@inproceedings{GeierHeinl2025, author = {Geier, Johannes and Heinl, Patrizia}, title = {Towards a Metric to Assess Neural Network Resilience Against Adversarial Samples}, booktitle = {Availability, Reliability and Security: ARES 2025 EU Projects Symposium Workshops, Ghent, Belgium, August 11-14, 2025, Proceedings, Part I}, editor = {Skopik, Florian and Naessens, Vincent and De Sutter, Bjorn}, publisher = {Springer}, address = {Cham}, isbn = {978-3-032-00642-4}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-00642-4_16}, pages = {272 -- 290}, year = {2025}, abstract = {Neural networks are vulnerable to adversarial attacks. Existing robustness evaluation methods have notable limitations, which makes robustness assessment challenging. This work explores robustness evaluation techniques and identifies key factors, including distance metrics, loss functions, attack generation algorithms, attacker models, specificity, and computational resources. Building on those factors, a novel robustness metric for classification tasks is proposed. Our metric accounts for both, targeted and untargeted attacks across three attacker models, while incorporating accuracy and loss into a weighted aggregation. The scoring includes robustness-versus-perturbation and loss-versus-perturbation curves. Our robustness metric offers a more reliable evaluation and deeper insights into model vulnerability compared to previous approaches.}, language = {en} } @article{TroeberWelmWeissetal.2019, author = {Tr{\"o}ber, Philipp and Welm, Markus and Weiss, Hannes Alois and Demmel, Peter and Golle, Roland and Volk, Wolfram}, title = {The influence of process parameters and sheet material on the temperature development in the forming zone}, volume = {6}, pages = {9}, journal = {Manufacturing Review}, publisher = {EDP Sciences}, address = {Les Ulis}, issn = {2265-4224}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1051/mfreview/2019005}, year = {2019}, abstract = {Cold metal forming is a fast and economical way of producing a wide range of precise components. Its profitability mainly depends on part quality, process stability, and service intervals of tools. As these factors are all determined by tool wear, detailed process knowledge is indispensable to maximize profitability by minimizing wear. One of the most crucial factors in this context is temperature. During every forming process, a temperature rise occurs between tool and workpiece due to frictional heating and a large part of plastic work dissipating into heat. This phenomenon affects the whole forming process but especially tool wear. Currently, there is little solid information about temperatures occurring during forming operations. Therefore, the temperature was measured based on varying process parameters, sheet materials, and thicknesses in several embossing and blanking examinations. The use of a tool-workpiece thermocouple enabled accurate and instantaneous measurement during the process. The results presented show the strong influence of process and material parameters on temperatures in the forming zone.}, language = {en} } @article{SchrepferSchottTroeberetal.2022, author = {Schrepfer, A and Schott, A and Tr{\"o}ber, Philipp and Keunecke, M and Welm, M and Steinlehner, F and Golle, R and Volk, Wolfram}, title = {Reduction of adhesive wear with use of tool coating reducing thermoelectric currents}, volume = {2024}, pages = {012033}, journal = {IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering}, number = {1238}, publisher = {IOP Publishing}, address = {London}, issn = {1757-8981}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1238/1/012033}, year = {2022}, abstract = {Blanking is one of the main processes in producing sheet metal components. The impact of adhesive wear of the blanking tools on the cost efficiency is high, especially when processing aluminum. As an influencing factor on adhesive wear in blanking, thermoelectric currents have been considered to a very small extent. Recent investigations have shown that thermoelectric currents occur in every blanking tool due to the rise of temperature in the shear zone in interaction with a difference of the material-specific Seebeck coefficients of tool and sheet metal. A reduction in the amount of wear was observed in case of a smaller difference of Seebeck coefficients and therefore lower levels of flowing thermoelectric currents. This paper follows the approach of adjusting the Seebeck coefficient of the tool material CF-H40S+ to the one of the sheet material by means of coating with CrAlN, in order to reduce the flowing thermoelectric currents and consequently adhesive wear. For this purpose, the effect of coating on the Seebeck coefficients, the thermoelectric currents during blanking as well as resulting wear quantities were investigated. Basic correlations could be revealed.}, language = {en} } @article{PrueferWeisserGlushychetal.2025, author = {Pr{\"u}fer, Kevin and Weisser, Eduard and Glushych, Viktor and Tr{\"o}ber, Philipp and Hartmann, Christoph and Volk, Wolfram}, title = {Seebeck Coefficient Modification via Extreme High-Speed Laser Material Deposition for Tool Materials}, volume = {2025}, journal = {Procedia CIRP}, number = {137}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {Amsterdam}, issn = {2212-8271}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2025.02.265}, pages = {265 -- 270}, year = {2025}, abstract = {During blanking and cold forming of metals, thermoelectricity almost always occurs. While thermoelectric voltages can be used for temperature measurement via a tool-workpiece thermocouple, currents significantly influence adhesion formation. In both cases, the thermoelectric behavior of tool and workpiece materials, characterized by the Seebeck coefficient, plays a decisive role. While a large difference in coefficients increases the accuracy of temperature measurement, similar coefficients improve wear behavior. Currently, there is no method to adjust the Seebeck coefficient of materials without experimental procedures, which restricts the selection of tool materials based on their Seebeck coefficient. This study presents a novel approach for adjusting the Seebeck coefficient of tool steels using tailored coatings applied by extreme high-speed laser material deposition (EHLA). Therefore, an analysis was conducted to investigate the effects of chemical composition, substrate material and its heat treatment on the thermoelectric and mechanical behavior of the coating. The results demonstrate that targeted modification via tailored EHLA coatings is possible.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{PlatzKlanDecker2023, author = {Platz, Melanie and Klan, Friederike and Decker, Alexander Johannes}, title = {Developing and promoting search engine literacy in primary education}, booktitle = {Proceedings of 4th International Open Search Symposium \#ossym2022, CERN, Geneva Switzerland, 10-12 October 2022}, editor = {Granitzer, Michael and G{\"u}etl, Christian and Plote, Christine and Voigt, Stefan and Wagner, Andreas}, publisher = {Zenodo}, address = {Genf}, isbn = {978-92-9083-646-9}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8066392}, pages = {43 -- 48}, year = {2023}, language = {en} } @article{AubrevilleStathonikosDonovanetal.2024, author = {Aubreville, Marc and Stathonikos, Nikolas and Donovan, Taryn and Klopfleisch, Robert and Ammeling, Jonas and Ganz, Jonathan and Wilm, Frauke and Veta, Mitko and Jabari, Samir and Eckstein, Markus and Annuscheit, Jonas and Krumnow, Christian and Bozaba, Engin and Cayir, Sercan and Gu, Hongyan and Chen, Xiang and Jahanifar, Mostafa and Shephard, Adam and Kondo, Satoshi and Kasai, Satoshi and Kotte, Sujatha and Saipradeep, Vangala and Lafarge, Maxime W. and Koelzer, Viktor H. and Wang, Ziyue and Zhang, Yongbing and Yang, Sen and Wang, Xiyue and Breininger, Katharina and Bertram, Christof}, title = {Domain generalization across tumor types, laboratories, and species — Insights from the 2022 edition of the Mitosis Domain Generalization Challenge}, volume = {2024}, pages = {103155}, journal = {Medical Image Analysis}, number = {94}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {Amsterdam}, issn = {1361-8423}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.media.2024.103155}, year = {2024}, abstract = {Recognition of mitotic figures in histologic tumor specimens is highly relevant to patient outcome assessment. This task is challenging for algorithms and human experts alike, with deterioration of algorithmic performance under shifts in image representations. Considerable covariate shifts occur when assessment is performed on different tumor types, images are acquired using different digitization devices, or specimens are produced in different laboratories. This observation motivated the inception of the 2022 challenge on MItosis Domain Generalization (MIDOG 2022). The challenge provided annotated histologic tumor images from six different domains and evaluated the algorithmic approaches for mitotic figure detection provided by nine challenge participants on ten independent domains. Ground truth for mitotic figure detection was established in two ways: a three-expert majority vote and an independent, immunohistochemistry-assisted set of labels. This work represents an overview of the challenge tasks, the algorithmic strategies employed by the participants, and potential factors contributing to their success. With an score of 0.764 for the top-performing team, we summarize that domain generalization across various tumor domains is possible with today's deep learning-based recognition pipelines. However, we also found that domain characteristics not present in the training set (feline as new species, spindle cell shape as new morphology and a new scanner) led to small but significant decreases in performance. When assessed against the immunohistochemistry-assisted reference standard, all methods resulted in reduced recall scores, with only minor changes in the order of participants in the ranking.}, language = {en} } @article{GanzMarzahlAmmelingetal.2024, author = {Ganz, Jonathan and Marzahl, Christian and Ammeling, Jonas and Rosbach, Emely and Richter, Barbara and Puget, Chlo{\´e} and Denk, Daniela and Demeter, Elena A. and Tabaran, Flaviu A. and Wasinger, Gabriel and Lipnik, Karoline and Tecilla, Marco and Valentine, Matthew J. and Dark, Michael and Abele, Niklas and Bolfa, Pompei and Erber, Ramona and Klopfleisch, Robert and Merz, Sophie and Donovan, Taryn and Jabari, Samir and Bertram, Christof and Breininger, Katharina and Aubreville, Marc}, title = {Information mismatch in PHH3-assisted mitosis annotation leads to interpretation shifts in H\&E slide analysis}, volume = {14}, pages = {26273}, journal = {Scientific Reports}, number = {1}, publisher = {Springer Nature}, address = {London}, issn = {2045-2322}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-77244-6}, year = {2024}, abstract = {The count of mitotic figures (MFs) observed in hematoxylin and eosin (H\&E)-stained slides is an important prognostic marker, as it is a measure for tumor cell proliferation. However, the identification of MFs has a known low inter-rater agreement. In a computer-aided setting, deep learning algorithms can help to mitigate this, but they require large amounts of annotated data for training and validation. Furthermore, label noise introduced during the annotation process may impede the algorithms' performance. Unlike H\&E, where identification of MFs is based mainly on morphological features, the mitosis-specific antibody phospho-histone H3 (PHH3) specifically highlights MFs. Counting MFs on slides stained against PHH3 leads to higher agreement among raters and has therefore recently been used as a ground truth for the annotation of MFs in H\&E. However, as PHH3 facilitates the recognition of cells indistinguishable from H\&E staining alone, the use of this ground truth could potentially introduce an interpretation shift and even label noise into the H\&E-related dataset, impacting model performance. This study analyzes the impact of PHH3-assisted MF annotation on inter-rater reliability and object level agreement through an extensive multi-rater experiment. Subsequently, MF detectors, including a novel dual-stain detector, were evaluated on the resulting datasets to investigate the influence of PHH3-assisted labeling on the models' performance. We found that the annotators' object-level agreement significantly increased when using PHH3-assisted labeling (F1: 0.53 to 0.74). However, this enhancement in label consistency did not translate to improved performance for H\&E-based detectors, neither during the training phase nor the evaluation phase. Conversely, the dual-stain detector was able to benefit from the higher consistency. This reveals an information mismatch between the H\&E and PHH3-stained images as the cause of this effect, which renders PHH3-assisted annotations not well-aligned for use with H\&E-based detectors. Based on our findings, we propose an improved PHH3-assisted labeling procedure.}, language = {en} } @article{HaghoferParlakBarteletal.2024, author = {Haghofer, Andreas and Parlak, Eda and Bartel, Alexander and Donovan, Taryn and Assenmacher, Charles-Antoine and Bolfa, Pompei and Dark, Michael and Fuchs-Baumgartinger, Andrea and Klang, Andrea and J{\"a}ger, Kathrin and Klopfleisch, Robert and Merz, Sophie and Richter, Barbara and Schulman, F. Yvonne and Janout, Hannah and Ganz, Jonathan and Scharinger, Josef and Aubreville, Marc and Winkler, Stephan M. and Kiupel, Matti and Bertram, Christof}, title = {Nuclear pleomorphism in canine cutaneous mast cell tumors: Comparison of reproducibility and prognostic relevance between estimates, manual morphometry, and algorithmic morphometry}, volume = {62}, journal = {Veterinary Pathology}, number = {2}, publisher = {Sage}, address = {London}, issn = {1544-2217}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1177/03009858241295399}, pages = {161 -- 177}, year = {2024}, abstract = {Variation in nuclear size and shape is an important criterion of malignancy for many tumor types; however, categorical estimates by pathologists have poor reproducibility. Measurements of nuclear characteristics can improve reproducibility, but current manual methods are time-consuming. The aim of this study was to explore the limitations of estimates and develop alternative morphometric solutions for canine cutaneous mast cell tumors (ccMCTs). We assessed the following nuclear evaluation methods for accuracy, reproducibility, and prognostic utility: (1) anisokaryosis estimates by 11 pathologists; (2) gold standard manual morphometry of at least 100 nuclei; (3) practicable manual morphometry with stratified sampling of 12 nuclei by 9 pathologists; and (4) automated morphometry using deep learning-based segmentation. The study included 96 ccMCTs with available outcome information. Inter-rater reproducibility of anisokaryosis estimates was low (k = 0.226), whereas it was good (intraclass correlation = 0.654) for practicable morphometry of the standard deviation (SD) of nuclear size. As compared with gold standard manual morphometry (area under the ROC curve [AUC] = 0.839, 95\% confidence interval [CI] = 0.701-0.977), the prognostic value (tumor-specific survival) of SDs of nuclear area for practicable manual morphometry and automated morphometry were high with an AUC of 0.868 (95\% CI = 0.737-0.991) and 0.943 (95\% CI = 0.889-0.996), respectively. This study supports the use of manual morphometry with stratified sampling of 12 nuclei and algorithmic morphometry to overcome the poor reproducibility of estimates. Further studies are needed to validate our findings, determine inter-algorithmic reproducibility and algorithmic robustness, and explore tumor heterogeneity of nuclear features in entire tumor sections.}, language = {en} } @article{StathonikosAubrevilledeVriesetal.2024, author = {Stathonikos, Nikolas and Aubreville, Marc and de Vries, Sjoerd and Wilm, Frauke and Bertram, Christof and Veta, Mitko and van Diest, Paul J}, title = {Breast cancer survival prediction using an automated mitosis detection pipeline}, volume = {10}, pages = {e70008}, journal = {The Journal of Pathology: Clinical Research}, number = {6}, publisher = {Wiley}, address = {Chichester}, issn = {2056-4538}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/2056-4538.70008}, year = {2024}, abstract = {AbstractMitotic count (MC) is the most common measure to assess tumor proliferation in breast cancer patients and is highly predictive of patient outcomes. It is, however, subject to inter- and intraobserver variation and reproducibility challenges that may hamper its clinical utility. In past studies, artificial intelligence (AI)-supported MC has been shown to correlate well with traditional MC on glass slides. Considering the potential of AI to improve reproducibility of MC between pathologists, we undertook the next validation step by evaluating the prognostic value of a fully automatic method to detect and count mitoses on whole slide images using a deep learning model. The model was developed in the context of the Mitosis Domain Generalization Challenge 2021 (MIDOG21) grand challenge and was expanded by a novel automatic area selector method to find the optimal mitotic hotspot and calculate the MC per 2 mm2. We employed this method on a breast cancer cohort with long-term follow-up from the University Medical Centre Utrecht (N = 912) and compared predictive values for overall survival of AI-based MC and light-microscopic MC, previously assessed during routine diagnostics. The MIDOG21 model was prognostically comparable to the original MC from the pathology report in uni- and multivariate survival analysis. In conclusion, a fully automated MC AI algorithm was validated in a large cohort of breast cancer with regard to retained prognostic value compared with traditional light-microscopic MC.}, language = {en} } @article{GlahnHaghoferDonovanetal.2024, author = {Glahn, Imaine and Haghofer, Andreas and Donovan, Taryn and Degasperi, Brigitte and Bartel, Alexander and Kreilmeier-Berger, Theresa and Hyndman, Philip S. and Janout, Hannah and Assenmacher, Charles-Antoine and Bartenschlager, Florian and Bolfa, Pompei and Dark, Michael and Klang, Andrea and Klopfleisch, Robert and Merz, Sophie and Richter, Barbara and Schulman, F. Yvonne and Ganz, Jonathan and Scharinger, Josef and Aubreville, Marc and Winkler, Stephan M. and Bertram, Christof}, title = {Automated Nuclear Morphometry: A Deep Learning Approach for Prognostication in Canine Pulmonary Carcinoma to Enhance Reproducibility}, volume = {11}, pages = {278}, journal = {Veterinary Sciences}, number = {6}, publisher = {MDPI}, address = {Basel}, issn = {2306-7381}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11060278}, year = {2024}, abstract = {The integration of deep learning-based tools into diagnostic workflows is increasingly prevalent due to their efficiency and reproducibility in various settings. We investigated the utility of automated nuclear morphometry for assessing nuclear pleomorphism (NP), a criterion of malignancy in the current grading system in canine pulmonary carcinoma (cPC), and its prognostic implications. We developed a deep learning-based algorithm for evaluating NP (variation in size, i.e., anisokaryosis and/or shape) using a segmentation model. Its performance was evaluated on 46 cPC cases with comprehensive follow-up data regarding its accuracy in nuclear segmentation and its prognostic ability. Its assessment of NP was compared to manual morphometry and established prognostic tests (pathologists' NP estimates (n = 11), mitotic count, histological grading, and TNM-stage). The standard deviation (SD) of the nuclear area, indicative of anisokaryosis, exhibited good discriminatory ability for tumor-specific survival, with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.80 and a hazard ratio (HR) of 3.38. The algorithm achieved values comparable to manual morphometry. In contrast, the pathologists' estimates of anisokaryosis resulted in HR values ranging from 0.86 to 34.8, with slight inter-observer reproducibility (k = 0.204). Other conventional tests had no significant prognostic value in our study cohort. Fully automated morphometry promises a time-efficient and reproducible assessment of NP with a high prognostic value. Further refinement of the algorithm, particularly to address undersegmentation, and application to a larger study population are required.}, language = {en} } @article{GanzAmmelingJabarietal.2024, author = {Ganz, Jonathan and Ammeling, Jonas and Jabari, Samir and Breininger, Katharina and Aubreville, Marc}, title = {Re-identification from histopathology images}, volume = {2025}, pages = {103335}, journal = {Medical Image Analysis}, number = {99}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {Amsterdam}, issn = {1361-8423}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.media.2024.103335}, year = {2024}, abstract = {In numerous studies, deep learning algorithms have proven their potential for the analysis of histopathology images, for example, for revealing the subtypes of tumors or the primary origin of metastases. These models require large datasets for training, which must be anonymized to prevent possible patient identity leaks. This study demonstrates that even relatively simple deep learning algorithms can re-identify patients in large histopathology datasets with substantial accuracy. In addition, we compared a comprehensive set of state-of-the-art whole slide image classifiers and feature extractors for the given task. We evaluated our algorithms on two TCIA datasets including lung squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) and lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). We also demonstrate the algorithm's performance on an in-house dataset of meningioma tissue. We predicted the source patient of a slide with 𝐹1 scores of up to 80.1\% and 77.19\% on the LSCC and LUAD datasets, respectively, and with 77.09\% on our meningioma dataset. Based on our findings, we formulated a risk assessment scheme to estimate the risk to the patient's privacy prior to publication.}, language = {en} } @article{WilmIhlingMehesetal.2023, author = {Wilm, Frauke and Ihling, Christian and M{\´e}hes, G{\´a}bor and Terracciano, Luigi and Puget, Chlo{\´e} and Klopfleisch, Robert and Sch{\"u}ffler, Peter and Aubreville, Marc and Maier, Andreas and Mrowiec, Thomas and Breininger, Katharina}, title = {Pan-tumor T-lymphocyte detection using deep neural networks: Recommendations for transfer learning in immunohistochemistry}, volume = {2023}, pages = {100301}, journal = {Journal of Pathology Informatics}, number = {14}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {Amsterdam}, issn = {2153-3539}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpi.2023.100301}, year = {2023}, abstract = {The success of immuno-oncology treatments promises long-term cancer remission for an increasing number of patients. The response to checkpoint inhibitor drugs has shown a correlation with the presence of immune cells in the tumor and tumor microenvironment. An in-depth understanding of the spatial localization of immune cells is therefore critical for understanding the tumor's immune landscape and predicting drug response. Computer-aided systems are well suited for efficiently quantifying immune cells in their spatial context. Conventional image analysis approaches are often based on color features and therefore require a high level of manual interaction. More robust image analysis methods based on deep learning are expected to decrease this reliance on human interaction and improve the reproducibility of immune cell scoring. However, these methods require sufficient training data and previous work has reported low robustness of these algorithms when they are tested on out-of-distribution data from different pathology labs or samples from different organs. In this work, we used a new image analysis pipeline to explicitly evaluate the robustness of marker-labeled lymphocyte quantification algorithms depending on the number of training samples before and after being transferred to a new tumor indication. For these experiments, we adapted the RetinaNet architecture for the task of T-lymphocyte detection and employed transfer learning to bridge the domain gap between tumor indications and reduce the annotation costs for unseen domains. On our test set, we achieved human-level performance for almost all tumor indications with an average precision of 0.74 in-domain and 0.72-0.74 cross-domain. From our results, we derive recommendations for model development regarding annotation extent, training sample selection, and label extraction for the development of robust algorithms for immune cell scoring. By extending the task of marker-labeled lymphocyte quantification to a multi-class detection task, the pre-requisite for subsequent analyses, e.g., distinguishing lymphocytes in the tumor stroma from tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, is met.}, language = {en} } @article{FragosoGarciaWilmBertrametal.2023, author = {Fragoso-Garcia, Marco and Wilm, Frauke and Bertram, Christof and Merz, Sophie and Schmidt, Anja and Donovan, Taryn and Fuchs-Baumgartinger, Andrea and Bartel, Alexander and Marzahl, Christian and Diehl, Laura and Puget, Chloe and Maier, Andreas and Aubreville, Marc and Breininger, Katharina and Klopfleisch, Robert}, title = {Automated diagnosis of 7 canine skin tumors using machine learning on H\&E-stained whole slide images}, volume = {60}, journal = {Veterinary Pathology}, number = {6}, publisher = {Sage}, address = {London}, issn = {0300-9858}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1177/03009858231189205}, pages = {865 -- 875}, year = {2023}, abstract = {Microscopic evaluation of hematoxylin and eosin-stained slides is still the diagnostic gold standard for a variety of diseases, including neoplasms. Nevertheless, intra- and interrater variability are well documented among pathologists. So far, computer assistance via automated image analysis has shown potential to support pathologists in improving accuracy and reproducibility of quantitative tasks. In this proof of principle study, we describe a machine-learning-based algorithm for the automated diagnosis of 7 of the most common canine skin tumors: trichoblastoma, squamous cell carcinoma, peripheral nerve sheath tumor, melanoma, histiocytoma, mast cell tumor, and plasmacytoma. We selected, digitized, and annotated 350 hematoxylin and eosin-stained slides (50 per tumor type) to create a database divided into training, n = 245 whole-slide images (WSIs), validation ( n = 35 WSIs), and test sets ( n = 70 WSIs). Full annotations included the 7 tumor classes and 6 normal skin structures. The data set was used to train a convolutional neural network (CNN) for the automatic segmentation of tumor and nontumor classes. Subsequently, the detected tumor regions were classified patch-wise into 1 of the 7 tumor classes. A majority of patches-approach led to a tumor classification accuracy of the network on the slide-level of 95\% (133/140 WSIs), with a patch-level precision of 85\%. The same 140 WSIs were provided to 6 experienced pathologists for diagnosis, who achieved a similar slide-level accuracy of 98\% (137/140 correct majority votes). Our results highlight the feasibility of artificial intelligence-based methods as a support tool in diagnostic oncologic pathology with future applications in other species and tumor types.}, language = {en} } @article{KruegelAmmelingAubrevilleetal.2024, author = {Kr{\"u}gel, Sebastian and Ammeling, Jonas and Aubreville, Marc and Fritz, Alexis and Kießig, Angelika and Uhl, Matthias}, title = {Perceived responsibility in AI-supported medicine}, volume = {40}, journal = {AI \& Society: Journal of Knowledge, Culture and Communication}, publisher = {Springer}, address = {London}, issn = {1435-5655}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-024-01972-6}, pages = {1485 -- 1495}, year = {2024}, abstract = {In a representative vignette study in Germany with 1,653 respondents, we investigated laypeople's attribution of moral responsibility in collaborative medical diagnosis. Specifically, we compare people's judgments in a setting in which physicians are supported by an AI-based recommender system to a setting in which they are supported by a human colleague. It turns out that people tend to attribute moral responsibility to the artificial agent, although this is traditionally considered a category mistake in normative ethics. This tendency is stronger when people believe that AI may become conscious at some point. In consequence, less responsibility is attributed to human agents in settings with hybrid diagnostic teams than in settings with human-only diagnostic teams. Our findings may have implications for behavior exhibited in contexts of collaborative medical decision making with AI-based as opposed to human recommenders because less responsibility is attributed to agents who have the mental capacity to care about outcomes.}, language = {en} } @article{SievertAubrevilleGostianetal.2022, author = {Sievert, Matti and Aubreville, Marc and Gostian, Antoniu-Oreste and Mantsopoulos, Konstantinos and Koch, Michael and M{\"u}ller, Sarina K. and Eckstein, Markus and Rupp, Robin and Stelzle, Florian and Oetter, Nicolai and Maier, Andreas and Iro, Heinrich and Goncalves, Miguel}, title = {Validity of tissue homogeneity in confocal laser endomicroscopy on the diagnosis of laryngeal and hypopharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma}, volume = {279}, journal = {European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology and Head \& Neck}, number = {8}, publisher = {Springer Nature}, address = {Cham}, issn = {1434-4726}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s00405-022-07304-y}, pages = {4147 -- 4156}, year = {2022}, abstract = {Purpose Confocal laser endomicroscopy (CLE) allows imaging of the laryngeal mucosa in a thousand-fold magnification. This study analyzes differences in tissue homogeneity between healthy mucosa and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) via CLE. Materials and methods We included five SCC patients with planned total laryngectomy in this study between October 2020 and February 2021. We captured CLE scans of the tumor and healthy mucosa. Analysis of image homogeneity to diagnose SCC was performed by measuring the signal intensity in four regions of interest (ROI) in each frame in a total of 60 sequences. Each sequence was assigned to the corresponding histological pattern, derived from hematoxylin and eosin staining. In addition, we recorded the subjective evaluation of seven investigators regarding tissue homogeneity. Results Out of 3600 images, 1620 (45\%) correlated with benign mucosa and 1980 (55\%) with SCC. ROIs of benign mucosa and SCC had a mean and standard deviation (SD) of signal intensity of, respectively, 232.1 ± 3.34 and 467.3 ± 9.72 (P < 0.001). The mean SD between the four different ROIs was 39.1 ± 1.03 for benign and 101.5 ± 2.6 for SCC frames (P < 0.001). In addition, homogeneity yielded a sensitivity and specificity of 81.8\% and 86.2\%, respectively, regarding the investigator-dependent analysis. Conclusions SCC shows a significant tissue inhomogeneity in comparison to the healthy epithelium. The results support this feature's importance in identifying malignant mucosa areas during CLE examination. However, the examiner-dependent evaluation emphasizes that homogeneity is a sub-criterion that must be considered in a broad context.}, language = {en} } @article{SievertMantsopoulosMuelleretal.2021, author = {Sievert, Matti and Mantsopoulos, Konstantinos and M{\"u}ller, Sarina K. and Rupp, Robin and Eckstein, Markus and Stelzle, Florian and Oetter, Nicolai and Maier, Andreas and Aubreville, Marc and Iro, Heinrich and Goncalves, Miguel}, title = {Validation of a classification and scoring system for the diagnosis of laryngeal and pharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas by confocal laser endomicroscopy}, volume = {2022}, journal = {Brazilian Journal of Otorhinolaryngology}, number = {88, S4}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {Amsterdam}, issn = {1808-8694}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjorl.2021.06.002}, pages = {26 -- 32}, year = {2021}, abstract = {Introduction Confocal laser endomicroscopy is an optical imaging technique that allows in vivo, real-time, microscope-like images of the upper aerodigestive tract's mucosa. The assessment of morphological tissue characteristics for the correct differentiation between healthy and malignant suspected mucosa requires strict evaluation criteria. Objective This study aims to validate an eight-point score for the correct assessment of malignancy. Methods We performed confocal laser endomicroscopy between March and October 2020 in 13 patients. 197 sequences (11.820 images) originated from the marginal area of pharyngeal and laryngeal carcinomas. Specimens were taken at corresponding locations and analyzed in H\&E staining as a standard of reference. A total of six examiners evaluated the sequences based on a scoring system; they were blinded to the histopathological examination. The primary endpoints are sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy. Secondary endpoints are interrater reliability and receiver operator characteristics. Results Healthy mucosa showed epithelium with uniform size and shape with distinct cytoplasmic membranes and regular vessel architecture. Confocal laser endomicroscopy of malignant cells demonstrated a disorganized arrangement of variable cellular morphology. We calculated an accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of 83.2\%, 81.3\%, 85.5\%, 86.7\%, and 79.7\%, respectively, with a κ-value of 0.64, and an area under the curve of 0.86. Conclusion The results confirm that this scoring system is applicable in the laryngeal and pharyngeal mucosa to classify benign and malignant tissue. A scoring system based on defined and reproducible characteristics can help translate this experimental method to broad clinical practice in head and neck diagnosis.}, language = {en} } @article{SievertEcksteinMantsopoulosetal.2021, author = {Sievert, Matti and Eckstein, Markus and Mantsopoulos, Konstantinos and M{\"u}ller, Sarina K. and Stelzle, Florian and Aubreville, Marc and Oetter, Nicolai and Maier, Andreas and Iro, Heinrich and Goncalves, Miguel}, title = {Impact of intraepithelial capillary loops and atypical vessels in confocal laser endomicroscopy for the diagnosis of laryngeal and hypopharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma}, volume = {279}, journal = {European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology and Head \& Neck}, number = {4}, publisher = {Springer Nature}, address = {Cham}, issn = {1434-4726}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s00405-021-06954-8}, pages = {2029 -- 2037}, year = {2021}, abstract = {Purpose Confocal laser endomicroscopy (CLE) allows surface imaging of the laryngeal and pharyngeal mucosa in vivo at a thousand-fold magnification. This study aims to compare irregular blood vessels and intraepithelial capillary loops in healthy mucosa and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) via CLE. Materials and methods We included ten patients with confirmed SCC and planned total laryngectomy in this study between March 2020 and February 2021. CLE images of these patients were collected and compared with the corresponding histology in hematoxylin and eosin staining. We analyzed the characteristic endomicroscopic patterns of blood vessels and intraepithelial capillary loops for the diagnosis of SCC. Results In a total of 54 sequences, we identified 243 blood vessels which were analyzed regarding structure, diameter, and Fluorescein leakage, confirming that irregular, corkscrew-like vessels (24.4\% vs. 1.3\%; P < .001), dilated intraepithelial capillary loops (90.8\% vs. 28.7\%; P < .001), and increased capillary leakage (40.7\% vs. 2.5\%; P < .001), are significantly more frequently detected in SCC compared to the healthy epithelium. We defined a vessel diameter of 30 μm in capillary loops as a cut-off value, obtaining a sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV and accuracy of 90.6\%, 71.3\%, 57.4\%, 94.7\%, and 77.1\%, respectively, for the detection of malignancy based solely on capillary architecture. Conclusion Capillaries within malignant lesions are fundamentally different from those in healthy mucosa regions. The capillary architecture is a significant feature aiding the identification of malignant mucosa areas during in-vivo, real-time CLE examination.}, language = {en} } @article{BertramMarzahlBarteletal.2022, author = {Bertram, Christof and Marzahl, Christian and Bartel, Alexander and Stayt, Jason and Bonsembiante, Federico and Beeler-Marfisi, Janet and Barton, Ann K. and Brocca, Ginevra and Gelain, Maria Elena and Gl{\"a}sel, Agnes C. and du Preez, Kelly and Weiler, Kristina and Weissenbacher-Lang, Christiane and Breininger, Katharina and Aubreville, Marc and Maier, Andreas and Klopfleisch, Robert and Hill, Jenny}, title = {Cytologic scoring of equine exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage: Performance of human experts and a deep learning-based algorithm}, volume = {60}, journal = {Veterinary Pathology}, number = {1}, publisher = {Sage}, address = {London}, issn = {1544-2217}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1177/03009858221137582}, pages = {75 -- 85}, year = {2022}, abstract = {Exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage (EIPH) is a relevant respiratory disease in sport horses, which can be diagnosed by examination of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) cells using the total hemosiderin score (THS). The aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy and reproducibility of annotators and to validate a deep learning-based algorithm for the THS. Digitized cytological specimens stained for iron were prepared from 52 equine BALF samples. Ten annotators produced a THS for each slide according to published methods. The reference methods for comparing annotator's and algorithmic performance included a ground truth dataset, the mean annotators' THSs, and chemical iron measurements. Results of the study showed that annotators had marked interobserver variability of the THS, which was mostly due to a systematic error between annotators in grading the intracytoplasmatic hemosiderin content of individual macrophages. Regarding overall measurement error between the annotators, 87.7\% of the variance could be reduced by using standardized grades based on the ground truth. The algorithm was highly consistent with the ground truth in assigning hemosiderin grades. Compared with the ground truth THS, annotators had an accuracy of diagnosing EIPH (THS of < or ≥ 75) of 75.7\%, whereas, the algorithm had an accuracy of 92.3\% with no relevant differences in correlation with chemical iron measurements. The results show that deep learning-based algorithms are useful for improving reproducibility and routine applicability of the THS. For THS by experts, a diagnostic uncertainty interval of 40 to 110 is proposed. THSs within this interval have insufficient reproducibility regarding the EIPH diagnosis.}, language = {en} } @article{MarzahlAubrevilleBertrametal.2021, author = {Marzahl, Christian and Aubreville, Marc and Bertram, Christof and Maier, Jennifer and Bergler, Christian and Kr{\"o}ger, Christine and Voigt, J{\"o}rn and Breininger, Katharina and Klopfleisch, Robert and Maier, Andreas}, title = {EXACT: a collaboration toolset for algorithm-aided annotation of images with annotation version control}, volume = {11}, pages = {4343}, journal = {Scientific Reports}, publisher = {Springer Nature}, address = {London}, issn = {2045-2322}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-83827-4}, year = {2021}, abstract = {In many research areas, scientific progress is accelerated by multidisciplinary access to image data and their interdisciplinary annotation. However, keeping track of these annotations to ensure a high-quality multi-purpose data set is a challenging and labour intensive task. We developed the open-source online platform EXACT (EXpert Algorithm Collaboration Tool) that enables the collaborative interdisciplinary analysis of images from different domains online and offline. EXACT supports multi-gigapixel medical whole slide images as well as image series with thousands of images. The software utilises a flexible plugin system that can be adapted to diverse applications such as counting mitotic figures with a screening mode, finding false annotations on a novel validation view, or using the latest deep learning image analysis technologies. This is combined with a version control system which makes it possible to keep track of changes in the data sets and, for example, to link the results of deep learning experiments to specific data set versions. EXACT is freely available and has already been successfully applied to a broad range of annotation tasks, including highly diverse applications like deep learning supported cytology scoring, interdisciplinary multi-centre whole slide image tumour annotation, and highly specialised whale sound spectroscopy clustering.}, language = {en} } @article{SievertStelzleAubrevilleetal.2021, author = {Sievert, Matti and Stelzle, Florian and Aubreville, Marc and M{\"u}ller, Sarina K. and Eckstein, Markus and Oetter, Nicolai and Maier, Andreas and Mantsopoulos, Konstantinos and Iro, Heinrich and Goncalves, Miguel}, title = {Intraoperative free margins assessment of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma with confocal laser endomicroscopy: a pilot study}, volume = {278}, journal = {European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology and Head \& Neck}, number = {11}, publisher = {Springer Nature}, address = {Cham}, issn = {1434-4726}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s00405-021-06659-y}, pages = {4433 -- 4439}, year = {2021}, abstract = {Purpose This pilot study aimed to assess the feasibility of intraoperative assessment of safe margins with confocal laser endomicroscopy (CLE) during oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) surgery. Methods We included five consecutive patients confirmed OPSCC and planned tumor resection in September and October 2020. Healthy appearing mucosa in the marginal zone, and the tumor margin, were examined with CLE and biopsy during tumor resection. A total of 12,809 CLE frames were correlated with the gold standard of hematoxylin and eosin staining. Three head and neck surgeons and one pathologist were asked to identify carcinoma in a sample of 169 representative images, blinded to the histological results. Results Healthy mucosa showed epithelium with uniform size and shape with distinct cytoplasmic membranes and regular vessel architecture. CLE optical biopsy of OPSCC demonstrated a disorganized arrangement of variable cellular morphology. We calculated an accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV of 86\%, 90\%, 79\%, 88\%, and 82\%, respectively, with inter-rater reliability and κ-value of 0.60. Conclusion CLE can be easily integrated into the intraoperative setting, generate real-time, in-vivo microscopic images of the oropharynx for evaluation and demarcation of cancer. It can eventually contribute to a less radical approach by enabling a more precise evaluation of the cancer margin.}, language = {en} } @article{HaryantoVaculin2025, author = {Haryanto, Aditya and Vaculin, Ondrej}, title = {YoFlow Method for Scenario Based Automatic Accident Detection}, volume = {7}, journal = {IEEE Open Journal of Intelligent Transportation Systems}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {New York}, issn = {2687-7813}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1109/OJITS.2025.3639557}, pages = {61 -- 73}, year = {2025}, abstract = {Recent advances in sensor and computing technologies have enabled road side units (RSUs) to not only monitor traffic flow but also process data in real time to improve road safety. However, leveraging RSUs for proactive accident detection remains a challenging and underexplored task, partly due to the lack of diverse accident data. To address this, this study proposes two key contributions: (i) a scenario-based synthetic data generation framework, and (ii) YoFlow, a novel system for vehicle-tovehicle accident detection from a simulated RSU camera perspective. The proposed framework leverages the PEGASUS method for scenario generation strategy and BeamNG.tech for generating synthetic traffic videos. This approach led to the development of the SB-SIF dataset, which includes five representative intersection crash scenarios derived from German accident data. The SB-SIF dataset contains 914 crash videos, 123 near-miss events, and 924 normal traffic instances and is publicly available at: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15267252. The proposed YoFlow system identifies accidents by analyzing temporal variations in vehicle speed vectors, using YOLO for vehicle classification and CUDA-accelerated dense optical flow to capture abrupt motion changes. The extracted features are processed and classified using an XGBoost model, achieving 94\% recall and 90\% precision in accident detection.}, language = {en} } @article{KauppHuber2025, author = {Kaupp, Sabine and Huber, Florian}, title = {Does mental model similarity equal innovation team performance?}, volume = {22}, journal = {Innovation \& Management Review}, number = {4}, publisher = {Emerald}, address = {Bingley}, issn = {2515-8961}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1108/INMR-09-2023-0152}, pages = {280 -- 292}, year = {2025}, abstract = {Purpose This paper addresses challenges and opportunities of interdisciplinary teamwork in innovation management, focusing on how team mental models (TMMs) can foster more effective collaboration among team members from diverse backgrounds. The research examines the relationship between TMM similarity and team performance in interdisciplinary innovation teams. Design/methodology/approach An exploratory study was conducted with 55 participants across 15 teams. TMM similarity was measured by analyzing team interactions using a web-based interface that facilitated contrasted comparison ratings. These ratings were first processed into individual graphs via a shortest-node-finding pathfinder algorithm, then compared. Subject matter experts evaluated team performance. Findings The results reveal a significant positive correlation between TMM similarity and team performance in interdisciplinary innovation teams, suggesting that greater alignment in team members' mental models enhances overall innovation project performance. Research limitations/implications Although the academic programs sampled replicate the environment, challenges and various other aspects of innovation projects, they can only be considered proxies for innovation projects within real organizations. Further research within professional environments, using a larger sample, is recommended. Practical implications The findings highlight the value of assessing and fostering TMM similarity to improve teamwork and performance in interdisciplinary innovation projects. The interface and code used are publicly available to encourage their implementation in organizations. Originality/value This research provides novel insights into the application of TMMs within interdisciplinary innovation teams, extending the concept beyond its traditional use in unidisciplinary and structured task settings.}, language = {en} } @article{PanzerLandesbergerLuzinetal.2025, author = {Panzer, Hannes and Landesberger, Martin and Luzin, Vladimir and Rauner, Dominik and Wolf, Daniel and Zaeh, Michael}, title = {Evaluating the predictive capabilities of part-scale residual stress simulations of PBF-LB/M up to crack formation by a comparison to neutron diffraction}, volume = {2026}, pages = {111713}, journal = {Engineering Fracture Mechanics}, number = {331}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {Kidlington}, issn = {0013-7944}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfracmech.2025.111713}, year = {2025}, abstract = {Additive manufacturing technologies have proven to be an excellent alternative to conventional production methods, especially when geometrically complex parts and low production quantities are aimed at. Specifically, powder bed fusion of metals using a laser beam (PBF-LB/M) additionally allows for the manufacturing of mechanically highly stressable parts. However, the heat input through the laser beam into the material and an irregular cooling during the processing result in the formation of high residual stresses. These lead to form deviations outside the specified tolerances and may accumulate to an extent, at which stress-induced cracking occurs. This emphasizes the need for an accurate prediction of the residual stresses during the PBF-LB/M process with the goal of a first-time-right additive manufacturing. In this study, three specimens exhibiting high residual stress formations during PBF-LB/M were manufactured from the nickel-based superalloy Inconel 718. Afterwards, the stresses were measured by means of neutron diffraction. The results provided the validation data for a subsequent finite element simulation, representing the build-up process on a part-scale, in which the data evaluation was conducted in accordance with the measurements for a high comparability. A comparison between the simulation and the neutron diffraction results of all three specimens showed a very good agreement of the normal stresses in all three coordinate directions, both for tensile and compressive stresses. The obtained results highlight the validity of the applied simplified part-scale simulation. The latter can, therefore, be utilized to increase the process understanding of residual stress and crack formations. It can also be used to enable process parameter modifications or geometry adaptions, aiming at a first-time-right additive manufacturing.}, language = {en} } @article{SchmidtZehAndersetal.2020, author = {Schmidt, Sebastian-Manuel and Zeh, Stefan and Anders, Karina and Hirschmann, Katrin and Stieg, Volker}, title = {Wissenschaftliche Weiterbildung neu bewertet}, volume = {2020}, journal = {Zeitschrift Hochschule und Weiterbildung}, subtitle = {Das Spannungsverh{\"a}ltnis von Bildungsauftrag und Nachfrageorientierung als strukturgebendes Element f{\"u}r bayerische Hochschulen}, number = {1}, publisher = {DGWF}, address = {Kassel}, issn = {2567-2673}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.4119/zhwb-3136}, pages = {44 -- 54}, year = {2020}, abstract = {Die Interpretation der Hochschule als Institution des lebenslangen Lernens und das {\"O}ffnen f{\"u}r neue Zielgruppen stellt die staatlichen Bildungseinrichtungen vor erhebliche Herausforderungen, die Aktualisierungshandeln erforderlich machen. Hierdurch begeben sich die staatlichen Einrichtungen auf einen bereits etablierten Bildungsmarkt, der sich vom bekannten Handlungsfeld unterscheidet, da er unentwegt ein agiles Handeln und eine schnelle Adaptionsf{\"a}higkeit auf neue Bildungsanforderungen ben{\"o}tigt. Immer {\"o}fter ist aber die Einrichtung Universit{\"a}t in einer unentwegten Grundsatzdebatte gefangen, die sich immer durch zwei Extrema auszeichnet: arbeitet man marktzentriert oder beharrt man auf seiner vorhandenen Rolle als staatliche Einrichtung mit eindeutigem Bildungsauftrag und wie setzt man nun wissenschaftliche Weiterbildung gem{\"a}ß dessen um? Kontr{\"a}r zur allgegenw{\"a}rtigen Interpretation „Bildungsauftrag vs. / oder Cash Cow" und einem notwendigen Kl{\"a}rungsbedarf der Situationslage ist genau dieses Spannungsverh{\"a}ltnis zwischen den beiden Dimensionen f{\"u}r die Umsetzung der wissenschaftlichen Weiterbildung an (bayerischen) Hochschulen notwendig. Das Spannungsfeld Bildungsauftrag und Nachfrageorientierung ist die beispiellose Triebkraft f{\"u}r Existenz, erfolgreiche Durchf{\"u}hrung und Weiterentwicklung der wissenschaftlichen Weiterbildung und des (Weiter-)Bildungsmarkts.}, language = {de} } @article{PiendlRadtkeJacobsenetal.2025, author = {Piendl, Daniel and Radtke, Maximilian-Peter and Jacobsen, Hendrik and Bock, J{\"u}rgen and Zaeh, Michael}, title = {Predictive Maintenance of Ball Screws: A Comparative Study Using Real-World Industrial Data}, volume = {2025}, journal = {Procedia CIRP}, number = {134}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {Amsterdam}, issn = {2212-8271}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2025.02.135}, pages = {390 -- 395}, year = {2025}, abstract = {Ball screws are widely used in machine tool feed drives. With increasing degradation of the ball screws, machining accuracy and economic efficiency decrease. Past investigations have shown that condition monitoring models can predict this degradation. However, these models are typically trained and evaluated using datasets derived from test benches, questioning their applicability to real machine tools. In this article, a comparative evaluation of a selection of these condition monitoring models using an industrial dataset is described. This dataset consists of measurement data from a total of nine ball screws used in three machine tools until failure. It was shown that when using data of multiple ball screws or machines, artificial neural networks or automated machine learning methods achieve a higher accuracy than statistical methods. However, for smaller datasets, statistical methods perform almost as well. The results provide an insight into the industrial applicability of the evaluated condition monitoring models.}, language = {en} } @article{KoecherBelyaevHermannetal.2023, author = {K{\"o}cher, Aljosha and Belyaev, Alexander and Hermann, Jesko and Bock, J{\"u}rgen and Meixner, Kristof and Volkmann, Magnus and Winter, Michael and Zimmermann, Patrick and Grimm, Stephan and Diedrich, Christian}, title = {A reference model for common understanding of capabilities and skills in manufacturing}, volume = {71}, journal = {at - Automatisierungstechnik}, number = {2}, publisher = {De Gruyter}, address = {Berlin}, issn = {2196-677X}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1515/auto-2022-0117}, pages = {94 -- 104}, year = {2023}, abstract = {In manufacturing, many use cases of Industrie 4.0 require vendor-neutral and machine-interpretable information models to describe, implement and execute resource functions. Such models have been researched under the terms capabilities and skills. Standardization of such models is required, but currently not available. This paper presents a reference model developed jointly by members of various organizations in a working group of the Plattform Industrie 4.0. This model covers definitions of most important aspects of capabilities and skills. It can be seen as a basis for further standardization efforts.}, language = {en} } @article{GeisbauerWoehrlLottetal.2021, author = {Geisbauer, Christian and W{\"o}hrl, Katharina and Lott, Susanne and Nebl, Christoph and Schweiger, Hans-Georg and Goertz, Roland and Kubjatko, Tibor}, title = {Scenarios involving accident-damaged electric vehicles}, volume = {2021}, journal = {Transportation Research Procedia}, number = {55}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {Amsterdam}, issn = {2352-1465}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2021.07.136}, pages = {1484 -- 1489}, year = {2021}, abstract = {Electrically propelled cars will play a major role on the streets, not only in the far, but also in the near future. In this work, an overview on the possible risks arising from electric vehicles is given that involves electrical, chemical and thermal hazards. Additionally, an analysis on different scenarios involving damaged electric vehicles, the involved parties, as well as their risk assessment in terms of hazard rating is presented. Furthermore, two scenarios are explained and addressed with more detail. With the derived risks of the battery and with possible crash scenarios presented, the still existing uncertainties for handling damaged electric vehicles are addressed, followed by a discussion on ways to overcome this problem.}, language = {en} } @article{GrafSteinhauserVaculinetal.2025, author = {Graf, Michael and Steinhauser, Dagmar and Vaculin, Ondrej and Brandmeier, Thomas}, title = {Impact of Adverse Weather on Road Safety: A Survey of Test Methods for Enhancing Safety of Automated Vehicles and Sensor Robustness in Challenging Environmental Conditions}, volume = {13}, journal = {IEEE Access}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {New York}, issn = {2169-3536}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2025.3622501}, pages = {179817 -- 179838}, year = {2025}, abstract = {Adverse weather conditions can significantly affect environmental sensors and reduce the ability of automated vehicles to interpret the environment. This can lead to the failure of driving and safety functions. To validate and increase the robustness of these, several adverse weather test methods have been introduced in recent years. The survey first gives an overview of the current traffic and accident analysis with a focus on adverse weather influences to assess the most relevant weather phenomena. Overall, rain and glare are the statistically most important adverse weather phenomena in terms of accidents. Heavy fog is rare but can cause very serious accidents. In a second step, meteorological knowledge is incorporated and the key environmental indicators for the respective weather conditions are determined, particularly taking the environmental sensor characteristics into account. Both sets of information are then utilized to provide a qualified overview of simulative and physical test methods used to reproduce critical adverse weather situations. These methods are employed to investigate the disturbance effects of inclement weather on sensors and to test the robustness of automated vehicles. The paper reveals that various approaches are used to reproduce weather effects and that test methods, each with different advantages and disadvantages, have been developed to varying degrees depending on the type of the weather phenomena. Overall, this review integrates perspectives from road safety research, meteorology, and testing methodologies to provide new insights into the validation of automated driving systems in challenging weather conditions.}, language = {en} } @article{KoenigPaulaQuaschneretal.2024, author = {K{\"o}nig, Thomas and Paula, Daniel and Quaschner, Stefan and Schweiger, Hans-Georg}, title = {Influence of Blind Spot Assistance Systems in Heavy Commercial Vehicles on Accident Reconstruction}, volume = {24}, pages = {1517}, journal = {Sensors}, number = {5}, publisher = {MDPI}, address = {Basel}, issn = {1424-8220}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.3390/s24051517}, year = {2024}, abstract = {Accidents between right-turning commercial vehicles and crossing vulnerable road users (VRUs) in urban environments often lead to serious or fatal injuries and therefore play a significant role in forensic accident analysis. To reduce the risk of accidents, blind spot assistance systems have been installed in commercial vehicles for several years, among other things, to detect VRUs and warn the driver in time. However, since such systems cannot reliably prevent all turning accidents, an investigation by experts must clarify how the accident occurred and to what extent the blind spot assistance system influenced the course of the accident. The occurrence of the acoustic warning message can be defined as an objective reaction prompt for the driver, so that the blind spot assistance system can significantly influence the avoidability assessment. In order to be able to integrate the system into forensic accident analysis, a precise knowledge of how the system works and its limitations is required. For this purpose, tests with different systems and accident constellations were conducted and evaluated. It was found that the type of sensor used for the assistance systems has a great influence on the system's performance. The lateral distance between the right side of the commercial vehicle and the VRU, as well as obstacles between them, along with the speed difference can have great influence on the reliability of the assistance system. Depending on the concrete time of the system's warning signal, the accident can be avoided or not by the driver when reacting to this signal.}, language = {en} } @article{BauderPaulaKubjatkoetal.2024, author = {Bauder, Maximilian and Paula, Daniel and Kubjatko, Tibor and Schweiger, Hans-Georg}, title = {Evaluation of the vehicle behaviour when not responding to the take-over request of Tesla Autopilot and Volkswagen Travel Assist}, volume = {2023}, journal = {Transportation Research Procedia}, number = {74}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {Amsterdam}, issn = {2352-1465}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2023.11.167}, pages = {450 -- 457}, year = {2024}, abstract = {In this work, driving tests were carried out with a Tesla Model 3 and VW ID.4. During the tests, the vehicles were controlled by an SAE Level 2 system (Tesla Autopilot and VW Travel Assist). The study aimed to investigate the behaviour of the vehicles when the driver does not react to the take-over request of the vehicle while it is in a non-critical driving situation. The aim was to clarify whether this can lead to accidents from a purely technical point of view and whether there is still room for improvement. As a result, it could be determined that a non-reaction of the driver to the take-over request leads to system-initiated braking decelerations, which can lead to a rear-end collision by the following traffic. Furthermore, secondary accidents are possible if the driver fails to act as a fallback. This could be reduced by improving the applicable UNECE standard R79 by specifying deceleration values for this case. In addition, the risk of an accident could be reduced by decelerating earlier and warning the environment. For this purpose, a driver monitoring system would also be recommended to allow situational decisions by the system. The implementation of the measures proposed could result in a significant increase in road safety while using these systems.}, language = {en} } @article{LangerBauderPaulaetal.2024, author = {Langer, Robin and Bauder, Maximilian and Paula, Daniel and Kubjatko, Tibor and Schweiger, Hans-Georg}, title = {Development of a model environment for autonomous driving}, volume = {2023}, journal = {Transportation Research Procedia}, number = {74}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {Amsterdam}, issn = {2352-1465}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2023.11.122}, pages = {133 -- 140}, year = {2024}, abstract = {Developing automated driving functions can be elaborate and cost-intensive. Simulation helps to decrease both, the effort and the costs. With physical model environments of a smaller scale, automotive research can be improved even further. This work presents a method with five steps for building a scaled model environment to answer research questions regarding autonomous driving functions in the automotive domain. For this purpose, the five steps of the method are first introduced and explained. Each step comes with indications that can be further extended. Then, the method is performed by creating a model environment. The model environment build in this work is a recreation of an urban intersection in Ingolstadt, Germany, in the scale of 1:10. In addition to two model vehicles, the model environment consists of pedestrians and traffic control elements such as signs, signals, various lanes and road markings. The advantages of the model environment are low costs and high reproducibility. On the other hand it comes with limitations. For example, the materials used for construction (polylactic acid) are different from the materials in reality. The aim of this work was achieved by providing a method for building a model environment for automotive domain. The limitations of the built model environment and actual testing of automated driving functions will be performed in the future.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{SchobertGmeinerFrankeetal.2025, author = {Schobert, Marvin and Gmeiner, Christian and Franke, J{\"o}rg and Schuderer, Peter}, title = {BPMN2.0 for the formal specification of discrete event simulation models}, volume = {2025}, booktitle = {Simulation in Produktion und Logistik 2025}, editor = {Rank, Sebastian and K{\"u}hn, Mathias and Schmidt, Thorsten}, publisher = {Technische Universit{\"a}t Dresden}, address = {Dresden}, isbn = {978-3-86780-806-4}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.25368/2025.285}, pages = {52-1 -- 52-10}, year = {2025}, abstract = {Discrete Event Simulation (DES) is essential for planning in logistics, material flow, and production but remains time- and knowledge-intensive due to fragmented modelling practices and tool-specific requirements, as noted in VDI 3633 and VDI 4465. This paper proposes addressing these challenges by transferring concepts from Business Process Management, leveraging its formal modelling languages and validation frameworks. A style guide based on the Business Process Model and Notation 2.0 (BPMN) is introduced, structured around the principles of correctness, completeness, consistency, and clarity to support both communication and simulation. These principles enable reusable, verifiable process models suitable for execution in different DES tools, which serves as a step towards automated experimentation and verification. Through a first-ever evaluation of state of the art approaches against those principles, this work contributes to the ongoing definition of a semi-formal BPMN modelling layer developed in the ASIM SPL working group for formal methods in procedural models.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{SchrageSchudererBarthetal.2025, author = {Schrage, Tobias and Schuderer, Peter and Barth, Martin and Franke, J{\"o}rg}, title = {Konzeptionierung und Integration eines KI-basierten Autoklavenmodells in ein simulationsbasiertes Entscheidungsunterst{\"u}tzungssystem in der Kalksandsteinproduktion}, booktitle = {Simulation in Produktion und Logistik 2025}, editor = {Rank, Sebastian and K{\"u}hn, Mathias and Schmidt, Thorsten}, publisher = {Technische Universit{\"a}t Dresden}, address = {Dresden}, isbn = {978-3-86780-809-5}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.25368/2025.288}, pages = {55-1 -- 55-10}, year = {2025}, abstract = {The calcium silicate brick (CSB) industry faces increasing pressure to improve the efficiency and sustainability of its production processes, especially due to the high energy consumption and CO₂ emissions associated with autoclaving. To support operational and strategic decision-making, a simulation-based decision support system (DSS) has been developed, utilizing a modular material flow simulation framework. However, the energy-intensive steam curing process in autoclaves remains insufficiently represented in existing simulation models. This paper presents a methodological approach for integrating an AI-based optimization agent for autoclave systems into the existing DSS used in CSB production. A review of current techniques for coupling AI assistance systems with discrete event simulation in production and logistics, within the building materials sector, provides the foundation. Building on this, the autoclaving process is modeled using a hybrid approach, combining thermodynamic domain knowledge with machine learning methods. This contribution highlights how the combination of simulation-based production planning and intelligent process modelling can drive digital transformation in energy-intensive industries.}, language = {de} } @unpublished{KoenigPaulaQuaschneretal.2023, author = {K{\"o}nig, Thomas and Paula, Daniel and Quaschner, Stefan and Schweiger, Hans-Georg}, title = {Influence of Blind Spot Assistance Systems in Heavy Commercial Vehicles on Accident Reconstruction}, publisher = {Preprints}, address = {Basel}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202311.1308.v1}, year = {2023}, abstract = {Accidents between right-turning commercial vehicles and crossing vulnerable road users (VRU) in urban environments often lead to serious or fatal injuries and therefore play a significant role in forensic accident analysis. To reduce the risk of accidents, blind spot assistance systems have been installed in commercial vehicles for several years, among other things, to detect VRUs and warn the driver in time. However, since such systems cannot reliably prevent all turning accidents, an investigation by experts must clarify how the accident occurred and to what extent the blind spot assistance system influenced the course of the accident. The occurrence of the acoustic warning message can be defined as an objective reaction prompt for the driver, so that the blind spot assistance system can significantly influence the avoidability assessment. In order to be able to integrate the system into forensic accident analysis, a precise knowledge of how the system works and its limitations is required. For this purpose, tests with different systems and accident constellations were conducted and evaluated. It was found that the type of sensor used for the assistance systems has a great influence on the system's performance. The lateral distance between the right side of the commercial vehicle and the VRU as well as obstacles between them and the speed difference can take great influence on the reliability of the assistance system. Depending on the concrete time of the system's warning signal the accident can be avoided or not by the driver when reacting on this signal.}, language = {en} } @article{HaidenRichter2025, author = {Haiden, Michael and Richter, Florian}, title = {Autonomous weapons: considering the rights and interests of soldiers}, volume = {27}, pages = {53}, journal = {Ethics and Information Technology}, number = {4}, publisher = {Springer}, address = {Dordrecht}, issn = {1388-1957}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10676-025-09859-w}, year = {2025}, abstract = {The development of autonomous weapons systems (AWSs), which would make decisions on the battlefield without direct input from humans, has the potential to dramatically change the nature of war. Due to the revolutionary potential of these technologies, it is essential to discuss their moral implications. While the academic literature often highlights their morally problematic nature, with some proposing outright banning them, this paper highlights an important benefit of AWSs: protecting the lives, as well as the mental and physical health of soldiers. If militaries can avoid sending humans into dangerous situations or relieve drone operators from tasks that lead to lifelong trauma, this obviously appears morally desirable - especially in a world where many soldiers are still drafted against their will. Nonetheless, there are many arguments against AWSs. However, we show that although AWSs are potentially dangerous, criticisms apply equally to human soldiers and weapons steered by them. The combination of both claims makes a strong case against a ban on AWSs where it is possible. Instead, researchers should focus on mitigating their drawbacks and refining their benefits.}, language = {en} } @article{KruegelUhlBalcombe2021, author = {Kr{\"u}gel, Sebastian and Uhl, Matthias and Balcombe, Bryn}, title = {Automated vehicles and the morality of post-collision behavior}, volume = {23}, journal = {Ethics and Information Technology}, number = {4}, publisher = {Springer}, address = {Dordrecht}, issn = {1572-8439}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10676-021-09607-w}, pages = {691 -- 701}, year = {2021}, abstract = {We address the considerations of the European Commission Expert Group on the ethics of connected and automated vehicles regarding data provision in the event of collisions. While human drivers' appropriate post-collision behavior is clearly defined, regulations for automated driving do not provide for collision detection. We agree it is important to systematically incorporate citizens' intuitions into the discourse on the ethics of automated vehicles. Therefore, we investigate whether people expect automated vehicles to behave like humans after an accident, even if this behavior does not directly affect the consequences of the accident. We find that appropriate post-collision behavior substantially influences people's evaluation of the underlying crash scenario. Moreover, people clearly think that automated vehicles can and should record the accident, stop at the site, and call the police. They are even willing to pay for technological features that enable post-collision behavior. Our study might begin a research program on post-collision behavior, enriching the empirically informed study of automated driving ethics that so far exclusively focuses on pre-collision behavior.}, language = {en} } @unpublished{KettelgerdesHillmannHirmeretal.2023, author = {Kettelgerdes, Marcel and Hillmann, Tjorven and Hirmer, Thomas and Erdogan, H{\"u}seyin and Wunderle, Bernhard and Elger, Gordon}, title = {Accelerated Real-Life (ARL) Testing and Characterization of Automotive LiDAR Sensors to facilitate the Development and Validation of Enhanced Sensor Models}, publisher = {arXiv}, address = {Ithaca}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2312.04229}, year = {2023}, abstract = {In the realm of automated driving simulation and sensor modeling, the need for highly accurate sensor models is paramount for ensuring the reliability and safety of advanced driving assistance systems (ADAS). Hence, numerous works focus on the development of high-fidelity models of ADAS sensors, such as camera, Radar as well as modern LiDAR systems to simulate the sensor behavior in different driving scenarios, even under varying environmental conditions, considering for example adverse weather effects. However, aging effects of sensors, leading to suboptimal system performance, are mostly overlooked by current simulation techniques. This paper introduces a cutting-edge Hardware-in-the-Loop (HiL) test bench designed for the automated, accelerated aging and characterization of Automotive LiDAR sensors. The primary objective of this research is to address the aging effects of LiDAR sensors over the product life cycle, specifically focusing on aspects such as laser beam profile deterioration, output power reduction and intrinsic parameter drift, which are mostly neglected in current sensor models. By that, this proceeding research is intended to path the way, not only towards identifying and modeling respective degradation effects, but also to suggest quantitative model validation metrics.}, language = {en} } @article{BehbehaniGlenSTayloretal.2017, author = {Behbehani, Mehri and Glen, Adam and S. Taylor, Caroline and Schuhmacher, Alexander and Claeyssens, Frederik and W. Haycock, John}, title = {Pre-clinical evaluation of advanced nerve guideconduits using a novel 3D in vitro testing model}, volume = {4}, pages = {123}, journal = {International Journal of Bioprinting}, number = {1}, publisher = {AccScience Publishing}, address = {Singapur}, issn = {2424-8002}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.18063/IJB.v4i1.123}, year = {2017}, abstract = {Autografts are the current gold standard for large peripheral nerve defects in clinics despite the frequentlyoccurring side effects like donor site morbidity. Hollow nerve guidance conduits (NGC) are proposed alternatives toautografts, but failed to bridge gaps exceeding 3 cm in humans. Internal NGC guidance cues like microfibresare believed to enhance hollow NGCs by giving additional physical support for directed regeneration of Schwann cellsand axons. In this study, we report a new 3D in vitro model that allows the evaluation of different intraluminal fibrescaffolds inside a complete NGC. The performance of electrospun polycaprolactone (PCL) microfibres inside 5 mmlong polyethylene glycol (PEG) conduits were investigated in neuronal cell and dorsal root ganglion (DRG) culturesinvitro. Z-stack confocal microscopy revealed the aligned orientation of neuronal cells along the fibres throughout thewhole NGC length and depth. The number of living cells in the centre of the scaffold was not significantly different tothe tissue culture plastic (TCP) control. For ex vivo analysis, DRGs were placed on top of fibre-filled NGCs to simulatethe proximal nerve stump. In 21 days of culture, Schwann cells and axons infiltrated the conduits along the microfibreswith 2.2 \&plusmn; 0.37 mm and 2.1 \&plusmn; 0.33 mm, respectively. We conclude that this in vitro model can help define internal NGCscaffolds in the future by comparing different fibre materials, composites and dimensions in one setup prior to animal testing.}, language = {en} } @article{SchuhmacherHinderBriefetal.2025, author = {Schuhmacher, Alexander and Hinder, Markus and Brief, Elazar and Gassmann, Oliver and Hartl, Dominik}, title = {Benchmarking R\&D success rates of leading pharmaceutical companies: an empirical analysis of FDA approvals (2006-2022)}, volume = {30}, pages = {104291}, journal = {Drug Discovery Today}, number = {2}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {Amsterdam}, issn = {1878-5832}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drudis.2025.104291}, year = {2025}, abstract = {Previous analyses provide an industry benchmark of ∼10\% for the success rate in clinical development. However, prior analyses were limited by a narrow timeframe, a diverse research focus, biases in phase-to-phase transition methodology or a focus on specific use cases. We calculated unbiased input:output ratios (Phase I to FDA new drug approval) to analyze the likelihood of first approval using data from clinicaltrials.gov, encompassing a total of 2092 active ingredients, 19 927 clinical trials conducted by 18 leading pharmaceutical companies (2006-2022) and 274 new drug approvals. Our study reveals an average likelihood of first approval rate of 14.3\% across leading research-based pharmaceutical companies, broadly ranging from 8\% to 23\%.}, language = {en} } @article{GermannSchuhmacherHarrisonetal.2013, author = {Germann, Paul-Georg and Schuhmacher, Alexander and Harrison, Juan and Law, Ronald and Haug, Kevin and Wong, Gordon}, title = {How to create innovation by building the translation bridge from basic research into medicinal drugs: an industrial perspective}, volume = {7}, pages = {5}, journal = {Human Genomics}, number = {1}, publisher = {BioMedCentral}, address = {London}, issn = {1479-7364}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-7364-7-5}, year = {2013}, language = {en} } @article{SchuhmacherGrinchenkoGassmannetal.2025, author = {Schuhmacher, Alexander and Grinchenko, Kyrylo and Gassmann, Oliver and Hartl, Dominik and Hinder, Markus}, title = {A case study assessing the impact of M\&A and licensing on FDA drug approvals of leading pharmaceutical companies}, volume = {30}, pages = {104306}, journal = {Drug Discovery Today}, number = {3}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {Amsterdam}, issn = {1878-5832}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drudis.2025.104306}, year = {2025}, abstract = {Despite a recent increase in FDA new drug approvals, leading pharmaceutical companies continue to face R\&D productivity challenges. This highlights the need to better understand the context of their R\&D concepts and related R\&D outputs. Consequently, we conducted a systematic assessment of the impact of R\&D expenditures, R\&D intensities, mergers \& acquisitions (M\&A) deals and licensing agreements on new drug approvals of leading pharmaceutical companies between 2012 and 2021. Our analysis provides key insights into differentiating R\&D factors: whereas R\&D expenditures and the number of M\&A deals correlate with the number of new drug approvals, our analysis shows no correlation with R\&D intensity or the number of licensing agreements.}, language = {en} } @article{Schuhmacher2024, author = {Schuhmacher, Alexander}, title = {Pharma innovation: how evolutionary economics is shaping the future of pharma R\&D}, volume = {29}, pages = {104222}, journal = {Drug Discovery Today}, number = {12}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {Amsterdam}, issn = {1878-5832}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drudis.2024.104222}, year = {2024}, abstract = {This paper describes the theory of evolutionary economics in the context of pharmaceutical R\&D. In this context, the R\&D productivity crisis acts as a key selection mechanism, and R\&D, technology and industry trends provide mechanisms of variation. Drawing on today's prevailing business model among leading pharmaceutical companies, the biotech-leveraged pharma company (BIPCO), I propose two new value creation logics: the technology-investigating pharma company (TIPCO) and the asset-integrating pharma company (AIPCO). Although some companies already share aspects of these business models, it is not yet clear, in terms of evolutionary economics, what the ultimate outcome of the evolutionary process in pharma R\&D will be.}, language = {en} } @article{SchuhmacherGassmannHinderetal.2024, author = {Schuhmacher, Alexander and Gassmann, Oliver and Hinder, Markus and Hartl, Dominik}, title = {Comparative analysis of FDA approvals by top 20 pharma companies (2014-2023)}, volume = {29}, pages = {104128}, journal = {Drug Discovery Today}, number = {9}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {Amsterdam}, issn = {1878-5832}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drudis.2024.104128}, year = {2024}, abstract = {This article addresses the research and development (R\&D) productivity challenge of the pharmaceutical industry, focusing on United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-related new drug approvals of the top 20 pharmaceutical companies (2014-2023). We evaluated the degree of innovation in new drugs to determine the innovativeness of these leading companies. A key finding of our analysis is the decline in the number of new drugs approved by the FDA for these leading companies over the investigated time period. This trend suggests that some of the leading companies are losing ground in R\&D innovation, raising concerns about their ability to sustain competitive advantage, ensure long-term market success, and maintain viable business models.}, language = {en} } @article{KwisdaKremerSievertsenetal.2025, author = {Kwisda, Sebastian and Kremer, Malte and Sievertsen, Niels and Gassmann, Oliver and Hartl, Dominik and Schuhmacher, Alexander}, title = {Does pharma R\&D need a strategic reset? Adapting to a changing US landscape}, volume = {30}, pages = {104442}, journal = {Drug Discovery Today}, number = {9}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {Amsterdam}, issn = {1878-5832}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drudis.2025.104442}, year = {2025}, abstract = {R\&D productivity has long challenged research-based pharmaceutical companies, raising concerns about the sustainability of their research-driven business models. These firms have traditionally relied on the U.S. as a stable hub for biomedical innovation, skilled talent, and high-price markets—supporting the biotech-leveraged pharma company (BIPCO) model However, recent geopolitical shifts—especially under the new Trump administration, including FDA budget cuts, reduced U.S. research funding, and pharmaceutical tariffs—are destabilizing this foundation. The once-reliable "safe harbor" is no longer secure. As a result, pharma R\&D now faces strategic risks beyond its prior scope. With the weakening of the U.S.-centered innovation model, companies must rethink R\&D pipelines, secure key technologies, maintain global clinical networks, and adjust supply chain and tax strategies. The viability of the current R\&D model—rooted in U.S. leadership and premium markets—is now uncertain, requiring urgent strategic realignment.}, language = {en} } @article{JamadarSekharYadaetal.2025, author = {Jamadar, Mohammad I. and Sekhar, Ravi and Yada, Vijay Ramarao and Rairikar, Sandeep D. and Thipse, Sukrut}, title = {Emission Testing of Flex Fuel Vehicles up to M100/E100: Upgradation of Existing Test Facility for Vehicles below 3.5-ton GVW for Testing Methanol or Ethanol Operated Vehicles}, volume = {58}, journal = {Journal Europ{\´e}en des Syst{\`e}mes Automatis{\´e}s​}, number = {8}, publisher = {IIETA}, address = {Edmonton}, issn = {2116-7087}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.18280/jesa.580816}, pages = {1721 -- 1732}, year = {2025}, abstract = {This paper is focused on enhancing the existing dilute emission measurement system to accommodate the emission testing of vehicles operating with gasoline blends with methanol and ethanol, dedicated M100/E100 etc. India is moving towards achieving the E20 blend on the pan-country level by April 2025 with the initiations of NITI Aayog and exploring alternate fuels like 100\% methanol and ethanol. Government of India is now focused on introducing the flex fuel vehicle (FFV) technology that supports the usage of higher ethanol blends. As per CMVR guidelines for M and N category vehicles with a gross vehicle weight less than 3,500 kg; a dilute emission measurement system is used to evaluate tailpipe pollutants and fuel economy. Most of the present emission systems are compatible with testing the vehicle till M15 and E20 blends. Beyond this percentage, usage of a test facility for M100, E100, and other flex-fuel vehicles, require certain modifications in existing test facility to maintain the precision and reliability of the results considering higher water content in exhaust and effect of condensation on emission measurement due to dilution. The modifications needed, implementation and their impact are experimentally briefed in the present paper.}, language = {en} } @article{DenkFroehlingBrunneretal.2024, author = {Denk, Florian and Fr{\"o}hling, Felix and Brunner, Pascal and Huber, Werner and Margreiter, Martin and Bogenberger, Klaus and Kates, Ronald}, title = {Influence of gaze strategies and cognitive load on safeguarding performance of motorists in right-turning scenarios involving potential conflicts with vulnerable road users}, volume = {2025}, journal = {Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour}, number = {109}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {Amsterdam}, issn = {1873-5517}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2024.11.012}, pages = {32 -- 49}, year = {2024}, abstract = {In urban traffic, while the fraction of collisions involving Vulnerable Road Users (VRU) is low, their importance is high due to the higher injury risk for VRU. Their infrequent occurrence on average (compared with far more common individual perceptual and behavioral errors by both drivers and VRUs) reflects an underlying fault tolerance in traffic processes. However, the degree of fault tolerance varies among traffic situations. The underlying perceptual and cognitive processes involved are complex and can require a high level of attention and concentration, particularly in situations with intersecting trajectories. These processes can occasionally fail, leading to collision risk. The situation of right-turning motorists (in right-hand-drive countries) encountering cyclists moving straight on a bike lane (with right of way) has a particularly low error tolerance, since motorists must actively scan for cyclists approaching from behind. In order to develop, test and assess solutions that mitigate collision risk in this situation, the behavior-related causation mechanisms need investigation. This is the focus of this article. We conducted a trial on our closed test track with n = 35 subjects. The experiment was designed as a within-subject design with three independent factors: maneuver, target velocity, and cognitive load in an n-back task. The trial included observations of participants' gaze control. A primary research focus was the quality and efficiency of the safeguarding gaze behavior of participants in order to draw conclusions on the causation mechanisms of collisions in this situation. For this purpose we define metrics in order to quantify the quality and efficiency of a specific gaze behavior. Furthermore, we studied the effect of factors cognitive load and target velocity on safety and secondary (n-back) task performance. Remarkably, only four out of 35 participants reached a collision risk of 0\% relating to the defined quality metric. Furthermore, we identified four distinct gaze strategy groups through hierarchical clustering, where one group performed particularly few glances overall. This group showed significant differences with respect to the defined quality metric whereas the other groups showed only slight differences to each other. The results have implications on subsequent crash causation model development.}, language = {en} } @inbook{BechtholdChugunovaFriessetal.2021, author = {Bechthold, Laura and Chugunova, Marina and Friess, Svenja and Hoisl, Karin and Rose, Michael E.}, title = {Women in Creative Labor: Inventors, Entrepreneurs and Academics}, booktitle = {Fundamental Questions: Gender Dimensions in Max Planck Research Projects}, editor = {Weber, Ulla}, publisher = {Nomos}, address = {Baden-Baden}, isbn = {978-3-8487-7096-0}, doi = {doi.org/10.5771/9783748924869-135}, pages = {135 -- 154}, year = {2021}, abstract = {This article provides an overview of the latest empirical research on the gender gap in knowledge-intensive occupations from an economics perspective. It studies contributing factors both from an institutional and behavioral perspective, and considers potential solutions. The persisting gender gap is not only an issue of social fairness; it also hampers innovation and has direct negative implications for individual productivity as well as economic growth. The overview of the existing gender literature, as well as our own research, emphasize that it is imperative to fight the gender gap with well-tailored policies and to support gender equality at the institutional and personal level.}, language = {en} } @article{PanchalPatelGohil2023, author = {Panchal, Dhruv and Patel, Bhavesh and Gohil, Hardik}, title = {Experimental Investigation on Performance Characteristics of Dry Centrifugal Clutch with Grooved Friction Liners}, volume = {20}, journal = {International Journal of Automotive and Mechanical Engineering}, number = {1}, publisher = {Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah Publishing}, address = {Pekan}, issn = {2180-1606}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.15282/ijame.20.1.2023.01.0786}, pages = {10152 -- 10164}, year = {2023}, abstract = {The deteriorated condition of friction liners after prolonged use is one of the primary causes of judder in centrifugal clutches. The friction characteristics can be retained by generating specific textures or grooves on the friction liner. An attempt has been made to study the characteristics of centrifugal clutch using grooved friction liners. A test cycle for centrifugal clutch has been developed using a number of engagements as the basis. A vehicle test bench was used for the experiment where the developed test cycle was automated. The performance characteristics of the centrifugal clutch have been recorded and analyzed with normal friction liners and grooved friction liners for 100 test cycles. For this study, the groove area ratio was retained at 0.15, and the grooves were cut at 90°. After completing 100 test cycles, the clutch with a grooved friction liner exhibited better characteristics. After completing 100 test cycles, the surface roughness reduction at the leading section of the grooved friction liner and normal friction liner has been found to be 6.44\% and 8.11\%, respectively. The thickness reduction at the leading section of the grooved friction liner and normal friction liner has been reported to be 3.73\% and 4.98\%, respectively. Throughout the run of 100 test cycles, the higher clutch housing temperature has been witnessed in the case of a clutch with a grooved friction liner. At the 100th test cycle, the clutch torque with a grooved friction liner was 15.22\% more than the clutch torque with a normal friction liner. Even after prolonged use, the clutch with grooved friction liner exhibited better judder characteristics and also provided higher fuel economy for vehicles.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{KelerDenkBrunneretal.2021, author = {Keler, Andreas and Denk, Florian and Brunner, Pascal and Grigoropoulos, Georgios and Malcom, Patrick and Bogenberger, Klaus}, title = {Varying Bicycle Infrastructures}, subtitle = {an Interconnected Simulator Study for Inspecting Motorist-Cyclist Conflicts}, publisher = {Zenodo}, address = {Genf}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5513664}, year = {2021}, abstract = {In this research, we estimate the influence of different bicycle infrastructure on the severity of motorist-cyclist conflicts via an interconnected simulator study. Our focus is a specific conflict type: motorist is turning at an intersection and the cyclist is going straight, crossing the intersection based on previous evaluations from literature. Additionally, we reason on previously-conducted bicycle simulator studies and adapt specific methodological components of investigation area depiction in VR and scenario definition. In the end, we present four scenarios of a case study based on a signalized intersection in Ingolstadt, Germany, where we inspect motorist-cyclist conflicts in an interconnected simulator environment. After every simulator run both test subjects will be teleported to specific starting positions.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{RodriguezArozamenaMatutePerezetal.2024, author = {Rodr{\´i}guez-Arozamena, Mario and Matute, Jose and P{\´e}rez, Joshu{\´e} and Ozbay, Burcu and Tezcan, Deryanur and Begecarslan, Enes and Mutlukaya, Irem and Mayer, Kevin and Volkersdorfer, Tina and Hof, Hans-Joachim}, title = {TRA2024 Poster - A Fail-Safe Decision Architecture for CCAM Applications}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the Transport Research Arena (TRA2024) Conference}, publisher = {Zenodo}, address = {Genf}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10995953}, year = {2024}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{NadriAlvarezBoschetal.2022, author = {Nadri, Chihab and Alvarez, Ignacio and Bosch, Esther and Oehl, Michael and Braun, Michael and Healey, Jennifer and Jallais, Christophe and Ju, Wendy and Li, Jingyi and Jeon, Myounghoon}, title = {Empathic vehicle design: Use cases and design directions from two workshops}, pages = {456}, booktitle = {CHI'22: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems}, editor = {Diniz Junqueira Barbosa, Simone and Lampe, Cliff and Appert, Caroline and Shamma, David}, publisher = {ACM}, address = {New York}, isbn = {978-1-4503-9156-6}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519623}, year = {2022}, abstract = {Empathic vehicles are expected to improve user experience in automated vehicles and to help increase user acceptance of technology. However, little is known about potential real-world implementations and designs using empathic interfaces in vehicles with higher levels of automation. Given advances in affect detection and emotion mitigation, we conducted two workshops (N1 =24, N2 = 22, Ntotal = 46) on the design of empathic vehicles and their potential utility in a variety of applications. This paper recapitulates key opportunities in the design and application of empathetic interfaces in automated vehicles which emerged from the two workshops hosted at the ACM AutoUI conferences.}, language = {en} }