@article{SievertStelzleAubrevilleetal.2021, author = {Sievert, Matti and Stelzle, Florian and Aubreville, Marc and M{\"u}ller, Sarina K. and Eckstein, Markus and Oetter, Nicolai and Maier, Andreas and Mantsopoulos, Konstantinos and Iro, Heinrich and Goncalves, Miguel}, title = {Intraoperative free margins assessment of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma with confocal laser endomicroscopy: a pilot study}, volume = {278}, journal = {European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology and Head \& Neck}, number = {11}, publisher = {Springer Nature}, address = {Cham}, issn = {1434-4726}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s00405-021-06659-y}, pages = {4433 -- 4439}, year = {2021}, abstract = {Purpose This pilot study aimed to assess the feasibility of intraoperative assessment of safe margins with confocal laser endomicroscopy (CLE) during oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) surgery. Methods We included five consecutive patients confirmed OPSCC and planned tumor resection in September and October 2020. Healthy appearing mucosa in the marginal zone, and the tumor margin, were examined with CLE and biopsy during tumor resection. A total of 12,809 CLE frames were correlated with the gold standard of hematoxylin and eosin staining. Three head and neck surgeons and one pathologist were asked to identify carcinoma in a sample of 169 representative images, blinded to the histological results. Results Healthy mucosa showed epithelium with uniform size and shape with distinct cytoplasmic membranes and regular vessel architecture. CLE optical biopsy of OPSCC demonstrated a disorganized arrangement of variable cellular morphology. We calculated an accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV of 86\%, 90\%, 79\%, 88\%, and 82\%, respectively, with inter-rater reliability and κ-value of 0.60. Conclusion CLE can be easily integrated into the intraoperative setting, generate real-time, in-vivo microscopic images of the oropharynx for evaluation and demarcation of cancer. It can eventually contribute to a less radical approach by enabling a more precise evaluation of the cancer margin.}, language = {en} } @article{HaryantoVaculin2025, author = {Haryanto, Aditya and Vaculin, Ondrej}, title = {YoFlow Method for Scenario Based Automatic Accident Detection}, volume = {7}, journal = {IEEE Open Journal of Intelligent Transportation Systems}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {New York}, issn = {2687-7813}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1109/OJITS.2025.3639557}, pages = {61 -- 73}, year = {2025}, abstract = {Recent advances in sensor and computing technologies have enabled road side units (RSUs) to not only monitor traffic flow but also process data in real time to improve road safety. However, leveraging RSUs for proactive accident detection remains a challenging and underexplored task, partly due to the lack of diverse accident data. To address this, this study proposes two key contributions: (i) a scenario-based synthetic data generation framework, and (ii) YoFlow, a novel system for vehicle-tovehicle accident detection from a simulated RSU camera perspective. The proposed framework leverages the PEGASUS method for scenario generation strategy and BeamNG.tech for generating synthetic traffic videos. This approach led to the development of the SB-SIF dataset, which includes five representative intersection crash scenarios derived from German accident data. The SB-SIF dataset contains 914 crash videos, 123 near-miss events, and 924 normal traffic instances and is publicly available at: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15267252. The proposed YoFlow system identifies accidents by analyzing temporal variations in vehicle speed vectors, using YOLO for vehicle classification and CUDA-accelerated dense optical flow to capture abrupt motion changes. The extracted features are processed and classified using an XGBoost model, achieving 94\% recall and 90\% precision in accident detection.}, language = {en} } @article{KauppHuber2025, author = {Kaupp, Sabine and Huber, Florian}, title = {Does mental model similarity equal innovation team performance?}, volume = {22}, journal = {Innovation \& Management Review}, number = {4}, publisher = {Emerald}, address = {Bingley}, issn = {2515-8961}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1108/INMR-09-2023-0152}, pages = {280 -- 292}, year = {2025}, abstract = {Purpose This paper addresses challenges and opportunities of interdisciplinary teamwork in innovation management, focusing on how team mental models (TMMs) can foster more effective collaboration among team members from diverse backgrounds. The research examines the relationship between TMM similarity and team performance in interdisciplinary innovation teams. Design/methodology/approach An exploratory study was conducted with 55 participants across 15 teams. TMM similarity was measured by analyzing team interactions using a web-based interface that facilitated contrasted comparison ratings. These ratings were first processed into individual graphs via a shortest-node-finding pathfinder algorithm, then compared. Subject matter experts evaluated team performance. Findings The results reveal a significant positive correlation between TMM similarity and team performance in interdisciplinary innovation teams, suggesting that greater alignment in team members' mental models enhances overall innovation project performance. Research limitations/implications Although the academic programs sampled replicate the environment, challenges and various other aspects of innovation projects, they can only be considered proxies for innovation projects within real organizations. Further research within professional environments, using a larger sample, is recommended. Practical implications The findings highlight the value of assessing and fostering TMM similarity to improve teamwork and performance in interdisciplinary innovation projects. The interface and code used are publicly available to encourage their implementation in organizations. Originality/value This research provides novel insights into the application of TMMs within interdisciplinary innovation teams, extending the concept beyond its traditional use in unidisciplinary and structured task settings.}, language = {en} } @article{PanzerLandesbergerLuzinetal.2025, author = {Panzer, Hannes and Landesberger, Martin and Luzin, Vladimir and Rauner, Dominik and Wolf, Daniel and Zaeh, Michael}, title = {Evaluating the predictive capabilities of part-scale residual stress simulations of PBF-LB/M up to crack formation by a comparison to neutron diffraction}, volume = {2026}, pages = {111713}, journal = {Engineering Fracture Mechanics}, number = {331}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {Kidlington}, issn = {0013-7944}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfracmech.2025.111713}, year = {2025}, abstract = {Additive manufacturing technologies have proven to be an excellent alternative to conventional production methods, especially when geometrically complex parts and low production quantities are aimed at. Specifically, powder bed fusion of metals using a laser beam (PBF-LB/M) additionally allows for the manufacturing of mechanically highly stressable parts. However, the heat input through the laser beam into the material and an irregular cooling during the processing result in the formation of high residual stresses. These lead to form deviations outside the specified tolerances and may accumulate to an extent, at which stress-induced cracking occurs. This emphasizes the need for an accurate prediction of the residual stresses during the PBF-LB/M process with the goal of a first-time-right additive manufacturing. In this study, three specimens exhibiting high residual stress formations during PBF-LB/M were manufactured from the nickel-based superalloy Inconel 718. Afterwards, the stresses were measured by means of neutron diffraction. The results provided the validation data for a subsequent finite element simulation, representing the build-up process on a part-scale, in which the data evaluation was conducted in accordance with the measurements for a high comparability. A comparison between the simulation and the neutron diffraction results of all three specimens showed a very good agreement of the normal stresses in all three coordinate directions, both for tensile and compressive stresses. The obtained results highlight the validity of the applied simplified part-scale simulation. The latter can, therefore, be utilized to increase the process understanding of residual stress and crack formations. It can also be used to enable process parameter modifications or geometry adaptions, aiming at a first-time-right additive manufacturing.}, language = {en} } @article{SchmidtZehAndersetal.2020, author = {Schmidt, Sebastian-Manuel and Zeh, Stefan and Anders, Karina and Hirschmann, Katrin and Stieg, Volker}, title = {Wissenschaftliche Weiterbildung neu bewertet}, volume = {2020}, journal = {Zeitschrift Hochschule und Weiterbildung}, subtitle = {Das Spannungsverh{\"a}ltnis von Bildungsauftrag und Nachfrageorientierung als strukturgebendes Element f{\"u}r bayerische Hochschulen}, number = {1}, publisher = {DGWF}, address = {Kassel}, issn = {2567-2673}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.4119/zhwb-3136}, pages = {44 -- 54}, year = {2020}, abstract = {Die Interpretation der Hochschule als Institution des lebenslangen Lernens und das {\"O}ffnen f{\"u}r neue Zielgruppen stellt die staatlichen Bildungseinrichtungen vor erhebliche Herausforderungen, die Aktualisierungshandeln erforderlich machen. Hierdurch begeben sich die staatlichen Einrichtungen auf einen bereits etablierten Bildungsmarkt, der sich vom bekannten Handlungsfeld unterscheidet, da er unentwegt ein agiles Handeln und eine schnelle Adaptionsf{\"a}higkeit auf neue Bildungsanforderungen ben{\"o}tigt. Immer {\"o}fter ist aber die Einrichtung Universit{\"a}t in einer unentwegten Grundsatzdebatte gefangen, die sich immer durch zwei Extrema auszeichnet: arbeitet man marktzentriert oder beharrt man auf seiner vorhandenen Rolle als staatliche Einrichtung mit eindeutigem Bildungsauftrag und wie setzt man nun wissenschaftliche Weiterbildung gem{\"a}ß dessen um? Kontr{\"a}r zur allgegenw{\"a}rtigen Interpretation „Bildungsauftrag vs. / oder Cash Cow" und einem notwendigen Kl{\"a}rungsbedarf der Situationslage ist genau dieses Spannungsverh{\"a}ltnis zwischen den beiden Dimensionen f{\"u}r die Umsetzung der wissenschaftlichen Weiterbildung an (bayerischen) Hochschulen notwendig. Das Spannungsfeld Bildungsauftrag und Nachfrageorientierung ist die beispiellose Triebkraft f{\"u}r Existenz, erfolgreiche Durchf{\"u}hrung und Weiterentwicklung der wissenschaftlichen Weiterbildung und des (Weiter-)Bildungsmarkts.}, language = {de} } @article{PiendlRadtkeJacobsenetal.2025, author = {Piendl, Daniel and Radtke, Maximilian-Peter and Jacobsen, Hendrik and Bock, J{\"u}rgen and Zaeh, Michael}, title = {Predictive Maintenance of Ball Screws: A Comparative Study Using Real-World Industrial Data}, volume = {2025}, journal = {Procedia CIRP}, number = {134}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {Amsterdam}, issn = {2212-8271}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2025.02.135}, pages = {390 -- 395}, year = {2025}, abstract = {Ball screws are widely used in machine tool feed drives. With increasing degradation of the ball screws, machining accuracy and economic efficiency decrease. Past investigations have shown that condition monitoring models can predict this degradation. However, these models are typically trained and evaluated using datasets derived from test benches, questioning their applicability to real machine tools. In this article, a comparative evaluation of a selection of these condition monitoring models using an industrial dataset is described. This dataset consists of measurement data from a total of nine ball screws used in three machine tools until failure. It was shown that when using data of multiple ball screws or machines, artificial neural networks or automated machine learning methods achieve a higher accuracy than statistical methods. However, for smaller datasets, statistical methods perform almost as well. The results provide an insight into the industrial applicability of the evaluated condition monitoring models.}, language = {en} } @article{KoecherBelyaevHermannetal.2023, author = {K{\"o}cher, Aljosha and Belyaev, Alexander and Hermann, Jesko and Bock, J{\"u}rgen and Meixner, Kristof and Volkmann, Magnus and Winter, Michael and Zimmermann, Patrick and Grimm, Stephan and Diedrich, Christian}, title = {A reference model for common understanding of capabilities and skills in manufacturing}, volume = {71}, journal = {at - Automatisierungstechnik}, number = {2}, publisher = {De Gruyter}, address = {Berlin}, issn = {2196-677X}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1515/auto-2022-0117}, pages = {94 -- 104}, year = {2023}, abstract = {In manufacturing, many use cases of Industrie 4.0 require vendor-neutral and machine-interpretable information models to describe, implement and execute resource functions. Such models have been researched under the terms capabilities and skills. Standardization of such models is required, but currently not available. This paper presents a reference model developed jointly by members of various organizations in a working group of the Plattform Industrie 4.0. This model covers definitions of most important aspects of capabilities and skills. It can be seen as a basis for further standardization efforts.}, language = {en} } @article{GeisbauerWoehrlLottetal.2021, author = {Geisbauer, Christian and W{\"o}hrl, Katharina and Lott, Susanne and Nebl, Christoph and Schweiger, Hans-Georg and Goertz, Roland and Kubjatko, Tibor}, title = {Scenarios involving accident-damaged electric vehicles}, volume = {2021}, journal = {Transportation Research Procedia}, number = {55}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {Amsterdam}, issn = {2352-1465}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2021.07.136}, pages = {1484 -- 1489}, year = {2021}, abstract = {Electrically propelled cars will play a major role on the streets, not only in the far, but also in the near future. In this work, an overview on the possible risks arising from electric vehicles is given that involves electrical, chemical and thermal hazards. Additionally, an analysis on different scenarios involving damaged electric vehicles, the involved parties, as well as their risk assessment in terms of hazard rating is presented. Furthermore, two scenarios are explained and addressed with more detail. With the derived risks of the battery and with possible crash scenarios presented, the still existing uncertainties for handling damaged electric vehicles are addressed, followed by a discussion on ways to overcome this problem.}, language = {en} } @article{GrafSteinhauserVaculinetal.2025, author = {Graf, Michael and Steinhauser, Dagmar and Vaculin, Ondrej and Brandmeier, Thomas}, title = {Impact of Adverse Weather on Road Safety: A Survey of Test Methods for Enhancing Safety of Automated Vehicles and Sensor Robustness in Challenging Environmental Conditions}, volume = {13}, journal = {IEEE Access}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {New York}, issn = {2169-3536}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2025.3622501}, pages = {179817 -- 179838}, year = {2025}, abstract = {Adverse weather conditions can significantly affect environmental sensors and reduce the ability of automated vehicles to interpret the environment. This can lead to the failure of driving and safety functions. To validate and increase the robustness of these, several adverse weather test methods have been introduced in recent years. The survey first gives an overview of the current traffic and accident analysis with a focus on adverse weather influences to assess the most relevant weather phenomena. Overall, rain and glare are the statistically most important adverse weather phenomena in terms of accidents. Heavy fog is rare but can cause very serious accidents. In a second step, meteorological knowledge is incorporated and the key environmental indicators for the respective weather conditions are determined, particularly taking the environmental sensor characteristics into account. Both sets of information are then utilized to provide a qualified overview of simulative and physical test methods used to reproduce critical adverse weather situations. These methods are employed to investigate the disturbance effects of inclement weather on sensors and to test the robustness of automated vehicles. The paper reveals that various approaches are used to reproduce weather effects and that test methods, each with different advantages and disadvantages, have been developed to varying degrees depending on the type of the weather phenomena. Overall, this review integrates perspectives from road safety research, meteorology, and testing methodologies to provide new insights into the validation of automated driving systems in challenging weather conditions.}, language = {en} } @article{KoenigPaulaQuaschneretal.2024, author = {K{\"o}nig, Thomas and Paula, Daniel and Quaschner, Stefan and Schweiger, Hans-Georg}, title = {Influence of Blind Spot Assistance Systems in Heavy Commercial Vehicles on Accident Reconstruction}, volume = {24}, pages = {1517}, journal = {Sensors}, number = {5}, publisher = {MDPI}, address = {Basel}, issn = {1424-8220}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.3390/s24051517}, year = {2024}, abstract = {Accidents between right-turning commercial vehicles and crossing vulnerable road users (VRUs) in urban environments often lead to serious or fatal injuries and therefore play a significant role in forensic accident analysis. To reduce the risk of accidents, blind spot assistance systems have been installed in commercial vehicles for several years, among other things, to detect VRUs and warn the driver in time. However, since such systems cannot reliably prevent all turning accidents, an investigation by experts must clarify how the accident occurred and to what extent the blind spot assistance system influenced the course of the accident. The occurrence of the acoustic warning message can be defined as an objective reaction prompt for the driver, so that the blind spot assistance system can significantly influence the avoidability assessment. In order to be able to integrate the system into forensic accident analysis, a precise knowledge of how the system works and its limitations is required. For this purpose, tests with different systems and accident constellations were conducted and evaluated. It was found that the type of sensor used for the assistance systems has a great influence on the system's performance. The lateral distance between the right side of the commercial vehicle and the VRU, as well as obstacles between them, along with the speed difference can have great influence on the reliability of the assistance system. Depending on the concrete time of the system's warning signal, the accident can be avoided or not by the driver when reacting to this signal.}, language = {en} } @article{BauderPaulaKubjatkoetal.2024, author = {Bauder, Maximilian and Paula, Daniel and Kubjatko, Tibor and Schweiger, Hans-Georg}, title = {Evaluation of the vehicle behaviour when not responding to the take-over request of Tesla Autopilot and Volkswagen Travel Assist}, volume = {2023}, journal = {Transportation Research Procedia}, number = {74}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {Amsterdam}, issn = {2352-1465}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2023.11.167}, pages = {450 -- 457}, year = {2024}, abstract = {In this work, driving tests were carried out with a Tesla Model 3 and VW ID.4. During the tests, the vehicles were controlled by an SAE Level 2 system (Tesla Autopilot and VW Travel Assist). The study aimed to investigate the behaviour of the vehicles when the driver does not react to the take-over request of the vehicle while it is in a non-critical driving situation. The aim was to clarify whether this can lead to accidents from a purely technical point of view and whether there is still room for improvement. As a result, it could be determined that a non-reaction of the driver to the take-over request leads to system-initiated braking decelerations, which can lead to a rear-end collision by the following traffic. Furthermore, secondary accidents are possible if the driver fails to act as a fallback. This could be reduced by improving the applicable UNECE standard R79 by specifying deceleration values for this case. In addition, the risk of an accident could be reduced by decelerating earlier and warning the environment. For this purpose, a driver monitoring system would also be recommended to allow situational decisions by the system. The implementation of the measures proposed could result in a significant increase in road safety while using these systems.}, language = {en} } @article{LangerBauderPaulaetal.2024, author = {Langer, Robin and Bauder, Maximilian and Paula, Daniel and Kubjatko, Tibor and Schweiger, Hans-Georg}, title = {Development of a model environment for autonomous driving}, volume = {2023}, journal = {Transportation Research Procedia}, number = {74}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {Amsterdam}, issn = {2352-1465}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2023.11.122}, pages = {133 -- 140}, year = {2024}, abstract = {Developing automated driving functions can be elaborate and cost-intensive. Simulation helps to decrease both, the effort and the costs. With physical model environments of a smaller scale, automotive research can be improved even further. This work presents a method with five steps for building a scaled model environment to answer research questions regarding autonomous driving functions in the automotive domain. For this purpose, the five steps of the method are first introduced and explained. Each step comes with indications that can be further extended. Then, the method is performed by creating a model environment. The model environment build in this work is a recreation of an urban intersection in Ingolstadt, Germany, in the scale of 1:10. In addition to two model vehicles, the model environment consists of pedestrians and traffic control elements such as signs, signals, various lanes and road markings. The advantages of the model environment are low costs and high reproducibility. On the other hand it comes with limitations. For example, the materials used for construction (polylactic acid) are different from the materials in reality. The aim of this work was achieved by providing a method for building a model environment for automotive domain. The limitations of the built model environment and actual testing of automated driving functions will be performed in the future.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{SchobertGmeinerFrankeetal.2025, author = {Schobert, Marvin and Gmeiner, Christian and Franke, J{\"o}rg and Schuderer, Peter}, title = {BPMN2.0 for the formal specification of discrete event simulation models}, volume = {2025}, booktitle = {Simulation in Produktion und Logistik 2025}, editor = {Rank, Sebastian and K{\"u}hn, Mathias and Schmidt, Thorsten}, publisher = {Technische Universit{\"a}t Dresden}, address = {Dresden}, isbn = {978-3-86780-806-4}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.25368/2025.285}, pages = {52-1 -- 52-10}, year = {2025}, abstract = {Discrete Event Simulation (DES) is essential for planning in logistics, material flow, and production but remains time- and knowledge-intensive due to fragmented modelling practices and tool-specific requirements, as noted in VDI 3633 and VDI 4465. This paper proposes addressing these challenges by transferring concepts from Business Process Management, leveraging its formal modelling languages and validation frameworks. A style guide based on the Business Process Model and Notation 2.0 (BPMN) is introduced, structured around the principles of correctness, completeness, consistency, and clarity to support both communication and simulation. These principles enable reusable, verifiable process models suitable for execution in different DES tools, which serves as a step towards automated experimentation and verification. Through a first-ever evaluation of state of the art approaches against those principles, this work contributes to the ongoing definition of a semi-formal BPMN modelling layer developed in the ASIM SPL working group for formal methods in procedural models.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{SchrageSchudererBarthetal.2025, author = {Schrage, Tobias and Schuderer, Peter and Barth, Martin and Franke, J{\"o}rg}, title = {Konzeptionierung und Integration eines KI-basierten Autoklavenmodells in ein simulationsbasiertes Entscheidungsunterst{\"u}tzungssystem in der Kalksandsteinproduktion}, booktitle = {Simulation in Produktion und Logistik 2025}, editor = {Rank, Sebastian and K{\"u}hn, Mathias and Schmidt, Thorsten}, publisher = {Technische Universit{\"a}t Dresden}, address = {Dresden}, isbn = {978-3-86780-809-5}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.25368/2025.288}, pages = {55-1 -- 55-10}, year = {2025}, abstract = {The calcium silicate brick (CSB) industry faces increasing pressure to improve the efficiency and sustainability of its production processes, especially due to the high energy consumption and CO₂ emissions associated with autoclaving. To support operational and strategic decision-making, a simulation-based decision support system (DSS) has been developed, utilizing a modular material flow simulation framework. However, the energy-intensive steam curing process in autoclaves remains insufficiently represented in existing simulation models. This paper presents a methodological approach for integrating an AI-based optimization agent for autoclave systems into the existing DSS used in CSB production. A review of current techniques for coupling AI assistance systems with discrete event simulation in production and logistics, within the building materials sector, provides the foundation. Building on this, the autoclaving process is modeled using a hybrid approach, combining thermodynamic domain knowledge with machine learning methods. This contribution highlights how the combination of simulation-based production planning and intelligent process modelling can drive digital transformation in energy-intensive industries.}, language = {de} } @unpublished{KoenigPaulaQuaschneretal.2023, author = {K{\"o}nig, Thomas and Paula, Daniel and Quaschner, Stefan and Schweiger, Hans-Georg}, title = {Influence of Blind Spot Assistance Systems in Heavy Commercial Vehicles on Accident Reconstruction}, publisher = {Preprints}, address = {Basel}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202311.1308.v1}, year = {2023}, abstract = {Accidents between right-turning commercial vehicles and crossing vulnerable road users (VRU) in urban environments often lead to serious or fatal injuries and therefore play a significant role in forensic accident analysis. To reduce the risk of accidents, blind spot assistance systems have been installed in commercial vehicles for several years, among other things, to detect VRUs and warn the driver in time. However, since such systems cannot reliably prevent all turning accidents, an investigation by experts must clarify how the accident occurred and to what extent the blind spot assistance system influenced the course of the accident. The occurrence of the acoustic warning message can be defined as an objective reaction prompt for the driver, so that the blind spot assistance system can significantly influence the avoidability assessment. In order to be able to integrate the system into forensic accident analysis, a precise knowledge of how the system works and its limitations is required. For this purpose, tests with different systems and accident constellations were conducted and evaluated. It was found that the type of sensor used for the assistance systems has a great influence on the system's performance. The lateral distance between the right side of the commercial vehicle and the VRU as well as obstacles between them and the speed difference can take great influence on the reliability of the assistance system. Depending on the concrete time of the system's warning signal the accident can be avoided or not by the driver when reacting on this signal.}, language = {en} } @article{HaidenRichter2025, author = {Haiden, Michael and Richter, Florian}, title = {Autonomous weapons: considering the rights and interests of soldiers}, volume = {27}, pages = {53}, journal = {Ethics and Information Technology}, number = {4}, publisher = {Springer}, address = {Dordrecht}, issn = {1388-1957}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10676-025-09859-w}, year = {2025}, abstract = {The development of autonomous weapons systems (AWSs), which would make decisions on the battlefield without direct input from humans, has the potential to dramatically change the nature of war. Due to the revolutionary potential of these technologies, it is essential to discuss their moral implications. While the academic literature often highlights their morally problematic nature, with some proposing outright banning them, this paper highlights an important benefit of AWSs: protecting the lives, as well as the mental and physical health of soldiers. If militaries can avoid sending humans into dangerous situations or relieve drone operators from tasks that lead to lifelong trauma, this obviously appears morally desirable - especially in a world where many soldiers are still drafted against their will. Nonetheless, there are many arguments against AWSs. However, we show that although AWSs are potentially dangerous, criticisms apply equally to human soldiers and weapons steered by them. The combination of both claims makes a strong case against a ban on AWSs where it is possible. Instead, researchers should focus on mitigating their drawbacks and refining their benefits.}, language = {en} } @article{KruegelUhlBalcombe2021, author = {Kr{\"u}gel, Sebastian and Uhl, Matthias and Balcombe, Bryn}, title = {Automated vehicles and the morality of post-collision behavior}, volume = {23}, journal = {Ethics and Information Technology}, number = {4}, publisher = {Springer}, address = {Dordrecht}, issn = {1572-8439}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10676-021-09607-w}, pages = {691 -- 701}, year = {2021}, abstract = {We address the considerations of the European Commission Expert Group on the ethics of connected and automated vehicles regarding data provision in the event of collisions. While human drivers' appropriate post-collision behavior is clearly defined, regulations for automated driving do not provide for collision detection. We agree it is important to systematically incorporate citizens' intuitions into the discourse on the ethics of automated vehicles. Therefore, we investigate whether people expect automated vehicles to behave like humans after an accident, even if this behavior does not directly affect the consequences of the accident. We find that appropriate post-collision behavior substantially influences people's evaluation of the underlying crash scenario. Moreover, people clearly think that automated vehicles can and should record the accident, stop at the site, and call the police. They are even willing to pay for technological features that enable post-collision behavior. Our study might begin a research program on post-collision behavior, enriching the empirically informed study of automated driving ethics that so far exclusively focuses on pre-collision behavior.}, language = {en} } @unpublished{KettelgerdesHillmannHirmeretal.2023, author = {Kettelgerdes, Marcel and Hillmann, Tjorven and Hirmer, Thomas and Erdogan, H{\"u}seyin and Wunderle, Bernhard and Elger, Gordon}, title = {Accelerated Real-Life (ARL) Testing and Characterization of Automotive LiDAR Sensors to facilitate the Development and Validation of Enhanced Sensor Models}, publisher = {arXiv}, address = {Ithaca}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2312.04229}, year = {2023}, abstract = {In the realm of automated driving simulation and sensor modeling, the need for highly accurate sensor models is paramount for ensuring the reliability and safety of advanced driving assistance systems (ADAS). Hence, numerous works focus on the development of high-fidelity models of ADAS sensors, such as camera, Radar as well as modern LiDAR systems to simulate the sensor behavior in different driving scenarios, even under varying environmental conditions, considering for example adverse weather effects. However, aging effects of sensors, leading to suboptimal system performance, are mostly overlooked by current simulation techniques. This paper introduces a cutting-edge Hardware-in-the-Loop (HiL) test bench designed for the automated, accelerated aging and characterization of Automotive LiDAR sensors. The primary objective of this research is to address the aging effects of LiDAR sensors over the product life cycle, specifically focusing on aspects such as laser beam profile deterioration, output power reduction and intrinsic parameter drift, which are mostly neglected in current sensor models. By that, this proceeding research is intended to path the way, not only towards identifying and modeling respective degradation effects, but also to suggest quantitative model validation metrics.}, language = {en} } @article{BehbehaniGlenSTayloretal.2017, author = {Behbehani, Mehri and Glen, Adam and S. Taylor, Caroline and Schuhmacher, Alexander and Claeyssens, Frederik and W. Haycock, John}, title = {Pre-clinical evaluation of advanced nerve guideconduits using a novel 3D in vitro testing model}, volume = {4}, pages = {123}, journal = {International Journal of Bioprinting}, number = {1}, publisher = {AccScience Publishing}, address = {Singapur}, issn = {2424-8002}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.18063/IJB.v4i1.123}, year = {2017}, abstract = {Autografts are the current gold standard for large peripheral nerve defects in clinics despite the frequentlyoccurring side effects like donor site morbidity. Hollow nerve guidance conduits (NGC) are proposed alternatives toautografts, but failed to bridge gaps exceeding 3 cm in humans. Internal NGC guidance cues like microfibresare believed to enhance hollow NGCs by giving additional physical support for directed regeneration of Schwann cellsand axons. In this study, we report a new 3D in vitro model that allows the evaluation of different intraluminal fibrescaffolds inside a complete NGC. The performance of electrospun polycaprolactone (PCL) microfibres inside 5 mmlong polyethylene glycol (PEG) conduits were investigated in neuronal cell and dorsal root ganglion (DRG) culturesinvitro. Z-stack confocal microscopy revealed the aligned orientation of neuronal cells along the fibres throughout thewhole NGC length and depth. The number of living cells in the centre of the scaffold was not significantly different tothe tissue culture plastic (TCP) control. For ex vivo analysis, DRGs were placed on top of fibre-filled NGCs to simulatethe proximal nerve stump. In 21 days of culture, Schwann cells and axons infiltrated the conduits along the microfibreswith 2.2 \± 0.37 mm and 2.1 \± 0.33 mm, respectively. We conclude that this in vitro model can help define internal NGCscaffolds in the future by comparing different fibre materials, composites and dimensions in one setup prior to animal testing.}, language = {en} } @article{SchuhmacherHinderBriefetal.2025, author = {Schuhmacher, Alexander and Hinder, Markus and Brief, Elazar and Gassmann, Oliver and Hartl, Dominik}, title = {Benchmarking R\&D success rates of leading pharmaceutical companies: an empirical analysis of FDA approvals (2006-2022)}, volume = {30}, pages = {104291}, journal = {Drug Discovery Today}, number = {2}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {Amsterdam}, issn = {1878-5832}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drudis.2025.104291}, year = {2025}, abstract = {Previous analyses provide an industry benchmark of ∼10\% for the success rate in clinical development. However, prior analyses were limited by a narrow timeframe, a diverse research focus, biases in phase-to-phase transition methodology or a focus on specific use cases. We calculated unbiased input:output ratios (Phase I to FDA new drug approval) to analyze the likelihood of first approval using data from clinicaltrials.gov, encompassing a total of 2092 active ingredients, 19 927 clinical trials conducted by 18 leading pharmaceutical companies (2006-2022) and 274 new drug approvals. Our study reveals an average likelihood of first approval rate of 14.3\% across leading research-based pharmaceutical companies, broadly ranging from 8\% to 23\%.}, language = {en} } @article{GermannSchuhmacherHarrisonetal.2013, author = {Germann, Paul-Georg and Schuhmacher, Alexander and Harrison, Juan and Law, Ronald and Haug, Kevin and Wong, Gordon}, title = {How to create innovation by building the translation bridge from basic research into medicinal drugs: an industrial perspective}, volume = {7}, pages = {5}, journal = {Human Genomics}, number = {1}, publisher = {BioMedCentral}, address = {London}, issn = {1479-7364}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-7364-7-5}, year = {2013}, language = {en} } @article{SchuhmacherGrinchenkoGassmannetal.2025, author = {Schuhmacher, Alexander and Grinchenko, Kyrylo and Gassmann, Oliver and Hartl, Dominik and Hinder, Markus}, title = {A case study assessing the impact of M\&A and licensing on FDA drug approvals of leading pharmaceutical companies}, volume = {30}, pages = {104306}, journal = {Drug Discovery Today}, number = {3}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {Amsterdam}, issn = {1878-5832}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drudis.2025.104306}, year = {2025}, abstract = {Despite a recent increase in FDA new drug approvals, leading pharmaceutical companies continue to face R\&D productivity challenges. This highlights the need to better understand the context of their R\&D concepts and related R\&D outputs. Consequently, we conducted a systematic assessment of the impact of R\&D expenditures, R\&D intensities, mergers \& acquisitions (M\&A) deals and licensing agreements on new drug approvals of leading pharmaceutical companies between 2012 and 2021. Our analysis provides key insights into differentiating R\&D factors: whereas R\&D expenditures and the number of M\&A deals correlate with the number of new drug approvals, our analysis shows no correlation with R\&D intensity or the number of licensing agreements.}, language = {en} } @article{Schuhmacher2024, author = {Schuhmacher, Alexander}, title = {Pharma innovation: how evolutionary economics is shaping the future of pharma R\&D}, volume = {29}, pages = {104222}, journal = {Drug Discovery Today}, number = {12}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {Amsterdam}, issn = {1878-5832}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drudis.2024.104222}, year = {2024}, abstract = {This paper describes the theory of evolutionary economics in the context of pharmaceutical R\&D. In this context, the R\&D productivity crisis acts as a key selection mechanism, and R\&D, technology and industry trends provide mechanisms of variation. Drawing on today's prevailing business model among leading pharmaceutical companies, the biotech-leveraged pharma company (BIPCO), I propose two new value creation logics: the technology-investigating pharma company (TIPCO) and the asset-integrating pharma company (AIPCO). Although some companies already share aspects of these business models, it is not yet clear, in terms of evolutionary economics, what the ultimate outcome of the evolutionary process in pharma R\&D will be.}, language = {en} } @article{SchuhmacherGassmannHinderetal.2024, author = {Schuhmacher, Alexander and Gassmann, Oliver and Hinder, Markus and Hartl, Dominik}, title = {Comparative analysis of FDA approvals by top 20 pharma companies (2014-2023)}, volume = {29}, pages = {104128}, journal = {Drug Discovery Today}, number = {9}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {Amsterdam}, issn = {1878-5832}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drudis.2024.104128}, year = {2024}, abstract = {This article addresses the research and development (R\&D) productivity challenge of the pharmaceutical industry, focusing on United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-related new drug approvals of the top 20 pharmaceutical companies (2014-2023). We evaluated the degree of innovation in new drugs to determine the innovativeness of these leading companies. A key finding of our analysis is the decline in the number of new drugs approved by the FDA for these leading companies over the investigated time period. This trend suggests that some of the leading companies are losing ground in R\&D innovation, raising concerns about their ability to sustain competitive advantage, ensure long-term market success, and maintain viable business models.}, language = {en} } @article{KwisdaKremerSievertsenetal.2025, author = {Kwisda, Sebastian and Kremer, Malte and Sievertsen, Niels and Gassmann, Oliver and Hartl, Dominik and Schuhmacher, Alexander}, title = {Does pharma R\&D need a strategic reset? Adapting to a changing US landscape}, volume = {30}, pages = {104442}, journal = {Drug Discovery Today}, number = {9}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {Amsterdam}, issn = {1878-5832}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drudis.2025.104442}, year = {2025}, abstract = {R\&D productivity has long challenged research-based pharmaceutical companies, raising concerns about the sustainability of their research-driven business models. These firms have traditionally relied on the U.S. as a stable hub for biomedical innovation, skilled talent, and high-price markets—supporting the biotech-leveraged pharma company (BIPCO) model However, recent geopolitical shifts—especially under the new Trump administration, including FDA budget cuts, reduced U.S. research funding, and pharmaceutical tariffs—are destabilizing this foundation. The once-reliable "safe harbor" is no longer secure. As a result, pharma R\&D now faces strategic risks beyond its prior scope. With the weakening of the U.S.-centered innovation model, companies must rethink R\&D pipelines, secure key technologies, maintain global clinical networks, and adjust supply chain and tax strategies. The viability of the current R\&D model—rooted in U.S. leadership and premium markets—is now uncertain, requiring urgent strategic realignment.}, language = {en} } @article{JamadarSekharYadaetal.2025, author = {Jamadar, Mohammad I. and Sekhar, Ravi and Yada, Vijay Ramarao and Rairikar, Sandeep D. and Thipse, Sukrut}, title = {Emission Testing of Flex Fuel Vehicles up to M100/E100: Upgradation of Existing Test Facility for Vehicles below 3.5-ton GVW for Testing Methanol or Ethanol Operated Vehicles}, volume = {58}, journal = {Journal Europ{\´e}en des Syst{\`e}mes Automatis{\´e}s​}, number = {8}, publisher = {IIETA}, address = {Edmonton}, issn = {2116-7087}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.18280/jesa.580816}, pages = {1721 -- 1732}, year = {2025}, abstract = {This paper is focused on enhancing the existing dilute emission measurement system to accommodate the emission testing of vehicles operating with gasoline blends with methanol and ethanol, dedicated M100/E100 etc. India is moving towards achieving the E20 blend on the pan-country level by April 2025 with the initiations of NITI Aayog and exploring alternate fuels like 100\% methanol and ethanol. Government of India is now focused on introducing the flex fuel vehicle (FFV) technology that supports the usage of higher ethanol blends. As per CMVR guidelines for M and N category vehicles with a gross vehicle weight less than 3,500 kg; a dilute emission measurement system is used to evaluate tailpipe pollutants and fuel economy. Most of the present emission systems are compatible with testing the vehicle till M15 and E20 blends. Beyond this percentage, usage of a test facility for M100, E100, and other flex-fuel vehicles, require certain modifications in existing test facility to maintain the precision and reliability of the results considering higher water content in exhaust and effect of condensation on emission measurement due to dilution. The modifications needed, implementation and their impact are experimentally briefed in the present paper.}, language = {en} } @article{DenkFroehlingBrunneretal.2024, author = {Denk, Florian and Fr{\"o}hling, Felix and Brunner, Pascal and Huber, Werner and Margreiter, Martin and Bogenberger, Klaus and Kates, Ronald}, title = {Influence of gaze strategies and cognitive load on safeguarding performance of motorists in right-turning scenarios involving potential conflicts with vulnerable road users}, volume = {2025}, journal = {Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour}, number = {109}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {Amsterdam}, issn = {1873-5517}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2024.11.012}, pages = {32 -- 49}, year = {2024}, abstract = {In urban traffic, while the fraction of collisions involving Vulnerable Road Users (VRU) is low, their importance is high due to the higher injury risk for VRU. Their infrequent occurrence on average (compared with far more common individual perceptual and behavioral errors by both drivers and VRUs) reflects an underlying fault tolerance in traffic processes. However, the degree of fault tolerance varies among traffic situations. The underlying perceptual and cognitive processes involved are complex and can require a high level of attention and concentration, particularly in situations with intersecting trajectories. These processes can occasionally fail, leading to collision risk. The situation of right-turning motorists (in right-hand-drive countries) encountering cyclists moving straight on a bike lane (with right of way) has a particularly low error tolerance, since motorists must actively scan for cyclists approaching from behind. In order to develop, test and assess solutions that mitigate collision risk in this situation, the behavior-related causation mechanisms need investigation. This is the focus of this article. We conducted a trial on our closed test track with n = 35 subjects. The experiment was designed as a within-subject design with three independent factors: maneuver, target velocity, and cognitive load in an n-back task. The trial included observations of participants' gaze control. A primary research focus was the quality and efficiency of the safeguarding gaze behavior of participants in order to draw conclusions on the causation mechanisms of collisions in this situation. For this purpose we define metrics in order to quantify the quality and efficiency of a specific gaze behavior. Furthermore, we studied the effect of factors cognitive load and target velocity on safety and secondary (n-back) task performance. Remarkably, only four out of 35 participants reached a collision risk of 0\% relating to the defined quality metric. Furthermore, we identified four distinct gaze strategy groups through hierarchical clustering, where one group performed particularly few glances overall. This group showed significant differences with respect to the defined quality metric whereas the other groups showed only slight differences to each other. The results have implications on subsequent crash causation model development.}, language = {en} } @inbook{BechtholdChugunovaFriessetal.2021, author = {Bechthold, Laura and Chugunova, Marina and Friess, Svenja and Hoisl, Karin and Rose, Michael E.}, title = {Women in Creative Labor: Inventors, Entrepreneurs and Academics}, booktitle = {Fundamental Questions: Gender Dimensions in Max Planck Research Projects}, editor = {Weber, Ulla}, publisher = {Nomos}, address = {Baden-Baden}, isbn = {978-3-8487-7096-0}, doi = {doi.org/10.5771/9783748924869-135}, pages = {135 -- 154}, year = {2021}, abstract = {This article provides an overview of the latest empirical research on the gender gap in knowledge-intensive occupations from an economics perspective. It studies contributing factors both from an institutional and behavioral perspective, and considers potential solutions. The persisting gender gap is not only an issue of social fairness; it also hampers innovation and has direct negative implications for individual productivity as well as economic growth. The overview of the existing gender literature, as well as our own research, emphasize that it is imperative to fight the gender gap with well-tailored policies and to support gender equality at the institutional and personal level.}, language = {en} } @article{PanchalPatelGohil2023, author = {Panchal, Dhruv and Patel, Bhavesh and Gohil, Hardik}, title = {Experimental Investigation on Performance Characteristics of Dry Centrifugal Clutch with Grooved Friction Liners}, volume = {20}, journal = {International Journal of Automotive and Mechanical Engineering}, number = {1}, publisher = {Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah Publishing}, address = {Pekan}, issn = {2180-1606}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.15282/ijame.20.1.2023.01.0786}, pages = {10152 -- 10164}, year = {2023}, abstract = {The deteriorated condition of friction liners after prolonged use is one of the primary causes of judder in centrifugal clutches. The friction characteristics can be retained by generating specific textures or grooves on the friction liner. An attempt has been made to study the characteristics of centrifugal clutch using grooved friction liners. A test cycle for centrifugal clutch has been developed using a number of engagements as the basis. A vehicle test bench was used for the experiment where the developed test cycle was automated. The performance characteristics of the centrifugal clutch have been recorded and analyzed with normal friction liners and grooved friction liners for 100 test cycles. For this study, the groove area ratio was retained at 0.15, and the grooves were cut at 90°. After completing 100 test cycles, the clutch with a grooved friction liner exhibited better characteristics. After completing 100 test cycles, the surface roughness reduction at the leading section of the grooved friction liner and normal friction liner has been found to be 6.44\% and 8.11\%, respectively. The thickness reduction at the leading section of the grooved friction liner and normal friction liner has been reported to be 3.73\% and 4.98\%, respectively. Throughout the run of 100 test cycles, the higher clutch housing temperature has been witnessed in the case of a clutch with a grooved friction liner. At the 100th test cycle, the clutch torque with a grooved friction liner was 15.22\% more than the clutch torque with a normal friction liner. Even after prolonged use, the clutch with grooved friction liner exhibited better judder characteristics and also provided higher fuel economy for vehicles.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{KelerDenkBrunneretal.2021, author = {Keler, Andreas and Denk, Florian and Brunner, Pascal and Grigoropoulos, Georgios and Malcom, Patrick and Bogenberger, Klaus}, title = {Varying Bicycle Infrastructures}, subtitle = {an Interconnected Simulator Study for Inspecting Motorist-Cyclist Conflicts}, publisher = {Zenodo}, address = {Genf}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5513664}, year = {2021}, abstract = {In this research, we estimate the influence of different bicycle infrastructure on the severity of motorist-cyclist conflicts via an interconnected simulator study. Our focus is a specific conflict type: motorist is turning at an intersection and the cyclist is going straight, crossing the intersection based on previous evaluations from literature. Additionally, we reason on previously-conducted bicycle simulator studies and adapt specific methodological components of investigation area depiction in VR and scenario definition. In the end, we present four scenarios of a case study based on a signalized intersection in Ingolstadt, Germany, where we inspect motorist-cyclist conflicts in an interconnected simulator environment. After every simulator run both test subjects will be teleported to specific starting positions.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{RodriguezArozamenaMatutePerezetal.2024, author = {Rodr{\´i}guez-Arozamena, Mario and Matute, Jose and P{\´e}rez, Joshu{\´e} and Ozbay, Burcu and Tezcan, Deryanur and Begecarslan, Enes and Mutlukaya, Irem and Mayer, Kevin and Volkersdorfer, Tina and Hof, Hans-Joachim}, title = {TRA2024 Poster - A Fail-Safe Decision Architecture for CCAM Applications}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the Transport Research Arena (TRA2024) Conference}, publisher = {Zenodo}, address = {Genf}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10995953}, year = {2024}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{NadriAlvarezBoschetal.2022, author = {Nadri, Chihab and Alvarez, Ignacio and Bosch, Esther and Oehl, Michael and Braun, Michael and Healey, Jennifer and Jallais, Christophe and Ju, Wendy and Li, Jingyi and Jeon, Myounghoon}, title = {Empathic vehicle design: Use cases and design directions from two workshops}, pages = {456}, booktitle = {CHI'22: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems}, editor = {Diniz Junqueira Barbosa, Simone and Lampe, Cliff and Appert, Caroline and Shamma, David}, publisher = {ACM}, address = {New York}, isbn = {978-1-4503-9156-6}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519623}, year = {2022}, abstract = {Empathic vehicles are expected to improve user experience in automated vehicles and to help increase user acceptance of technology. However, little is known about potential real-world implementations and designs using empathic interfaces in vehicles with higher levels of automation. Given advances in affect detection and emotion mitigation, we conducted two workshops (N1 =24, N2 = 22, Ntotal = 46) on the design of empathic vehicles and their potential utility in a variety of applications. This paper recapitulates key opportunities in the design and application of empathetic interfaces in automated vehicles which emerged from the two workshops hosted at the ACM AutoUI conferences.}, language = {en} } @unpublished{PagonisHartungWuetal.2024, author = {Pagonis, Panagiotis and Hartung, Kai and Wu, Di and Georges, Munir and Gr{\"o}ttrup, S{\"o}ren}, title = {Analysis of Knowledge Tracing performance on synthesised student data}, publisher = {arXiv}, address = {Ithaca}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2401.16832}, year = {2024}, abstract = {Knowledge Tracing (KT) aims to predict the future performance of students by tracking the development of their knowledge states. Despite all the recent progress made in this field, the application of KT models in education systems is still restricted from the data perspectives: 1) limited access to real life data due to data protection concerns, 2) lack of diversity in public datasets, 3) noises in benchmark datasets such as duplicate records. To resolve these problems, we simulated student data with three statistical strategies based on public datasets and tested their performance on two KT baselines. While we observe only minor performance improvement with additional synthetic data, our work shows that using only synthetic data for training can lead to similar performance as real data.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{HartungJaegerGroettrupetal.2022, author = {Hartung, Kai and J{\"a}ger, Gerhard and Gr{\"o}ttrup, S{\"o}ren and Georges, Munir}, title = {Typological Word Order Correlations with Logistic Brownian Motion}, pages = {2022.sigtyp-1.3}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Computational Typology and Multilingual NLP (SIGTYP 2022)}, editor = {Vylomova, Ekaterina and Ponti, Edoardo and Cotterell, Ryan}, publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics}, address = {Stroudsburg}, isbn = {978-1-955917-93-3}, url = {https://aclanthology.org/2022.sigtyp-1.3}, pages = {22 -- 26}, year = {2022}, abstract = {In this study we address the question to what extent syntactic word-order traits of different languages have evolved under correlation and whether such dependencies can be found universally across all languages or restricted to specific language families.To do so, we use logistic Brownian Motion under a Bayesian framework to model the trait evolution for 768 languages from 34 language families. We test for trait correlations both in single families and universally over all families. Separate models reveal no universal correlation patterns and Bayes Factor analysis of models over all covered families also strongly indicate lineage specific correlation patters instead of universal dependencies.}, language = {en} } @article{SchuhmacherGassmannKwisdaetal.2025, author = {Schuhmacher, Alexander and Gassmann, Oliver and Kwisda, Sebastian and Kremer, Malte and Hinder, Markus and Hartl, Dominik}, title = {The R\&D productivity challenge: transforming the pharmaceutical ecosystem}, volume = {30}, pages = {104494}, journal = {Drug Discovery Today}, number = {11}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {Amsterdam}, issn = {1878-5832}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drudis.2025.104494}, year = {2025}, abstract = {The persistent decline in pharmaceutical R\&D productivity has been extensively analyzed and debated for over two decades, with profound implications for the structure and strategy of the pharmaceutical industry. This systemic challenge forced many leading companies to adapt their R\&D models, influencing internal capabilities and external innovation strategies. In response, the industry has evolved into a complex, interdependent biopharmaceutical ecosystem encompassing large pharmaceutical corporations, biotech innovators and specialized service providers. Although R\&D productivity affects all research-driven companies, its consequences are particularly pronounced for large pharmaceutical firms, because the scale and capital intensity of their R\&D activities make productivity a crucial determinant of long-term competitiveness and sustainability. By contrast, other stakeholders are only partially adversely affected, whereas some can even obtain value from it.}, language = {en} } @unpublished{SuciuBock2025, author = {Suciu, Tobias and Bock, J{\"u}rgen}, title = {A Practical Approach to Multivariate Time Series Anomaly Detection in Automotive Bus Systems Testing}, titleParent = {Research Square}, publisher = {Research Square}, address = {Durham}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7778102/v1}, year = {2025}, abstract = {The increasing complexity of modern vehicles and their testing procedures generates vast amounts of multivariate time series data, making manual anomaly detection during automotive testing increasingly challenging. This article investigates the application of deep learning algorithms for automated anomaly detection in automotive bus data collected during dynamic driving scenarios. Three distinct architectures are implemented and compared: a CNN-based forecasting approach (DeepAnT), an LSTM-based model (LSTM-AD), and a Convolutional Autoencoder (CAE). Real-world driving data collected across various scenarios, ranging from normal operation to extreme maneuvers, is employed. Through evaluation across seven distinct test scenarios, findings reveal that while each architecture demonstrates specific strengths, their effectiveness varies significantly based on anomaly type and driving context. DeepAnT shows the most consistent performance across different scenarios, while LSTM-AD achieves superior detection capability for complex temporal patterns, particularly in scenarios involving coordinated changes across multiple features. The CAE excels at identifying pronounced deviations but shows limitations in detecting subtle anomalies. This study demonstrates that while deep learning models effectively detect anomalies in automotive time series data, their practical implementation requires careful consideration of specific use cases, emphasizing the critical role of data preprocessing and threshold calculation in ensuring reliable anomaly detection.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{MangerAlbrechtRiener2024, author = {Manger, Carina and Albrecht, Kathrin and Riener, Andreas}, title = {Explanation Needs in Automated Driving: Insights from German Driving Education and Vehicle Acquisition}, booktitle = {MuC'24: Proceedings of the 2024 Conference on Mensch und Computer}, editor = {Maedche, Alexander and Beigl, Michael and Gerling, Kathrin and Mayer, Sven}, publisher = {ACM}, address = {New York}, isbn = {979-8-4007-0998-2}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3670653.3670679}, pages = {288 -- 298}, year = {2024}, abstract = {As driving assistance driving systems become increasingly advanced, a correct understanding of the functionality of these systems is crucial for safe use. In this work we explored drivers' explanation needs and current explanation methods from an important but underlooked perspective: driver training and vehicle acquisition. In a two-step approach, we conducted expert interviews with n = 7 driving instructors and vehicle salespeople in Germany and validated these results with an online survey of n = 105. Our results show that Driver Assistance Systems (DASs) and Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADASs), are currently covered in both driver training and vehicle acquisition but to a varying extent and in a very application-oriented manner. A drivers' tendency for preferring comparative explanations that build upon knowledge about similar systems was found. Based on the combined results, we emphasize the need for mandatory and standardized explanation methods to ensure a safe transition to automated driving.}, language = {en} } @article{MehtaLambaSinhaetal.2025, author = {Mehta, Kedar and Lamba, Ravita and Sinha, Sunanda and Kumar, Nand}, title = {BIPV in India: Opportunities, challenges, and pathways for urban planning and smart cities}, volume = {2025}, pages = {100133}, journal = {Solar Compass}, number = {15}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {Amsterdam}, issn = {2772-9400}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solcom.2025.100133}, year = {2025}, abstract = {As India urbanizes rapidly, sustainable energy solutions have become a priority to meet rising energy demands and mitigate environmental impacts. Building-Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV) offer a promising approach to harness solar energy within urban infrastructure, transforming buildings into renewable energy assets. Unlike conventional rooftop PV systems, BIPV maximizes urban space utilization while enhancing architectural aesthetics and energy efficiency. However, the adoption of BIPV in India remains limited due to factors such as regulatory barriers, lack of standardized designs, and high initial costs. This study uses SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats) and TOWS (Threats, Opportunities, Weaknesses, Strengths) analyses to assess the potential, opportunities, and challenges of BIPV in India's urban planning. It then discusses policy implications and offers practical recommendations for implementation in Indian cities. Key findings of this study indicate that BIPV adoption in India can significantly contribute to urban sustainability by reducing carbon emissions, improving energy self-sufficiency, and lowering long-term operational costs. The SWOT and TOWS analysis reveal that while BIPV presents opportunities for smart urban integration, challenges such as high initial investments and lack of awareness must be addressed through targeted policies and incentives. Additionally, global case studies highlight successful BIPV implementations, providing valuable lessons for India's urban planning strategies.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{EscherPeintnerRiener2024, author = {Escher, Bengt and Peintner, Jakob and Riener, Andreas}, title = {The Significance of the Bystander Effect on Personal Responsibility in Critical Situations in Shared Automated Vehicles}, booktitle = {16th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications, September 22-25, 2024, Stanford, USA, Main Conference Proceedings}, publisher = {ACM}, address = {New York}, isbn = {979-8-4007-0510-6}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3640792.3675704}, pages = {384 -- 394}, year = {2024}, abstract = {Shared Automated Vehicles (SAVs) present a promising solution for future urban mobility. However, SAVs will reach the limits of their capabilities in some edge cases. Similar to personal AVs, passengers in SAVs might be utilized for this purpose, thus, methods for interaction between passengers and the automation or a teleoperator need to be explored. This study investigates whether the presence of other passengers leads to more passive behavior in critical situations (bystander effect). The results did not show significant differences in the participants' behavior depending on whether the ride was experienced alone or with other passengers. However, the qualitative data indicate that the presence of other passengers can trigger psychological processes that promote a bystander effect. The findings emphasize the importance of considering group effects in the context of SAVs. By understanding these dynamics, we aim to help design SAVs to promote safer and more inclusive future transport systems.}, language = {en} } @unpublished{OkumusRamicKugele2025, author = {Okumus, Fazli Faruk and Ramic, Amra and Kugele, Stefan}, title = {A Systematic Mapping Study on Contract-based Software Design for Dependable Systems}, publisher = {arXiv}, address = {Ithaca}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2505.07542}, year = {2025}, abstract = {Background: Contract-based Design (CbD) is a valuable methodology for software design that allows annotation of code and architectural components with contracts, thereby enhancing clarity and reliability in software development. It establishes rules that outline the behaviour of software components and their interfaces and interactions. This modular approach enables the design process to be segmented into smaller, independently developed, tested, and verified system components, ultimately leading to more robust and dependable software. Aim: Despite the significance and well-established theoretical background of CbD, there is a need for a comprehensive systematic mapping study for reliable software systems. Our study provides an evidence-based overview of a method and demonstrates its practical feasibility. Method: To conduct this study, we systematically searched three different databases using specially formulated queries, which initially yielded 1,221 primary studies. After voting, we focused on 288 primary studies for more detailed analysis. Finally, a collaborative review allowed us to gather relevant evidence and information to address our research questions. Results: Our findings suggest potential avenues for future research trajectories in CbD, emphasising its role in improving the dependability of software systems. We highlight maturity levels across different domains and identify areas that may benefit from further research. Conclusion: Although CbD is a well-established software design approach, a more comprehensive literature review is needed to clarify its theoretical state about dependable systems. Our study addresses this gap by providing a detailed overview of CbD from various perspectives, identifying key gaps, and suggesting future research directions.}, language = {en} } @article{deBorbaVaculinMarzbanietal.2023, author = {de Borba, Thiago and Vaculin, Ondrej and Marzbani, Hormoz and Jazar, Reza}, title = {Increasing Safety of Automated Driving by Infrastructure-Based Sensors}, volume = {11}, journal = {IEEE Access}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {New York}, issn = {2169-3536}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3311136}, pages = {94974 -- 94991}, year = {2023}, abstract = {This paper describes the development of an intelligent infrastructure, a test field, for the safety assurance of automated vehicles within the research project Ingolstadt Innovation Laboratory (IN2Lab). It includes a description of the test field architecture, the RoadSide Units (RSU) concept based on infrastructure-based sensors, the environment perception system, and the mission control system. The study also proposes a global object fusion method to fuse objects detected by different RSUs and investigate the overall measurement accuracy obtained from the usage of different infrastructure-based sensors. Furthermore, it presents four use cases: traffic monitoring, assisted perception, collaborative perception, and extended perception. The traffic monitoring, based on the perception information provided by each roadside unit, generates a global fused object list and monitors the state of the traffic participants. The assisted perception, using vehicle-to-infrastructure communication, broadcasts the state information of the traffic participants to the connected vehicles. The collaborative perception creates a global fused object list with the local detections of connected vehicles and the detections provided by the roadside units, making it available for all connected vehicles. Lastly, the extended environment perception monitors specific locations, recognizes critical scenarios involving vulnerable road users and automated vehicles, and generates a suitable avoidance maneuver to avoid or mitigate the occurrence of collisions.}, language = {en} } @article{AfrajVaculinBoehmlaenderetal.2025, author = {Afraj, Shahabaz and Vaculin, Ondrej and B{\"o}hml{\"a}nder, Dennis and Hynč{\´i}k, Luděk}, title = {Vehicle crash simulation models for reinforcement learning driven crash-detection algorithm calibration}, volume = {12}, pages = {17}, journal = {Advanced Modeling and Simulation in Engineering Sciences}, number = {1}, publisher = {SpringerOpen}, address = {Berlin}, issn = {2213-7467}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1186/s40323-025-00288-4}, year = {2025}, abstract = {The development of finite element vehicle models for crash simulations is a highly complex task. The main aim of these models is to simulate a variety of crash scenarios and assess all the safety systems for their respective performances. These vehicle models possess a substantial amount of data pertaining to the vehicle's geometry, structure, materials, etc., and are used to estimate a large set of system and component level characteristics using crash simulations. It is understood that even the most well-developed simulation models are prone to deviations in estimation when compared to real-world physical test results. This is generally due to our inability to model the chaos and uncertainties introduced in the real world. Such unavoidable deviations render the use of virtual simulations ineffective for the calibration process of the algorithms that activate the restraint systems in the event of a crash (crash-detection algorithm). In the scope of this research, authors hypothesize the possibility of accounting for such variations introduced in the real world by creating a feedback loop between real-world crash tests and crash simulations. To accomplish this, a Reinforcement Learning (RL) compatible virtual surrogate model is used, which is adapted from crash simulation models. Hence, a conceptual methodology is illustrated in this paper for developing an RL-compatible model that can be trained using the results of crash simulations and crash tests. As the calibration of the crash-detection algorithm is fundamentally dependent upon the crash pulses, the scope of the expected output is limited to advancing the ability to estimate crash pulses. Furthermore, the real-time implementation of the methodology is illustrated using an actual vehicle model.}, language = {en} } @article{deBorbaVaculinMarzbanietal.2025, author = {de Borba, Thiago and Vaculin, Ondrej and Marzbani, Hormoz and Jazar, Reza}, title = {Increasing Safety of Vulnerable Road Users in Scenarios With Occlusion: A Collaborative Approach for Smart Infrastructures and Automated Vehicles}, volume = {13}, journal = {IEEE Access}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {New York}, issn = {2169-3536}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2025.3527865}, pages = {8851 -- 8885}, year = {2025}, abstract = {The impact of Automated Vehicles (AVs) on road traffic safety has become the focus of discussions among governmental organizations, academia, stakeholders, and OEMs. Questions about how safe the automated driving features should be and how the road infrastructure should be improved for the arrival of this new technology must be clarified to enable full acceptance by the customers and society and prepare the mobility of future cities. The fundamental architecture of automated vehicles comprises perception, planning, decision, and actuation. The operation of the perception system, which is responsible for understanding the environment in which the vehicle is inserted, relies mainly on the onboard sensors. However, the available ranging and vision sensors, e.g., LiDAR, radar, and camera, have several limitations. Scenarios with occlusion present a real challenge for state-of-the-art perception systems. The occlusion, caused by obstructing the sensors' detection field, limits the vehicle's perception ability and inhibits the detection of other road users in the surroundings, especially Vulnerable Road Users (VRUs). Infrastructure composed of Roadside Units (RSUs) equipped with infrastructure-based sensors can overcome the perception limitations of a system based solely on onboard sensors by monitoring the road environment with a larger field of view and reduced sensitivity to occlusion. This paper presents a collaborative approach for smart infrastructures and automated vehicles for vulnerable road users' collision avoidance. The proposed extended perception system comprises four main modules: traffic monitoring, long-term motion prediction, collision risk assessment, and trajectory planning. In the event of a safety-critical scenario, the infrastructure generates a safe and comfortable evasive maneuver to avoid a possible collision. Hence, the proposed approach provides a complete solution to overcome scenarios with occluded VRUs. It allows AVs to react to a critical situation with a longer time-to-collision than other systems relying only on onboard sensors, increasing the chance of successful avoidance even when implementing smoother maneuvers. This contributes considerably to the safe and comfortable operation of automated vehicles.}, language = {en} } @article{DoenmezVaculindeBorba2024, author = {D{\"o}nmez, {\"O}mer and Vaculin, Ondrej and de Borba, Thiago}, title = {A Cost Effective Solution to an Automated Valet Parking System}, volume = {25}, journal = {International Journal of Automotive Technology}, number = {2}, publisher = {Springer}, address = {Heidelberg}, issn = {1976-3832}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s12239-024-00031-9}, pages = {369 -- 380}, year = {2024}, abstract = {Automated Valet Parking Systems (AVPS) relieve the driver of the entire parking process. Many of the systems known today rely on a combination of automotive sensors with sensors of the infrastructure. For this purpose, parking facilities are equipped with comprehensive sensor technology to support the vehicles in environment sensing and route planning. This approach is comparatively expensive which is why many parking operators don't provide that technology to their customers. This paper proposes a lean AVPS system architecture that requires minimal effort to adapt the infrastructure. At the same time, state-of-the-art vehicle technology is used to make AVPS more profitable overall. At the beginning, an overview will be given describing the state of the art of AVPS. Subsequently, requirements for the AVPS will be elaborated, whereby the system can be designed and implemented in the following. Finally, the presentation of simulation results shows that one doesn't have to extend the infrastructure with sensors to develop a safe and reliable AVPS.}, language = {en} } @article{VaculinGellrichMatawaetal.2020, author = {Vaculin, Ondrej and Gellrich, Michael and Matawa, Robert and Witschass, Steffen}, title = {Testing of automated driving systems}, volume = {17}, journal = {MECCA : Journal of Middle European Construction and Design of Cars}, number = {1}, publisher = {Czech Technical University}, address = {Prag}, issn = {1804-9338}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.14311/mecdc.2020.01.02}, pages = {7 -- 13}, year = {2020}, abstract = {The automated driving requires new testing approaches, which are more complex than the current testing systems. The complexity and requirements for accuracy is important, because of interconnection of virtual with physical testing. This paper presents a generic approach to testing of automated driving functions and demonstrates its implementation on measurement of two scenarios.}, language = {en} } @article{ItzekWeissbachMeintrupetal.2023, author = {Itzek, Andreas and Weißbach, Victoria and Meintrup, David and Rieß, Beate and van der Linden, Mark and Borgmann, Stefan}, title = {Epidemiological and Clinical Features of Streptococcus dysgalactiae ssp. equisimilis stG62647 and Other emm Types in Germany}, volume = {12}, pages = {589}, journal = {Pathogens}, number = {4}, publisher = {MDPI}, address = {Basel}, issn = {2076-0817}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12040589}, year = {2023}, abstract = {(1) Background: Streptococcus dysgalactiae subspecies equisimilis (SDSE) is an important β-hemolytic pathogen historically described as mainly affecting animals. Studies epidemiologically assessing the pathogenicity in the human population in Germany are rare. (2) Methods: the present study combines national surveillance data from 2010 to 2022 with a single-center clinical study conducted from 2016 to 2022, focusing on emm type, Lancefield antigen, antimicrobial resistance, patient characteristics, disease severity, and clinical infection markers. (3) Results: The nationwide reported invasive SDSE infections suggest an increasing infection burden for the German population. One particular emm type, stG62647, increased over the study period, being the dominant type in both study cohorts, suggesting a mutation-driven outbreak of a virulent clone. The patient data show that men were more affected than women, although in the single-center cohort, this trend was reversed for patients with stG62647 SDSE. Men affected by stG62647 developed predominantly fascial infections, whereas women suffering from superficial and fascial non-stG62647 SDSE infections were significantly younger than other patients. Increasing age was a general risk factor for invasive SDSE infections. (4) Conclusions: further studies are needed to further elucidate the raised questions regarding outbreak origin, underlying molecular mechanisms as well as sex-dependent pathogen adaptation.}, language = {en} } @article{KubisSchwabWerleetal.2018, author = {Kubis, Lea and Schwab, Julian D. and Werle, Silke D. and Lausser, Ludwig and T{\"u}mpel, Stefan and Pfister, Astrid S. and K{\"u}hl, Michael and Kestler, Hans A.}, title = {A Boolean network of the crosstalk between IGF and Wnt signaling in aging satellite cells}, volume = {13}, pages = {e0195126}, journal = {PLOS ONE}, number = {3}, publisher = {PLOS}, address = {San Francisco}, issn = {1932-6203}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0195126}, year = {2018}, abstract = {Aging is a complex biological process, which determines the life span of an organism. Insulin-like growth factor (IGF) and Wnt signaling pathways govern the process of aging. Both pathways share common downstream targets that allow competitive crosstalk between these branches. Of note, a shift from IGF to Wnt signaling has been observed during aging of satellite cells. Biological regulatory networks necessary to recreate aging have not yet been discovered. Here, we established a mathematical in silico model that robustly recapitulates the crosstalk between IGF and Wnt signaling. Strikingly, it predicts critical nodes following a shift from IGF to Wnt signaling. These findings indicate that this shift might cause age-related diseases.}, language = {en} } @article{BottDresselBayer2020, author = {Bott, Christoph and Dressel, Ingo and Bayer, Peter}, title = {Paraffin wax as self-sealing insulation material of seasonal sensible heat storage systems—A laboratory study}, volume = {15}, pages = {e0236056}, journal = {PLOS ONE}, number = {7}, publisher = {PLOS}, address = {San Francisco}, issn = {1932-6203}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0236056}, year = {2020}, abstract = {Seasonal heat storage is considered as one of the key elements on the path to a low-emission economy. Embedded in local district heating networks, they raise the share of renewable energies and balance out highly fluctuating supplies of e.g. solar systems or windmills. The technology of seasonal heat storage can be described as almost technically mature, with well-established concepts and some systems being in operation for a considerable time. Nevertheless, the operating experience gained to date also revealed two critical problems. On the one hand, even smallest leakages in sealing foils led to irreparable breakdowns. On the other hand, heat loss in the marginal areas was revealed as a key deficiency, preventing the technology from advancing towards global marketability. This study presents an experimental approach to address these two key issues in the field of seasonal energy storage. Two small-scale laboratory tests were carried out to test paraffin wax as a completely novel component in the marginal area of seasonal storages. This is based on two material properties: As hydrophobic and mobile medium, the warmed and molten paraffin should actively seal the fissures and holes in the event of leakage. Additionally, the latent heat storage properties of the paraffin wax should increase the systems' total storage capacity and reduce lateral heat losses via its low thermal conductivity. With retardation periods from 2.5 to 4 hours, the results show an effective phase change effect of the paraffin wax, which reduces energy losses and allows to buffer short-term, intensive loading and unloading processes. By storing up to 138 kJ/kg energy in the paraffin wax, increased capacities of application-scale pit storages by up to 40.70 MWh are to be expected. Additionally, the self-healing features could be successfully demonstrated: With only small losses of between 1.5 and 17\%, the paraffin wax effectively sealed artificially incised leaks. Thereby, the mechanism was most effective for local defects. Following these positive demonstrations of feasibility, technical design questions still remain, which concern prevention of deformation of the paraffin wax. Once solved, this new component can then provide a path for further optimization of seasonal heat storage technologies.}, language = {en} } @article{YarzaNavarroSchaerEllerSchulzetal.2025, author = {Yarza Navarro-Sch{\"a}r, Vanessa Gabriela and Eller, Eric and Schulz, Marco and Lermer, Eva}, title = {The trust-NPS correlation: The role of trust in promoting customer loyalty in Swiss financial institutions}, volume = {20}, pages = {e0334423}, journal = {PLOS ONE}, number = {11}, publisher = {PLOS}, address = {San Francisco}, issn = {1932-6203}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0334423}, year = {2025}, abstract = {The Net Promoter Score (NPS) is a widely used key performance indicator (KPI) for measuring customer loyalty and guiding customer-centric strategies. While customer trust has been identified as an important influencing factor for NPS, existing research treats trust as a unidimensional construct, leaving the specific trust components that drive customer loyalty behaviors largely unexplored. This study addresses this theoretical gap by examining the relationship between various trust components and NPS in the financial services sector. A survey of 1,370 Swiss consumers assessed trust across ten theoretically-derived dimensions alongside their NPS ratings for five financial service companies. Employing median-split analysis, results demonstrate that high customer trust is associated with a significantly higher NPS (+36.5) compared to low trust (-68.6). Critically, quantile regression analysis revealed heterogeneous effects of trust components across different NPS distribution levels, with ability, experience, and reputation showing consistent positive effects across all quantiles. In contrast, joint interests and continuity emerged as relevant only at higher NPS quantiles, while reciprocity proved significant exclusively at the 25th percentile, demonstrating that distinct trust determinants become salient depending on customers' advocacy levels. These findings challenge prevailing theoretical assumptions about customer trust's homogeneous influence on customer loyalty, revealing instead a differentiated pattern of trust component effects. The study advances trust theory by demonstrating that trust dimensions not only vary in their influence on customer advocacy behaviors but also exhibit different effect patterns across the NPS distribution, contradicting assumptions of uniform trust impact on loyalty outcomes. The results indicate that NPS optimization requires strategic focus on specific trust dimensions, particularly those demonstrating consistent positive associations across quantile levels. This research contributes novel theoretical insights into the conditional trust-loyalty relationship while providing empirically-grounded guidance for customer-centric business strategies.}, language = {en} } @article{MaxUhl2023, author = {Max, Raphael and Uhl, Matthias}, title = {Moral luck in investment contexts: We consciously find unprofitable investments less moral}, volume = {18}, pages = {e0278677}, journal = {PLOS ONE}, number = {1}, publisher = {PLOS}, address = {San Francisco}, issn = {1932-6203}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0278677}, year = {2023}, abstract = {Moral luck refers to whether an actor is morally praised or blamed for an action whose outcome they could not influence. In two studies, we investigated the behavioral importance of this phenomenon in the realm of investments, which has become increasingly subject to ethical evaluations. In our first online experiment, we examined whether people's moral evaluation of an investment decision depended on its arbitrary outcome and whether their interpretation of the nature of the decision was driven by this outcome. Our results showed that profitable investments were considered more moral than unprofitable investments. Moreover, profitable investments were labeled "investments" instead of "speculation" or "gambling" more often than unprofitable ones. In our second study, we asked the subjects to assess investments independent of the outcome. After the outcome was announced, the subjects were given the opportunity to reflect and change their initial decision. The results show that people change the moral evaluation and label of investments when told that it had a bad outcome. This observation was stable across different investment contexts. These findings suggest that we must be careful with the increasing moralization of investment decisions and be sensitive to our cognitive biases.}, language = {en} } @article{HebestreitGroettrupEmdenetal.2012, author = {Hebestreit, Katja and Gr{\"o}ttrup, S{\"o}ren and Emden, Daniel and Veerkamp, Jannis and Ruckert, Christian and Klein, Hans-Ulrich and M{\"u}ller-Tidow, Carsten and Dugas, Martin}, title = {Leukemia Gene Atlas - A Public Platform for Integrative Exploration of Genome-Wide Molecular Data}, volume = {7}, pages = {e39148}, journal = {PLOS ONE}, number = {6}, publisher = {PLOS}, address = {San Francisco}, issn = {1932-6203}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0039148}, year = {2012}, abstract = {Leukemias are exceptionally well studied at the molecular level and a wealth of high-throughput data has been published. But further utilization of these data by researchers is severely hampered by the lack of accessible integrative tools for viewing and analysis. We developed the Leukemia Gene Atlas (LGA) as a public platform designed to support research and analysis of diverse genomic data published in the field of leukemia. With respect to leukemia research, the LGA is a unique resource with comprehensive search and browse functions. It provides extensive analysis and visualization tools for various types of molecular data. Currently, its database contains data from more than 5,800 leukemia and hematopoiesis samples generated by microarray gene expression, DNA methylation, SNP and next generation sequencing analyses. The LGA allows easy retrieval of large published data sets and thus helps to avoid redundant investigations. It is accessible at www.leukemia-gene-atlas.org.}, language = {en} } @article{SchwanMohanSchmidetal.2025, author = {Schwan, Hannes and Mohan, Nihesh and Schmid, Maximilian and Saha, Rocky Kumar and Klassen, Holger and M{\"u}ller, Klaus and Elger, Gordon}, title = {Sintering for High Power Optoelectronic Devices}, volume = {16}, pages = {1164}, journal = {Micromachines}, number = {10}, publisher = {MDPI}, address = {Basel}, issn = {2072-666X}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.3390/mi16101164}, year = {2025}, abstract = {Residual-free eutectic Au80Sn20 soldering is still the dominant assembly technology for optoelectronic devices such as high-power lasers, LEDs, and photodiodes. Due to the high cost of gold, alternatives are desirable. This paper investigates the thermal performance of copper-based sintering for optoelectronic submodules on first and second level to obtain thermally efficient thin bondlines. Sintered interconnects obtained by a new particle-free copper ink, based on complexed copper salt, are compared with copper flake and silver nanoparticle sintered interconnects and benchmarked against AuSn solder interconnects. The copper ink is dispensed and predried at 130 °C to facilitate in situ generation of Cu nanoparticles by thermal decomposition of the metal salt before sintering. Submounts are then sintered at 275 °C for 15 min under nitrogen with 30 MPa pressure, forming uniform 2-5 µm copper layers achieving shear strengths above 31 MPa. Unpackaged LEDs are bonded on first level using the copper ink but applying only 10 MPa to avoid damaging the semiconductor dies. Thermal performance is evaluated via transient thermal analysis. Results show that copper ink interfaces approach the performance of thin AuSn joints and match silver interconnects at second level. However, at first level, AuSn and sintered interconnects of commercial silver and copper pastes remained superior due to the relative inhomogeneous thickness of the thin Cu copper layer after predrying, requiring higher bonding pressure to equalize surface inhomogeneities.}, language = {en} } @article{MeintrupSinger2025, author = {Meintrup, David and Singer, Peter}, title = {A Friendly Guide to the Real Exponential Function}, volume = {132}, journal = {The American Mathematical Monthly}, number = {10}, publisher = {Taylor \& Francis}, address = {London}, issn = {1930-0972}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1080/00029890.2025.2554556}, pages = {1043 -- 1047}, year = {2025}, abstract = {We propose an elementary introduction to the real exponential function of Leonhard Euler that combines ideas of Felix Klein and Adolf Hurwitz and uses an approximation of the primitive of the hyperbola. In this way, we can avoid the difficulties of common approaches yet still obtain classical results.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Bilal2025, author = {Bilal, M{\"u}henad}, title = {Entwicklung eines reflexionsmindernden Bildgebungsverfahrens mit homogener Ausleuchtung und konvolutionalen neuronalen Netzen zur Verschleißerkennung und Klassifizierung komplexer, spiegelnder Zerspanungswerkzeuge}, publisher = {Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt}, address = {Ingolstadt}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-64997}, pages = {8, 120, XVI}, school = {Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt}, year = {2025}, abstract = {Im Zuge der Digitalisierung stehen Unternehmen, insbesondere Klein- und Mittelst{\"a}ndische Unternehmen (KMUs), bei der Etablierung von K{\"u}nstliche Intelligenz (KI) in industriellen Fertigungsprozessen zunehmend vor großen Herausforderungen. Im letzten Jahrhundert hat die klassische Automatisierung in der Fertigung maßgeblich zur Produktivit{\"a}tssteigerung und damit auch zur Wettbewerbsf{\"a}higkeit von Unternehmen beigetragen. Die Entwicklung und Etablierung von KIgest{\"u}tzter Automatisierung in Unternehmen stellen die n{\"a}chste Stufe der Produktivit{\"a}tssteigerung dar und werden die bisherige regelbasierte, klassische Automatisierung zunehmend abl{\"o}sen. Der Bedarf nach KI-gest{\"u}tzter Automatisierung in der Zerspanungsindustrie, insbesondere in den Bereichen der Werkzeugfertigung und -instandsetzung, gewinnt zunehmend an Bedeutung. Das liegt an den steigenden Kundenanforderungen und am demografischen Wandel, aber auch am Fachkr{\"a}ftemangel, an kostenintensiven Messverfahren sowie an zeit- und ressourcenaufwendigen Schulungen, die zur Bedienung komplexer Messverfahren relevant sind. Das stellt eine Gefahr f{\"u}r die Wettbewerbsf{\"a}higkeit der KMUs dar. Klassische Messverfahren wie die Fokusvariation oder triangulationsbasierte Messtechniken liefern zwar eine hohe Genauigkeit, sind jedoch mit erheblichem Zeit- und Kostenaufwand verbunden. Daher eignen sie sich nur bedingt f{\"u}r den Serieneinsatz in der Qualit{\"a}tskontrolle, insbesondere bei der Vermessung von Schneidwerkzeugen im Rahmen stichprobenbasierter Pr{\"u}fungen. Um diese Herausforderungen entgegenzuwirken, wurde im Rahmen dieser Dissertation ein vollst{\"a}ndiges KI-gest{\"u}tztes System zur automatisierten Werkzeuginspektion und -Klassifizierung entwickelt und fundierte Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs)-basierte Forschung betrieben. Eine der zentralen Kerninnovationen dieser Arbeit liegt in der Entwicklung einer werkzeugspezifischen Lichtquelle, die gezielt auf die optischen Eigenschaften der zylindrischen Schneidwerkzeuge wie Schaftfr{\"a}ser abgestimmt ist und neue M{\"o}glichkeiten in der bildbasierten Qualit{\"a}tskontrolle von gl{\"a}nzenden Oberfl{\"a}chen er{\"o}ffnet. Die dabei erzeugten hochaufl{\"o}senden Aufnahmen zeichnen sich durch eine hohe Tiefensch{\"a}rfe, Farbtreue und gleichm{\"a}ßige Ausleuchtung aus und erm{\"o}glichen eine zuverl{\"a}ssige Verschleißanalyse. Um die Funktionalit{\"a}t dieses neuen Bildgebungsverfahrens zu demonstrieren, wurde zun{\"a}chst mit regelbasierten Verfahren wie adaptiver Schwellenwertbildung ein Verschleißdetektionsalgorithmus entwickelt und in Gegen{\"u}berstellung mit standardisierten Bildaufnahmen aus der Fertigung erforscht. Die ersten vielversprechenden Ergebnisse f{\"u}hrten zur Anwendung bestehender Architekturen wie Mask Region-Based Convolutional Neural Network (Mask R-CNN). Diese wurden f{\"u}r die Lokalisierung und Detektion von Verschleiß anhand weniger Bilder genutzt. Außerdem wurde ein CNN-basiertes Verfahren f{\"u}r die semantische Segmentierung entwickelt, das in der Lage ist, normalen und abnormalen Verschleiß an hochreflektierenden Schaftfr{\"a}sern mit komplexen Freiformfl{\"a}chen zu detektieren und mit hoher Genauigkeit trennscharf voneinander zu unterscheiden. Bei der semantischen Segmentierung wurden unterschiedliche Ans{\"a}tze f{\"u}r die Modelloptimierung verfolgt, darunter Variationen der Ankerboxen und des Intersection over Union (IoU)-Schwellenwerts bei Mask R-CNN, um die bestm{\"o}gliche Modellperformance zu erhalten. Weitere CNN-basierte Ans{\"a}tze folgten. Hierbei wurden bew{\"a}hrte Architekturen wie U-Net Architecture (UNet) f{\"u}r die Verschleißdetektion modifiziert, aber auch eine kompakte, dimensionsreduzierte Form entwickelt, um normalen von abnormalem Verschleiß mit hoher Genauigkeit zu detektieren und Aussagen {\"u}ber das Verschleißverhalten zu treffen. Dabei wurden unterschiedliche Regularisierungstechniken und Hyperparameteroptimierung angewandt, um die beste Modellleistung an zwei unterschiedlichen hochreflektierenden Werkzeugtypen zu erreichen. Es wurden im Rahmen dieser Arbeit auch die State of the Art (SOTA) CNNs-Architekturen f{\"u}r die Klassifizierung von Werkzeugen erforscht. Hierbei wurde die Auswirkung unterschiedlicher Beleuchtungsbedingungen, der Bildqualit{\"a}t sowie der unterschiedlichen Trainingsstrategien untersucht, um die am besten geeignete Architektur und Trainingsstrategie f{\"u}r eine KI-basierte Werkzeugklassifizierung zu identifizieren.}, language = {de} } @article{MeintrupBorgmannSeidletal.2021, author = {Meintrup, David and Borgmann, Stefan and Seidl, Karlheinz and Stecher, Melanie and Jakob, Carolin E. M. and Pilgram, Lisa and Spinner, Christoph D. and Rieg, Siegbert and Isberner, Nora and Hower, Martin and Vehreschild, Maria and G{\"o}pel, Siri and Hanses, Frank and Nowak-Machen, Martina}, title = {Specific Risk Factors for Fatal Outcome in Critically Ill COVID-19 Patients}, volume = {10}, pages = {3855}, journal = {Journal of Clinical Medicine}, subtitle = {Results from a European Multicenter Study}, number = {17}, publisher = {MDPI}, address = {Basel}, issn = {2077-0383}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10173855}, year = {2021}, abstract = {(1) Background: The aim of our study was to identify specific risk factors for fatal outcome in critically ill COVID-19 patients. (2) Methods: Our data set consisted of 840 patients enclosed in the LEOSS registry. Using lasso regression for variable selection, a multifactorial logistic regression model was fitted to the response variable survival. Specific risk factors and their odds ratios were derived. A nomogram was developed as a graphical representation of the model. (3) Results: 14 variables were identified as independent factors contributing to the risk of death for critically ill COVID-19 patients: age (OR 1.08, CI 1.06-1.10), cardiovascular disease (OR 1.64, CI 1.06-2.55), pulmonary disease (OR 1.87, CI 1.16-3.03), baseline Statin treatment (0.54, CI 0.33-0.87), oxygen saturation (unit = 1\%, OR 0.94, CI 0.92-0.96), leukocytes (unit 1000/μL, OR 1.04, CI 1.01-1.07), lymphocytes (unit 100/μL, OR 0.96, CI 0.94-0.99), platelets (unit 100,000/μL, OR 0.70, CI 0.62-0.80), procalcitonin (unit ng/mL, OR 1.11, CI 1.05-1.18), kidney failure (OR 1.68, CI 1.05-2.70), congestive heart failure (OR 2.62, CI 1.11-6.21), severe liver failure (OR 4.93, CI 1.94-12.52), and a quick SOFA score of 3 (OR 1.78, CI 1.14-2.78). The nomogram graphically displays the importance of these 14 factors for mortality. (4) Conclusions: There are risk factors that are specific to the subpopulation of critically ill COVID-19 patients.}, language = {en} } @article{MeintrupNowakMachenBorgmann2021, author = {Meintrup, David and Nowak-Machen, Martina and Borgmann, Stefan}, title = {Nine months of COVID-19 pandemic in Europe}, volume = {18}, pages = {6680}, journal = {International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health}, subtitle = {a comparative time series analysis of cases and fatalities in 35 countries}, number = {12}, publisher = {MDPI}, address = {Basel}, issn = {1660-4601}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18126680}, year = {2021}, abstract = {(1) Background: to describe the dynamic of the pandemic across 35 European countries over a period of 9 months. (2) Methods: a three-phase time series model was fitted for 35 European countries, predicting deaths based on SARS-CoV-2 incidences. Hierarchical clustering resulted in three clusters of countries. A multiple regression model was developed predicting thresholds for COVID-19 incidences, coupled to death numbers. (3) Results: The model showed strongly connected deaths and incidences during the waves in spring and fall. The corrected case-fatality rates ranged from 2\% to 20.7\% in the first wave, and from 0.5\% to 4.2\% in the second wave. If the incidences stay below a threshold, predicted by the regression model (R2=85.0\%), COVID-19 related deaths and incidences were not necessarily coupled. The clusters represented different regions in Europe, and the corrected case-fatality rates in each cluster flipped from high to low or vice versa. Severely and less severely affected countries flipped between the first and second wave. (4) Conclusions: COVID-19 incidences and related deaths were uncoupled during the summer but coupled during two waves. Once a country-specific threshold of infections is reached, death numbers will start to rise, allowing health care systems and countries to prepare.}, language = {en} } @article{BorgmannRiessMeintrupetal.2020, author = {Borgmann, Stefan and Rieß, Beate and Meintrup, David and Klare, Ingo and Werner, Guido}, title = {Long-Lasting Decrease of the Acquisition of Enterococcus faecium and Gram-Negative Bacteria Producing Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (ESBL) by Transient Application of Probiotics}, volume = {17}, pages = {6100}, journal = {International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (IJERPH)}, number = {17}, publisher = {MDPI}, address = {Basel}, issn = {1660-4601}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176100}, year = {2020}, abstract = {Previously it was shown that application of probiotics stopped the acquisition of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VRE) by patients in an early rehabilitation ward. Once the application of probiotics ended, we examined whether acquisition of VRE reoccurred. Furthermore, we examined whether probiotics altered prevalence of vancomycin-susceptible E. faecium (VSE) and Gram-negative bacteria, which produce extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL). Although probiotic application ceased in April 2018, VRE-colonized patients rarely presented on that ward until 2019. Probiotic treatment also resulted in a decreased number of patients with VSE and ESBL. While decreased incidence of VRE occurred immediately, decreased VSE and ESBL numbers occurred months later. A probiotic-mediated decrease of VSE and ESBL incidence cannot be explained when assuming bacterial transmission exclusively as a linear cause and effect event. The decrease is better understood by considering bacterial transmissions to be stochastic events, which depend on various driving forces similar to an electric current. We hypothesize that VRE, VSE and ESBL uptake by patients and by staff members mutually reinforced each other, leading staff members to form a bacterial reservoir, similar to a condenser that stores electrical energy. Probiotic treatment then inhibited regeneration of that store, resulting in a breakdown of the driving force.}, language = {en} } @article{BorgmannMeintrupReimeretal.2021, author = {Borgmann, Stefan and Meintrup, David and Reimer, Kerstin and Schels, Helmut and Nowak-Machen, Martina}, title = {Incidence and Death Rates from COVID-19 Are Not Always Coupled: An Analysis of Temporal Data on Local, Federal, and National Levels}, volume = {9}, pages = {338}, journal = {Healthcare}, number = {3}, publisher = {MDPI}, address = {Basel}, issn = {2227-9032}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9030338}, year = {2021}, abstract = {SARS-CoV-2 has caused a deadly pandemic worldwide, placing a burden on local health care systems and economies. Infection rates with SARS-CoV-2 and the related mortality of COVID-19 are not equal among countries or even neighboring regions. Based on data from official German health authorities since the beginning of the pandemic, we developed a case-fatality prediction model that correctly predicts COVID-19-related death rates based on local geographical developments of infection rates in Germany, Bavaria, and a local community district city within Upper Bavaria. Our data point towards the proposal that local individual infection thresholds, when reached, could lead to increasing mortality. Restrictive measures to minimize the spread of the virus could be applied locally based on the risk of reaching the individual threshold. Being able to predict the necessity for increasing hospitalization of COVID-19 patients could help local health care authorities to prepare for increasing patient numbers.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{deAndradeVellosoNogueiraFidelisetal.2023, author = {de Andrade, Mauren Louise S. C. and Velloso Nogueira, Matheus and Fidelis, Eduardo and Aguiar Campos, Luiz Henrique and Campos, Pietro and Sch{\"o}n, Torsten and de Abreu Faria, Lester}, title = {Exploiting GAN Capacity to Generate Synthetic Automotive Radar Data}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 18th International Joint Conference on Computer Vision, Imaging and Computer Graphics Theory and Applications - Volume 4}, editor = {Radeva, Petia and Farinella, Giovanni Maria and Bouatouch, Kadi}, publisher = {SciTePress}, address = {Set{\´u}bal}, isbn = {978-989-758-634-7}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.5220/0011672400003417}, pages = {262 -- 271}, year = {2023}, abstract = {In this paper, we evaluate the training of GAN for synthetic RAD image generation for four objects reflected by Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave radar: car, motorcycle, pedestrian and truck. This evaluation adds a new possibility for data augmentation when radar data labeling available is not enough. The results show that, yes, the GAN generated RAD images well, even when a specific class of the object is necessary. We also compared the scores of three GAN architectures, GAN Vanilla, CGAN, and DCGAN, in RAD synthetic imaging generation. We show that the generator can produce RAD images well enough with the results analyzed.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{SchwerdSchulte2023, author = {Schwerd, Simon and Schulte, Axel}, title = {Interaction-based Implicit Calibration of Eye-Tracking in an Aircraft Cockpit}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 18th International Joint Conference on Computer Vision, Imaging and Computer Graphics Theory and Applications - Volume 2}, editor = {Paljic, Alexis and Ziat, Mounia and Bouatouch, Kadi}, publisher = {SciTePress}, address = {Set{\´u}bal}, isbn = {978-989-758-634-7}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.5220/0011657200003417}, pages = {55 -- 62}, year = {2023}, abstract = {We present a method to calibrate an eye-tracking system based on cockpit interactions of a pilot. Many studies show the feasibility of implicit calibration with specific interactions such as mouse clicks or smooth pursuit eye movements. In real-world applications, different types of interactions often co-exist in the "natural" operation of a system. Therefore, we developed a method that combines different types of interaction to enable implicit calibration in operational work environments. Based on a preselection of calibration candidates, we use an algorithm to select suitable samples and targets to perform implicit calibration. We evaluated our approach in an aircraft cockpit simulator with seven pilot candidates. Our approach reached a median accuracy between 2° to 4° on different cockpit displays dependent on the number of interactions. Differences between participants indicated that the correlation between gaze and interaction position is influenced by individual factors such as experience.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{SchwerdSchulte2024, author = {Schwerd, Simon and Schulte, Axel}, title = {Evaluating Blink Rate as a Dynamic Indicator of Mental Workload in a Flight Simulator}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 19th International Joint Conference on Computer Vision, Imaging and Computer Graphics Theory and Applications - Volume 1}, editor = {Bashford-Rogers, Thomas and Meneveaux, Daniel and Ziat, Mounia and Ammi, Mehdi and J{\"a}nicke, Stefan and Purchase, Helen and Bouatouch, Kadi and Sousa, A. Augusto}, publisher = {SciTePress}, address = {Set{\´u}bal}, isbn = {978-989-758-679-8}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.5220/0012319100003660}, pages = {362 -- 368}, year = {2024}, abstract = {This study assesses blink rate as a potential indicator for mental workload (MWL) in a dual task scenario in a flight simulator. Prior research indicated that blink rate decreases as mental workload increases across various tasks and domains. In our study, we aimed to determine if these findings are consistent in a dual task environment within a fast jet simulator. Furthermore, we evaluated blink rate fluctuations caused by the dynamic shifts in MWL as tasks are executed, switched, or completed. To investigate this, we executed a flight simulator experiment involving ten participants. They were tasked with two distinct activities: first, classifying air and ground targets, and second, maintaining a specific flight altitude. The results validated that blink rate decreases with increasing task difficulty. However, when a secondary task imposes significant workload, blink rates did not reliably indicate the primary task's difficulty. We also found that the timing of spontaneous blinks w as influenced by task completion and switches. Specifically, blink rates surged immediately after decision-making points and during transitions between tasks.}, language = {en} } @article{SchoenhoferKomonenSchwarzetal.2026, author = {Sch{\"o}nhofer, Gerhard and Komonen, Pauli and Schwarz, Jan Oliver and Bechthold, Laura}, title = {Futures of Everyday Life: A Qualitative Content Analysis of Future Personas in Scenarios}, volume = {8}, pages = {e70030}, journal = {Futures \& Foresight Science}, number = {1}, publisher = {Wiley}, address = {Hoboken}, issn = {2573-5152}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/ffo2.70030}, year = {2026}, abstract = {Scenario reports, holding a long-standing tradition in foresight and futures studies, act as an essential document for organizations to prepare for possible, plausible, and alternative futures. Focusing on descriptions and representations of everyday life, we examined 29 future persona narratives from six publications—covering a wide field from public to private sector—through qualitative content analysis. Our guiding question is: How can anthropological perspectives such as cultural relativism or postcolonial discourses contribute to an in-depth, qualitative interpretation depictions of future everyday life? Acknowledging anthropology's colonial origins and its growing commitment to the interests of indigenous and other marginalized groups, we offer alternative readings of prominent scenario reports. Our findings suggest that scenario reports, in addition to anticipating possible futures, construct certain futures based on a systematic analysis of empirical data but also speculative interpretation. The results of these interpretative acts often appear elitist, stereotypical, and technocratic, often replicating dominant societal narratives rather than fostering substantive shifts in how the future is imagined. We therefore call for a more polyphonic representation of futures in scenario writing and foresight work that can produce more discontinuous and transformative images of the future. We understand polyphonic representations as coined by various independent, predominant as well as subaltern perspectives on the same issue at stake while being offered the same amount of space. Therefore, as we will indicate in our analysis, most of the reports referred to are rather monophonic and do not offer discuptive perspectives on the future of everyday life. As an avenue of methodological development, we propose a more nuanced and comprehensive perception of culture and social structures in scenario narrative writing. In addition, ethnographic methods could increase our understanding of how futures are collaboratively constructed and produced by different actors and their respective backgrounds and knowledge in scenario processes.}, language = {en} } @article{SchwerdSchulte2024, author = {Schwerd, Simon and Schulte, Axel}, title = {Triggering Cockpit Alerts Using an Eye-Tracking-Based Measure of Monitoring Performance}, volume = {14}, journal = {Aviation Psychology and Applied Human Factors}, number = {1}, publisher = {Hogrefe}, address = {G{\"o}ttingen}, issn = {2192-0931}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1027/2192-0923/a000263}, pages = {22 -- 37}, year = {2024}, abstract = {This study explored the potential for enhancing pilot performance via an alerting system that adapts according to an eye-tracking-based measure of monitoring. The novel measure combines gaze analysis with system state assessment to estimate the pilot's understanding of the current system state. On this basis, an alerting system was developed to direct pilot attention to unnoticed system state changes, thereby improving system state monitoring. In a flight simulator study involving 10 participants in a generic jet cockpit, we compared the adaptive alerting system with a no-assistance condition. Although alerting improved the participants' performance in two tracking tasks, it adversely impacted performance in a third task. Nonetheless, alerting resulted in a decrease in both variance and mean detection time of critical changes. Participants' subjective ratings were generally positive, yet they criticized the lack of transparency of the alerting mechanism. Alerts triggered based on eye-tracking and system state show potential for improving operator task performance. Nonetheless, for the system to reach its full performance potential, it is critical that the operator understand the principles underlying the alert triggers. False positives and alert design were identified as key areas for improvement to maintain user trust and task flow.}, language = {en} } @article{MaksimovskiFestagFacchi2026, author = {Maksimovski, Daniel and Festag, Andreas and Facchi, Christian}, title = {Adaptive Message Generation Rules for V2X Maneuver Coordination Service}, volume = {14}, journal = {IEEE Access}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {New York}, issn = {2169-3536}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2026.3652364}, pages = {6417 -- 6437}, year = {2026}, abstract = {Maneuver coordination enables connected and automated vehicles (CAVs) to collaboratively plan, negotiate, and execute driving maneuvers, aiming to enhance safety, traffic flow, and energy efficiency. As part of the Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) communication system, it operates as a dedicated service that relies on detailed, bidirectional interactions between vehicles, unlike traditional broadcast-based V2X services. While maneuver coordination is the focus of ongoing research and standardization, the rules that govern when and how vehicles generate Maneuver Coordination Messages (MCMs) within the Maneuver Coordination Service (MCS) are still not fully defined. These rules are essential for ensuring timely and reliable coordination. This paper proposes three adaptive MCM generation strategies based on the operation mode of the MCS, maneuver priority, and current channel load. The first approach defines MCM rules for intent sharing, maneuver negotiation, and execution phases, factoring in maneuver importance. The second adjusts the frequency of intent MCMs when a negotiation message is received from another vehicle. The third adapts frequency based on real-time channel load during intent sharing. For comparison, two baseline strategies are also evaluated. The proposed rules are tested for highway merging and lane change use cases in traffic scenarios with increasing vehicle density and high channel loads. A comprehensive evaluation is conducted using metrics related to the network, message generation frequency, congestion control, and maneuver coordination. The results demonstrate significantly enhanced channel efficiency and communication reliability across all metrics. For example, under the final approach, maneuver negotiation time is reduced by a factor of five in congested V2X environments.}, language = {en} } @article{ReuthlingerSinha2025, author = {Reuthlinger, Eva and Sinha, Tanja}, title = {Impact Investing from an European Perspective - Do Good and Earn Money?}, volume = {14}, journal = {Copernican Journal of Finance \& Accounting}, number = {1}, publisher = {Nicolaus Copernicus University}, address = {Toruń}, issn = {2300-3065}, doi = {http://dx.doi. org/10.12775/CJFA.2025.005}, pages = {87 -- 109}, year = {2025}, abstract = {Impact Investing provides a promising way to fund sustainable development while balancing financial, social, and environmental goals. This study compares the performance of Impact, Conventional, and ESG Portfolios in the European stock market over more than 10 years, using Markowitz Optimization and Naive Diversification. The findings show that Impact Portfolios yield the highest returns, without sacrificing financial performance when integrating sustainability criteria that go beyond the classical ESG investing.}, language = {en} } @article{ZieherOlcayKefferpuetzetal.2024, author = {Zieher, Simon and Olcay, Ertug and Kefferp{\"u}tz, Klaus and Salamat, Babak and Olzem, Sebastian-Sven and Elsbacher, Gerhard and Meeß, Henri}, title = {Drones for automated parcel delivery: Use case identification and derivation of technical requirements}, volume = {2024}, pages = {101253}, journal = {Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives}, number = {28}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {Amsterdam}, issn = {2590-1982}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trip.2024.101253}, year = {2024}, abstract = {Drone-based parcel delivery is a rapidly growing domain posing many technological and operational challenges. Drone technologies have been under increasing levels of investigation and development over the past years. Since the realization of drone-based delivery can only be economically feasible at large scales, it requires processes that address the outstanding challenges holistically. However, the majority of research focuses on individual aspects such as environmental perception, route planning, operational design, and business models without addressing the challenges in the overall system. This paper conducts a quantitative analysis of the requirements for identified use cases that are considered relevant for the upcoming future. We provide a comprehensive technology overview and derive requirements and specifications for the targeted use cases that are not fulfilled by the current state-of-the-art. The use cases are not only related to last-mile delivery but also long-distance (hub-to-hub) logistics as well as courier and express delivery.}, language = {en} } @article{SalamatElsbacherTonelloetal.2023, author = {Salamat, Babak and Elsbacher, Gerhard and Tonello, Andrea M. and Belzner, Lenz}, title = {Model-Free Distributed Reinforcement Learning State Estimation of a Dynamical System Using Integral Value Functions}, volume = {2}, journal = {IEEE Open Journal of Control Systems}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {Piscataway}, issn = {2694-085X}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1109/OJCSYS.2023.3250089}, pages = {70 -- 78}, year = {2023}, language = {en} } @article{SalamatYaghmaeiElsbacheretal.2023, author = {Salamat, Babak and Yaghmaei, Abolfazl and Elsbacher, Gerhard and Tonello, Andrea M. and Yazdanpanah, Mohammad Javad}, title = {An Innovative Control Design Procedure for Under-Actuated Mechanical Systems: Emphasizing Potential Energy Shaping and Structural Preservation}, volume = {2}, journal = {IEEE Open Journal of Control Systems}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {New York}, issn = {2694-085X}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1109/OJCSYS.2023.3320512}, pages = {356 -- 365}, year = {2023}, abstract = {In this paper, we propose a procedure to solve the controlled design for a class of underactuated mechanical systems. Our proposed method can be viewed as a sub-method of the IDA-PBC or Controlled Lagrangian approaches, with a particular focus on shaping the potential energy. By emphasizing potential energy shaping, we can effectively tackle the bottleneck presented by the matching equation in these approaches. Moreover, our method leverages a suitable coordinate transformation that is inspired by the physics of the system, further enhancing its efficacy. Therefore, our design procedure is based on a coordinate transformation plus potential energy shaping in the new coordinates, and its existence and possibility of potential energy shaping can be verified via some algebraic calculations, making it constructive. To illustrate the results, we consider the cart-pole system and a recently introduced underactuated mechanical system named swash mass pendulum (SMP) [1]. The SMP consists of a pendulum made of a rigid shaft connected to a pair of cross-shafts where two swash masses can move under the action of servo-mechanisms.}, language = {en} } @article{SalamatOlzemElsbacheretal.2024, author = {Salamat, Babak and Olzem, Sebastian-Sven and Elsbacher, Gerhard and Tonello, Andrea M.}, title = {Global Multi-Phase Path Planning Through High-Level Reinforcement Learning}, volume = {3}, journal = {IEEE Open Journal of Control Systems}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {Piscataway}, issn = {2694-085X}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1109/OJCSYS.2024.3435080}, pages = {405 -- 415}, year = {2024}, abstract = {In this paper, we introduce the Global Multi-Phase Path Planning ( GMP3 ) algorithm in planner problems, which computes fast and feasible trajectories in environments with obstacles, considering physical and kinematic constraints. Our approach utilizes a Markov Decision Process (MDP) framework and high-level reinforcement learning techniques to ensure trajectory smoothness, continuity, and compliance with constraints. Through extensive simulations, we demonstrate the algorithm's effectiveness and efficiency across various scenarios. We highlight existing path planning challenges, particularly in integrating dynamic adaptability and computational efficiency. The results validate our method's convergence guarantees using Lyapunov's stability theorem and underscore its computational advantages.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{RodriguezArozamenaMatutePerezetal.2025, author = {Rodr{\´i}guez-Arozamena, Mario and Matute, Jose and P{\´e}rez, Joshu{\´e} and Ozbay, Burcu and Tezcan, Deryanur and Begecarslan, Enes and Mutlukaya, Irem and Mayer, Kevin and Volkersdorfer, Tina and Hof, Hans-Joachim}, title = {A Fail-Safe Decision Architecture for CCAM Applications}, booktitle = {Transport Transitions: Advancing Sustainable and Inclusive Mobility, Proceedings of the 10th TRA Conference, 2024 Dublin, Ireland - Volume 6: Connected Mobility Ecosystems}, editor = {McNally, Ciaran and Carroll, P{\´a}raic and Martinez-Pastor, Beatriz and Ghosh, Bidisha and Efthymiou, Marina and Valantasis-Kanellos, Nikolaos}, publisher = {Springer}, address = {Cham}, isbn = {978-3-032-06763-0}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-06763-0_104}, pages = {731 -- 737}, year = {2025}, abstract = {In the context of Connected, Cooperative, and Automated Mobility (CCAM), precise ego-vehicle positioning and environmental status assessment are crucial. However, these tasks can be susceptible to sensor failures, misuse, and cyberattacks. Automation disengagements and system redundancy are common strategies to achieve Minimum Risk Conditions when failures occur. This paper presents a Fail-Safe decision architecture formulated within the framework of the SELFY project (https://selfy-project.eu/). The main aim is to reduce inaccuracies in GNSS-derived positioning through the incorporation of sensor fusion, AI-guided situational assessment, trajectory planning, and mode decision components. Additionally, the architecture has been designed to enable real-time updates and communication with external entities, including the Vehicle Security Operations Centre.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{NietoOtaeguiPanouetal.2025, author = {Nieto, Marcos and Otaegui, Oihana and Panou, Maria and Birkner, Christian and Vaculin, Ondrej and Rodr{\´i}guez, Ariadna}, title = {AWARE2ALL: Human Centric Interaction and Safety Systems for Increasing the Share of Automated Vehicles}, booktitle = {Transport Transitions: Advancing Sustainable and Inclusive Mobility, Proceedings of the 10th TRA Conference, 2024, Dublin, Ireland-Volume 1: Safe and Equitable Transport}, editor = {McNally, Ciaran and Carroll, P{\´a}raic and Martinez-Pastor, Beatriz and Ghosh, Bidisha and Efthymiou, Marina and Valantasis-Kanellos, Nikolaos}, publisher = {Springer}, address = {Cham}, isbn = {978-3-031-88974-5}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-88974-5_112}, pages = {779 -- 785}, year = {2025}, abstract = {The AWARE2ALL project is designed to address the new challenges of Highly Automated Vehicles (HAVs) from a human-centric perspective. These vehicles will allow occupants to engage in non-driving activities, rising research questions about occupant behavior, activities, and Human-Machine Interfaces (HMI) to keep them aware of the situation and the automation mode. The project aims to ensure safe operation of HAVs by developing safety and HMI systems that provide a holistic understanding of the scene. This includes continuous monitoring of the interior situation and advanced passive safety systems for occupant safety, as well as a surround perception system and external HMI for the safety of Human Road Users (HRUs). AWARE2ALL is paving the way for HAV deployment by effectively addressing changes in road safety and interactions between different road users caused by the emergence of HAVs. It is developing innovative technologies, assessment tools, and methodologies to adapt to new scenarios in mixed traffic. The project builds on previous research and aims to mitigate new safety risks associated with the introduction of HAVs.}, language = {en} } @book{FleischmannSchmidtStaryetal.2012, author = {Fleischmann, Albert and Schmidt, Werner and Stary, Christian and Obermeier, Stefan and B{\"o}rger, Egon}, title = {Subject-Oriented Business Process Management}, publisher = {Springer}, address = {Berlin}, isbn = {978-3-642-32392-8}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-32392-8}, pages = {XVI, 376}, year = {2012}, abstract = {Activities performed in organizations are coordinated via communication between the people involved. The sentences used to communicate are naturally structured by subject, verb, and object. The subject describes the actor, the verb the action and the object what is affected by the action. Subject-oriented Business Process Management (S-BPM) as presented in this book is based on this simple structure which enables process-oriented thinking and process modeling. S-BPM puts the subject of a process at the center of attention and thus deals with business processes and their organizational environment from a new perspective, meeting organizational requirements in a much better way than traditional approaches. Subjects represent agents of an action in a process, which can be either technical or human (e.g. a thread in an IT system or a clerk). A process structures the actions of each subject and coordinates the required communication among the subjects. S-BPM provides a coherent procedural framework to model and analyze business processes: its focus is the cooperation of all stakeholders involved in the strategic, tactical, and operational issues, sharing their knowledge in a networked structure. The authors illustrate how each modeling activity through the whole development lifecycle can be supported through the use of appropriate software tools. The presentation style focuses on professionals in industry, and on students specializing in process management or organizational modeling. Each chapter begins with a summary of key findings and is full of examples, hints, and possible pitfalls. An interpreter model, a toolbox, and a glossary summarizing the main terms complete the book.}, language = {en} } @article{GelnerRotheKykaletal.2022, author = {Gelner, Alexander and Rothe, Dieter and Kykal, Carsten and Irwin, Martin and Sommer, Alessandro and Pastoetter, Christian and H{\"a}rtl, Martin and Jaensch, Malte and Wachtmeister, Georg}, title = {Particle emissions of a heavy-duty engine fueled with polyoxymethylene dimethyl ethers (OME)}, volume = {2}, journal = {Environmental Science: Atmospheres}, number = {2}, publisher = {RSC}, address = {Cambridge}, issn = {2634-3606}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1039/D1EA00084E}, pages = {291 -- 304}, year = {2022}, abstract = {Polyoxymethylene dimethyl ethers (OME) are promising substitutes for fossil diesel fuel. Besides the possibility of closing the carbon cycle, OME also feature soot-free combustion. Although this has been demonstrated sufficiently, nanoparticle emission in OME exhaust is mainly unknown. Many studies provide information about the particle size distribution (PSD) in the exhaust of OME-fueled diesel engines, but lack a distinction between solid particles and particles of a volatile nature. This distinction is necessary in order to evaluate the potential of OME regarding Euro VI and the Euro VII exhaust gas legislation being discussed. This study investigates the PSD of fossil diesel and the OME exhaust of a heavy-duty engine with and without removal of the volatile fraction via a catalytic stripper, by means of a purpose-built sampling system based on proposals from the Particle Measurement Programme (PMP). The experiments showed that most of the nuclei mode investigated in OME operation is of a volatile nature and that the solid particle number (PN) emission is below that of Euro VI diesel operation. Moreover, the results indicate that a state-of-the-art aftertreatment system removes most of the particle emission, regardless of whether it is volatile or solid. Selective catalytic reduction using aqueous urea dosing increases solid particle emission, especially in the sub-23 nm range. However, a PMP-conformant measurement of PN23 and PN10 during WHSC and WHTC runs demonstrated that the PN emission of an OME-fueled engine falls below the average immission level of urban and regional background in Germany.}, language = {en} } @article{GelnerPangWeberetal.2022, author = {Gelner, Alexander and Pang, Genny A. and Weber, Markus and Haisch, Christoph and Beck, Harald A. and Pastoetter, Christian and H{\"a}rtl, Martin and Jaensch, Malte and Wachtmeister, Georg}, title = {Gaseous emissions of a heavy-duty engine fueled with polyoxymethylene dimethyl ethers (OME) in transient cold-start operation and methods for after-treatment system heating}, volume = {1}, journal = {Environmental Science: Advances}, number = {4}, publisher = {RSC}, address = {London}, issn = {2754-7000}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1039/D2VA00080F}, pages = {470 -- 482}, year = {2022}, abstract = {Polyoxymethylene dimethyl ethers (OME) are promising e-fuels for diesel engines, combining carbon-neutral production and low-emission engine operation by virtue of soot-free combustion. The emissions of diesel engines fueled with OME and in blends with diesel have been studied extensively using single-cylinder research engines under laboratory conditions. Emissions from a series engine using an exhaust after-treatment system (ATS) - especially in cold-start operation - are largely unexplored. This study presents investigations conducted using a heavy-duty engine with ATS in a transient driving cycle including cold-start operation. Measurements from a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FT-IR) showed that formaldehyde and formic acid form the largest proportion of the monitored tailpipe exhaust emissions due to incomplete combustion in cold-start operation, as long as the catalysts are below their light-off temperature. Non-target screening using a mass spectrometer for online characterization of both gaseous and aerosol exhaust revealed that unburned OME accounts for the majority of gaseous emissions of heavy species in raw exhaust, independent of cold- or hot-start. The ATS removes OME in the exhaust equally in the cold and the hot run. Additionally, this study presents results with specific measures taken for ATS heating such as electrical heating and fuel dosing - demonstrating that electrical heating in combination with an early start of fuel dosing reduces nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions in the transient driving cycle by 64.9\%, but at the cost of an increase in formaldehyde emission of 58.3\%. A later start of fuel dosing avoids this increase and reduces NOx emissions by 61.8\%.}, language = {en} } @article{OetterProellSievertetal.2024, author = {Oetter, Nicolai and Pr{\"o}ll, Jonas and Sievert, Matti and Goncalves, Miguel and Rohde, Maximilian and Nobis, Christopher-Philipp and Knipfer, Christian and Aubreville, Marc and Pan, Zhaoya and Breininger, Katharina and Maier, Andreas and Kesting, Marco and Stelzle, Florian}, title = {Oral mucosa - an examination map for confocal laser endomicroscopy within the oral cavity: an experimental clinical study}, volume = {28}, pages = {266}, journal = {Clinical Oral Investigations}, number = {5}, publisher = {Springer}, address = {Berlin}, issn = {1436-3771}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s00784-024-05664-9}, year = {2024}, abstract = {Objectives Confocal laser endomicroscopy (CLE) is an optical method that enables microscopic visualization of oral mucosa. Previous studies have shown that it is possible to differentiate between physiological and malignant oral mucosa. However, differences in mucosal architecture were not taken into account. The objective was to map the different oral mucosal morphologies and to establish a "CLE map" of physiological mucosa as baseline for further application of this powerful technology. Materials and methods The CLE database consisted of 27 patients. The following spots were examined: (1) upper lip (intraoral) (2) alveolar ridge (3) lateral tongue (4) floor of the mouth (5) hard palate (6) intercalary line. All sequences were examined by two CLE experts for morphological differences and video quality. Results Analysis revealed clear differences in image quality and possibility of depicting tissue morphologies between the various localizations of oral mucosa: imaging of the alveolar ridge and hard palate showed visually most discriminative tissue morphology. Labial mucosa was also visualized well using CLE. Here, typical morphological features such as uniform cells with regular intercellular gaps and vessels could be clearly depicted. Image generation and evaluation was particularly difficult in the area of the buccal mucosa, the lateral tongue and the floor of the mouth. Conclusion A physiological "CLE map" for the entire oral cavity could be created for the first time. Clinical relevance This will make it possible to take into account the existing physiological morphological features when differentiating between normal mucosa and oral squamous cell carcinoma in future work.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{MulicCepragaGavlitchii2022, author = {Mulic, Andrei and Cepraga, Marcel and Gavlitchii, Daniil}, title = {Aplicarea inovațiilor {\^i}n optimizarea gestiunii investițiilor la nivelul micro și macroeconomic}, booktitle = {Culegere de articole: Conferinţa știinţifică internaţională, "Paradigme moderne {\^i}n dezvoltarea economiei naţionale {\c{s}}i mondiale"}, publisher = {CEP USM}, address = {Chișinău}, isbn = {978-9975-62-488-6}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7543601}, pages = {129 -- 132}, year = {2022}, abstract = {Actuality of the research topic is conditioned by the importance of investment management in the financial management of economic entities. Maintaining the dominant positions in the top of the best performing enterprises at national and international level can be achieved by applying innovations in improving investment management. The research topic aims are to define the models and principles of directing existing investments in world theory and practice and to implement innovations in investment management at the micro-economic level. The purpose and objectives of the research are to the concept of investment and their classification as well as to study the world practice of training and management of portfolio and capital investments. Determine the particularities of the formation of the optimal portfolio structure, the cost-effectiveness-risk relationship and the method of combating the risk of an investment portfolio. And applying innovations in solving the problems of training, management and combating investment risk. In order to achieve the purpose and objectives of the research, the methods of analysis and research that we have used: analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, observation, generalization, the complex and systemic methodological approach of contemporary economic concepts. An important contribution was made by the experts Ulrike B. And Radeke J. From the German Economic team Moldova and the economists from Expert Group, who served as guidance and guidance point throughout the entire study, having at their core essential works that contributed enormously to the consolidation of the research level of that work. The results of the research would allow the identification and understanding of the functioning of a system of training and application of innovations in the process of improvement of the investment management of enterprises in the Republic of Moldova.}, language = {mul} } @book{OPUS4-5673, title = {S-BPM in the Wild}, subtitle = {Practical Value Creation}, editor = {Fleischmann, Albert and Schmidt, Werner and Stary, Christian}, publisher = {Springer}, address = {Cham}, isbn = {978-3-319-17542-3}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-17542-3}, pages = {XIV, 283}, year = {2015}, abstract = {This is the first book to present field studies on the application of subject-oriented business process management (S-BPM). Each case presents a specific story and focuses on an essential modeling or implementation issue, and most end with implications or suggestions for further studies. Significant variables and success factors are identified that were discovered during the respective study and lead to suggesting S-BPM novelties. For each case, the authors explain step-by-step how the story develops, and provide readers guidance by detailing the respective rationale.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Feucht2023, author = {Feucht, Thilo}, title = {Additive Fertigung von Anschlusselementen im Stahlbau mit dem Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing}, publisher = {Technische Universit{\"a}t Darmstadt}, address = {Darmstadt}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-57507}, pages = {196 Seiten in verschiedenen Z{\"a}hlungen}, school = {Technische Universit{\"a}t Darmstadt}, year = {2023}, abstract = {In dieser Arbeit wird untersucht, wie stahlbau{\"u}bliche Anschlusselemente mittels Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM) gefertigt werden k{\"o}nnen. Die Motivation liegt darin, die heutzutage weiterhin {\"u}bliche h{\"a}ndische und zeitaufwendige Baugruppenfertigung durch einen vollautomatisierten Produktionsschritt zu ersetzen, indem die Anschlusselemente direkt auf Stahltr{\"a}ger additiv gefertigt werden. Die Grundlagen und Besonderheiten des WAAM werden daf{\"u}r erl{\"a}utert und beschrieben. Zur Erm{\"o}glichung eines WAAM-gerechten Konstruierens werden Lehrs{\"a}tze im Sinne einer wissenschaftlichen Aussage formuliert. Mit dem pr{\"a}sentierten 8-schrittigen Optimierungsprozess werden die Strukturen der Anschlusselemente ermittelt, sodass das Material statisch optimal ausgenutzt wird und gleichzeitig eine schnelle und fehlerfreie Fertigung gelingt. Im Optimierungsprozess werden die numerische Topologieoptimerung sowie die numerische Traglastanalyse genutzt. Drei Anschlusselemente (Tr{\"a}gerhaken, Lasteinleitungssteife, Spannelement) werden bespielhaft optimiert. Im darauffolgenden Kapitel werden f{\"u}r jene Anschlusselemente geeignete Fertigungsstrategien erarbeitet und die Fertigung mit dem WAAM beschrieben. Die Tragf{\"a}higkeit der Anschlusselemente wird in zerst{\"o}renden Versuchen ermittelt und abschließend in einem Auswertungskapitel mit den numerischen Tragf{\"a}higkeiten verglichen.}, language = {de} } @article{AmmelingGanzRosbachetal.2026, author = {Ammeling, Jonas and Ganz, Jonathan and Rosbach, Emely and Lausser, Ludwig and Bertram, Christof and Breininger, Katharina and Aubreville, Marc}, title = {Benchmarking Foundation Models for Mitotic Figure Classification}, volume = {3}, pages = {2026:003}, journal = {Machine Learning for Biomedical Imaging}, number = {MELBA-BVM 2025 Special Issue}, publisher = {Melba editors}, address = {[s. l.]}, issn = {2766-905X}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.59275/j.melba.2026-a3eb}, pages = {38 -- 55}, year = {2026}, abstract = {The performance of deep learning models is known to scale with data quantity and diversity. In pathology, as in many other medical imaging domains, the availability of labeled images for a specific task is often limited. Self-supervised learning techniques have enabled the use of vast amounts of unlabeled data to train large-scale neural networks, i.e., foundation models, that can address the limited data problem by providing semantically rich feature vectors that can generalize well to new tasks with minimal training effort increasing model performance and robustness. In this work, we investigate the use of foundation models for mitotic figure classification. The mitotic count, which can be derived from this classification task, is an independent prognostic marker for specific tumors and part of certain tumor grading systems. In particular, we investigate the data scaling laws on multiple current foundation models and evaluate their robustness to unseen tumor domains. Next to the commonly used linear probing paradigm, we also adapt the models using low-rank adaptation (LoRA) of their attention mechanisms. We compare all models against end-to-end-trained baselines, both CNNs and Vision Transformers. Our results demonstrate that LoRA-adapted foundation models provide superior performance to those adapted with standard linear probing, reaching performance levels close to 100 \% data availability with only 10 \% of training data. Furthermore, LoRA-adaptation of the most recent foundation models almost closes the out-of-domain performance gap when evaluated on unseen tumor domains. However, full fine-tuning of traditional architectures still yields competitive performance.}, language = {en} } @article{MohanSchoen2026, author = {Mohan, Adithya and Sch{\"o}n, Torsten}, title = {Toward Robust Agents: A Survey of Adversarial Attacks and Defenses in Deep Reinforcement Learning}, volume = {14}, journal = {IEEE Access}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {New York}, issn = {2169-3536}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2026.3657855}, pages = {14481 -- 14497}, year = {2026}, abstract = {Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) has demonstrated remarkable success in autonomous decision-making across diverse domains, including robotics, autonomous driving, and game playing. However, recent studies have uncovered a critical vulnerability: DRL agents are highly susceptible to adversarial attacks that can significantly degrade their performance or lead to catastrophic failure. These attacks exploit different components of the learning pipeline observations, actions, rewards, and policies exposing new challenges unique to DRL compared to supervised learning. This survey provides a comprehensive examination of adversarial threats and corresponding defense mechanisms within the DRL paradigm. This also aims to serve as a foundational reference for researchers and practitioners seeking to understand and mitigate adversarial vulnerabilities in DRL.}, language = {en} } @inbook{SprogiesSchmidt2015, author = {Sprogies, Marc and Schmidt, Werner}, title = {Introducing S-BPM at an IT Service Providers}, booktitle = {S-BPM in the Wild: Practical Value Creation}, editor = {Fleischmann, Albert and Schmidt, Werner and Stary, Christian}, publisher = {Springer}, address = {Cham}, isbn = {978-3-319-17542-3}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-17542-3_4}, pages = {55 -- 74}, year = {2015}, abstract = {IT Service consumers have a clear idea of agile, flexible and transparent service processes to quickly get their needs satisfied. For an IT service provider like WK EDV GmbH this arises the challenge of designing its procedures adequately. For that reason WK decided to consolidate and optimize their service processes. It ran a pilot project to analyze, redesign and newly implement the software deployment process which is part of their overall Application Lifecycle Management (ALM) process. The project team applied Subject-oriented Business Process Management (S-BPM) as methodology and the Metasonic Suite as the respective software toolset in order to gain insights into and experience with the S-BPM environment. This contribution reports on the course of the project, the results and the learnings.}, language = {en} } @unpublished{SalamatMatternOlzemetal.2025, author = {Salamat, Babak and Mattern, Dominik and Olzem, Sebastian-Sven and Elsbacher, Gerhard and Seidel, Christian and Tonello, Andrea M.}, title = {GMP3: Learning-Driven, Bellman-Guided Trajectory Planning for UAVs in Real-Time on SE(3)}, publisher = {arXiv}, address = {Ithaca}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2509.21264}, year = {2025}, abstract = {We propose GMP3, a multiphase global path planning framework that generates dynamically feasible three-dimensional trajectories for unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) operating in cluttered environments. The framework extends traditional path planning from Euclidean position spaces to the Lie group SE(3), allowing joint learning of translational motion and rotational dynamics. A modified Bellman-based operator is introduced to support reinforcement learning (RL) policy updates while leveraging prior trajectory information for improved convergence. GMP3 is designed as a distributed framework in which agents influence each other and share policy information along the trajectory: each agent refines its assigned segment and shares with its neighbors via a consensus-based scheme, enabling cooperative policy updates and convergence toward a path shaped globally even under kinematic constraints. We also propose DroneManager, a modular ground control software that interfaces the planner with real UAV platforms via the MAVLink protocol, supporting real-time deployment and feedback. Simulation studies and indoor flight experiments validate the effectiveness of the proposed method in constrained 3D environments, demonstrating reliable obstacle avoidance and smooth, feasible trajectories across both position and orientation. The open-source implementation is available at https://github.com/Domattee/DroneManager.}, language = {en} } @article{KreilingerZottHemmertetal.2026, author = {Kreilinger, Laurens and Zott, Stefan and Hemmert, Werner and Karg, Sonja}, title = {Dry electrode impedance: a new approach towards improved characterization}, volume = {12}, pages = {025005}, journal = {Biomedical Physics \& Engineering Express}, number = {2}, publisher = {IOP Publishing}, address = {Bristol}, issn = {2057-1976}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1088/2057-1976/ae3e9c}, year = {2026}, abstract = {Electrode-skin impedance plays a crucial role in electrophysiological signal acquisition, influencing signal quality and measurement reliability. We designed a reproducibility measurement setup, using a membrane with a saline solution and a three-electrode Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy measurement setup (range 1 Hz-20 kHz), to mimic the electrode-skin impedance. The system allowed controlled application of pressure to the working electrode (WE) and measurement of all setup parameters. With this setup, reproducible results were achieved, with a standard deviation of 5.5\% of the mean impedance across three builds. Potentiostatic and impedance analyzer measurements with six types of dry electrodes produced comparable results, with an average error of 10\%. The six dry electrode types exhibited impedance variations of up to a factor of 10,000 at low frequencies, depending on material and geometry. Ag/AgCl-coated electrodes exhibited an impedance reduction by a factor of 100 at 1 Hz compared to their uncoated counterparts. The proposed setup provides a standardized and reproducible approach for characterizing electrode impedance across different materials, coatings, and geometries.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{JimenezReyesdelosMozosPereaPanosetal.2025, author = {Jimenez, Victor and Reyes de los Mozos, Mario and Perea Pa{\~n}os, Pau and Fritzsche, Paula Cecilia and Mayer, Kevin and Volkersdorfer, Tina and Hof, Hans-Joachim and Couturier, Christophe and Ernst, Thierry and Zhang, Miao and Saied Mohamed, Mohamed and Rodr{\´i}guez-Arozamena, Mario and Aranguren-Mendieta, I{\~n}igo and P{\´e}rez, Joshu{\´e} and Jousse, Adrien and Murguia, Carlos and van de Wouw, Nathan and Bellessort, Romain and Salami, Behzad and Jevtić, Aleksandar and Bannour, Boutheina and Rodr{\´i}guez Recasens, Manel and Ropero, Isaac and Ozbay, Burcu and Eren, Ali and Bektas, Mustafa and Tezcan, Deryanur and Pilz, Christoph and Haas, Sarah and Lenz, Gernot}, title = {SELFY - Self Assessment, Protection and Healing Tools for a Trustworthy and Resilient CCAM}, booktitle = {Transport Transitions: Advancing Sustainable and Inclusive Mobility, Proceedings of the 10th TRA Conference, 2024 Dublin, Ireland - Volume 6: Connected Mobility Ecosy}, editor = {McNally, Ciaran and Carroll, P{\´a}raic and Martinez-Pastor, Beatriz and Ghosh, Bidisha and Efthymiou, Marina and Valantasis-Kanellos, Nikolaos}, publisher = {Springer}, address = {Cham}, isbn = {978-3-032-06763-0}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-06763-0_106}, pages = {745 -- 751}, year = {2025}, abstract = {SELFY envisions an agnostic toolbox for the self-management of security and resilience of the CCAM (Connected, Cooperative and Automated Mobility) ecosystem, which can be easily deployed to extend the current Operational Design Domain (ODD), providing self-awareness, self-resilience and self-healing mechanisms and enhancing trust between stakeholders. SELFY is based on four pillars: Situational awareness, Resilience, Secure Data Sharing and Trust and provides three groups of tools. SACP (Situational Awareness and Collaborative Perception) tools aim at providing all CCAM actors with a comprehensive understanding of their environment, i.e., the perception of objects, such as other traffic participants and stationary objects. CRHS (Cooperative Resilience and Healing System) tools enable self-protection actions whenever a compromising situation is detected in relation to assets, vehicles, operations, or the system itself. TDMS (Trust and Data Management System) tools establish a secure and trusted environment for data in a collaborative and cooperative context, both for infrastructure and assets, as well as for citizen's data, such as drivers or pedestrians with special attention to privacy considerations. By defining a collaborative environment between the different tools to respond to new threats, risks and attacks SELFY facilitates the comprehension of new challenges in the cybersecurity aspect of CCAMs.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{JimenezReyesdelosMozosPereaPanosetal.2024, author = {Jimenez, Victor and Reyes de los Mozos, Mario and Perea Pa{\~n}os, Pau and Fritzsche, Paula Cecilia and Mayer, Kevin and Volkersdorfer, Tina and Hof, Hans-Joachim and Couturier, Christophe and Ernst, Thierry and Zhang, Miao and Saied Mohamed, Mohamed and Rodr{\´i}guez-Arozamena, Mario and Aranguren-Mendieta, I{\~n}igo and P{\´e}rez, Joshu{\´e} and Jousse, Adrien and Murguia, Carlos and van de Wouw, Nathan and Bellessort, Romain and Salami, Behzad and Jevtić, Aleksandar and Bannour, Boutheina and Rodr{\´i}guez Recasens, Manel and Ropero, Isaac and Ozbay, Burcu and Eren, Ali and Bektas, Mustafa and Tezcan, Deryanur and Pilz, Christoph and Haas, Sarah and Lenz, Gernot}, title = {SELFY - Self Assessment, Protection \& Healing Tools for a Trustworthy and Resilient CCAM}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the Transport Research Arena (TRA2024) Conference}, publisher = {Zenodo}, address = {Genf}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10978183}, year = {2024}, abstract = {SELFY envisions an agnostic toolbox for the self-management of se-curity and resilience of the CCAM (Connected, Cooperative and Automated Mo-bility) ecosystem, which can be easily deployed to extend the current Operational Design Domain (ODD), providing self-awareness, self-resilience and self-heal-ing mechanisms and enhancing trust between stakeholders. SELFY is based on four pillars: Situational awareness, Resilience, Secure Data Sharing and Trust and provides three groups of tools. SACP (Situational Awareness and Collabo-rative Perception) tools aim at providing all CCAM actors with a comprehensive understanding of their environment, i.e., the perception of objects, such as other traffic participants and stationary objects. CRHS (Cooperative Resilience and Healing System) tools enable self-protection actions whenever a compromising situation is detected in relation to assets, vehicles, operations, or the system itself. TDMS (Trust and Data Management System) tools establish a secure and trusted environment for data in a collaborative and cooperative context, both for infra-structure and assets, as well as for citizen's data, such as drivers or pedestrians with special attention to privacy considerations. By defining a collaborative en-vironment between the different tools to respond to new threats, risks and attacks SELFY facilitates the comprehension of new challenges in the cybersecurity as-pect of CCAMs.}, language = {en} } @article{GleissnerKotonski2025, author = {Gleißner, Christian and Kotonski, Julia}, title = {The classification of rigid torus quotients with canonical singularities in dimension three}, volume = {36}, journal = {Rendiconti Lincei: Matematica e Applicazioni}, number = {2}, publisher = {EMS Press}, address = {Berlin}, issn = {1720-0768}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.4171/RLM/1070}, pages = {315 -- 352}, year = {2025}, abstract = {We provide a fine classification of rigid 3-dimensional torus quotients with isolated canonical singularities, up to biholomorphism and diffeomorphism. This complements the classification of Calabi-Yau 3-folds of type III0​, which are those quotients with Gorenstein singularities.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{RadtkeHuberBock2023, author = {Radtke, Maximilian-Peter and Huber, Marco F. and Bock, J{\"u}rgen}, title = {Increasing Robustness of Data-Driven Fault Diagnostics with Knowledge Graphs}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the Annual Conferenceof the PHM Society 2023}, editor = {Kulkarni, Chetan S. and Roychoudhury, Indranil}, publisher = {PHM Society}, address = {Rochester}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.36001/phmconf.2023.v15i1.3552}, year = {2023}, abstract = {In the realm of prognostics and health management (PHM), it is common to possess not only process data but also domain knowledge, which, if integrated into data-driven algorithms, can aid in solving specific tasks. This paper explores the integration of knowledge graphs (KGs) into deep learning models to develop a more resilient approach capable of handling domain shifts, such as variations in machine operating conditions. We present and assess a KG-enhanced deep learning approach in a representative PHM use case, demonstrating its effectiveness by incorporating domain-invariant knowledge through the KG. Furthermore, we provide guidance for constructing a comprehensive hierarchical KG representation that preserves semantic information while facilitating numerical representation. The experimental results showcase the improved performance and domain shift robustness of the KG-enhanced approach in fault diagnostics.}, language = {en} } @article{DaSilvaJuniorMuellerBirkneretal.2026, author = {Da Silva Junior, Amauri and M{\"u}ller, Steffen and Birkner, Christian and Jazar, Reza and Marzbani, Hormoz}, title = {Fault Tolerant Control With Reinforcement Learning for Evasive Maneuvers Using a Scaled Vehicle}, volume = {14}, journal = {IEEE Access}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {New York}, issn = {2169-3536}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2026.3661179}, pages = {21353 -- 21383}, year = {2026}, abstract = {Autonomous vehicle controllers are responsible for handling the vehicle at all times in any situation, including emergency conditions. An emergency might arise from, e.g., adverse weather conditions, short-time detection, and system faults. In this paper, we develop a fault-tolerant controller to handle actuator faults for an over-actuated autonomous vehicle based on reinforcement learning. A worst-case scenario is selected for the controller development, involving short-time detection of the preceding objects, high velocity, and dry to wet road conditions. The design of the vehicle controller is performed in three steps. First, a robust controller based on sliding mode control with lateral and longitudinal coupled strategy was built to ensure stability in emergency scenarios. Secondly, a strategy was proposed to identify the most critical vehicle faults that might lead to a crash. Building on these foundations, this study extends the vehicle controller to handle vehicle faults with a reinforcement learning strategy, enabling adaptive and robust fault handling in complex fault scenarios. The vehicle controller is designed and optimized in IPG-Carmaker®, and proof of concept is carried out in a scaled 1:3.33 test vehicle. The results demonstrate the robustness of the proposed controller in an emergency single-lane change with a velocity of up to 130 km/h. Tests in the scaled vehicle demonstrate the vehicle controller's accuracy against simulation, with the application of reinforcement learning strategy in real-case scenarios.}, language = {en} } @article{VogtMuellerKampaetal.2021, author = {Vogt, Anna and Mueller, Ralph and Kampa, Thomas and Stark, Rainer and Großmann, Daniel}, title = {Concept and architecture for information exchange between digital twins of the product (CPS) and the production system (CPPS)}, journal = {Procedia CIRP}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {Amsterdam}, issn = {2212-8271}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2021.11.217}, pages = {1292 -- 1297}, year = {2021}, abstract = {The Digital Twin concept and CPS- and IIoT-based approaches are increasingly important topics concerning future Industry 4.0 architectures. They offer high potential for dynamical aspects in intelligent production planning and control as well as part traceability and documentation. Standardized information exchange is an upcoming requirement among the whole supply chain. This paper presents a concept for a Digital Twin architecture based on motor production in the automotive industry. The key aspect is an information exchange structure for Digital Twins of products and production systems that are combined using principles of Dynamic Aggregation.}, language = {en} } @unpublished{DoenmezTejerodelaPiedraKloseetal.2026, author = {D{\"o}nmez, {\"O}mer and Tejero de la Piedra, Ricardo and Klose, Simona and Riolet, Matthieu and Rozek, Lukas and Vaculin, Ondrej and Hach, Christian}, title = {Approach for Passive Safety Assessment of Rearward-Sitting Occupants}, publisher = {Zenodo}, address = {Genf}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18338626}, year = {2026}, abstract = {The introduction of highly automated vehicles (HAVs) will allow vehicle occupants to take advantage of new seating configurations, such as sitting rearward in the first row. One critical aspect of assessing occupant safety during high-speed impacts is the lack of a dedicated safety framework for rearward-facing passengers in the first row. This paper introduces a method to develop new assessment criteria for these novel seat configurations. Thus, this research presents some preliminary results of rearward-facing occupant injury biomechanics analyses carried out employing a variety of anthropomorphic test devices (ATDs) and the VIVA+ 50M human body model (HBM), restrained with different belt configurations and considering different seat typologies. It reviews the suitability of 50th percentile male ATDs to capture a biofidelic engagement with the seat structure and belt system and evaluates the reaction loads on the occupant, along with the energy management resulting from seat back rotational stiffness and energy-absorbing foams layered behind the seat cushion. Based on the results, the THOR-AV-50M is a suitable candidate for further biofidelity analysis. Torso occupant loads can be effectively reduced utilizing seat back rotation but pelvis load management requires further studies.}, language = {en} } @article{MayrKnollmeyerJeknicetal.2026, author = {Mayr, Thomas and Knollmeyer, Simon and Jeknic, Isidora and Fink, Leon and Hensel, Ralph and Huber, Marco F. and Großmann, Daniel}, title = {Enhancing Process Planning in the Automotive Industry: Extracting Procedural Knowledge from Assembly Operation Descriptions using Large Language Models}, volume = {2026}, journal = {Procedia CIRP}, number = {138}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {Amsterdam}, issn = {2212-8271}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2026.01.137}, pages = {797 -- 802}, year = {2026}, abstract = {The non-standardized, human-written assembly descriptions have been a long-standing obstacle in the automotive assembly industry, making it difficult to use these data in the planning stage. The paper presents a standardization method based on Large Language Models (LLMs), focusing on consistency and clarity. This approach does not only streamline the planning processes but also facilitates the benchmarking of productivity and process quality across different individual parts and assembly lines, thus enabling comprehensive efficiency analysis and ultimately leading to more informed decision-making. Our method was evaluated at a German OEM in the automotive sector, demonstrating its practical applicability and effectiveness.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{ReumSchmittSummetal.2024, author = {Reum, Tobias and Schmitt, David and Summ, Thorsten and Schrag, Tobias}, title = {Energetic Potential of Parallel Operation of Two Heat Sources in a Dual-Source Heat Pump}, booktitle = {International Sustainable Energy Conference - Proceedings}, editor = {Fink, Christian and Brunner, Christoph}, publisher = {TIB Open Publishing}, address = {Hannover}, issn = {2976-2030}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.52825/isec.v1i.1158}, year = {2024}, abstract = {Dual-source heat pumps can mitigate disadvantages of single source heat pumps: They have fewer geological requirements compared to ground-source heat pumps while having higher efficiencies compared to air-source heat pumps. Parallel operation of two heat sources can also make electric heaters for peak loads obsolete, leading to economic benefits in the operational costs. Parallel operation has not been analysed thoroughly at different evaporation temperature gradients. To address this gap in research, four possible interconnections of two heat sources were analysed using a refrigerant cycle simulation, two with similar and two with separate evaporation pressures. The energetic potential of each interconnection is evaluated and compared to single source operation with an air-source and a ground-source heat pump. The results showed that only the interconnections with separate evaporation pressure allowed significant reduction in evaporation power from the ground source. As expected, the efficiency - compared to single air-source operation - increased for all parallel interconnections but decreased compared to ground-source operation. Efficient peak load coverage with small ground-source collectors therefore requires a more complex interconnection of completely split evaporator branches at different evaporation pressures. While the efficiency and heating power compared to single ground-source operation decreased slightly (by 4\% and 6\%, respectively), the power load on the GSHX and ASHX reduced to about 54\% and 66\% compared to the corresponding single-source operation, respectively. This allows high efficiency at reduced GSHX size and ASHX noise emission. Additionally, this interconnection also allows increased flexibility for improved heat source management.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{MuellerStrobelFaigletal.2024, author = {M{\"u}ller, Simon Nikolaus and Strobel, Rainer and Faigl, Markus and Schrag, Tobias}, title = {Analysis of Industrial 5GDHC System in Ingolstadt}, booktitle = {International Sustainable Energy Conference - Proceedings}, subtitle = {A Step Towards CO2-Neutral Industry}, editor = {Fink, Christian and Brunner, Christoph}, publisher = {TIB Open Publishing}, address = {Hannover}, issn = {2976-2030}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.52825/isec.v1i.1152}, year = {2024}, abstract = {This study comprehensively examines the technical manifestation and planning process for a shared thermal energy network at a 75-hectare industrial area in Ingolstadt. Unlike traditional systems, this (5GDHC) network showcases a smart integration of energy flows across 70 buildings with a yearly heating demand of around 17 GWh and a yearly cooling demand of around 35 GWh. The network spans over 9,100 meters of piping with diameters up to 800 mm. With thermal power from various sources including 1.8 MW waste heat from a data centre and potential for 10 MW from the Danube River, the system epitomizes a dynamic balance of heating and cooling demands. The paper itself examines the planning process of the system and encompasses topics such as defining energy requirements and load profiles, assessing potential energy sources and sinks for enhanced system efficiency, and analysing pipe and network design. Through this investigation, the study provides valuable insights towards a methodology to facilitate the successful implementation of future industrial 5GDHC systems, furthering the cause of sustainable energy.}, language = {en} } @article{BaumFinkFischeretal.2025, author = {Baum, Heinz-Georg and Fink, Christian and Fischer, Thomas M. and G{\"u}nther, Edeltraud and G{\"u}nther, Thomas and Haller, Axel and Kafadar, Kalina and Marten, Kai-Uwe and Schultze, Wolfgang and Wittmann, Robert}, title = {„Konnektivit{\"a}t" als Strukturprinzip akademischen Wirkens von Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. mult. Adolf G. Coenenberg - Ein Nachruf}, volume = {5}, journal = {Schmalenbach Impulse}, publisher = {Schmalenbach-Gesellschaft fur Betriebswirtschaft}, address = {Frechen}, issn = {2749-9804}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.54585/JAEY3059}, year = {2025}, language = {de} } @article{RaisuddinHolmbladHaghighietal.2026, author = {Raisuddin, Abu Mohammed and Holmblad, Jesper and Haghighi, Hamed and Poledna, Yuri and Funk Drechsler, Maikol and Donzella, Valentina and Aksoy, Eren Erdal}, title = {REHEARSE-3D: A Multi-Modal Emulated Rain Dataset for 3D Point Cloud De-Raining}, volume = {26}, pages = {728}, journal = {Sensors}, number = {2}, publisher = {MDPI}, address = {Basel}, issn = {1424-8220}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.3390/s26020728}, year = {2026}, abstract = {Sensor degradation poses a significant challenge in autonomous driving. During heavy rainfall, interference from raindrops can adversely affect the quality of LiDAR point clouds, resulting in, for instance, inaccurate point measurements. This, in turn, can potentially lead to safety concerns if autonomous driving systems are not weather-aware, i.e., if they are unable to discern such changes. In this study, we release a new, large-scale, multi-modal emulated rain dataset, REHEARSE-3D, to promote research advancements in 3D point cloud de-raining. Distinct from the most relevant competitors, our dataset is unique in several respects. First, it is the largest point-wise annotated dataset (9.2 billion annotated points), and second, it is the only one with high-resolution LiDAR data (LiDAR-256) enriched with 4D RADAR point clouds logged in both daytime and nighttime conditions in a controlled weather environment. Furthermore, REHEARSE-3D involves rain-characteristic information, which is of significant value not only for sensor noise modeling but also for analyzing the impact of weather at the point level. Leveraging REHEARSE-3D, we benchmark raindrop detection and removal in fused LiDAR and 4D RADAR point clouds. Our comprehensive study further evaluates the performance of various statistical and deep learning models, where SalsaNext and 3D-OutDet achieve above 94\% IoU for raindrop detection.}, language = {en} } @article{BornschleglKreitleinBregullaetal.2015, author = {Bornschlegl, Martin and Kreitlein, Sven and Bregulla, Markus and Franke, J{\"o}rg}, title = {A method for forecasting the running costs of manufacturing technologies in automotive production during the early planning phase}, volume = {2015}, journal = {Procedia CIRP}, number = {26}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {Amsterdam}, issn = {2212-8271}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2014.07.103}, pages = {412 -- 417}, year = {2015}, abstract = {The running costs of production sites are a decisive factor in the overheads of automotive production. Because of this, it is important for many operators to decrease those costs in a sustainable way. Therefore, they try to reduce both the energy consumption costs of production systems, as well as their maintenance costs. However, most parts of the running costs are already determined during the very early phases of the product creation process. The approach in this paper shows how the decision for a specific manufacturing technology influences the factory costs. It is necessary to determine the life-cycle costs with regard to the manufacturing technology. Therefore, deep knowledge about the process itself and the support processes is required. This paper shows how cost relevant parameters can be identified and introduces a method to determine the prospective costs for maintenance and energy consumption in advance.}, language = {en} } @article{BechtholdRosendahlHuberEddleston2026, author = {Bechthold, Laura and Rosendahl Huber, Laura and Eddleston, Kimberly A.}, title = {Debiasing entrepreneurial careers: A field experiment on female role model effects on entrepreneurial self-efficacy and early-stage career choices}, volume = {41}, pages = {106582}, journal = {Journal of Business Venturing}, number = {3}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {New York}, issn = {1873-2003}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2026.106582}, year = {2026}, abstract = {Women remain underrepresented not only as founders but also as employees - or "joiners" - in young and small firms, limiting their exposure to entrepreneurial environments that often serve as critical pathways to venture creation. To address this gap, we investigate whether introducing female entrepreneur role models in educational settings can shape young women's entrepreneurial self-efficacy and early career choices. Drawing on role congruity theory and social cognitive career theory (SCCT), we conducted a field experiment involving over 430 university students and 98 early-stage entrepreneurs. Using a pre-test/post-test design and longitudinal tracking of early career choices, we explore the causal effects of exogenously assigned female role models on students' decisions to join a young or small firm. We find that exposure to social interactions with female entrepreneurs significantly boosts female students' entrepreneurial self-efficacy. More importantly, women who were paired with a female entrepreneur were over 10\% more likely to join a young firm after graduation compared to those assigned to a male entrepreneur. Mediation analysis confirms that entrepreneurial self-efficacy is a key mechanism linking exposure to same-sex role models with women's decision to join a young firm. These findings highlight the potential of targeted role model interventions to reduce gender disparities in entrepreneurial entry pathways and expand the diversity of entrepreneurial ecosystems.}, language = {en} } @article{MoralesTorricosGallenbergerDroeseetal.2025, author = {Morales Torricos, Pablo and Gallenberger, Andreas and Droese, Dominik and Kowal, Julia and Endisch, Christian and Lewerenz, Meinert}, title = {Analyzing the Impact of Electrolyte Motion Induced Salt Inhomogeneity Effect on Apparent Aging: Role of Current Rates and Temperature Effects in Accelerated Cyclic Aging Tests in Li-Ion Batteries}, volume = {9}, pages = {e202500559}, journal = {Batteries \& Supercaps}, number = {4}, publisher = {Wiley}, address = {Weinheim}, issn = {2566-6223}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/batt.202500559}, year = {2025}, abstract = {Accurate and rapid assessment of lithium-ion battery lifetime is essential for predicting remaining lifespan, enabling the selection of appropriate cells for specific applications and determining suitability for second-life use. However, accelerated cyclic aging tests may underestimate a cell's total lifespan due to exaggerated capacity fade that does not occur under real-world conditions. This increased capacity fade is primarily driven by electrolyte motion induced salt inhomogeneity (EMSI) and loss of homogeneity of lithium distribution (HLD). This study investigates the impact of varying charge and discharge currents on capacity loss during accelerated testing in compressed NMC-Gr pouch cells. Most of the capacity loss observed during cycling is fully recoverable after a resting period, with some cells regaining up to 81\% of their lost capacity. Contrary to expectations, cells subjected to the highest cycling currents do not exhibit the greatest recoverable capacity loss. This phenomenon can be attributed to the interplay between current and temperature: While higher cycling currents exacerbate EMSI and HLD loss, they simultaneously elevate cell temperature, which mitigates EMSI by weakening polarization, enhancing electrolyte salt diffusion and homogenizing lithium distribution in the anode. Consequently, higher temperatures counteract HLD and EMSI-effect and therefore reduce apparent capacity loss.}, language = {en} } @article{AmanciodeMoraesCristofoliDuarteSilvaTancredietal.2024, author = {Am{\^a}ncio de Moraes, Andr{\´e} and Crist{\´o}foli Duarte Silva, Let{\´i}cia and Tancredi, Thiago Pontin and Vasconcellos Ferreira, Cristiano}, title = {Support methodology to the informational and conceptual design of small recreational powerboats}, volume = {13}, journal = {Human Factors in Design}, number = {25}, publisher = {Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina}, address = {Florian{\´o}polis}, issn = {2316-7963}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.5965/2316796313252024165}, pages = {165 -- 186}, year = {2024}, abstract = {This article proposes a methodology for the design of motor recreational boats which are a crucial part of the Brazilian nautical industry. Despite the high demand for these boats, design methodologies for small leisure vessels are not well explored in the literature, leading to not mapped aspects as design information treatment, requirements engineering, and trade-off conflicts. The proposed methodology aims to systematize the obtaining of design specifications, generation and evaluation of solution concepts, employing de- sign support tools. The methodology was evaluated by applying it on a small recreational motorboat, and the results were positively evaluated by nautical industry and academic specialists, leading to acceptation of the methodology and some suggestions for improvement.}, language = {en} } @article{SchwarzRamRohrbeck2019, author = {Schwarz, Jan Oliver and Ram, Camelia and Rohrbeck, Ren{\´e}}, title = {Combining scenario planning and business wargaming to better anticipate future competitive dynamics}, volume = {2019}, journal = {Futures}, number = {105}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {Amsterdam}, issn = {1873-6378}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.futures.2018.10.001}, pages = {133 -- 142}, year = {2019}, abstract = {The deliberate exploration of how the future competitive landscape may evolve is critical to uncovering threats and opportunities for firms that seek to improve their core businesses and advance to a superior position in the markets of the future. While techniques such as business wargaming can effectively support this process, such techniques can benefit from placing competitive considerations within a broader future landscape shaped by geopolitical, social, technological and economic forces. Scenario planning allows for the exploration of interactions across multiple external forces to create a rich set of narratives on how the future may unfold. This paper will discuss the potential of combining scenario planning and business wargaming to enable strategists to anticipate moves and countermoves and foresee their consequences. We use a real-life case study to illustrate how a scenario-planning exercise can guide the crucial stage of selecting relevant future competitors of a firm prior to engaging in a business-war-gaming exercise. We then introduce what we term the prospective competitive strategy process to guide the analysis of potential competitive dynamics, emphasizing the synergies between scenario planning and business wargaming.}, language = {en} }