@article{AhlbergTidbladEdstroemHernandezetal.2021, author = {Ahlberg Tidblad, Annika and Edstr{\"o}m, Kristina and Hern{\´a}ndez, Guiomar and de Meatza, Iratxe and Landa-Medrano, Imanol and Jacas Biendicho, Jordi and Trilla, Llu{\´i}s and Buysse, Maarten and Ierides, Marcos and Perez Horno, Beatriz and Kotak, Yash and Schweiger, Hans-Georg and Koch, Daniel and Kotak, Bhavya}, title = {Future Material Developments for Electric Vehicle Battery Cells Answering Growing Demands from an End-User Perspective}, volume = {14}, pages = {4223}, journal = {Energies}, number = {14}, publisher = {MDPI}, address = {Basel}, issn = {1996-1073}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.3390/en14144223}, year = {2021}, abstract = {Nowadays, batteries for electric vehicles are expected to have a high energy density, allow fast charging and maintain long cycle life, while providing affordable traction, and complying with stringent safety and environmental standards. Extensive research on novel materials at cell level is hence needed for the continuous improvement of the batteries coupled towards achieving these requirements. This article firstly delves into future developments in electric vehicles from a technology perspective, and the perspective of changing end-user demands. After these end-user needs are defined, their translation into future battery requirements is described. A detailed review of expected material developments follows, to address these dynamic and changing needs. Developments on anodes, cathodes, electrolyte and cell level will be discussed. Finally, a special section will discuss the safety aspects with these increasing end-user demands and how to overcome these issues.}, language = {en} } @article{GeisbauerWoehrlKochetal.2021, author = {Geisbauer, Christian and W{\"o}hrl, Katharina and Koch, Daniel and Wilhelm, Gudrun and Schneider, Gerhard and Schweiger, Hans-Georg}, title = {Comparative Study on the Calendar Aging Behavior of Six Different Lithium-Ion Cell Chemistries in Terms of Parameter Variation}, volume = {14}, pages = {3358}, journal = {Energies}, number = {11}, publisher = {MDPI}, address = {Basel}, issn = {1996-1073}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.3390/en14113358}, year = {2021}, abstract = {The degradation of lithium-ion cells is an important aspect, not only for quality management, but also for the customer of the application like, e.g., scooters or electric vehicles. During the lifetime of the system, the overall health on the battery plays a key role in its depreciation. Therefore, it is necessary to monitor the health of the battery during operation, i.e., cycle life, but also during stationary conditions, i.e., calendar aging. In this work, the degradation due to calendar aging is analyzed for six different cell chemistries in terms of capacity degradation and impedance increase and their performance are being compared. In a new proposed metric, the relative deviations between various cells with the exact identical aging history are being analyzed for their degradation effects and their differences, which stands out in comparison to similar research. The capacity loss was found to be most drastic at 60 °C and at higher storage voltages, even for titanate-oxide cells. LiNiMnCoO2 (NMC), LiNiCoAlO2 (NCA) and Li2TiO3 (LTO) cells at 60 °C showed the most drastic capacity decrease. NMC and NCA cells at 60 °C and highest storage voltage did not show any open circuit voltage, as their current interrupt mechanism triggered. The effect of aging shows no uniform impact on the changes in the capacity variance when comparing different aging conditions, with respect to the evaluated standard deviation for all cells. The focus of this work was on the calendar aging effect and may be supplemented in a second study for cyclic aging.}, language = {en} } @article{KotakMarchanteFernandezCanalsCasalsetal.2021, author = {Kotak, Yash and Marchante Fern{\´a}ndez, Carlos and Canals Casals, Lluc and Kotak, Bhavya and Koch, Daniel and Geisbauer, Christian and Trilla, Llu{\´i}s and G{\´o}mez-Nu{\~n}ez, Alberto and Schweiger, Hans-Georg}, title = {End of Electric Vehicle Batteries}, volume = {14}, pages = {2217}, journal = {Energies}, subtitle = {Reuse vs. Recycle}, number = {8}, publisher = {MDPI}, address = {Basel}, issn = {1996-1073}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.3390/en14082217}, year = {2021}, abstract = {It is a fact that electric vehicles (EVs) are beneficial for climate protection. However, the current challenge is to decide on whether to reuse an EV battery or to recycle it after its first use. This paper theoretically investigates these areas i.e., recycle and reuse. It was found that there are several commercially used recycling processes and also some are under research to regain maximum possible materials and quantity. The concept of reusing (second life) of the battery is promising because, at the end of the first life, batteries from EVs can be used in several applications such as storing energy generated from renewable sources to support the government grid. However, the cost and life-cycle analysis (LCA) demonstrated that there are several aspects involved in battery reuse applications. Henceforth, one LCA generalised method cannot provide an optimal approach for all cases. It is important to have a detailed study on each of the battery reusing applications. Until then, it is safe to say that reusing the battery is a good option as it would give some time to recycling companies to develop cost and energy-efficient methods.}, language = {en} } @article{KochSchweiger2022, author = {Koch, Daniel and Schweiger, Hans-Georg}, title = {Possibilities for a Quick Onsite Safety-State Assessment of Stand-Alone Lithium-Ion Batteries}, volume = {8}, pages = {213}, journal = {Batteries}, number = {11}, publisher = {MDPI}, address = {Basel}, issn = {2313-0105}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries8110213}, year = {2022}, abstract = {Electric vehicles' high-voltage lithium-ion batteries are complex systems and can be sources of several hazards for interacting people. Sophisticated battery management systems (BMS) therefore constantly monitor their characteristics and varying states, to keep the battery within desired operational conditions and to mitigate safety risks as well as excessive degradation. However, there can be several situations where the battery is not in normal operation (e.g., a stand-alone battery) and a fully functional BMS monitoring function is not available. When necessary to interact with the system, its safety state must be deduced to ensure the safety of interactors. This can be a challenging task depending on a situation's characteristics (time pressure, technical knowledge of involved people). Thus, this article discusses how the safety state of electric vehicle batteries can be evaluated quickly even by untrained people. To develop a solution, different scenarios, which require a battery's state assessment, and the options for collecting relevant information are motivated and discussed, respectively. Finally, a mobile interface that can evaluate and display the safety state by using BMS-internal data is described and demonstrated.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{KochSteindeAbreuetal.2024, author = {Koch, Daniel and Stein, Murillo and de Abreu, Samuel Luna and Diel, Sergej and Schweiger, Hans-Georg}, title = {Characterization and modeling of the swelling behavior of a LiFePO4 pouch cell in multiple operating conditions}, booktitle = {2024 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC), Proceedings}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {Piscataway}, isbn = {979-8-3315-4160-6}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC63154.2024.10755252}, year = {2024}, language = {en} } @article{NeblKotzurKochetal.2020, author = {Nebl, Christoph and Kotzur, Frank-Oliver and Koch, Daniel and Schweiger, Hans-Georg}, title = {Prediction of constant power delivery of lithium-ion cells at high loads}, volume = {2020}, pages = {101552}, journal = {Journal of Energy Storage}, number = {30}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {Amsterdam}, issn = {2352-1538}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2020.101552}, year = {2020}, abstract = {Available energy and available capacity are key factors for dimensioning batteries. Discharge duration of a battery and its dependency on discharge current amplitude are well described by Peukert's law from low to medium current ranges. Other equations describe this dependency up to very high current rates, including the currents occurring during a short circuit. It is not current and capacity, but energy and power which are the key parameters for dimensioning battery systems. Thus, the available power of battery cells, vs. the discharge duration was investigated from low to high constant power discharge loads. Based on the results of these experiments, a correlation of the maximum discharge duration for low to medium discharge power pulses, similar to the Peukert's equation was found. Additionally, a new equation is proposed, describing the power range from low to very high discharge power rates. The result of this work simplifies the design of battery systems, its electromechanical components, as well as improves the prediction of available boost power cost-effective way e.g. for hybrid electric vehicles.}, language = {en} } @article{RufinoJuniorRivaSanseverinoGalloetal.2024, author = {Rufino J{\´u}nior, Carlos Ant{\^o}nio and Riva Sanseverino, Eleonora and Gallo, Pierluigi and Koch, Daniel and Diel, Sergej and Walter, Gero and Trilla, Llu{\´i}s and Ferreira, Victor Jos{\´e} and Benveniste, Gabriela and Kotak, Yash and Eichman, Joshua and Schweiger, Hans-Georg and Zanin, Hudson}, title = {Towards to Battery Digital Passport: Reviewing Regulations and Standards for Second-Life Batteries}, volume = {10}, pages = {115}, journal = {Batteries}, number = {4}, publisher = {MDPI}, address = {Basel}, issn = {2313-0105}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries10040115}, year = {2024}, abstract = {Greenhouse gas emissions from transportation harm the environment. In response to these environmental concerns, numerous countries encourage the adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) as a more environmentally friendly option than traditional gasoline-powered vehicles. Advances in battery technology have made batteries an alternative solution for energy storage in stationary applications and for electric mobility. Reduced lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) production costs due to economies of scale, electrode material and cell design developments, and manufacturing process improvements have driven this success. This trend is expected to increase the number of LIBs on the market that may be discarded in the environment at the end of their useful life if more sustainable alternatives are not technologically mature. This coming environmental concern can be mitigated by collecting wasted EV batteries, reconfiguring them, and reusing them for applications with less stringent weight, performance, and size requirements. This method would extend battery life and reduce environmental effects. The present work investigates the main regulatory structures of the second-life battery industry that require rules, technical standards, and laws. To achieve this objective, a systematic review was carried out following a strict protocol that includes identifying relevant studies, extracting data and information, evaluating, and summarizing information. This paper explains the primary rules and technical standards governing the second-life battery business. The findings highlight the need for universities, research institutions, and government agencies to evaluate the second-life battery industry objectively. This would enable the creation of new technological regulations and laws for this burgeoning industry.}, language = {en} } @unpublished{RufinoJuniorRivaSanseverinoGalloetal.2023, author = {Rufino J{\´u}nior, Carlos Ant{\^o}nio and Riva Sanseverino, Eleonora and Gallo, Pierluigi and Amaral, Murilo Machado and Koch, Daniel and Kotak, Yash and Diel, Sergej and Walter, Gero and Schweiger, Hans-Georg and Zanin, Hudson}, title = {A Comprehensive Review of EV Lithium-Ion Battery Degradation}, publisher = {Preprints}, address = {Basel}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202306.0228.v2}, year = {2023}, abstract = {Lithium-ion batteries with improved energy densities have made understanding the Solid Electrolyte Interphase (SEI) generation mechanisms that cause mechanical, thermal, and chemical failures more complicated. SEI processes reduce battery capacity and power. Thus, a review of this area's understanding is important. It is essential to know how batteries degrade in EVs to estimate battery lifespan as it goes, predict, and minimize losses, and determine the ideal time for a replacement. Lithium-ion batteries used in EVs mainly suffer two types of degradation: calendar degradation and cycling degradation. Despite the existence of several existing works in the literature, several aspects of battery degradation remain unclear or have not been analyzed in detail. This work presents a systematic review of existing works in the literature. The results of the present investigation provide insight into the complex relationships among various factors affecting battery degradation mechanisms. Specifically, this systematic review examined the effects of time, side reactions, temperature fluctuations, high charge/discharge rates, depth of discharge, mechanical stress, thermal stress, and the voltage relationship on battery performance and longevity. The results revealed that these factors interact in complex ways to influence the degradation mechanisms of batteries. For example, high charge currents and deep discharges were found to accelerate degradation, while low temperatures and moderate discharge depths were shown to be beneficial for battery longevity. Additionally, the results showed that the relationship between cell voltage and State-of-Charge (SOC) plays a critical role in determining the rate of degradation. Overall, these findings have important implications for the design and operation of battery systems, as they highlight the need to carefully manage a range of factors to maximize battery performance and longevity. The result is an analysis of the main articles published in this field in recent years. This work aims to present new knowledge about fault detection, diagnosis, and management of lithium-ion batteries based on battery degradation concepts. The new knowledge is presented and discussed in a structured and comprehensive way.}, language = {en} } @article{RufinoJuniorRivaSanseverinoGalloetal.2022, author = {Rufino J{\´u}nior, Carlos Ant{\^o}nio and Riva Sanseverino, Eleonora and Gallo, Pierluigi and Koch, Daniel and Schweiger, Hans-Georg and Zanin, Hudson}, title = {Blockchain review for battery supply chain monitoring and battery trading}, volume = {2022}, pages = {112078}, journal = {Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews}, number = {157}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {Amsterdam}, issn = {1879-0690}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2022.112078}, year = {2022}, language = {en} } @article{RufinoJuniorRivaSanseverinoGalloetal.2024, author = {Rufino J{\´u}nior, Carlos Ant{\^o}nio and Riva Sanseverino, Eleonora and Gallo, Pierluigi and Amaral, Murilo Machado and Koch, Daniel and Kotak, Yash and Diel, Sergej and Walter, Gero and Schweiger, Hans-Georg and Zanin, Hudson}, title = {Unraveling the Degradation Mechanisms of Lithium-Ion Batteries}, volume = {17}, pages = {3372}, journal = {Energies}, number = {14}, publisher = {MDPI}, address = {Basel}, issn = {1996-1073}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.3390/en17143372}, year = {2024}, abstract = {Lithium-Ion Batteries (LIBs) usually present several degradation processes, which include their complex Solid-Electrolyte Interphase (SEI) formation process, which can result in mechanical, thermal, and chemical failures. The SEI layer is a protective layer that forms on the anode surface. The SEI layer allows the movement of lithium ions while blocking electrons, which is necessary to prevent short circuits in the battery and ensure safe operation. However, the SEI formation mechanisms reduce battery capacity and power as they consume electrolyte species, resulting in irreversible material loss. Furthermore, it is important to understand the degradation reactions of the LIBs used in Electric Vehicles (EVs), aiming to establish the battery lifespan, predict and minimise material losses, and establish an adequate time for replacement. Moreover, LIBs applied in EVs suffer from two main categories of degradation, which are, specifically, calendar degradation and cycling degradation. There are several studies about battery degradation available in the literature, including different degradation phenomena, but the degradation mechanisms of large-format LIBs have rarely been investigated. Therefore, this review aims to present a systematic review of the existing literature about LIB degradation, providing insight into the complex parameters that affect battery degradation mechanisms. Furthermore, this review has investigated the influence of time, C-rate, depth of discharge, working voltage window, thermal and mechanical stresses, and side reactions in the degradation of LIBs.}, language = {en} } @article{RufinoJuniorRivaSanseverinoGalloetal.2023, author = {Rufino J{\´u}nior, Carlos Ant{\^o}nio and Riva Sanseverino, Eleonora and Gallo, Pierluigi and Koch, Daniel and Kotak, Yash and Schweiger, Hans-Georg and Zanin, Hudson}, title = {Towards a business model for second-life batteries - barriers, opportunities, uncertainties, and technologies}, volume = {2023}, journal = {Journal of Energy Chemistry}, number = {78}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {Amsterdam}, issn = {2096-885X}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jechem.2022.12.019}, pages = {507 -- 525}, year = {2023}, language = {en} }