the total energy that can be harnessed from window PV facades is estimated to be about 23 TWh per year and the LCOE is calculated to be 69,2 c.€/kWh with state-of-art OPV modules with a lifetime of 5 years. Subsequent development of the organic photovoltaic technology with respect to efficiency and lifetime has the ability to yield 100\% transparent window PVs with an overall energy harvesting potential of about 80 TWh per year at a cost of 6 c.€/kWh, if all suitable windows in Germany are equipped with such modules.}, language = {en} } @thesis{Budhauliya2022, author = {Budhauliya, Piyush}, title = {Interaction of inverters with the grid and adaptation as per new EU grid codes}, publisher = {Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt}, address = {Ingolstadt}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-33677}, pages = {xi, 89}, year = {2022}, abstract = {This thesis talks about the latest EU grid codes and compares various EU countries based on their national grid codes adopted from the EU framework. Inverter existing and future technologies and their functionalities are discussed in detail. A MATLAB/Simulink model of the inverter and a DigSILENT model of a real plant has been made for simulation purpose and to verify various functionalities and requirements from the inverter.}, language = {en} } @thesis{Fan2023, author = {Fan, Chuen-Hau}, title = {Developing the refrigerant-cycle-simulation of the hybrid heat pump in Simulink/Simscape and validating with measurement data}, publisher = {Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt}, address = {Ingolstadt}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-36466}, pages = {72}, year = {2023}, abstract = {The main objective of the thesis is to develop the simulation model of the refrigerant cycle in full operation mode by MATLAB Simscape and validate the model with the measurement data from the existing heat pump prototype. It starts with introducing the fundamentals of heat pumps, including explaining the refrigerant cycle, coefficient of performance, and performance factor. Then review the application of different types of heat pumps, refrigerants, and heat exchangers from the literature. For modeling the heat pump, two methods are used in the work. The compressor and the expansion valve are using the first method which is modeled by the datasheet and the measurement data; the condenser and the evaporator are utilizing another method for modeling which is by the MATLAB tool parameter estimator. The thesis has explained the detailed method of modeling the heat pump. After completing the model, it has been run and validated by the measurement data from the prototype. The model can operate properly and the properties of the simulation model are reasonable. But for validating the model which means compared to the measurement data from the prototype, there are still some flaws or errors, especially for the evaporator model. They will be discussed in the work. Overall, the thesis still provides a promising method for developing the simulation model of a heat pump.}, language = {en} } @thesis{Guezel2023, author = {G{\"u}zel, Rezzan}, title = {Comparison of SCADA systems and their effect on predictive maintenance strategies in large PV power plants}, publisher = {Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt}, address = {Ingolstadt}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-36053}, pages = {viii, 61}, year = {2023}, abstract = {Large PV power plant investments have accelerated in the last decade due to economic and political developments in the world. These investments have led to the technological development and maturity of all components used in a large PV power plant. However, large PV power plants still face various failures at the system and component levels. Detecting these failures instantly or even in advance will minimize the operation and maintenance costs and maximize the system reliability and safety of large PV power plants. As SCADA is still the most mature control and monitoring technology in the industry, PV power plant designers and operators can benefit from its functionalities to develop predictive maintenance strategies and control the large PV power plant built in a wide area. The thesis aims to conduct research on available SCADA infrastructure technologies for large PV power plants and compare them in a technical aspect to understand their effect on developing predictive maintenance strategies. Developing predictive maintenance strategies for large PV power plants depends on the correct, coherent, and reliable data provided by the SCADA system. All the necessary SCADA components that generate and transmit the operational data are identified. Standard SCADA communication protocols and topologies are compared in terms of their applicability to large PV power plants and their positive contribution to developing predictive maintenance strategies. Key performance indicators are identified for generating the actual operational trends, which are compared to expected or designed operating trends in the scope of predictive maintenance strategy. To improve the reliability and safety of the SCADA system, cyber-attack risk mitigation methods and redundancy instruments are presented. By considering all the findings and results of the multifaceted comparisons, a SCADA infrastructure system is designed as a case study to improve the effectiveness of the predictive maintenance strategy of a gold mine PV + BESS hybrid power plant in Burkina Faso.}, language = {en} } @thesis{Kamouss2023, author = {Kamouss, Jihade}, title = {A methodological approach for the optimization of the design of a hybrig hydrogen fuel cell and electric battery ferry regarding the infrastructure}, publisher = {Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt}, address = {Ingolstadt}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-37048}, pages = {XIII, 98}, year = {2023}, abstract = {In response to the rising environmental concerns, emission-free ferries, particularly hybrid hydrogen fuel cell and electric battery (HFC-EB) ferries have been considered a promising alternative to conventional ones with the potential to achieve efficient emissions reduction. However, their widespread adoption in the maritime industry is still limited due to numerous obstacles, including the lack of the required infrastructure to support them and the absence of regulatory frameworks such as refueling protocols designed for ferries. Currently, the design of hybrid ferries' storage systems is driven solely by their requirements and focuses only on the optimization of the ferry's operational side using several approaches, such as energy management systems (EMS). In regards to this, the present work considers the infrastructure dimension, such that a proposal of a hydrogen refueling protocol for ferries has been first developed based on the SAE J2601 standard designed particularly for light-duty vehicles. Further to this, two simplified models of a hydrogen refueling station (HRS) and a power charging station (PCS) infrastructures have been developed in Dymola/Modelica and later used to conduct the optimization investigations of a selected ferry case study regarding the infrastructure in a holistic approach. The energy split design between hydrogen and electricity was studied along with other parameters that impact the infrastructure design to be optimized regarding the infrastructure holistically by running various simulations. The sensitivity analysis results of these investigations' simulations show the significant impact of infrastructure consideration when designing a hybrid ferry. In addition, it has been demonstrated that immense potential benefits can be harvested from the infrastructure perspective in terms of efficiency and cost effectiveness, including savings of power losses, cooling energy, storage system volume on board the ferry, and operational costs of both the ferry and infrastructure. Finally, by considering all the findings in an integrated and interconnected way, stakeholders of the maritime transportation sector, including ferry owners and operators and infrastructure providers, can identify the optimum split design of the hybrid storage system in a holistic approach regarding the infrastructure following the methodology for optimization developed throughout this work. Keywords: Hydrogen fuel cell/electric battery ferry, hydrogen refueling protocol for ferries, storage system design, optimization methodology, infrastructure, charging, refueling, simulation}, language = {en} } @thesis{Sanli2023, author = {Sanli, Batuhan}, title = {Technical and economic analysis of traditional grid reinforcement measures for German distribution grids}, publisher = {Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt}, address = {Ingolstadt}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-37069}, pages = {ix, 68}, year = {2023}, abstract = {The further expansion of decentralized renewable energy sources and ramp-up in electric mobility and heat pumps triggers the need for traditional grid reinforcement measures. To effectively address the growing demand, it is crucial to simultaneously assess numerous options to generate technically optimal and economically feasible solutions. Therefore, new traditional grid reinforcement measures are introduced to the grid planning tool, eDisGo, and grid reinforcement simulations are conducted on high-resolution synthetic grid models representing the German grids for the investigations. Firstly, one scenario representing the future state of the German grid and six synthetically generated medium voltage grids, including underlying low voltage grids, are chosen. After grid issues are determined by respecting voltage and loading limits with power flow analyses based on the selected scenario, the existing and new measures are applied to the grids as a group or individually to solve the issues. Subsequently, with the results obtained for the MV and LV grid levels, the changes in the grids are analysed, and the extent to which the employed measures provide improvements. Lastly, as a result of the analyses, considering the grid reinforcement costs of each measure or measure group, the optimal solution for each grid characteristic is presented. In grids with highly loaded long feeders and a high number of feeders, reinforcements for LV grids with an additional MV/LV substation can offer the most suitable solution in terms of cost and improvement ratings. Splitting the feeders at a particular point provides cost-efficient solutions in reinforcing critical voltage deviations in MV and LV grids. In the reinforcement of overloading issues, the most optimal solutions cost- and improvement-wise is generally adding-line-based measures if the feeders are not long and comprised of highly overloaded lines. Optimization of switching unit in medium voltage rings conducted based on the loading of the feeders; although it is not a suitable solution in every case in terms of cost and improvement, costs can be kept at a lower priority since it is a vital reinforcement measure in terms of ensuring supply reliability in the rings.}, language = {en} } @thesis{Manonin2023, author = {Manonin, Nikita}, title = {Comparison of different criteria for the grid integration of wind power}, publisher = {Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt}, address = {Ingolstadt}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-39593}, pages = {x, 83}, year = {2023}, abstract = {This thesis is focused on investigating the different criteria, such as Wind Capacity Penetration, Wind Energy Penetration, Maximum Share of Wind Power, Short Circuit Ratio and Simultaneity Factor. The main idea is to determine these criteria application areas, particularly installed power limitations in a particular region, in terms of grid stability.}, language = {en} } @thesis{Muelazimoglu2023, author = {M{\"u}lazimoglu, Aslihan}, title = {Non-isolated microgrid business models for low voltage applications}, subtitle = {a case study in southern Brazil}, publisher = {Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt}, address = {Ingolstadt}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-37329}, pages = {viii, 55}, year = {2023}, abstract = {Power systems globally are undergoing a significant transformation driven by the need to transition from fossil fuel-based systems to low-carbon and renewable energy sources. Increasing distribution energy resources penetration has led to the development of local generation and consumption ideas and, consequently, the emergence of the microgrid concept. However, the displacement of traditional power plants by distributed energy resources, especially in low voltage grids, poses new challenges for distribution grids' operation, such as voltage control. The reactive power support capability of distributed energy resources, one of the microgrid components, makes them a potentially useful source for voltage issues. However, this support should be allowed within the framework permitted by regulations. Although the Brazilian power system is mainly based on renewable energy sources, Brazilian legislation does not support the potential service capability of distributed energy resources. Moreover, the absence of an ancillary services market and the non-remuneration of ancillary services are the main reasons for distributed energy resources and microgrids not participating in such services. This thesis proposes developing two business models for a non-isolated microgrid in Brazil, one that considers regulations and one that can be described as innovative by not considering regulations. The business model has been developed with a reactive energy compensation approach in which PV inverters are used. Furthermore, two different remuneration mechanisms have been proposed for the innovative business model. The microgrid where the developed business models are implemented is modelled and simulated in Open Distribution System Simulator with IEEE 13-node test feeder. Since the simulated microgrid does not have any voltage issues, sensitivity analysis is performed to be able to provide more accurate results. The sensitivity analysis results show that the proposed remuneration mechanism can motivate the microgrid to provide ancillary services, resulting in a profit for the microgrid and mitigating voltage problems of the distribution grid.}, language = {en} } @thesis{Mueller2023, author = {M{\"u}ller, Simon Nikolaus}, title = {Technical and economical optimization of public car-charging infrastructure via determination of key performance indicators and identification of potential for improvement}, publisher = {Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt}, address = {Ingolstadt}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-38763}, pages = {VII, 86, H}, year = {2023}, abstract = {The passenger transport sector is undergoing a transition towards electric mobility to reduce CO2 emissions. One commonly mentioned challenge that could hinder the success of electric vehicles is the availability of public charging infrastructure. This work focuses on optimizing public car infrastructure from both technical and economic perspectives, providing valuable insights for decision-makers and operators of charging infrastructure. It begins with a general analysis of mobility behavior in Germany, followed by an examination of charging locations. Subsequently, the stakeholders involved in public car charging infrastructure are identified, and their goals are used to construct a set of key performance indicators (KPIs). These KPIs enable a comprehensive assessment of public car charging infrastructure. The identified KPIs, including Economic Efficiency, Utilization, and Usability, are then applied to an exemplary set of public charging points, showcasing the practicality of these metrics, and offering valuable insights into their current situation. The findings from the application of the KPI set, such as the critical economic situation of the assessed public charging infrastructure, are integrated with potential improvement opportunities and concrete measures to achieve the set goals. The work emphasizes the importance of charging demand and utilization rate as key factors for the success of the evaluated charging stations, while also highlighting various other aspects that can enhance the performance of any public charging station.}, language = {en} } @thesis{Islam2021, author = {Islam, Md Anik}, title = {Coupling of agent-based model 'AgentHomeID' and energy system model 'SCOPE-Path'}, subtitle = {impact of buildings aggregation level on computation effort and accuracy of results}, publisher = {Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt}, address = {Ingolstadt}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-33315}, pages = {viii, 91}, year = {2021}, abstract = {This study aims to compose a coupling interface between the agent-based model 'AgentHomeID' and the energy system model 'SCOPE-Path' to determine building heat supply systems and then evaluate the impact of building aggregations and decentralized heat limits changes on 'SCOPE-Path' model output and computation effort. First, a coupling interface based on the output of the 'AgentHomeID' was developed, and then it was used as an input to the existing path optimization model 'SCOPE-Path.' The first model defined as reference model holds the highest number of building classes and narrow space on decentralized heat limits. Three more different models were derived from the detailed reference model. A reduced number of ten and eight residential building classes were applied to the second and third models. The fourth model derived from the reference model specified a wide range of decentralized heat limits with a similar number of building classes as in the reference model. Finally, the three different models were optimally simulated for the same scenario, given that the third model with eight residential building classes failed to be optimized, and the accuracy of the outputs and computational effort of the optimized models were evaluated. The reference model required the longest computation time. The second model with ten residential building classes showed the most significant reduction in computational effort with varying degrees of accuracy loss. The fourth model with a wide range of decentralized heat limits reduced computational efforts substantially with varying degrees of accuracy loss in outputs. The crucial drawback of this study is the exclusion of solar thermal from the second, third and fourth models to simulate optimally. This approach barred the observation to determine the definite impacts of the building aggregation and wide range of decentralized heat limits distinctly on the 'SCOPE-Path' model's output and computation effort. Furthermore, it was insufficient to identify the effects of further building aggregation on 'SCOPE-Path' due to the non-optimized third model with eight residential building classes.}, language = {en} } @thesis{VargasAguilar2022, author = {Vargas Aguilar, Juan Jesus}, title = {Test scenarios and dynamic analysis of cross-coupling of active and reactive power in grid forming inverter}, publisher = {Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt}, address = {Ingolstadt}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-34178}, pages = {xii, 58}, year = {2022}, abstract = {Since more and more large conventional power plants, based on direct-coupled synchronous generators (SGs), will be phased out in the future, frequency stability must be guaranteed. Consequently, grid-forming inverters are needed to ensure the system stability of the future grid. In the joint research project "VerbundnetzStabil", conducted by Fraunhofer ISE and its partners, the stability of a grid system with a high penetration of inverter-based renewable energy sources (RES) is investigated. This master thesis aims to analyze the response of the inverter simulation model, designed by Fraunhofer ISE, facing different events, whether it reacts as a synchronous machine and helps to maintain the stability in the network, and at the same time analyze the cross-coupling effect between the active and reactive power of the controller. For this purpose, the test models were designed in DIgSILENT PowerFactory to get RMS and EMT results. The results were compared with experimental results obtained in the multimegawatt Lab from Fraunhofer ISE to improve the inverter response. Keywords: droop control, grid forming inverters, cross-coupling effect, inverter control, power system stability, inverter testing, inverter parameters}, language = {en} } @thesis{Lwakatare2022, author = {Lwakatare, Bertha Phenias}, title = {Assesing the technical feasibility of micro grid integration as an electrification approach in rural settlements of Sub-Saharan Africa}, subtitle = {Case study of Uutsathima, Namibia}, publisher = {Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt}, address = {Ingolstadt}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-34846}, pages = {ix, 85}, year = {2022}, abstract = {Despite having the world's fastest-growing population, Sub-Saharan Africa has the lowest electrification rates, indicating the urgent need for improved energy infrastructure. While all its member countries have, since 2016, bid to abide and follow through with the 7th sustainable development goal, among others, electricity access remains below targeted rates. Research and implementation plans have extensively focused and relied on grid extension into semi-urban regions while neglecting rural settlements. Low population densities of rural regions discourage many electrification approaches. Sub-Saharan Africa, however, records a drop in the price of renewable power products and penetration of mini-grid technology into some of its rural regions. This brings forth the potential in assessing whether the integration of existing micro-grids in rural regions is a feasible electrification approach. To link energy demand and supply from the existing micro-grids, this thesis quantitatively audits energy consumption and develops load profiles for Uutsathima village and its distinguished settlement categories using MATLAB algorithms. The resulting load profiles are fed into PVsyst to size mini-grids per case scenario and compare the existing micro-grid capacity to recommend the best solutions when considering micro-grid integration. Results show that the existing 50\% of excess unused energy generated can potentially electrify business settlements of Uutsathima and electrification of households can be attained by implementation of a new mini-grid. Findings validate and define conditions for the feasibility of micro-grid integration dependent on generation capacities as well population/ settlement density.}, language = {en} } @thesis{Armal2022, author = {Armal, Vaibhav Vijay}, title = {A business case study of green hydrogen production using photovoltaics in Germany}, publisher = {Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt}, address = {Ingolstadt}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-34867}, pages = {x, 66, T}, year = {2022}, abstract = {The world is moving forward, and its energy need is also increasing daily. Currently, a significant amount of this energy comes from a finite resource called fossil fuels. The biggest problem with this resource is the high amount of carbon emissions, which has an adverse impact on the environment in the form of global warming, greenhouse gases, ozone layer depletion, etc. This in turn could lead to dangerous consequences for the planet and the ecosystems. Governments across the globe are getting serious and taking big resolutions toward green energy, but the set targets are big and still far away. High motivation and strong will among the top leaders are necessary to achieve the target of using green energy for most of the world's energy demands. This must be met with prompt actions and a decisive approach. Hydrogen, the resource available abundantly in the atmosphere, can be the biggest hope towards this target. Studies have shown that hydrogen can take the green energy revolution a long way if produced on a large scale. A renewed and widespread hydrogen momentum is growing in the energy market. The last years have witnessed a substantial increase in demand for hydrogen, including several countries introducing and developing new hydrogen national strategies and many private companies leaning toward investing in hydrogen-related projects. Green hydrogen's environment-friendly and versatility will lead the world toward a hydrogen economy. Though there are increased investments in the technological advancement in green hydrogen, there exist many unresolved issues related to technical and infrastructural challenges. Nevertheless, a clean and renewable hydrogen economy will not only fight climate change but also offers a comprehensive infrastructure for new opportunities in terms of jobs and employment. Hydrogen may play a crucial role in restructuring the international alliances and conflicts regarding global transformation and decarbonisation of the energy market. By 2050, hydrogen can supply up to 24\% of the world's energy needs This paper is inclined towards a quantitative assessment of the hybrid (with and without battery storage) green hydrogen production system in terms of working and financial feasibility.}, language = {en} } @thesis{Hussain2021, author = {Hussain, Waleed}, title = {Modelica-based simulation for the optimization of a district heating system with variable temperatures}, publisher = {Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt}, address = {Ingolstadt}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-8104}, pages = {IX, 67}, year = {2021}, abstract = {This thesis presents an insight into the possibility of implementing the intelligent sector coupling between the heat and electricity supply grids by using the combination of a solar PV system, decentralized heat pumps and decentralized thermal energy storage in an existing district heating system with variable temperatures in Germany. The district heating system was optimized for the summer period utilizing the existing system's Modelica language model in Dymola software. In order to implement the intelligent sector coupling between heat and generated renewable energy-based electricity a separate control theory was developed so that the generated electricity can be utilized in an efficient way to operate the decentralized heat pumps. Moreover, the role of decentralized thermal energy storage was also considered for the appropriate sizing of solar PV system so as to utilize the maximum amount of renewable energy-based electricity to produce heat during the summer period. The assessment of the energy production and utilization from different systems was carried out by performing the electrical and heat energy analysis of the simulation results. The findings of the thesis exhibited an appropriately sized solar PV system which fulfilled up to the 80 \% of total electricity consumption for heat production during the summer period by implementing an intelligent sector coupling between the heat and electricity supply grids.}, language = {en} } @thesis{AsadollahiEsfahani2021, author = {Asadollahi Esfahani, Bahareh}, title = {Integrating renewable energies into a district heating network in a residential area in Dachau}, publisher = {Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt}, address = {Ingolstadt}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-7764}, pages = {XIV, 92}, year = {2021}, abstract = {The project includes designing a low-temperature district heating network center with a flow and return temperature of 45 °C/20 °C in a modern residential area with 50 buildings with 37,000 square meters located in Dachau, Bavaria and consists two scenarios. In the first scenario, in energy generation, the focus was on the natural gas supply. And in the scenario 2 the region's renewable potential was integrated and replaced with fossil fuels. By comparing the two systems, although the investment costs of System 2 were more, it is more cost-effective in financial accounting, considering the government's financial support for renewable energy projects and more maintenance and fuel costs of the first system. According to the present factors and CO2 emissions, the renewable system was much better in environmentally-friendly terms.}, language = {en} } @thesis{Sinha2021, author = {Sinha, Anuj}, title = {Multi-feature based development of a power-disaggregation algorithm for dairy farms}, publisher = {Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt}, address = {Ingolstadt}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-8568}, pages = {X, 62}, year = {2021}, abstract = {Smart meter technology implementation in the last decade had initiated many data collection processes, which have provided a strong foundation for the development of Artificial Intelligence (AI) based load monitoring systems. It is easier to identify the energy-saving potential with the help of advanced load monitoring systems. Since 2015, deep-learning-based Nonintrusive load monitoring (NILM) is being focused in the research community. It requires minimal hardware, which can justify its development and maintenance cost. Several AI-based models and tools are available for load monitoring, but it is challenging to identify a suitable model for the specific application. There is still a domain-specific transformation, and considerations are usually required. The residential sector has been the focus area due to the market size, but the industrial sector still has massive potential for research and development. Thus, in the presented thesis, dairy farms in Germany are targeted for developing a power disaggregation algorithm based on deep learning, which can identify the on/off state of individual appliances in the farm from the aggregated load profile data. Mainly four appliances named milk cooling (MK), milk pump (MP), vacuum pump (VP), and cleaning automatic machine (SA) are targeted for disaggregation. NILM is a promising approach to identify individual operating times of appliances. Thus, deep neural networkbased algorithms are developed, focusing mainly on one-dimensional convolution neural network (1D-CNN) and recurrent neural network (RNN). Literature research was carried out to determine the state-of-the-art of deep-learningbased NILM and understand AI technology. Data acquisition for model development and testing was made from four dairy farms based out of Bavaria, Germany. The presented work provides a detailed discussion about data pre-processing and development of models. The result shows that deep-learning-based disaggregation algorithms outperform for this application area, and the proposed model successfully identifies the states of individual appliances. The presented work provides a foundation for modifying the proposed algorithm or developing a new algorithm for real-time power disaggregation.}, language = {en} } @thesis{Abdalsalam2022, author = {Abdalsalam, Mohannad Mohamad Alsayed}, title = {Convective losses inside a cavity of a novel insulating glass flat-plate solar thermal collector}, publisher = {Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt}, address = {Ingolstadt}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-35881}, pages = {IX, 87}, year = {2022}, abstract = {Large-scale solar thermal district heating plants are considered to serve as a renewable alternative in European District Heating systems but their execution imposes widely-considered demand fluctuations and initial cost challenges. Consequently, A novel Insulated glass flat plate solar thermal collector (IGFPC) of low manufacturing cost is introduced to the industry, nevertheless, more research is needed on the collector's convective heat losses and efficiency. This research focuses on the numerical study of the convective heat losses inside the cavity of the novel IGFPC. The review of other literature concludes the inability to describe the convective losses inside the cavity using other researchers' correlations due to its large aspect ratio and high operating Rayleigh range so a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation using the Finite Elements Method (FEM) is performed. The research investigates the optimum simulation settings and the optimum mesh size to solve the CFD simulation, in addition to, the governing correlations representing the heat transfer regime inside the cavity. The cavity inclination is studied at angles 0, 15, 30, 45, and 60 degrees heated from below, and Rayleigh numbers ranging from 10^3 to 10^6. It is concluded that the Reynolds stress model (RSM) is the most accurate turbulent model to represent turbulent flow inside the cavity and its results are comparable to other results from the literature. In comparison with the literature review, the simulation results show low convective heat losses at Ra < Ra critical and high convective heat losses at Ra > Ra critical. It is also noted that at a lower Rayleigh number, the cavity experience edge rolls at lower inclination angles and cell rolls at higher inclination angles. Finally, a correlation in the Nusselt Rayleigh domain is derived to be used for numerically calculating overall losses and efficiency for cavities with a high aspect ratio. Keywords: solar district heating, convective heat losses, solar thermal collector, insulated glass flat-plate collector, natural convection, computational fluid dynamics, Nusselt / Rayleigh correlations, Rayleigh number, rectangular cavity, cavity inclination angle}, language = {en} } @thesis{Osunde2022, author = {Osunde, Alex Osakpolor}, title = {Medium and low voltage distribution grid network composition analysis and review for the North American and European networks}, publisher = {Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt}, address = {Ingolstadt}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-35294}, pages = {VIII, 67}, year = {2022}, abstract = {The Distribution Network (DN) in Europe and North America today is witnessing a paradigm shift in operation from a conventional passive system where a top to bottom active and reactive power flow is maintained with a low level of monitoring to an active system where the power flow has become bi-directional with the influx of Distributed Generators (rooftop solar photovoltaic units, wind generating units, etc) in the low voltage (LV) and medium voltage (MV) networks. This implementation of DGs poses power quality problems as it causes stress on the existing voltage regulating strategy in the DN. To tackle this issue, utilities in both regions are integrating smart devices for controlling and monitoring the DN to guarantee power quality for their customers. The initial part of this paper focuses on individually and collectively studying the factors that determine how a network responds to voltage control. After which the impact and response of various load types and composition to voltage control were analysed. The difference between the MV and LV grid topology of the two regions was also highlighted. The second part of the project concentrates on the conventional and improved control devices implemented by utilities for achieving voltage stability. A case study of a representative network from both regions highlighting the advantages and challenges faced by adopting automated voltage regulation (AVR) was also carried out in this paper. In addition, the historical failure of the grids of both regions was examined to identify how the grid will react when a voltage control tool fails intending to suggest possible solutions.}, language = {en} } @thesis{Babariya2022, author = {Babariya, Ronak Sanjaybhai}, title = {Thermal simulation of battery energy storage system for energy market applications}, publisher = {Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt}, address = {Ingolstadt}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-35221}, pages = {ix, 65}, year = {2022}, abstract = {The battery energy storage system is one of the systems that can support the use of renewable energy. The battery system is used to store electric energy, and it provides flexibility when energy is required at a certain time. It is essential to adjust the temperature of the battery cells in order to maintain better performance, a long lifespan, and great safety in the battery system. As a result, it is necessary to have a proper and better designed thermal management system that can keep the battery cells within the required temperature range when the battery systems are in operation. Heat transfer is a considerable phenomenon that is connected with the battery energy storage system. In general, temperature is the most important variable in heat transfer, which occurs when heat moves from a higher temperature zone to a lower temperature region. Heat transfer within the medium can be described by conduction, convection, and radiation. This thesis describes a study that was undertaken to tackle heat convection based thermal problems inside the battery module and the battery system rack. The battery module and the battery system rack are employed in energy market operations and renewable energy storage. Thermal heat convection based on heat transfer and fluid (air) flow inside the battery module and the battery system rack is designed in SolidWorks software and then simulated with FloEFD software for CFD simulations. SolidWorks and FloEFD software are described in detail, including heat transfer and fluid flow, internal and external air-forced boundaries, and physics connections. In addition, the process flow of 3D model design using SolidWorks software and the simulation process using FloEFD software explains the different possible initial conditions, boundary conditions, and necessary inputs. This thesis report also describes in detail the available strategies and approaches to addressing this thermal problem using FloEFD software. The simulation results are presented at the end of the thesis report in the form of a simulation and analysed solution for the battery system cooling.}, language = {en} } @thesis{Sheryar2024, author = {Sheryar, Muhammad}, title = {Reinforcement learning for building energy system control in multi-family buildings}, publisher = {Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt}, address = {Ingolstadt}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-44608}, pages = {viii, 42}, year = {2024}, abstract = {The demand for heat energy is increasing worldwide and to achieve net zero carbon emissions targets, more innovation is needed for heat production. Heat pumps are considered a potential replacement for boilers and are currently in high demand. The next approach is to optimize the use of heat pumps with household PV production to avoid grid overloading due to running increased demand by the heat pump. In this work, a Reinforcement Learning algorithm is used in the MATLAB RL toolbox with an energy-building model built in MATLAB Simulink Carnot. The energy building model uses a heat pump to charge thermal storage, and a PV system is considered with a typical ON/OFF strategy. This work shows how the RL toolbox has the potential to interact with this energy-building model to optimize the heat pump with a PV system. All suggested agents by the MATLAB RL toolbox are investigated with this building energy model (BEM), and annual simulation is performed with a well-trained agent, which converges during training. Two different models have been developed for heat pump control. The first model is called the RL-based Heat Pump Controller, which is designed to meet thermal targets only. The second model is called the PV- optimized RL-based Heat Pump Controller, which not only meets thermal targets but also considers the operation of the PV system with the heat pump. The simulation results show that using the RL toolbox, the RL-based Heat Pump Controller model has performed excellently. In the PV-optimized RL-based Heat Pump Controller model, there is almost a 4.37\% increase in PV self-consumption compared to the typical control strategy, resulting in annual electricity savings of almost 3.52 MWh. Some challenges of using the RL toolbox are also highlighted with future recommendations, which mainly include computational efforts.}, language = {en} } @thesis{Ghorreshi2024, author = {Ghorreshi, Amirmahdi}, title = {Determining the optimal size of Agri-PV and battery systems in rural areas}, subtitle = {a case study of Morocco and Algeria}, publisher = {Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt}, address = {Ingolstadt}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-47614}, pages = {x, 75}, year = {2024}, abstract = {The global population is anticipated to experience a significant surge by 2050, posing profound challenges in ensuring food and energy security. Concurrently, the prevalence of hunger, exacerbated by pandemics, climate shocks, and conflicts, underscores the urgency to enhance agricultural productivity and energy efficiency. Agriculture currently accounts for 70\% of freshwater consumption and 30\% of global energy usage, requiring innovative solutions to meet increasing demands. In this context, Agri-Photovoltaic (Agri-PV) systems emerge as a promising approach, integrating agricultural practices with solar technology to enhance food production and energy generation simultaneously. These systems not only address the pressing need for sustainable food and energy sources but also offer benefits such as resilience against extreme weather events and income diversification for farmers. This study investigates the potential of Agri-PV systems to address power outages in rural areas of Kissane in Morocco, as well as Bouda in Algeria. These areas are characterized by weak grid networks. After developing the load profiles of farms and households in the case study areas based on real data and literature, the PV-SOL software is utilized to estimate the size of the photovoltaic system. After simulation in the software and considering the type of Agri-PV substructure, three different scenarios for sizing the system are taken into account. The first scenario aims to cover all energy demands for both farms and households, the second focuses solely on farms, and the third focuses only on household energy requirements. The results reveal that with six hours of power outage in a day, Kissane requires a 39 kWp Agri-PV system with an 85.31 kWh battery to fulfill its total energy demands. For farms alone, a 38 kWp system with an 82.04 kWh battery is necessary, while households, due to cooperative arrangements and few houses, need only a 1 kWp system with a 3.27 kWh battery. In Bouda, facing six power outages in a day, a 46 kWp system with a 144.34 kWh battery is required for total energy, 41 kWp with a 125.78 kWh battery for farms, and 5 kWp with an 18.56 kWh battery for households. Economic analysis favors Morocco due to higher electricity prices, yielding Kissane a positive 8.69\% internal rate of return (IRR) and a competitive 10.95 cent/kWh levelized cost of electricity (LCOE). In contrast, Bouda faces economic challenges with a -2.93\% IRR and a 13.77 cent/kWh LCOE, necessitating financial incentives for viability. Keywords: Agri-Photovoltaic (Agri-PV), power outage, load profile, grid network, rural energy security, Morocco, Algeria}, language = {en} } @thesis{Dhavale2024, author = {Dhavale, Aditya Bhalchandra}, title = {Study on potential of energy optimization in German dairy industry}, publisher = {Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt}, address = {Ingolstadt}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-46977}, pages = {IX, 58}, year = {2024}, abstract = {The dairy farms form a vital part of German agriculture and consume significant energy for their operation. Germany is working towards energy transition to transform the existing fossil fuel-nuclear system to a sustainable energy system that relies on renewable sources due to various societal and political demands. As the energy demand is increasing due to the rise in population, there is also a growing push in Germany to adopt energy efficient technologies and measures to reduce energy waste. There is a scope for improving the energy efficiency in dairy farms. Using energy optimization techniques can help reduce the load on energy suppliers as well as increase cost savings for farms. German farmers are adopting newer digital technologies to achieve optimization of energy in their farms. One of the key tools in realizing energy optimization is the Energy Management System (EMS). The use of EMS in the case of dairy farms has been reviewed and presented in this work. The objective of the study is to investigate the potential of energy optimization in dairy farms. Efficiency measures like replacing inefficient farm equipment are necessary to achieve energy efficiency. These measures are discussed in detail and their potential to save energy in dairy farms is presented. A comparison of all these measures is studied and how much energy savings can be obtained is reviewed. The use case scenario of EMS in different applications is presented as an indication of possibilities for energy savings using EMS. Furthermore, how the AI technology in combination with EMS can be used in farms and its benefits in dairy farming is reviewed. The types of farms on which the energy optimization measures can be implemented in an ideal case scenario are reviewed. The result of the study shows that there is vast potential for energy optimization in German dairy farms. Thus, the presented work can be further studied to identify further optimization possibilities with the advancement of AI and newer technologies.}, language = {en} } @thesis{Baluev2023, author = {Baluev, Igor}, title = {Design and performance evaluation of a nearly zero-energy office building in a cold climate}, publisher = {Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt}, address = {Ingolstadt}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-45192}, pages = {VIII, 75}, year = {2023}, abstract = {Energy independence of commercial buildings is a critical aspect of modern construction. In the context of a planned office building project in Ekibastuz, Kazakhstan, located in an extreme climate with unstable coal energy tariffs, it is necessary to determine the energy needs and understand how to cover them. This thesis focuses on determining the level of efficiency in the use of electricity, reducing dependence on local energy suppliers, and integrating alternative sources. The energy assessment was carried out using software tools such as Autodesk Revit and DesignBuilder, which allow the integration of building information modeling (BIM), building energy modeling (BEM) and energy supply modeling (ESM) to optimize the energy design. The results of commercial projects aimed at achieving nearly zero-energy building (nZEB) standards have informed the development of two energy concepts, both aiming to decrease dependency on district heating networks. These concepts encompass electrical and thermal concepts. In the electrical concept, the air-water heat pump (AWHP) and electric boiler demonstrated better energy efficiency compared to the thermal concept, which utilized a biomass boiler in conjunction with solar thermal collectors (STC) to mitigate the impact of coal-fired electricity. In addition to reducing energy dependence in the air handling unit (AHU), it is proposed to introduce a ground water-to-water heat pump (GWWHP), which is connected to the surface exchanger to capture heat leaks from central heating networks. A comparative analysis of installations without and with heating recovery unit (HRU) shows a fivefold reduction in electricity consumption for heating supply air. Solar technologies, including STC and photovoltaic (PV) panels, are integrated into each concept, but the limited use of STC makes a PV system the preferred option. The decisions made during the modeling process resulted in a fourfold reduction in the office building's average annual consumption compared to government requirements. Selection of energy efficient equipment and modeling led to nZEB classification for both concepts, achieving renewable energy system (RES) penetration rate from 16\% to 33\% of total consumption. Economic analysis using the annuity method highlights the cost-effectiveness of rooftop PV systems compared to fa{\c{c}}ade PV systems. In addition, wood pellets and solar heat help reduce costs in the thermal concept. The environmental analysis shows the significant reduction in carbon dioxide emissions achieved by the thermal concept, highlighting the importance of alternative energy sources for sustainable urban development.}, language = {en} }