@article{SchartmuellerWeiglLoeckenetal.2021, author = {Schartm{\"u}ller, Clemens and Weigl, Klemens and L{\"o}cken, Andreas and Wintersberger, Philipp and Steinhauser, Marco and Riener, Andreas}, title = {Displays for Productive Non-Driving Related Tasks: Visual Behavior and Its Impact in Conditionally Automated Driving}, volume = {5}, pages = {21}, journal = {Multimodal Technologies and Interaction}, number = {4}, publisher = {MDPI}, address = {Basel}, issn = {2414-4088}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.3390/mti5040021}, year = {2021}, abstract = {(1) Background: Primary driving tasks are increasingly being handled by vehicle automation so that support for non-driving related tasks (NDRTs) is becoming more and more important. In SAE L3 automation, vehicles can require the driver-passenger to take over driving controls, though. Interfaces for NDRTs must therefore guarantee safe operation and should also support productive work. (2) Method: We conducted a within-subjects driving simulator study (N=53) comparing Heads-Up Displays (HUDs) and Auditory Speech Displays (ASDs) for productive NDRT engagement. In this article, we assess the NDRT displays' effectiveness by evaluating eye-tracking measures and setting them into relation to workload measures, self-ratings, and NDRT/take-over performance. (3) Results: Our data highlights substantially higher gaze dispersion but more extensive glances on the road center in the auditory condition than the HUD condition during automated driving. We further observed potentially safety-critical glance deviations from the road during take-overs after a HUD was used. These differences are reflected in self-ratings, workload indicators and take-over reaction times, but not in driving performance. (4) Conclusion: NDRT interfaces can influence visual attention even beyond their usage during automated driving. In particular, the HUD has resulted in safety-critical glances during manual driving after take-overs. We found this impacted workload and productivity but not driving performance}, language = {en} } @article{WeiglPonocny2020, author = {Weigl, Klemens and Ponocny, Ivo}, title = {Group sequential designs applied in psychological research}, volume = {16}, journal = {Methodology: European Journal of Research Methods for the Behavioral and Social Sciences}, number = {1}, publisher = {PsychOpen}, address = {Trier}, issn = {1614-2241}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.5964/meth.2811}, pages = {75 -- 91}, year = {2020}, abstract = {Psychological research is confronted with ever-increasing demands to save resources such as time and money while assuring high ethical standards. In medical and pharmaceutical research, group sequential designs have fundamentally changed traditional statistical testing approaches featuring only one analysis at the end of a single-stage study. They enable early stopping at an interim stage, after a group of observations, for efficacy or futility in case of an overwhelmingly large or small effect, respectively. Otherwise, the trial is continued to the next stage. On average over many studies time and money are saved and more ethical trials are facilitated by diminishing the risk of patients' exposure to inferior treatments. We provide an easy-to-use tutorial for psychological research replete with easily understandable figures highlighting the core idea of different group sequential designs, a workflow chart, an empirical real-world data set, and the annotated R code. Finally, we demonstrate the application of early stopping for efficacy.}, language = {en} } @article{HimmelsWeiglRieneretal.2023, author = {Himmels, Chantal and Weigl, Klemens and Riener, Andreas and Venrooij, Joost}, title = {Establishing driving simulator validity: drawbacks of null-hypothesis significance testing when compared to equivalence tests and Bayes factors}, volume = {25}, journal = {Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science}, number = {5}, publisher = {Taylor \& Francis}, address = {London}, issn = {1464-536X}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1080/1463922X.2023.2286478}, pages = {546 -- 566}, year = {2023}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{KundingerRienerSofraetal.2018, author = {Kundinger, Thomas and Riener, Andreas and Sofra, Nikoletta and Weigl, Klemens}, title = {Drowsiness Detection and Warning in Manual and Automated Driving: Results from Subjective Evaluation}, booktitle = {Proceedings: 10th International ACM Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications}, publisher = {ACM}, address = {New York}, isbn = {978-1-4503-5946-7}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3239060.3239073}, pages = {229 -- 236}, year = {2018}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{KundingerRienerSofraetal.2020, author = {Kundinger, Thomas and Riener, Andreas and Sofra, Nikoletta and Weigl, Klemens}, title = {Driver drowsiness in automated and manual driving: insights from a test track study}, booktitle = {IUI 2020: Proceedings of the 25th International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces}, publisher = {ACM}, address = {New York}, isbn = {978-1-4503-7118-6}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3377325.3377506}, pages = {369 -- 379}, year = {2020}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{SchlacklWeiglRiener2020, author = {Schlackl, Dominik and Weigl, Klemens and Riener, Andreas}, title = {eHMI visualization on the entire car body: results of a comparative evaluation of concepts for the communication between AVs and manual drivers}, booktitle = {Tagungsband: Mensch \& Computer 2020}, editor = {Alt, Florian and Schneegass, Stefan and Hornecker, Eva}, publisher = {ACM}, address = {New York}, isbn = {978-1-4503-7540-5}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3404983.3410011}, pages = {79 -- 83}, year = {2020}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{WischertZielkeWeiglSteinhauseretal.2020, author = {Wischert-Zielke, Moritz and Weigl, Klemens and Steinhauser, Marco and Riener, Andreas}, title = {Age differences in the anticipated acceptance of egoistic versus altruistic crash-control-algorithms in automated vehicles}, booktitle = {Tagungsband: Mensch \& Computer 2020}, editor = {Alt, Florian and Schneegass, Stefan and Hornecker, Eva}, publisher = {ACM}, address = {New York}, isbn = {978-1-4503-7540-5}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3404983.3409992}, pages = {467 -- 471}, year = {2020}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{RieglerWeiglRieneretal.2020, author = {Riegler, Andreas and Weigl, Klemens and Riener, Andreas and Holzmann, Clemens}, title = {StickyWSD: investigating content positioning on a windshield display for automated driving}, booktitle = {MUM 2020: 19th International Conference on Mobile and Ubiquitous Multimedia: Proceedings}, editor = {Cauchard, Jessica and L{\"o}chtefeld, Markus}, publisher = {ACM}, address = {New York}, isbn = {978-1-4503-8870-2}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3428361.3428405}, pages = {143 -- 151}, year = {2020}, language = {en} } @article{WeiglEiseleRiener2022, author = {Weigl, Klemens and Eisele, Daniel and Riener, Andreas}, title = {Estimated years until the acceptance and adoption of automated vehicles and the willingness to pay for them in Germany: Focus on age and gender}, volume = {11}, journal = {International Journal of Transportation Science and Technology}, number = {2}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {Amsterdam}, issn = {2046-0430}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijtst.2022.03.006}, pages = {216 -- 228}, year = {2022}, abstract = {Automated vehicles (AVs) are expected to enter the market within the next few years. However, their introduction would not only be a technological, but also a societal one - and it is therefore crucial to examine the public's attitudes, opinions, and beliefs about AVs. It is particularly interesting to study when AVs are estimated to be accepted and adopted, and to query the willingness to pay for them. Hence, we applied a mixed-methods approach to collect quantitative and qualitative data and carried out a cross-sectional survey study. We focused on collecting an almost balanced sample across age and gender from 725 respondents (351 female, 374 male) with an age range from 18 to 96 years. Our results revealed that AVs are estimated to be accepted and adopted in about 10 years at SAE level L3 and in about 20 years at L5. Moreover, on average we found that the participants would be willing to pay 10.6 \% more for an AV at L3 and 14.5 \% at L5, but those estimates are affected by large outlier values. Nevertheless, we also observed that between 40 and 33 \% of women and 41 and 33 \% of men would not be willing to pay any more for an AV neither at L3 nor at L5, respectively. Ultimately, manufacturers and policymakers will have to take these findings into account if they really want to establish AVs as a widespread technological and societal revolution.}, language = {en} } @article{WeiglNeesEiseleetal.2022, author = {Weigl, Klemens and Nees, Michael A. and Eisele, Daniel and Riener, Andreas}, title = {Acceptance of automated vehicles: Gender effects, but lack of meaningful association with desire for control in Germany and in the U.S.}, volume = {2022}, pages = {100563}, journal = {Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives}, number = {13}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {Amsterdam}, issn = {2590-1982}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trip.2022.100563}, year = {2022}, abstract = {Although automated vehicles (AVs) come with many promises such as enabling the driver-passenger to perform non-driving-related-tasks or increased safety, the public's acceptance of AVs will have a crucial impact on whether or not AVs will be ultimately adopted. In particular, the personality trait desire for control may influence the acceptance of AVs, which has received scant research attention to date. Therefore, we independently carried out two questionnaire studies: Study 1 in Germany and Study 2 in the U.S. In both studies, we applied the self-driving car acceptance scale (SCAS) and the desirability of control scale (DoCS). In Study 1, we queried 114 participants (60 female) and in Study 2 we sampled data from 601 participants (322 female). In both studies, our findings consistently indicate that the overall DoCS factor was not associated with the overall SCAS factor. We only uncovered a weak positive correlation in Study 1, but only for a reduced overall acceptance factor with 10 items obtained by factor analyses instead of the 24 items of the SCAS. Furthermore, our results revealed that women assign significantly lower ratings to the overall acceptance factor of AVs as well as to the desirability for control factor than men, both in Germany and in the U.S., respectively. Despite the influence of gender on acceptance of AVs and DoCS, we conclude that there might be either no or only a weak association between desire for control and acceptance of AVs, which needs to be further investigated in future studies.}, language = {en} }