@article{KomsiyskaBuchbergerDiehletal.2021, author = {Komsiyska, Lidiya and Buchberger, Tobias and Diehl, Simon and Ehrensberger, Moritz and Hanzl, Christian and Hartmann, Christoph and H{\"o}lzle, Markus and Kleiner, Jan and Lewerenz, Meinert and Liebhart, Bernhard and Schmid, Michael and Schneider, Dominik and Speer, Sascha and St{\"o}ttner, Julia and Terbrack, Christoph and Hinterberger, Michael and Endisch, Christian}, title = {Critical review of intelligent battery systems}, volume = {14}, pages = {5989}, journal = {Energies}, subtitle = {challenges, implementation, and potential for electric vehicles}, number = {18}, publisher = {MDPI}, address = {Basel}, issn = {1996-1073}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.3390/en14185989}, year = {2021}, abstract = {This review provides an overview of new strategies to address the current challenges of automotive battery systems: Intelligent Battery Systems. They have the potential to make battery systems more performant and future-proof for coming generations of electric vehicles. The essential features of Intelligent Battery Systems are the accurate and robust determination of cell individual states and the ability to control the current of each cell by reconfiguration. They enable high-level functions like fault diagnostics, multi-objective balancing strategies, multilevel inverters, and hybrid energy storage systems. State of the art and recent advances in these topics are compiled and critically discussed in this article. A comprising, critical discussion of the implementation aspects of Intelligent Battery Systems complements the review. We touch on sensing, battery topologies and management, switching elements, communication architecture, and impact on the single-cell. This review contributes to transferring the best technologies from research to product development.}, language = {en} } @article{SchmidVoegeleEndisch2020, author = {Schmid, Michael and V{\"o}gele, Ulrich and Endisch, Christian}, title = {A novel matrix-vector-based framework for modeling and simulation of electric vehicle battery packs}, volume = {2020}, pages = {101736}, journal = {Journal of Energy Storage}, number = {32}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {Amsterdam}, issn = {2352-152X}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2020.101736}, year = {2020}, language = {en} } @article{SchmidEndisch2022, author = {Schmid, Michael and Endisch, Christian}, title = {Online diagnosis of soft internal short circuits in series-connected battery packs using modified kernel principal component analysis}, volume = {2022}, pages = {104815}, journal = {Journal of Energy Storage}, number = {53}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {Amsterdam}, issn = {2352-152X}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2022.104815}, year = {2022}, abstract = {Safe operation of large battery storage systems requires advanced fault diagnosis that is able to detect faults and provide an early warning in the event of a fault. Since Internal Short Circuits (ISC) are the most common abuse condition leading to thermal runaway, this study addresses the early detection of incipient soft ISCs at the stage when the fault is still uncritical and does not lead to significant heat generation. The differences in cell voltages as measured by conventional battery management systems prove to be indicative features for ISC diagnosis. However, due to poor balancing and parameter variations, the cell voltage differences exhibit nonlinear variations. This work addresses this challenge with a nonlinear data model based on Kernel Principal Component Analysis (KPCA). To enable an online application in a vehicle, the present work reduces the computational complexity of the method by an optimal choice of training data. An analysis of the contribution of each cell to the fault statistics enables identification of the faulty cell. Since early-stage ISCs can exhibit a wide range of short-circuit resistances, experimental validation is performed with resistances from 10Ω to 10kΩ, which are correctly detected and isolated by the optimized cross-cell monitoring in all cases.}, language = {en} } @article{HanzlHartmannHoelzleetal.2021, author = {Hanzl, Christian and Hartmann, Christoph and H{\"o}lzle, Markus and Liebhart, Bernhard and Schmid, Michael and Endisch, Christian}, title = {Current commutation in a switched lithium-ion cell used in cascaded half-bridge multilevel inverters}, volume = {14}, journal = {IET Power Electronics}, number = {6}, publisher = {Wiley}, address = {Hoboken}, issn = {1755-4543}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1049/pel2.12088}, pages = {1073 -- 1088}, year = {2021}, abstract = {In order to improve the efficiency of battery electric vehicles, the utilization of reconfigurable batteries and multilevel inverters based on low-voltage Si MOSFETs gains growing attention. Focusing on the half-bridge as basic switching unit, this paper examines voltage and current waveforms during switching. It is shown that the current commutation speed depends on various factors such as sign and amplitude of the current as well as the particular switching scenario. For instance, turning off a positive cell current takes 0.21 𝜇s while turning it on takes 0.9 𝜇s. In addition, it is revealed that depending on the switching scenario and current direction, the lithium-ion cell supports or opposes the remagnetization of the parasitic inductances and therefore the switching losses of the MOSFETs. Switching a positive load current of 125 A from active to bypass converts 276 𝜇J into heat while switching from bypass to active converts merely 32.5 𝜇J into heat.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{BlenkKalmbachZerwasetal.2018, author = {Blenk, Andreas and Kalmbach, Patrick and Zerwas, Johannes and Jarschel, Michael and Schmid, Stefan and Kellerer, Wolfgang}, title = {NeuroViNE: A Neural Preprocessor for Your Virtual Network Embedding Algorithm}, booktitle = {IEEE INFOCOM 2018 - IEEE Conference on Computer Communications}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {Piscataway}, isbn = {978-1-5386-4128-6}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1109/INFOCOM.2018.8486263}, pages = {405 -- 413}, year = {2018}, language = {en} } @article{KleinerSinghSchmidetal.2020, author = {Kleiner, Jan and Singh, Randeep and Schmid, Michael and Komsiyska, Lidiya and Elger, Gordon and Endisch, Christian}, title = {Influence of heat pipe assisted terminal cooling on the thermal behavior of a large prismatic lithium-ion cell during fast charging in electric vehicles}, volume = {2021}, pages = {116328}, journal = {Applied Thermal Engineering}, number = {188}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {Amsterdam}, issn = {1359-4311}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2020.116328}, year = {2020}, language = {en} } @article{SchmidKneidingerEndisch2020, author = {Schmid, Michael and Kneidinger, Hans-Georg and Endisch, Christian}, title = {Data-driven fault diagnosis in battery systems through cross-cell monitoring}, volume = {21}, journal = {IEEE Sensors Journal}, number = {2}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {New York}, issn = {1558-1748}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2020.3017812}, pages = {1829 -- 1837}, year = {2020}, language = {en} } @article{SchmidGebauerHanzletal.2020, author = {Schmid, Michael and Gebauer, Emanuel and Hanzl, Christian and Endisch, Christian}, title = {Active model-based fault diagnosis in reconfigurable battery systems}, volume = {36}, journal = {IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics}, number = {3}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {Piscataway}, issn = {1941-0107}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1109/TPEL.2020.3012964}, pages = {2584 -- 2597}, year = {2020}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{LiebhartDiehlSchmidetal.2021, author = {Liebhart, Bernhard and Diehl, Simon and Schmid, Michael and Endisch, Christian and Kennel, Ralph}, title = {Improved Impedance Measurements for Electric Vehicles with Reconfigurable Battery Systems}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition - Asia, 2021 (ECCE Asia 2021)}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {Piscataway (NJ)}, isbn = {978-1-7281-6344-4}, issn = {2150-6086}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1109/ECCE-Asia49820.2021.9479060}, pages = {1736 -- 1742}, year = {2021}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{ZiegmannSchmidEndisch2018, author = {Ziegmann, Johannes and Schmid, Michael and Endisch, Christian}, title = {Sensitivity Analysis for Driver Energy Prediction with Environmental Features and Naturalistic Data}, booktitle = {2018 IEEE International Conference on Intelligent Engineering Systems (INES)}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {Piscataway (NJ)}, isbn = {978-1-5386-1122-7}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1109/INES.2018.8523987}, pages = {000199 -- 000206}, year = {2018}, language = {en} } @article{SchmidKleinerEndisch2022, author = {Schmid, Michael and Kleiner, Jan and Endisch, Christian}, title = {Early detection of Internal Short Circuits in series-connected battery packs based on nonlinear process monitoring}, volume = {2022}, pages = {103732}, journal = {Journal of Energy Storage}, number = {48}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {Amsterdam}, issn = {2352-152X}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2021.103732}, year = {2022}, language = {en} } @article{SchmidGebauerEndisch2021, author = {Schmid, Michael and Gebauer, Emanuel and Endisch, Christian}, title = {Structural analysis in reconfigurable battery systems for active fault diagnosis}, volume = {36}, journal = {IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics}, number = {8}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {New York}, issn = {1941-0107}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1109/TPEL.2021.3049573}, pages = {8672 -- 8684}, year = {2021}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{SchmidLiebhartKleineretal.2021, author = {Schmid, Michael and Liebhart, Bernhard and Kleiner, Jan and Endisch, Christian and Kennel, Ralph}, title = {Online Detection of Soft Internal Short Circuits in Lithium-Ion Battery Packs by Data-Driven Cell Voltage Monitoring}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the Energy Conversion Congress \& Exposition - Asia, 2021 (ECCE-Asia 2021)}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {Piscataway (NJ)}, isbn = {978-1-7281-6344-4}, issn = {2150-6086}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1109/ECCE-Asia49820.2021.9479175}, pages = {1711 -- 1718}, year = {2021}, language = {en} }