@article{KomsiyskaBuchbergerDiehletal.2021, author = {Komsiyska, Lidiya and Buchberger, Tobias and Diehl, Simon and Ehrensberger, Moritz and Hanzl, Christian and Hartmann, Christoph and H{\"o}lzle, Markus and Kleiner, Jan and Lewerenz, Meinert and Liebhart, Bernhard and Schmid, Michael and Schneider, Dominik and Speer, Sascha and St{\"o}ttner, Julia and Terbrack, Christoph and Hinterberger, Michael and Endisch, Christian}, title = {Critical review of intelligent battery systems}, volume = {14}, pages = {5989}, journal = {Energies}, subtitle = {challenges, implementation, and potential for electric vehicles}, number = {18}, publisher = {MDPI}, address = {Basel}, issn = {1996-1073}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.3390/en14185989}, year = {2021}, abstract = {This review provides an overview of new strategies to address the current challenges of automotive battery systems: Intelligent Battery Systems. They have the potential to make battery systems more performant and future-proof for coming generations of electric vehicles. The essential features of Intelligent Battery Systems are the accurate and robust determination of cell individual states and the ability to control the current of each cell by reconfiguration. They enable high-level functions like fault diagnostics, multi-objective balancing strategies, multilevel inverters, and hybrid energy storage systems. State of the art and recent advances in these topics are compiled and critically discussed in this article. A comprising, critical discussion of the implementation aspects of Intelligent Battery Systems complements the review. We touch on sensing, battery topologies and management, switching elements, communication architecture, and impact on the single-cell. This review contributes to transferring the best technologies from research to product development.}, language = {en} } @article{StoettnerHanzlTerbracketal.2025, author = {St{\"o}ttner, Julia and Hanzl, Christian and Terbrack, Christoph and Endisch, Christian}, title = {Holistic evaluation and optimization of multilevel inverter designs for electric vehicle applications}, volume = {2025}, journal = {Energy Reports}, number = {13}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {Amsterdam}, issn = {2352-4847}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2025.03.001}, pages = {3561 -- 3573}, year = {2025}, abstract = {To advance the development of multilevel inverters (MLIs) for electric vehicle applications, this study introduces novel asymmetric MLI (AMLI) configurations featuring buffer modules to enhance efficiency. A comprehensive comparative analysis of 125 distinct inverter systems is conducted, integrating five different microtopologies and 25 representative symmetrical MLI (SMLI) and AMLI systems. Unlike previous studies, this work employs a successive design process with a graph-based approach to systematically minimize conduction losses. Furthermore, experimental loss measurements ensure practical relevance. By applying Pareto optimization with cost, energy losses, and total harmonic distortion as objective functions, the study identifies the most promising MLI systems among all considered ones. While the cascaded H-bridge MLI emerges as the most cost-effective solution, specific SMLI configurations with 12 or 18 battery cells per module and AMLI designs featuring buffer modules exhibit lower inverter losses. In both cases, the incorporation of microtopologies that enable parallel operation leads to a remarkable reduction in inverter losses by more than 30 \% compared to the least efficient MLI systems. Finally, a comparative assessment against a conventional B6-bridge SiC inverter highlights the significant advantages of these optimized MLI configurations in terms of efficiency and system performance.}, language = {en} } @article{SchwertnerBuchbergerDiehletal.2025, author = {Schwertner, Stefan and Buchberger, Tobias and Diehl, Simon and Ferg, Rebekka and Hanzl, Christian and Hartmann, Christoph and H{\"o}lzle, Markus and Kleiner, Jan and Komsiyska, Lidiya and Lewerenz, Meinert and Liebhart, Bernhard and Schmid, Michael and Schneider, Dominik and Scholz, Florian and Speer, Sascha and St{\"o}ttner, Julia and Terbrack, Christoph and Hinterberger, Michael and Endisch, Christian}, title = {Design and Implementation of an Intelligent Reconfigurable High-Voltage Battery System for Next-Generation Electric Vehicles}, volume = {11}, pages = {11110424}, journal = {Batteries}, number = {11}, publisher = {MDPI}, address = {Basel}, issn = {2313-0105}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries11110424}, year = {2025}, abstract = {Battery system engineers face the challenge of balancing competing requirements regarding performance, maintainability, sustainability, safety, and cost—especially in the automotive industry. IBS potentially offer a solution with fewer trade-offs. They feature a battery management system with advanced sensing and data analysis capabilities that facilitate improved battery monitoring and operation. Reconfigurable energy storage units enable sophisticated operating strategies, including complete cell state control, full energy content utilization, and a measured response to faults. This article presents the design, development, and operation of a full-scale intelligent battery system prototype comprising 324 automotive lithium-ion cells with a nominal voltage of 400V. The system exhibits a modular single cell architecture and an advanced centralized battery management system. We detail the system architecture, hardware and software component design, and system integration. Initial tests demonstrate the battery's operability, extended functionality, and enhanced safety. Our analysis shows that the additional losses introduced by reconfigurability are more than offset by the benefits of full energy utilization—even for new cells, with increasing advantage as aging progresses. The results underscore the potential of intelligent battery systems and motivate further research and development toward economic assessment and industrial adoption.}, language = {en} }