@article{KotakKotakBradeetal.2021, author = {Kotak, Bhavya and Kotak, Yash and Brade, Katja and Kubjatko, Tibor and Schweiger, Hans-Georg}, title = {Battery Crush Test Procedures in Standards and Regulation: Need for Augmentation and Harmonisation}, volume = {7}, pages = {63}, journal = {Batteries}, number = {3}, publisher = {MDPI}, address = {Basel}, issn = {2313-0105}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries7030063}, year = {2021}, abstract = {Battery safety is a prominent concern for the deployment of electric vehicles (EVs). The battery powering an EV contains highly energetic active materials and flammable organic electrolytes. Usually, an EV battery catches fire due to its thermal runaway, either immediately at the time of the accident or can take a while to gain enough heat to ignite the battery chemicals. There are numerous battery abuse testing standards and regulations available globally. Therefore, battery manufacturers are always in dilemma to choose the safest one. Henceforth, to find the optimal outcome of these two major issues, six standards (SAE J2464:2009, GB/T 31485-2015:2015, FreedomCAR:2006, ISO 12405-3:2014, IEC 62660-2:2010, and SAND2017-6295:2017) and two regulations (UN/ECE-R100.02:2013 and GTR 20:2018), that are followed by more than fifty countries in the world, are investigated in terms of their abuse battery testing conditions (crush test). This research proves that there is a need for (a) augmenting these standards and regulations as they do not consider real-life vehicle crash scenarios, and (b) one harmonised framework should be developed, which can be adopted worldwide. These outcomes will solve the battery manufacturers dilemma and will also increase the safety of EV consumers.}, language = {en} } @article{ObermaierRieblAlBayattietal.2021, author = {Obermaier, Christina and Riebl, Raphael and Al-Bayatti, Ali H. and Khan, Sarmadullah and Facchi, Christian}, title = {Measuring the Realtime Capability of Parallel-Discrete-Event-Simulations}, volume = {10}, pages = {636}, journal = {Electronics}, number = {6}, publisher = {MDPI}, address = {Basel}, issn = {2079-9292}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics10060636}, year = {2021}, abstract = {Speeding up Discrete Event Simulations (DESs) is a broad research field. Promising Parallel Discrete Event Simulation (PDES) approaches with optimistic and conservative synchronisation schemes have emerged throughout the years. However, in the area of real-time simulation, PDESs are rarely considered. This is caused by the complex problem of fitting parallel executed DES models to a real-time clock. Hence, this paper gives an extensive review of existing conservative and optimistic synchronisation schemes for PDESs. It introduces a metric to compare their real-time capabilities to determine whether they can be used for soft or firm real-time simulation. Examples are given on how to apply this metric to evaluate PDESs using synthetic and real-world examples. The results of the investigation reveal that no final answer can be given if PDESs can be used for soft or firm real-time simulation as they are. However, boundary conditions were defined, which allow a use-case specific evaluation of the real-time capabilities of a certain parallel executed DES. Using this in-depth knowledge and can lead to predictability of the real-time behaviour of a simulation run.}, language = {en} } @article{AhlbergTidbladEdstroemHernandezetal.2021, author = {Ahlberg Tidblad, Annika and Edstr{\"o}m, Kristina and Hern{\´a}ndez, Guiomar and de Meatza, Iratxe and Landa-Medrano, Imanol and Jacas Biendicho, Jordi and Trilla, Llu{\´i}s and Buysse, Maarten and Ierides, Marcos and Perez Horno, Beatriz and Kotak, Yash and Schweiger, Hans-Georg and Koch, Daniel and Kotak, Bhavya}, title = {Future Material Developments for Electric Vehicle Battery Cells Answering Growing Demands from an End-User Perspective}, volume = {14}, pages = {4223}, journal = {Energies}, number = {14}, publisher = {MDPI}, address = {Basel}, issn = {1996-1073}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.3390/en14144223}, year = {2021}, abstract = {Nowadays, batteries for electric vehicles are expected to have a high energy density, allow fast charging and maintain long cycle life, while providing affordable traction, and complying with stringent safety and environmental standards. Extensive research on novel materials at cell level is hence needed for the continuous improvement of the batteries coupled towards achieving these requirements. This article firstly delves into future developments in electric vehicles from a technology perspective, and the perspective of changing end-user demands. After these end-user needs are defined, their translation into future battery requirements is described. A detailed review of expected material developments follows, to address these dynamic and changing needs. Developments on anodes, cathodes, electrolyte and cell level will be discussed. Finally, a special section will discuss the safety aspects with these increasing end-user demands and how to overcome these issues.}, language = {en} } @article{KostetzerNeblStichetal.2020, author = {Kostetzer, Lucas and Nebl, Christoph and Stich, Michael and Bund, Andreas and Schweiger, Hans-Georg}, title = {Physics-Based Modeling and Parameter Identification for Lithium Ion Batteries Under High Current Discharge Conditions}, volume = {167}, pages = {140549}, journal = {Journal of the Electrochemical Society}, number = {14}, publisher = {IOP Publishing}, address = {Bristol}, issn = {1945-7111}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/abc726}, year = {2020}, language = {en} } @article{LauschTaklaSchweiger2020, author = {Lausch, Jonas and Takla, Monir and Schweiger, Hans-Georg}, title = {Crush testing approach for flat-plate fibrous materials}, volume = {2020}, pages = {108333}, journal = {Composites Part B: Engineering}, number = {200}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {Amsterdam}, issn = {1879-1069}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2020.108333}, year = {2020}, language = {en} } @article{GeisbauerWoehrlKochetal.2021, author = {Geisbauer, Christian and W{\"o}hrl, Katharina and Koch, Daniel and Wilhelm, Gudrun and Schneider, Gerhard and Schweiger, Hans-Georg}, title = {Comparative Study on the Calendar Aging Behavior of Six Different Lithium-Ion Cell Chemistries in Terms of Parameter Variation}, volume = {14}, pages = {3358}, journal = {Energies}, number = {11}, publisher = {MDPI}, address = {Basel}, issn = {1996-1073}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.3390/en14113358}, year = {2021}, abstract = {The degradation of lithium-ion cells is an important aspect, not only for quality management, but also for the customer of the application like, e.g., scooters or electric vehicles. During the lifetime of the system, the overall health on the battery plays a key role in its depreciation. Therefore, it is necessary to monitor the health of the battery during operation, i.e., cycle life, but also during stationary conditions, i.e., calendar aging. In this work, the degradation due to calendar aging is analyzed for six different cell chemistries in terms of capacity degradation and impedance increase and their performance are being compared. In a new proposed metric, the relative deviations between various cells with the exact identical aging history are being analyzed for their degradation effects and their differences, which stands out in comparison to similar research. The capacity loss was found to be most drastic at 60 °C and at higher storage voltages, even for titanate-oxide cells. LiNiMnCoO2 (NMC), LiNiCoAlO2 (NCA) and Li2TiO3 (LTO) cells at 60 °C showed the most drastic capacity decrease. NMC and NCA cells at 60 °C and highest storage voltage did not show any open circuit voltage, as their current interrupt mechanism triggered. The effect of aging shows no uniform impact on the changes in the capacity variance when comparing different aging conditions, with respect to the evaluated standard deviation for all cells. The focus of this work was on the calendar aging effect and may be supplemented in a second study for cyclic aging.}, language = {en} } @article{LauschTaklaSchweiger2021, author = {Lausch, Jonas and Takla, Monir and Schweiger, Hans-Georg}, title = {Crush characteristics of flat-plate discontinuous carbon composites}, volume = {147}, pages = {106431}, journal = {Composites Part A: Applied science and manufacturing}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {Amsterdam}, issn = {1359-835X}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2021.106431}, year = {2021}, language = {en} } @article{KotakMarchanteFernandezCanalsCasalsetal.2021, author = {Kotak, Yash and Marchante Fern{\´a}ndez, Carlos and Canals Casals, Lluc and Kotak, Bhavya and Koch, Daniel and Geisbauer, Christian and Trilla, Llu{\´i}s and G{\´o}mez-Nu{\~n}ez, Alberto and Schweiger, Hans-Georg}, title = {End of Electric Vehicle Batteries}, volume = {14}, pages = {2217}, journal = {Energies}, subtitle = {Reuse vs. Recycle}, number = {8}, publisher = {MDPI}, address = {Basel}, issn = {1996-1073}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.3390/en14082217}, year = {2021}, abstract = {It is a fact that electric vehicles (EVs) are beneficial for climate protection. However, the current challenge is to decide on whether to reuse an EV battery or to recycle it after its first use. This paper theoretically investigates these areas i.e., recycle and reuse. It was found that there are several commercially used recycling processes and also some are under research to regain maximum possible materials and quantity. The concept of reusing (second life) of the battery is promising because, at the end of the first life, batteries from EVs can be used in several applications such as storing energy generated from renewable sources to support the government grid. However, the cost and life-cycle analysis (LCA) demonstrated that there are several aspects involved in battery reuse applications. Henceforth, one LCA generalised method cannot provide an optimal approach for all cases. It is important to have a detailed study on each of the battery reusing applications. Until then, it is safe to say that reusing the battery is a good option as it would give some time to recycling companies to develop cost and energy-efficient methods.}, language = {en} } @article{WoehrlGeisbauerNebletal.2021, author = {W{\"o}hrl, Katharina and Geisbauer, Christian and Nebl, Christoph and Lott, Susanne and Schweiger, Hans-Georg}, title = {Crashed Electric Vehicle Handling and Recommendations - State of the Art in Germany}, volume = {14}, pages = {1040}, journal = {Energies}, number = {4}, publisher = {MDPI}, address = {Basel}, issn = {1996-1073}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.3390/en14041040}, year = {2021}, abstract = {In the near future, electric powered vehicles will represent a major part of the road traffic. Accordingly, there will be a natural increase of accidents involving electric vehicles. There are not many cases of such accidents yet and therefore the experience and correct handling are still partially open points for the involved parties, such as the rescue services for example. The aim of this work is to provide a complete overview of the accident handling sequence in Germany, starting with the damaged vehicle on site and moving on to the risks and challenges for the stakeholders, such as transport and recycling companies. Arising from the developed overview, a handling recommendation for yet undiscussed points is given. Especially, different extinguishing and deactivation methods are compared and discussed. Due to a lack of a common live-feed from battery data on site, other criteria have to be taken into account to assess the state of the battery. The wrecked vehicle—including the high voltage system—needs to be in a definite safe state at the handover to a towing service. Depending on the case, different options for securing the vehicle will be considered in this work.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{BayerlHutzelmannHof2025, author = {Bayerl, Dominik and Hutzelmann, Thomas and Hof, Hans-Joachim}, title = {Efficient Cross-Architecture Binary Function Embeddings through Knowledge Distillation}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 11th ACM Cyber-Physical System Security Workshop}, publisher = {ACM}, address = {New York}, isbn = {979-8-4007-1413-9}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3709017.3737709}, pages = {43 -- 51}, year = {2025}, abstract = {Deep learning has recently been shown to be effective in various tasks related to static binary analysis. One important analysis task is the binary function similarity problem: Given the binary code of two functions compiled with different compilers, different settings, and different processor architectures, the goal is to decide whether the functions are semantically equivalent (i.e. "similar") or not. This problem has numerous applications for embedded systems, for example plagiarism detection, validation of compliance restrictions with usable software licenses, more efficient reverse engineering of existing binary codebases, or vulnerability scanning by detecting known vulnerable functions. In this paper, we propose a novel training scheme for the popular transformer neural network architecture to learn function embeddings directly from instruction listings. Unlike existing approaches, our solution explicitly considers the cross-architecture scenario: we propose a training method to adapt the model to different instruction set architectures (ISA) without having to train a new model from scratch, which allows the model to also be used efficiently for embedded systems, where there are a variety of different processor architectures. We show that our solution achieves a similarity classification accuracy of 89.6\% on a dataset consisting of several real-world open source software projects. Finally, we conduct extensive experiments to demonstrate the effectiveness of knowledge distillation in increasing the computational efficiency of the embedding model. We demonstrate a reduction in the number of parameters from 87M to 23M, while still maintaining a classification accuracy of 87.8\%. Our code and artifacts are available as open source.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{BarbosadaSilvaLoboFernandezetal.2024, author = {Barbosa da Silva, Leonardo and Lobo, Silas and Fern{\´a}ndez, Evelio and Facchi, Christian}, title = {What Is the Right Bounding Box of a VRU Cluster in V2X Communication? How to Form a Good Shape?}, booktitle = {Vehits 2024: 10th International Conference on Vehicle Technology and Intelligent Transport Systems Proceedings}, editor = {Vinel, Alexey and Berns, Karsten and Ploeg, Jeroen and Gusikhin, Oleg}, publisher = {SciTePress}, address = {Set{\´u}bal}, isbn = {978-989-758-703-0}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.5220/0012699100003702}, pages = {144 -- 155}, year = {2024}, abstract = {Among the possible traffic members on a Vehicle-to-Everything network, the term Vulnerable Road User (VRU) is assigned e.g. to pedestrians and cyclists. The VRU Awareness Message (VAM) is used by VRUs to inform other users of their presence and ensure they are perceived in a traffic system. Since the number of VRUs in crowded areas might be very high, the over-the-air traffic might be overloaded. To reduce channel overload, VAMs offer a clustering feature in which VRUs with similar kinematics and positions can group themselves so that only one device transmits messages. The VRU Basic Service specification describes the cluster as a bounding box that must cover all its members using a geometric shape so that other vehicles in the vicinity can avoid colliding with the contained VRUs. This paper contributes to the standardization effort by introducing a data structure, the Cluster Map, for the clustering in the VRU Basic Service. Furthermore, this work is the first to suggest strategies for forming bounding box shapes. Simulation results show that each of the geometry types is useful in different situations, thus further research on the topic is advised.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{EderLoewHof2025, author = {Eder, Lukas and L{\"o}w, Jakob and Hof, Hans-Joachim}, title = {Charging Communication Sniffing and Man-in-the-Middle Attacks}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 16th ACM International Conference on Future and Sustainable Energy Systems}, publisher = {ACM}, address = {New York}, isbn = {979-8-4007-1125-1}, doi = {ttps://doi.org/10.1145/3679240.3734648}, pages = {799 -- 804}, year = {2025}, abstract = {In recent years an increasing amount of electric vehicle fast charging stations have been built to meet the growing demand from rising electric vehicle numbers. The standard for fast charging communication in europe is ISO 15118. In theory the standard includes security controls for authentication and transport encryption. In reality difficulties with implementing those security controls as well as insecure design within the standard lead to multiple possible attack vectors compromising the confidentiality and authenticity of charging communication sessions. The goal of this research is to present different approaches towards performing sniffing and man-in-the-middle attacks against charging communication. We also provide a novel approach, which does not rely on race conditions and thus is more reliable than previous approaches.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{SongFestagJagtapetal.2024, author = {Song, Rui and Festag, Andreas and Jagtap, Abhishek Dinkar and Bialdyga, Maximilian and Yan, Zhiran and Otte, Maximilian and Sadashivaiah, Sanath Tiptur and Knoll, Alois}, title = {First Mile: An Open Innovation Lab for Infrastructure-Assisted Cooperative Intelligent Transportation Systems}, booktitle = {2024 IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium (IV)}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {Piscataway}, isbn = {979-8-3503-4881-1}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1109/IV55156.2024.10588500}, pages = {1635 -- 1642}, year = {2024}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{HegdeLoboFestag2022, author = {Hegde, Anupama and Lobo, Silas and Festag, Andreas}, title = {Cellular-V2X for Vulnerable Road User Protection in Cooperative ITS}, booktitle = {2022 18th International Conference on Wireless and Mobile Computing, Networking and Communications (WiMob)}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {Piscataway}, isbn = {978-1-6654-6975-3}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1109/WiMob55322.2022.9941707}, pages = {118 -- 123}, year = {2022}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{SongLiuChenetal.2023, author = {Song, Rui and Liu, Dai and Chen, Dave Zhenyu and Festag, Andreas and Trinitis, Carsten and Schulz, Martin and Knoll, Alois}, title = {Federated Learning via Decentralized Dataset Distillation in Resource-Constrained Edge Environments}, booktitle = {IJCNN 2023 Conference Proceedings}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {Piscataway}, isbn = {978-1-6654-8867-9}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1109/IJCNN54540.2023.10191879}, year = {2023}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{LoboFestagFacchi2023, author = {Lobo, Silas and Festag, Andreas and Facchi, Christian}, title = {Enhancing the Safety of Vulnerable Road Users: Messaging Protocols for V2X Communication}, booktitle = {2022 IEEE 96th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC2022-Fall) Proceedings}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {Piscataway}, isbn = {978-1-6654-5468-1}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1109/VTC2022-Fall57202.2022.10012775}, year = {2023}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{MayerVolkersdorferHofbaueretal.2024, author = {Mayer, Kevin and Volkersdorfer, Tina and Hofbauer, Jenny and Heinl, Patrizia and Hof, Hans-Joachim}, title = {Vehicle Security Operations Center for Cooperative, Connected and Automated Mobility}, booktitle = {SECURWARE 2024: The Eighteenth International Conference on Emerging Security Information, Systems and Technologies}, editor = {Hussain, Fatima and Fries, Steffen}, publisher = {IARIA}, address = {[s. l.]}, isbn = {978-1-68558-206-7}, url = {https://www.thinkmind.org/library/SECURWARE/SECURWARE_2024/securware_2024_2_190_30080.html}, pages = {156 -- 164}, year = {2024}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{MichlHof2024, author = {Michl, Marco and Hof, Hans-Joachim}, title = {Towards a Stakeholder-Centric Trust Management Approach for the Automotive Ecosystem}, booktitle = {SECURWARE 2024: The Eighteenth International Conference on Emerging Security Information, Systems and Technologies}, editor = {Hussain, Fatima and Fries, Steffen}, publisher = {IARIA}, address = {[s. l.]}, isbn = {978-1-68558-206-7}, url = {https://www.thinkmind.org/library/SECURWARE/SECURWARE_2024/securware_2024_2_70_30036.html}, pages = {64 -- 70}, year = {2024}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{LoewMayerHof2024, author = {L{\"o}w, Jakob and Mayer, Kevin and Hof, Hans-Joachim}, title = {Fast Charging Communication and Cybersecurity: A Technology Review}, booktitle = {SECURWARE 2024: The Eighteenth International Conference on Emerging Security Information, Systems and Technologies}, editor = {Hussain, Fatima and Fries, Steffen}, publisher = {IARIA}, address = {[s. l.]}, isbn = {978-1-68558-206-7}, url = {https://www.thinkmind.org/library/SECURWARE/SECURWARE_2024/securware_2024_2_50_30030.html}, pages = {52 -- 57}, year = {2024}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{HofbauerMayer2024, author = {Hofbauer, Jenny and Mayer, Kevin}, title = {Blue Team Fundamentals: Roles and Tools in a Security Operations Center}, booktitle = {SECURWARE 2024: The Eighteenth International Conference on Emerging Security Information, Systems and Technologies}, editor = {Hussain, Fatima and Fries, Steffen}, publisher = {IARIA}, address = {[s. l.]}, isbn = {978-1-68558-206-7}, url = {https://www.thinkmind.org/library/SECURWARE/SECURWARE_2024/securware_2024_2_220_30089.html}, pages = {176 -- 184}, year = {2024}, language = {en} } @article{FloresFernandezSanchezMoralesBotschetal.2022, author = {Flores Fern{\´a}ndez, Alberto and S{\´a}nchez Morales, Eduardo and Botsch, Michael and Facchi, Christian and Garc{\´i}a Higuera, Andr{\´e}s}, title = {Generation of Correction Data for Autonomous Driving by Means of Machine Learning and On-Board Diagnostics}, volume = {23}, pages = {159}, journal = {Sensors}, number = {1}, publisher = {MDPI}, address = {Basel}, issn = {1424-8220}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.3390/s23010159}, year = {2022}, abstract = {A highly accurate reference vehicle state is a requisite for the evaluation and validation of Autonomous Driving (AD) and Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADASs). This highly accurate vehicle state is usually obtained by means of Inertial Navigation Systems (INSs) that obtain position, velocity, and Course Over Ground (COG) correction data from Satellite Navigation (SatNav). However, SatNav is not always available, as is the case of roofed places, such as parking structures, tunnels, or urban canyons. This leads to a degradation over time of the estimated vehicle state. In the present paper, a methodology is proposed that consists on the use of a Machine Learning (ML)-method (Transformer Neural Network—TNN) with the objective of generating highly accurate velocity correction data from On-Board Diagnostics (OBD) data. The TNN obtains OBD data as input and measurements from state-of-the-art reference sensors as a learning target. The results show that the TNN is able to infer the velocity over ground with a Mean Absolute Error (MAE) of 0.167 kmh (0.046 ms) when a database of 3,428,099 OBD measurements is considered. The accuracy decreases to 0.863 kmh (0.24 ms) when only 5000 OBD measurements are used. Given that the obtained accuracy closely resembles that of state-of-the-art reference sensors, it allows INSs to be provided with accurate velocity correction data. An inference time of less than 40 ms for the generation of new correction data is achieved, which suggests the possibility of online implementation. This supports a highly accurate estimation of the vehicle state for the evaluation and validation of AD and ADAS, even in SatNav-deprived environments.}, language = {en} } @article{DeloozWilleckeGarlichsetal.2022, author = {Delooz, Quentin and Willecke, Alexander and Garlichs, Keno and Hagau, Andreas-Christian and Wolf, Lars and Vinel, Alexey and Festag, Andreas}, title = {Analysis and Evaluation of Information Redundancy Mitigation for V2X Collective Perception}, volume = {10}, journal = {IEEE Access}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {New York}, issn = {2169-3536}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3170029}, pages = {47076 -- 47093}, year = {2022}, abstract = {Sensor data sharing enables vehicles to exchange locally perceived sensor data among each other and with the roadside infrastructure to increase their environmental awareness. It is commonly regarded as a next-generation vehicular communication service beyond the exchange of highly aggregated messages in the first generation. The approach is being considered in the European standardization process, where it relies on the exchange of locally detected objects representing anything safety-relevant, such as other vehicles or pedestrians, in periodically broadcasted messages to vehicles in direct communication range. Objects filtering methods for inclusion in a message are necessary to avoid overloading a channel and provoking unnecessary data processing. Initial studies provided in a pre-standardization report about sensor data sharing elaborated a first set of rules to filter objects based on their characteristics, such as their dynamics or type. However, these rules still lack the consideration of information received by other stations to operate. Specifically, to address the problem of information redundancy, several rules have been proposed, but their performance has not been evaluated yet comprehensively. In the present work, the rules are further analyzed, assessed, and compared. Functional and operational requirements are investigated. A performance evaluation is realized by discrete-event simulations in a scenario for a representative city with realistic vehicle densities and mobility patterns. A score and other redundancy-level metrics are elaborated to ease the evaluation and comparison of the filtering rules. Finally, improvements and future works to the filtering methods are proposed.}, language = {en} }