@article{BauderKubjatkoHelmeretal.2022, author = {Bauder, Maximilian and Kubjatko, Tibor and Helmer, Thomas and Schweiger, Hans-Georg}, title = {Does Vehicle-2-X Radio Transmission Technology Need to Be Considered within Accident Analysis in the Future?}, volume = {22}, pages = {9832}, journal = {Sensors}, number = {24}, publisher = {MDPI}, address = {Basel}, issn = {1424-8220}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.3390/s22249832}, year = {2022}, abstract = {In this analysis, Cooperative Intelligent Transportation System relevant scenarios are created to investigate the need to differentiate Vehicle-to-X transmission technologies on behalf of accident analysis. For each scenario, the distances between the vehicles are calculated 5 s before the crash. Studies on the difference between Dedicated Short-Range Communication (IEEE 802.11p) and Cellular Vehicle-to-X communication (LTE-V2C PC5 Mode 4) are then used to assess whether both technologies have a reliable connection over the relevant distance. If this is the case, the transmission technology is of secondary importance for future investigations on Vehicle-to-X communication in combination with accident analysis. The results show that studies on freeways and rural roads can be carried out independently of the transmission technology and other boundary conditions (speed, traffic density, non-line of sight/line of sight). The situation is different for studies in urban areas, where both technologies may not have a sufficiently reliable connection range depending on the traffic density.}, language = {en} } @article{WoehrlKotakGeisbaueretal.2023, author = {W{\"o}hrl, Katharina and Kotak, Yash and Geisbauer, Christian and Barra, S{\"o}nke and Wilhelm, Gudrun and Schneider, Gerhard and Schweiger, Hans-Georg}, title = {Analysis of Deactivation of 18,650 Lithium-Ion Cells in CaCl2, Tap Water and Demineralized Water for Different Insertion Times}, volume = {23}, pages = {3901}, journal = {Sensors}, number = {8}, publisher = {MDPI}, address = {Basel}, issn = {1424-8220}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.3390/s23083901}, year = {2023}, abstract = {The deployment of battery-powered electric vehicles in the market has created a naturally increasing need for the safe deactivation and recycling of batteries. Various deactivating methods for lithium-ion cells include electrical discharging or deactivation with liquids. Such methods are also useful for cases where the cell tabs are not accessible. In the literature analyses, different deactivation media are used, but none include the use of calcium chloride (CaCl2) salt. As compared to other media, the major advantage of this salt is that it can capture the highly reactive and hazardous molecules of Hydrofluoric acid. To analyse the actual performance of this salt in terms of practicability and safety, this experimental research aims to compare it against regular Tap Water and Demineralized Water. This will be accomplished by performing nail penetration tests on deactivated cells and comparing their residual energy against each other. Moreover, these three different media and respective cells are analysed after deactivation, i.e., based on conductivity measurements, cell mass, flame photometry, fluoride content, computer tomography and pH value. It was found that the cells deactivated in the CaCl2 solution did not show any signs of Fluoride ions, whereas cells deactivated in TW showed the emergence of Fluoride ions in the 10th week of the insertion. However, with the addition of CaCl2 in TW, the deactivation process > 48 h for TW declines to 0.5-2 h, which could be an optimal solution for real-world situations where deactivating cells at a high pace is essential.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{StegerNitscheBradeetal.2017, author = {Steger, Fabian and Nitsche, Alexander and Brade, Katja and Belski, Iouri and Schweiger, Hans-Georg}, title = {Teaching Energy Storages by means of a Student Battery Cell Test System}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 45th SEFI Annual Conference 2017: Education Excellence for Sustainability}, editor = {Quadrado, Jos{\´e} Carlos and Bernardino, Jorge and Rocha, Jo{\~a}o}, publisher = {SEFI (Soci{\´e}t{\´e} Europ{\´e}enne pour la Formation des Ing{\´e}nieurs)}, address = {Br{\"u}ssel}, isbn = {978-989-98875-7-2}, url = {https://www.sefi.be/conference/2017-azores/}, pages = {169 -- 176}, year = {2017}, language = {en} } @article{NeblStegerSchweiger2017, author = {Nebl, Christoph and Steger, Fabian and Schweiger, Hans-Georg}, title = {Discharge Capacity of Energy Storages as a Function of the Discharge Current-Expanding Peukert's equation}, volume = {12}, journal = {International Journal of Electrochemical Science}, number = {6}, publisher = {ESG}, address = {Belgrad}, issn = {1452-3981}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.20964/2017.06.51}, pages = {4940 -- 4957}, year = {2017}, abstract = {In 1897 Wilhelm Peukert tested lead-acid batteries with constant current and observed that a single equation can describe the relationship between the discharge capacity of the battery and a constant discharge current. In this article the dependence of the discharge capacity of lithium-ion battery cells, electrochemical double-layer capacitors and lithium capacitors are investigated from low to very high discharge rates. From low to intermediate discharge rates, these energy storage devices show ideal Peukert behavior, but a deviation was observed at high discharge rates. The cells provide less charge than predicted by Peukert's Law. To describe this deviation, a new equation has been derived by expanding Peukert's law to very discharge rates. It is capable to describe the discharge behavior of lithium-ion battery cells, electrochemical double-layer capacitors and lithium capacitors from low to high discharge rates in an unequivocal way.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{BoehmNitscheBirkeetal.2017, author = {B{\"o}hm, Klaus and Nitsche, Alexander and Birke, Peter and Schweiger, Hans-Georg}, title = {Application of vehicle control units as event data recorders in hybrid and electric vehicles (THI-CARISSMA-DEKRA)}, booktitle = {Proceedings 26th EVU-congress 2017}, publisher = {EVU}, address = {Berlin}, year = {2017}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{PaulaBoehmKubjatkoetal.2021, author = {Paula, Daniel and B{\"o}hm, Klaus and Kubjatko, Tibor and Schweiger, Hans-Georg}, title = {Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) Experiments for Traffic Accident Reconstruction}, booktitle = {Transport Means 2021: Proceedings of the 25th International Scientific Conference - Part I}, publisher = {Kaunas University of Technology}, address = {Kaunas}, issn = {2351-7034}, url = {https://transportmeans.ktu.edu/transport-means-2021/}, pages = {108 -- 112}, year = {2021}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{PfeilschifterBauderPaulaetal.2023, author = {Pfeilschifter, Claus and Bauder, Maximilian and Paula, Daniel and Riener, Andreas and Schweiger, Hans-Georg}, title = {Using a Driving Simulator to Assess Reaction Times and Driving Behavior for Forensic Accident Analysis}, booktitle = {15th International ACM Conference on Automotive User Interfaces: Adjunct Conference Proceedings}, publisher = {ACM}, address = {New York}, isbn = {979-8-4007-0112-2}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3581961.3609846}, pages = {320 -- 322}, year = {2023}, language = {en} } @article{HassSchieberMeilingeretal.2024, author = {Haß, Jan and Schieber, Christina and Meilinger, Florian and Kotak, Yash and Sevinc, Serkan and Lang, Philipp and Schweiger, Hans-Georg}, title = {Investigation of the Effects Caused by Current Interruption Devices of Lithium Cells at High Overvoltages}, volume = {14}, pages = {8238}, journal = {Applied Sciences}, number = {18}, publisher = {MDPI}, address = {Basel}, issn = {2076-3417}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.3390/app14188238}, year = {2024}, abstract = {A faulty voltage measurement can lead to the overcharging of a Li-Ion cell, resulting in gas formation and heating inside the cell, which can trigger thermal runaway. To mitigate this risk, cylindrical cells are equipped with a Current Interrupt Device (CID), which functions as a pressure relief valve, disconnecting the electrical circuit within the cell when internal pressure rises. However, this disconnection causes the cell to suddenly become highly resistant, posing a significant issue in series-connected cells. In such configurations, a portion or even the entire system voltage may drop across the disconnected cell, substantially increasing the likelihood of an electric arc. This arc could ignite any escaping flammable gases, leading to catastrophic failures. In a series of tests conducted on three different cell chemistries—NMC (Nickel Manganese Cobalt), NCA (Nickel Cobalt Aluminum), and LFP (Lithium Iron Phosphate)—it was found that the safe operation of the CID cannot be guaranteed for system voltages exceeding 120 V. Although comparative tests at double the nominal cell voltage did not exhibit the same behavior, these findings suggest that current safety standards, which recommend testing at double the nominal voltage, may not adequately address the risks involved. The tests further revealed that series connections of cells with CIDs are inherently dangerous, as, in the worst-case scenario, the entire system voltage can be concentrated across a single cell, leading to potential system failure.}, language = {en} } @article{PeringerKotakSchweiger2024, author = {Peringer, Stefan Michael and Kotak, Yash and Schweiger, Hans-Georg}, title = {Experimental Investigation of Heat Dissipation of Lithium-Ion Cells and Its Correlation with Internal Resistance}, volume = {14}, pages = {7430}, journal = {Applied Sciences}, number = {16}, publisher = {MDPI}, address = {Basel}, issn = {2076-3417}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.3390/app14167430}, year = {2024}, abstract = {Power loss is a limiting factor for batteries and individual cells. The resulting heat generation due to the power loss leads to reduced battery performance and, thus, lower efficiency. These losses are largely due to the internal resistance of the cells. Therefore, it is important to accurately determine the value of the internal resistance of lithium-ion cells. From the literature, it was found that there are three widely used internal resistance-measurement methods (current step method, direct-energy-loss method, and calorimeter measurement), with negligible research on their comparison demonstrating the most efficient method. Henceforth, to find the most optimal method, this research adopts all three methods on a variety of cell chemistries, including Lithium-ion Manganese Oxide (LMO), Lithium Iron Phosphate (LFP), Nickel Manganese Cobalt (NMC), and Lithium Titanium-Oxide (LTO) for different c-rates (1 C, 2 C, and 3 C), with a wide temperature range (from 0 °C to 40 °C).}, language = {en} } @article{ViewegerDielSchweigeretal.2024, author = {Vieweger, Daniel and Diel, Sergej and Schweiger, Hans-Georg and Tetzlaff, Ulrich}, title = {Mechanical Properties of Raw Filaments and Printed Specimens: Effects of Fiber Reinforcements and Process Parameters}, volume = {16}, pages = {1576}, journal = {Polymers}, number = {11}, publisher = {MDPI}, address = {Basel}, issn = {2073-4360}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16111576}, year = {2024}, abstract = {Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) is a well-established manufacturing method for producing both prototype and functional components. This study investigates the mechanical properties of FDM components by material and process-related influencing variables. Tensile tests were conducted on seven different materials in their raw filament form, two of which were fiber-reinforced, to analyze their material-related influence. To cover a wide range from standard to advanced materials relevant for load-carrying components as well as their respective variations, polylactic acid (PLA), 30\% wood-fiber-reinforced PLA, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), polycarbonate (PC), a blend of ABS and PC, Nylon, and 30\% glass-fiber-reinforced Nylon were selected. The process-related influencing variables were studied using the following process parameters: layer thickness, nozzle diameter, build orientation, nozzle temperature, infill density and pattern, and raster angle. The first test series revealed that the addition of wood fibers significantly worsened the mechanical behavior of PLA due to the lack of fiber bonding to the matrix and significant pore formation. The polymer blend of ABS and PC only showed improvements in stiffness. Significant strength and stiffness improvements were found by embedding glass fibers in Nylon, despite partially poor fiber-matrix bonding. The materials with the best properties were selected for the process parameter analysis. When examining the impact of layer thickness on part strength, a clear correlation was evident. Smaller layer thicknesses resulted in higher strength, while stiffness did not appear to be affected. Conversely, larger nozzle diameters and lower nozzle temperatures only positively impacted stiffness, with little effect on strength. The part orientation did alter the fracture behavior of the test specimens. Although an on-edge orientation resulted in higher stiffness, it failed at lower stresses. Higher infill densities and infill patterns aligned with the load direction led to the best mechanical results. The raster angle had a significant impact on the behavior of the printed bodies. An alternating raster angle resulted in lower strengths and stiffness compared to a unidirectional raster angle. However, it also caused significant stretching due to the rotation of the beads.}, language = {en} } @article{WilhelmGollaSchindlerWoehrletal.2024, author = {Wilhelm, Gudrun and Golla-Schindler, Ute and W{\"o}hrl, Katharina and Geisbauer, Christian and Cooke, Graham and Bernthaler, Timo and Schweiger, Hans-Georg and Schneider, Gerhard}, title = {Influence of Water on Aging Phenomena of Calendric Stored and Cycled Li-Ion Batteries}, volume = {4}, journal = {Nanoenergy Advances}, number = {2}, publisher = {MDPI}, address = {Basel}, issn = {2673-706X}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.3390/nanoenergyadv4020011}, pages = {174 -- 195}, year = {2024}, abstract = {We examine the impact of water (160 ± 41 ppm of reference) on the anode, cathode, separator and electrolyte in two aging scenarios: calendric aging (60 °C, 80 days, charged state), resulting in a triggered current interrupt device (CID), and cycling 1680 times (charge/discharge with 1C, 2.75-4.2 V, 20 ± 2 °C), resulting in 24.5\% residual capacity. We applied computer tomography (CT), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) to understand the capacity loss. The aged NMC/LCO-graphite cells were compared to a reference cell in pristine state. Both aging scenarios showed (a) thick depositions on the anode and cathode consisting mainly of oxygen, fluorine and phosphorous, (b) reduced separator pore sizes, (c) the deposition of Mn, Co and Ni on top of the anode and (d) the decomposition of the conductive salt LiPF6 accompanied by HF formation and a loss of active lithium. Calendric aging consumes the water content and additionally leads to (e) the decomposition of the organic solvent followed by CO2 gas formation. Cyclic aging increases the water content and additionally results in (f) the consumption of the additive fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC). These findings show how water affects aging phenomena and results in a capacity decrease in the cell.}, language = {en} } @article{BauderFestagKubjatkoetal.2024, author = {Bauder, Maximilian and Festag, Andreas and Kubjatko, Tibor and Schweiger, Hans-Georg}, title = {Data accuracy in Vehicle-to-X cooperative awareness messages: An experimental study for the first commercial deployment of C-ITS in Europe}, volume = {2024}, pages = {100744}, journal = {Vehicular Communications}, number = {47}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {Amsterdam}, issn = {2214-2096}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vehcom.2024.100744}, year = {2024}, abstract = {Cooperative Intelligent Transportation Systems have achieved a mature technology stage and are in an early phase of mass deployment in Europe. Relying on Vehicle-to-X communication, these systems were primarily developed to improve traffic safety, efficiency, and driving comfort. However, they also offer great opportunities for other use cases. One of them is forensic accident analysis, where the received data provide details about the status of other traffic participants, give insights into the accident scenario, and therefore help in understanding accident causes. A high accuracy of the sent information is essential: For safety use cases, such as traffic jam warning, a poor accuracy of the data may result in wrong driver information, undermine the usability of the system and even create new safety risks. For accident analysis, a low accuracy may prevent the correct reconstruction of an accident. This paper presents an experimental study of the first generation of Cooperative Intelligent Transportation Systems in Europe. The results indicate a high accuracy for most of the data fields in the Vehicle-to-X messages, namely speed, acceleration, heading and yaw rate information, which meet the accuracy requirements for safety use cases and accident analysis. In contrast, the position data, which are also carried in the messages, have larger errors. Specifically, we observed that the lateral position still has an acceptable accuracy. The error of the longitudinal position is larger and may compromise safety use cases with high accuracy requirements. Even with limited accuracy, the data provide a high value for the accident analysis. Since we also found that the accuracy of the data increases for newer vehicle models, we presume that Vehicle-to-X data have the potential for exact accident reconstruction.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{LangerMichlPaulaetal.2022, author = {Langer, Robin and Michl, Marco and Paula, Daniel and Hof, Hans-Joachim and Schweiger, Hans-Georg}, title = {Security analysis of an Event Data Recorder system according to the HEAVENS model}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 30th Annual Congress of the EVU}, publisher = {EVU}, address = {Berlin}, year = {2022}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{BauderPaulaFehringeretal.2023, author = {Bauder, Maximilian and Paula, Daniel and Fehringer, Thomas and Kubjatko, Tibor and Schweiger, Hans-Georg}, title = {Performance of Automatic Speed Sign Recognition and Adaptive Speed Adjustment of Real Vehicles on German Roads}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 31st Annual Congress of the EVU}, publisher = {EVU}, address = {Berlin}, pages = {242 -- 252}, year = {2023}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{BauderKubjatkoSchweiger2024, author = {Bauder, Maximilian and Kubjatko, Tibor and Schweiger, Hans-Georg}, title = {Development of an Accident Reconstruction Method Using Cooperative Awareness Message Data}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 32nd Annual Congress of the EVU}, publisher = {EVU}, address = {Berlin}, pages = {376 -- 390}, year = {2024}, language = {en} } @article{PaulaBauderPfeilschifteretal.2023, author = {Paula, Daniel and Bauder, Maximilian and Pfeilschifter, Claus and Petermeier, Franziska and Kubjatko, Tibor and B{\"o}hm, Klaus and Riener, Andreas and Schweiger, Hans-Georg}, title = {Impact of Partially Automated Driving Functions on Forensic Accident Reconstruction: A Simulator Study on Driver Reaction Behavior in the Event of a Malfunctioning System Behavior}, volume = {23}, pages = {9785}, journal = {Sensors}, number = {24}, publisher = {MDPI}, address = {Basel}, issn = {1424-8220}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.3390/s23249785}, year = {2023}, abstract = {Partially automated driving functions (SAE Level 2) can control a vehicle's longitudinal and lateral movements. However, taking over the driving task involves automation risks that the driver must manage. In severe accidents, the driver's ability to avoid a collision must be assessed, considering their expected reaction behavior. The primary goal of this study is to generate essential data on driver reaction behavior in case of malfunctions in partially automated driving functions for use in legal affairs. A simulator study with two scenarios involving 32 subjects was conducted for this purpose. The first scenario investigated driver reactions to system limitations during cornering. The results show that none of the subjects could avoid leaving their lane and moving into the oncoming lane and, therefore, could not control the situation safely. Due to partial automation, we could also identify a new part of the reaction time, the hands-on time, which leads to increased steering reaction times of 1.18 to 1.74 s. The second scenario examined driver responses to phantom braking caused by AEBS. We found that 25 of the 32 subjects could not override the phantom braking by pressing the accelerator pedal, although 16 subjects were informed about the system analog to the actual vehicle manuals. Overall, the study suggests that the current legal perspective on vehicle control and the expected driver reaction behavior for accident avoidance should be reconsidered.}, language = {en} } @article{BauderLangerKubjatkoetal.2024, author = {Bauder, Maximilian and Langer, Robin and Kubjatko, Tibor and Schweiger, Hans-Georg}, title = {Post-Processing Kalman Filter Application for Improving Cooperative Awareness Messages' Position Data Accuracy}, volume = {24}, pages = {7892}, journal = {Sensors}, number = {24}, publisher = {MDPI}, address = {Basel}, issn = {1424-8220}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.3390/s24247892}, year = {2024}, abstract = {Cooperative intelligent transportation systems continuously send self-referenced data about their current status in the Cooperative Awareness Message (CAM). Each CAM contains the current position of the vehicle based on GPS accuracy, which can have inaccuracies in the meter range. However, a high accuracy of the position data is crucial for many applications, such as electronic toll collection or the reconstruction of traffic accidents. Kalman filters are already frequently used today to increase the accuracy of position data. The problem with applying the Kalman filter to the position data within the Cooperative Awareness Message is the low temporal resolution (max. 10 Hz) and the non-equidistant time steps between the messages. In addition, the filter can only be applied to the data retrospectively. To solve these problems, an Extended Kalman Filter and an Unscented Kalman Filter were designed and investigated in this work. The Kalman filters were implemented with two kinematic models. Subsequently, driving tests were conducted with two V2X vehicles to investigate and compare the influence on the accuracy of the position data. To address the problem of non-equidistant time steps, an iterative adjustment of the Process Noise Covariance Matrix Qand the introduction of additional interpolation points to equidistance the received messages were investigated. The results show that without one of these approaches, it is impossible to design a generally valid filter to improve the position accuracy of the CAM position data retrospectively. The introduction of interpolation points did not lead to a significant improvement in the results. With the Qmatrix adaptation, an Unscented Kalman Filter could be created that improves the longitudinal position accuracy of the two vehicles under investigation by up to 80\% (0.54 m) and the lateral position accuracy by up to 72\% (0.18 m). The work thus contributes to improving the positioning accuracy of CAM data for applications that receive only these data retrospectively.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{KochSteindeAbreuetal.2024, author = {Koch, Daniel and Stein, Murillo and de Abreu, Samuel Luna and Diel, Sergej and Schweiger, Hans-Georg}, title = {Characterization and modeling of the swelling behavior of a LiFePO4 pouch cell in multiple operating conditions}, booktitle = {2024 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC), Proceedings}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {Piscataway}, isbn = {979-8-3315-4160-6}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC63154.2024.10755252}, year = {2024}, language = {en} } @article{LangerBauderMoghariyaetal.2024, author = {Langer, Robin and Bauder, Maximilian and Moghariya, Ghanshyam Tukarambhai and Eckert, Michael Clemens Georg and Kubjatko, Tibor and Schweiger, Hans-Georg}, title = {Testing and Validation of the Vehicle Front Camera Verification Method Using External Stimulation}, volume = {24}, pages = {8166}, journal = {Sensors}, number = {24}, publisher = {MDPI}, address = {Basel}, issn = {1424-8220}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.3390/s24248166}, year = {2024}, abstract = {The perception of the vehicle's environment is crucial for automated vehicles. Therefore, environmental sensors' reliability and correct functioning are becoming increasingly important. Current vehicle inspections and self-diagnostics must be adapted to ensure the correct functioning of environmental sensors throughout the vehicle's lifetime. There are several promising approaches for developing new test methods for vehicle environmental sensors, one of which has already been developed in our previous work. A method for testing vehicle front cameras was developed. In this work, the method is improved and applied again. Various test vehicles, including the Tesla Model 3, Volkswagen ID.3, and Volkswagen T-Cross, are stimulated by simulating driving scenarios. The stimulation is carried out via a tablet positioned before the camera. The high beam assist is used to evaluate the vehicle's reaction. It was observed whether the vehicle switched from high to low beam as expected in response to the stimulation. Although no general statement can be made, the principle of stimulation works. A vehicle reaction can be successfully induced using this method. In further test series, the influence of display brightness is examined for the first time in this work. The results show that the display brightness significantly influences the test procedure. In addition, the method is validated by stimulation with colored images. It is shown that no complex traffic simulation is necessary to trigger a vehicle reaction. In the following validation approach, the CAN data of the Tesla Model 3 is analyzed during the tests. Here, too, the assumption that the vehicle reaction is based solely on the detected brightness instead of identifying road users is confirmed. The final validation approach examines the method's applicability to other vehicles and high beam assist technologies. Although the method could not be used on the Volkswagen T-Cross due to a fault detected by the vehicle's self-diagnosis, it worked well on the Volkswagen ID.3. This vehicle has a dynamic light assist in which individual segments of the high beam are dimmed during stimulation. Although the method developed to stimulate vehicle front cameras is promising, the specific factors that trigger the vehicle responses remain to be seen. This uncertainty suggests that further research is needed better to understand the interaction of stimulation and sensor detection.}, language = {en} } @article{NeblKotzurKochetal.2020, author = {Nebl, Christoph and Kotzur, Frank-Oliver and Koch, Daniel and Schweiger, Hans-Georg}, title = {Prediction of constant power delivery of lithium-ion cells at high loads}, volume = {2020}, pages = {101552}, journal = {Journal of Energy Storage}, number = {30}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {Amsterdam}, issn = {2352-1538}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2020.101552}, year = {2020}, abstract = {Available energy and available capacity are key factors for dimensioning batteries. Discharge duration of a battery and its dependency on discharge current amplitude are well described by Peukert's law from low to medium current ranges. Other equations describe this dependency up to very high current rates, including the currents occurring during a short circuit. It is not current and capacity, but energy and power which are the key parameters for dimensioning battery systems. Thus, the available power of battery cells, vs. the discharge duration was investigated from low to high constant power discharge loads. Based on the results of these experiments, a correlation of the maximum discharge duration for low to medium discharge power pulses, similar to the Peukert's equation was found. Additionally, a new equation is proposed, describing the power range from low to very high discharge power rates. The result of this work simplifies the design of battery systems, its electromechanical components, as well as improves the prediction of available boost power cost-effective way e.g. for hybrid electric vehicles.}, language = {en} } @article{GregorBauderKirstenVidaldeOliveiraetal.2025, author = {Gregor, Markus and Bauder, Maximilian and Kirsten Vidal de Oliveira, Aline and Mast, Pascal and R{\"u}ther, Ricardo and Schweiger, Hans-Georg}, title = {Approaches for Lifetime Prediction of Vehicle Traction Battery Systems During a Technical Inspection: A Systematic Review}, volume = {17}, pages = {3}, journal = {World Electric Vehicle Journal}, number = {1}, publisher = {MDPI}, address = {Basel}, issn = {2032-6653}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj17010003}, year = {2025}, abstract = {Creating trust in society for new technologies, such as a new types of powertrains, and making them marketable requires transparent, neutral, and independent technical verification. This is crucial for the acceptance and success of electrified vehicles in the used car markets. A key component of electric vehicles is the traction battery, whose current and future condition, particularly regarding aging, determines its residual value and safe operation. This review aims to identify and evaluate methods for predicting the lifetime of onboard traction batteries, focusing on their applicability in technical inspections. A systematic literature and patent review was conducted using targeted keywords, yielding 22 patents and 633 publications. From these, 150 distinct lifetime prediction methods were extracted and categorized into a four-level mind map. These methods are summarized, cited, and structured in detailed tables. The relationships between approaches are explained to clarify the current research landscape. Long Short-Term Memory, Convolutional Neural Networks, and Particle Filters were identified as the most frequently used techniques. However, no methods were found suitable for predicting the lifetime of traction batteries during technical vehicle inspections, which operate under short test durations, limited data access, and diverse real-world operating conditions. Most studies focused on cell-level testing and did not address complete battery systems in operational vehicles. This gap highlights the need for applied research and the development of practical methods to support battery assessment in real-world conditions. Advancing this field is essential to foster confidence in battery systems and enable a sustainable transition to electromobility.}, language = {en} } @article{GeisbauerWoehrlLottetal.2021, author = {Geisbauer, Christian and W{\"o}hrl, Katharina and Lott, Susanne and Nebl, Christoph and Schweiger, Hans-Georg and Goertz, Roland and Kubjatko, Tibor}, title = {Scenarios involving accident-damaged electric vehicles}, volume = {2021}, journal = {Transportation Research Procedia}, number = {55}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {Amsterdam}, issn = {2352-1465}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2021.07.136}, pages = {1484 -- 1489}, year = {2021}, abstract = {Electrically propelled cars will play a major role on the streets, not only in the far, but also in the near future. In this work, an overview on the possible risks arising from electric vehicles is given that involves electrical, chemical and thermal hazards. Additionally, an analysis on different scenarios involving damaged electric vehicles, the involved parties, as well as their risk assessment in terms of hazard rating is presented. Furthermore, two scenarios are explained and addressed with more detail. With the derived risks of the battery and with possible crash scenarios presented, the still existing uncertainties for handling damaged electric vehicles are addressed, followed by a discussion on ways to overcome this problem.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{PaulaBauderKoenigetal.2022, author = {Paula, Daniel and Bauder, Maximilian and K{\"o}nig, Thomas and Dengler, Yannick and B{\"o}hm, Klaus and Kubjatko, Tibor and Schweiger, Hans-Georg}, title = {Impact of vehicle electrification on fundamental accident reconstruction parameters}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 30th Annual Congress of the EVU}, publisher = {EVU}, address = {Berlin}, pages = {34 -- 41}, year = {2022}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{PaulaBauderKoenigetal.2023, author = {Paula, Daniel and Bauder, Maximilian and K{\"o}nig, Thomas and Kubjatko, Tibor and Schweiger, Hans-Georg}, title = {Systematic investigation of influences on advanced driver assistance systems for accident reconstruction}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 31st Annual Congress of the EVU}, publisher = {EVU}, address = {Berlin}, pages = {253 -- 261}, year = {2023}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{BauderPaulaBoehmetal.2022, author = {Bauder, Maximilian and Paula, Daniel and B{\"o}hm, Klaus and Kubjatko, Tibor and Wech, Lothar and Schweiger, Hans-Georg}, title = {Opportunities and challenges of cooperative intelligent transportation systems on accident analysis}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 30th Annual Congress of the EVU}, publisher = {EVU}, address = {Berlin}, year = {2022}, language = {en} }