@inproceedings{KnollmeyerCaymazerKovaletal.2024, author = {Knollmeyer, Simon and Caymazer, Oğuz and Koval, Leonid and Akmal, Muhammad Uzair and Asif, Saara and Mathias, Selvine George and Großmann, Daniel}, title = {Benchmarking of Retrieval Augmented Generation: A Comprehensive Systematic Literature Review on Evaluation Dimensions, Evaluation Metrics and Datasets}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 16th International Joint Conference on Knowledge Discovery, Knowledge Engineering and Knowledge Management (IC3K 2024) - Volume 3}, editor = {Gruenwald, Le and Masciari, Elio and Bernardino, Jorge}, publisher = {SciTePress}, address = {Set{\´u}bal}, isbn = {978-989-758-716-0}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.5220/0013065700003838}, pages = {137 -- 148}, year = {2024}, abstract = {Despite the rapid advancements in the field of Large Language Models (LLM), traditional benchmarks have proven to be inadequate for assessing the performance of Retrieval Augmented Generation (RAG) systems. Therefore, this paper presents a comprehensive systematic literature review of evaluation dimensions, metrics, and datasets for RAG systems. This review identifies key evaluation dimensions such as context relevance, faithfulness, answer relevance, correctness, and citation quality. For each evaluation dimension, several metrics and evaluators are proposed on how to assess them. This paper synthesizes the findings from 12 relevant papers and presents a concept matrix that categorizes each evaluation approach. The results provide a foundation for the development of robust evaluation frameworks and suitable datasets that are essential for the effective implementation and deployment of RAG systems in real-world applications.}, language = {en} } @article{KovalKnollmeyerMathiasetal.2024, author = {Koval, Leonid and Knollmeyer, Simon and Mathias, Selvine George and Asif, Saara and Akmal, Muhammad Uzair and Großmann, Daniel and Bregulla, Markus}, title = {Unlocking the Potential of Information Modeling for Root Cause Analysis in a Production Environment: A Comprehensive State-of-the-Art Review Using the Kitchenham Methodology}, volume = {12}, journal = {IEEE Access}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {New York}, issn = {2169-3536}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2024.3406020}, pages = {80266 -- 80282}, year = {2024}, abstract = {Data from production environments is now available in unprecedented volumes, making the problem-solving of incidents through root cause analysis straightforward. However, the root cause analysis process remains time-consuming. This study employs the Kitchenham standard systematic literature review methodology to explore how information models and deep learning can streamline this process. By conducting a comprehensive search across four major databases, we evaluate the current technological advancements and their application in root cause analysis. The aim of this study is to assesses the impact of information models for root cause analysis in a production environment. Our findings reveal that integrating knowledge graphs, association rule mining, and deep learning algorithms significantly improves the speed and depth of root cause analysis compared to traditional methods. Specifically, the use of neural networks in recent literature shows substantial advancements in analyzing complex datasets, facilitating large-scale data integration, and enabling automated learning capabilities. Comparing our findings with other recent studies highlights the advantages of using information modeling and deep learning technologies in root cause analysis. This comparison underscores the superior accuracy and efficiency of these advanced methodologies over traditional manual interpretation methods. The effective implementation of these technologies requires a robust foundation of clean, standardized data, giving rise to the concept of "Production IT." Furthermore, it is crucial for this data to be openly available to facilitate academic research, thereby enabling the development of new methods for more efficient and effective root cause analysis.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{KovalPfallerBilaletal.2021, author = {Koval, Leonid and Pfaller, Daniel and Bilal, M{\"u}henad and Bregulla, Markus and Cupek, Rafal}, title = {An analysis of convolutional neural network models for classifying machine tools}, booktitle = {Advances in Computational Collective Intelligence}, publisher = {Springer}, address = {Cham}, isbn = {978-3-030-88112-2}, issn = {1865-0929}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-88113-9_37}, pages = {461 -- 473}, year = {2021}, language = {en} } @article{BilalPodishettiKovaletal.2024, author = {Bilal, M{\"u}henad and Podishetti, Ranadheer and Koval, Leonid and Gaafar, Mahmoud A. and Großmann, Daniel and Bregulla, Markus}, title = {The Effect of Annotation Quality on Wear Semantic Segmentation by CNN}, volume = {24}, pages = {4777}, journal = {Sensors}, number = {15}, publisher = {MDPI}, address = {Basel}, issn = {1424-8220}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.3390/s24154777}, year = {2024}, abstract = {In this work, we investigate the impact of annotation quality and domain expertise on the performance of Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) for semantic segmentation of wear on titanium nitride (TiN) and titanium carbonitride (TiCN) coated end mills. Using an innovative measurement system and customized CNN architecture, we found that domain expertise significantly affects model performance. Annotator 1 achieved maximum mIoU scores of 0.8153 for abnormal wear and 0.7120 for normal wear on TiN datasets, whereas Annotator 3 with the lowest expertise achieved significantly lower scores. Sensitivity to annotation inconsistencies and model hyperparameters were examined, revealing that models for TiCN datasets showed a higher coefficient of variation (CV) of 16.32\% compared to 8.6\% for TiN due to the subtle wear characteristics, highlighting the need for optimized annotation policies and high-quality images to improve wear segmentation.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{BilalKancharanaMayeretal.2022, author = {Bilal, M{\"u}henad and Kancharana, Sunil and Mayer, Christian and Pfaller, Daniel and Koval, Leonid and Bregulla, Markus and Cupek, Rafal and Ziębiński, Adam}, title = {High Resolution Mask R-CNN-based Damage Detection on Titanium Nitride Coated Milling Tools for Condition Monitoring by using a New Illumination Technique}, volume = {vol. 5: VISAPP}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 17th International Joint Conference on Computer Vision, Imaging and Computer Graphics Theory and Applications}, editor = {Farinella, Giovanni Maria and Radeva, Petia and Bouatouch, Kadi}, publisher = {SciTePress}, address = {Set{\´u}bal}, isbn = {978-989-758-555-5}, issn = {2184-4321}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.5220/0010781800003124}, pages = {305 -- 314}, year = {2022}, abstract = {The implementation of intelligent software in the manufacturing industry is a technology of growing importance and has highlighted the need for improvement in automatization, production, inspection, and quality assurance. An automated inspection system based on deep learning methods can help to enhance inspection and provide a consistent overview of the production line. Camera-based imaging systems are among the most widely used tools, replacing manual industrial quality control tasks. Moreover, an automatized damage detection system on milling tools can be employed in quality control during the coating process and to simplify measuring tool life. Deep Convolutional Neural Networks (DCNNs) are state-of-the-art methods used to extract visual features and classify objects. Hence, there is great interest in applying DCNN in damage detection and classification. However, training a DCNN model on Titanium-Nitride coated (TiN) milling tools is extremely challenging. Due to the coating, the optical properties such as reflection and light scattering on the milling tool surface make image capturing for computer vision tasks quite challenging. In addition to the reflection and scattering, the helical-shaped surface of the cutting tools creates shadows, preventing the neural network from efficient training and damage detection. Here, in the context of applying an automatized deep learning-based method to detect damages on coated milling tools for quality control, the light has been shed on a novel illumination technique that allows capturing high-quality images which makes efficient damage detection for condition monitoring and quality control reliable. The method is outlined along with results obtained in training a ResNet 50 and ResNet 101 model reaching an overall accuracy of 83\% from a dataset containing bounding box annotated damages. For instance and semantic segmentation, the state-of-the-art framework Mask R-CNN is employed.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Koval2025, author = {Koval, Leonid}, title = {Methodology for Evaluating and Optimizing Machine Learning Applications in Industrial Production}, publisher = {Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt}, address = {Ingolstadt}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:573-63465}, pages = {XV, 127, xv}, school = {Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt}, year = {2025}, abstract = {This dissertation examines the challenges of integrating machine learning into manufacturing environments and introduces a structured optimization methodology, termedUnderstanding and Transformation, Classification and Estimation, Optimization, Results and Evaluation (UT-CORE), to align technical solutions with strategic production objectives. The initial chapters establish the historical context and current state of data-driven production, emphasizing the complexities introduced by imbalanced datasets, constrained budgets, and evolving AI maturity within the industry. Cost emerges as a central determinant for success, prompting in-depth analyses of model-centric and data-centric pipeline design approaches. Building on these foundations, UT-CORE is presented as a four-phase process that employs a morphological box to isolate critical pipeline components and to quantify them through cost, time, availability, and complexity. By transforming high-level goals into systematic ranking and selection mechanisms using multi-criteria decision-making tools, UTCORE pinpoints the most impactful aspects of an ML pipeline, such as labeling, deployment, or model tuning, and visualizes their break-even points for more transparent managerial oversight. This process supports incremental improvements and comprehensive overhauls and can be adapted to industrial use cases. An extensive real-world application in a small to medium-sized enterprise validates the method's utility. The findings underscore the importance of optimizing meta-characteristics selectively rather than attempting to address an entire pipeline simultaneously. Concluding discussions highlight UT-CORE's adaptability to emerging technologies such as automated machine learning, and robotic process automation, as well as the potential for integrated information modeling to enhance future iterations of the method. Ultimately, this dissertation contributes a robust, modular framework to facilitate cost-effective, data-driven quality assurance across diverse production contexts.}, language = {en} } @article{BilalPodishettiKovaletal.2024, author = {Bilal, M{\"u}henad and Podishetti, Ranadheer and Koval, Leonid and Gaafar, Mahmoud A. and Großmann, Daniel and Bregulla, Markus}, title = {Automatized End Mill Wear Inspection Using a Novel Illumination Unit and Convolutional Neural Network}, volume = {12}, journal = {IEEE Access}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {New York}, issn = {2169-3536}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2024.3454692}, pages = {124282 -- 124297}, year = {2024}, abstract = {Ensuring cutting tools are in optimal condition is essential for achieving peak machining performance, given their direct impact on both workpiece quality and process efficiency. However, accurately assessing wear on end mills, especially those with complex geometries, pose a significant challenge due to their reflective surfaces and varied wear patterns. Presented here is a novel method that addresses this challenge by employing a customized illumination unit in conjunction with a convolutional neural network (CNN) for end mill wear analysis. This innovative approach involves utilizing the specially designed illumination unit to capture high-quality images, enabling precise examination of material wear on helically shaped end mills. Notably, this method is tailored to illuminate reflective surfaces and represents a pioneering application in the realm of wear testing.We validate the viability of this approach by employing CNN-based models to segment wear on complex-shaped end mills coated with titanium carbonitride (TiCN) and titanium nitride (TiN). We achieved remarkable mean Intersection over Union (mIoU) results in wear detection on a test dataset: 0.99 for tool segmentation, 0.78 for abnormal wear, and 0.71 for normal wear segmentation.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{AkmalAsifKovaletal.2025, author = {Akmal, Muhammad Uzair and Asif, Saara and Koval, Leonid and Mathias, Selvine George and Knollmeyer, Simon and Großmann, Daniel}, title = {Layered Data-Centric AI to Streamline Data Quality Practices for Enhanced Automation}, booktitle = {Artificial Intelligence: Methodology, Systems, and Applications: 19th International Conference, AIMSA 2024, Varna, Bulgaria, September 18-20, 2024, Proceedings}, editor = {Koprinkova-Hristova, Petia and Kasabov, Nikola}, publisher = {Springer}, address = {Cham}, isbn = {978-3-031-81542-3}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-81542-3_11}, pages = {128 -- 142}, year = {2025}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{MathiasAsifAkmaletal.2025, author = {Mathias, Selvine George and Asif, Saara and Akmal, Muhammad Uzair and Knollmeyer, Simon and Koval, Leonid and Großmann, Daniel}, title = {Industrial Image Grouping Through Pre-Trained CNN Encoder-Based Feature Extraction and Sub-Clustering}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Agents and Artificial Intelligence (ICAART 2025) - Volume 2}, editor = {Rocha, Ana Paula and Steels, Luc and van den Herik, Jaap}, publisher = {SciTePress}, address = {Set{\´u}bal}, isbn = {978-989-758-737-5}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.5220/0013189000003890}, pages = {496 -- 506}, year = {2025}, abstract = {A common challenge faced by many industries today is the classification of unlabeled image data from production processes into meaningful groups or patterns for better documentation and analysis. This paper presents a sequential approach for leveraging industrial image data to identify patterns in products or processes for plant floor operators. The dataset used is sourced from steel production, and the model architecture integrates feature reduction through convolutional neural networks (CNNs) like VGG, EfficientNet, and ResNet, followed by clustering algorithms to assign appropriate labels to the observed data. The model's selection criteria combine clustering metrics, including entropy minimization and silhouette score maximization. Once primary clusters are identified, sub-clustering is performed using near-labels, which are pre-assigned to images with initial distinctions. A novel metric, C-Score, is introduced to assess cluster convergence and grouping accuracy. Experimental re sults demonstrate that this method can address challenges in detecting variations across images, improving pattern recognition and classification.}, language = {en} } @article{MathiasAkmalAsifetal.2024, author = {Mathias, Selvine George and Akmal, Muhammad Uzair and Asif, Saara and Koval, Leonid and Knollmeyer, Simon and Großmann, Daniel}, title = {Pattern Identifications in Transformed Acoustic Signals Using Classification Models}, volume = {2024}, journal = {Procedia CIRP}, number = {130}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {Amsterdam}, issn = {2212-8271}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2024.10.061}, pages = {93 -- 99}, year = {2024}, abstract = {Pattern identifications in signals is necessary to discern variations from approved normal values in different scenarios. With machine learning algorithms, it is possible to use hybrid methods of pattern identifications such as feature extractions followed by classifications and/or clustering. This paper presents a pattern identification approach of acoustic signals using their transformations as inputs to classification algorithms. The analysis is carried out on two transformed versions of acoustic emission (AE) hits such as log transformations of peak hits and binary sequencing based on threshold crossing. A comparative analysis using custom data loss metrics is made to determine which inputs provide the best information in predictive methods for identifying commonly occurring patterns while acknowledging significant data loss. The methodology is conducted on transformed versions of a public dataset and the results show that patterns can be discerned to above 90\% accuracy with the transformed datasets. The experimental results yield that actual source signals need not be utilized depending on which transformations suit the practical application.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{KnollmeyerAkmalKovaletal.2024, author = {Knollmeyer, Simon and Akmal, Muhammad Uzair and Koval, Leonid and Asif, Saara and Mathias, Selvine George and Großmann, Daniel}, title = {Document Knowledge Graph to Enhance Question Answering with Retrieval Augmented Generation}, booktitle = {2024 IEEE 29th International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation (ETFA)}, editor = {Facchinetti, Tullio and Cenedese, Angelo and Lo Bello, Lucia and Vitturi, Stefano and Sauter, Thilo and Tramarin, Federico}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {Piscataway}, isbn = {979-8-3503-6123-0}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1109/ETFA61755.2024.10711054}, year = {2024}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{AsifAkmalKovaletal.2024, author = {Asif, Saara and Akmal, Muhammad Uzair and Koval, Leonid and Knollmeyer, Simon and Mathias, Selvine George and Großmann, Daniel}, title = {Supervised Anomaly Detection for Production Line Images using Data Augmentation and Convolutional Neural Network}, booktitle = {2024 IEEE 29th International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation (ETFA)}, editor = {Facchinetti, Tullio and Cenedese, Angelo and Lo Bello, Lucia and Vitturi, Stefano and Sauter, Thilo and Tramarin, Federico}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {Piscataway}, isbn = {979-8-3503-6123-0}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1109/ETFA61755.2024.10710718}, year = {2024}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{KovalAkmalAsifetal.2025, author = {Koval, Leonid and Akmal, Muhammad Uzair and Asif, Saara and Mathias, Selvine George and Knollmeyer, Simon and Großmann, Daniel}, title = {Optimizing AI-Driven Production in Industry 4.0: A Morphological Box and Taxonomy Approach}, booktitle = {2025 International Conference on Computer Technology Applications (ICCTA)}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {Piscataway}, isbn = {979-8-3315-1265-1}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1109/ICCTA65425.2025.11166106}, pages = {272 -- 278}, year = {2025}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{KovalAkmalAsifetal.2024, author = {Koval, Leonid and Akmal, Muhammad Uzair and Asif, Saara and Mathias, Selvine George and Knollmeyer, Simon and Großmann, Daniel}, title = {Addressing the complexity of AI Integration in Manufacturing: A Morphological Analysis}, booktitle = {2024 IEEE 29th International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation (ETFA)}, editor = {Facchinetti, Tullio and Cenedese, Angelo and Lo Bello, Lucia and Vitturi, Stefano and Sauter, Thilo and Tramarin, Federico}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {Piscataway}, isbn = {979-8-3503-6123-0}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1109/ETFA61755.2024.10711011}, year = {2024}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{AsifAkmalKovaletal.2024, author = {Asif, Saara and Akmal, Muhammad Uzair and Koval, Leonid and Mathias, Selvine George and Knollmeyer, Simon and Großmann, Daniel}, title = {A Conceptual Framework for Addressing Class Imbalance in Image Data: Challenges and Strategies}, booktitle = {2024 IEEE 12th International Conference on Intelligent Systems (IS): Proceedings}, editor = {Sgurev, Vassil and Jotsov, Vladimir and Piuri, Vincenzo and Doukovska, Luybka and Yoshinov, Radoslav}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {Piscataway}, isbn = {979-8-3503-5098-2}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1109/IS61756.2024.10705251}, year = {2024}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{KovalWaechterErdoganetal.2025, author = {Koval, Leonid and W{\"a}chter, Sonja and Erdogan, H{\"u}seyin and Großmann, Daniel}, title = {Ontology-Driven Modeling and Integration of Production Processes in Advanced Driver-Assistance Systems within the Gaia-X Ecosystem}, booktitle = {2025 11th International Conference on Computer Technology Applications (ICCTA 2025)}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {Piscataway}, isbn = {979-8-3315-1265-1}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1109/ICCTA65425.2025.11166225}, pages = {211 -- 216}, year = {2025}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{MathiasAkmalAsifetal.2025, author = {Mathias, Selvine George and Akmal, Muhammad Uzair and Asif, Saara and Knollmeyer, Simon and Koval, Leonid and Grossmann, Daniel}, title = {Handling Anonymized Non-numerical Features in Data Using Transformations for Regression Models}, booktitle = {Artificial Intelligence Applications and Innovations: 21st IFIP WG 12.5 International Conference, AIAI 2025, Limassol, Cyprus, June 26-29, 2025, Proceedings, Part III}, editor = {Maglogiannis, Ilias and Iliadis, Lazaros and Andreou, Andreas and Papaleonidas, Antonios}, publisher = {Springer}, address = {Cham}, isbn = {978-3-031-96231-8}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-96231-8_8}, pages = {99 -- 111}, year = {2025}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{AkmalMathiasAsifetal.2025, author = {Akmal, Muhammad Uzair and Mathias, Selvine George and Asif, Saara and Koval, Leonid and Knollmeyer, Simon and Großmann, Daniel}, title = {Humanizing AI: A Human-Centered Architecture to Developing Trustworthy Intelligent Systems}, booktitle = {CS \& IT Conference Proceedings}, publisher = {AIRCC}, address = {[s. l.]}, isbn = {978-1-923107-57-1}, url = {https://www.csitcp.com/abstract/15/158csit03}, pages = {27 -- 44}, year = {2025}, language = {en} }