@article{BauderKubjatkoSchweiger2023, author = {Bauder, Maximilian and Kubjatko, Tibor and Schweiger, Hans-Georg}, title = {Cooperative Awareness Messages' Generation Frequencies, Trigger Distributions, and Pseudonym Changes of First Commercially Deployed Vehicles in Real Operating Scenarios}, volume = {11}, journal = {IEEE Access}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {New York}, issn = {2169-3536}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3292576}, pages = {69708 -- 69719}, year = {2023}, abstract = {Cooperative Intelligent Transport Systems have been deployed in mass-produced vehicles in Europe (Golf 8, ID.3, etc.) since 2019, promising major improvements in vehicle safety, efficiency, and comfort. Equipped with Vehicle-to-X communication, the vehicles directly send information about their driving status to the environment. The data are already used for many Vehicle-to-X communication use-cases specified by the Car-2-Car Communication Consortium to achieve the above-mentioned improvements. This study focuses on using Vehicle-2-X communication and its messages for accident analysis. For this purpose, we investigated the advantage in temporal resolution of the continuously sent Cooperative Awareness Message compared to the Event-Data-Recorder for accident reconstruction in the pre-crash. A high resolution of the temporal accident scene is essential for the doubtless clarification of accidents. Therefore, we analyzed the generation frequencies and the trigger conditions of the Cooperative Awareness Message of vehicles available on the European market while driving in real traffic and during different parking maneuvers. Also, the pseudonym change was analyzed. We found that the average generation frequency of the Cooperative Awareness Message is higher than the 2.00 Hz recording frequency of the event data recorder for all scenarios investigated. Especially on rural roads and highways, the temporal resolution is advantageous. Since many serious accidents occur on rural roads, the use of Cooperative Awareness Messages could significantly benefit the reconstruction of the accident scene. Thus, we recommend increasing efforts to use the Cooperative Awareness Message as digital data for accident analysis and encourage more scientists to deal with this topic.}, language = {en} } @article{SchweigerMultererWietelmannetal.2005, author = {Schweiger, Hans-Georg and Multerer, Michael and Wietelmann, U. and Panitz, J.-C. and Burgemeister, T. and Gores, Heiner Jakob}, title = {NMR Determination of Trace Water in Lithium Salts for Battery Electrolytes}, volume = {152}, journal = {Journal of the Electrochemical Society}, number = {3}, publisher = {IOP Publishing}, address = {Bristol}, issn = {1945-7111}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1149/1.1859693}, pages = {A622 -- A627}, year = {2005}, language = {en} } @article{SchweigerMultererSchweizerBerberichetal.2005, author = {Schweiger, Hans-Georg and Multerer, Michael and Schweizer-Berberich, M. and Gores, Heiner Jakob}, title = {Finding Conductivity Optima of Battery Electrolytes by Conductivity Measurements Guided by a Simplex Algorithm}, volume = {152}, journal = {Journal of the Electrochemical Society}, number = {3}, publisher = {IOP Publishing}, address = {Bristol}, issn = {1945-7111}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1149/1.1859711}, pages = {A577 -- A582}, year = {2005}, language = {en} } @article{KochSchweiger2022, author = {Koch, Daniel and Schweiger, Hans-Georg}, title = {Possibilities for a Quick Onsite Safety-State Assessment of Stand-Alone Lithium-Ion Batteries}, volume = {8}, pages = {213}, journal = {Batteries}, number = {11}, publisher = {MDPI}, address = {Basel}, issn = {2313-0105}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries8110213}, year = {2022}, abstract = {Electric vehicles' high-voltage lithium-ion batteries are complex systems and can be sources of several hazards for interacting people. Sophisticated battery management systems (BMS) therefore constantly monitor their characteristics and varying states, to keep the battery within desired operational conditions and to mitigate safety risks as well as excessive degradation. However, there can be several situations where the battery is not in normal operation (e.g., a stand-alone battery) and a fully functional BMS monitoring function is not available. When necessary to interact with the system, its safety state must be deduced to ensure the safety of interactors. This can be a challenging task depending on a situation's characteristics (time pressure, technical knowledge of involved people). Thus, this article discusses how the safety state of electric vehicle batteries can be evaluated quickly even by untrained people. To develop a solution, different scenarios, which require a battery's state assessment, and the options for collecting relevant information are motivated and discussed, respectively. Finally, a mobile interface that can evaluate and display the safety state by using BMS-internal data is described and demonstrated.}, language = {en} } @article{StegerKroghMeegahapolaetal.2022, author = {Steger, Fabian and Krogh, Jonathan and Meegahapola, Lasantha and Schweiger, Hans-Georg}, title = {Calculating Available Charge and Energy of Lithium-Ion Cells Based on OCV and Internal Resistance}, volume = {15}, pages = {7902}, journal = {Energies}, number = {21}, publisher = {MDPI}, address = {Basel}, issn = {1996-1073}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.3390/en15217902}, year = {2022}, abstract = {The design and operation of performant and safe electric vehicles depend on precise knowledge of the behavior of their electrochemical energy storage systems. The performance of the battery management systems often relies on the discrete-time battery models, which can correctly emulate the battery characteristics. Among the available methods, electric circuit-based equations have shown to be especially useful in describing the electrical characteristics of batteries. To overcome the existing drawbacks, such as discrete-time simulations for parameter estimation and the usage of look-up tables, a set of equations has been developed in this study that solely relies on the open-circuit voltage and the internal resistance of a battery. The parameters can be obtained from typical cell datasheets or can be easily extracted via standard measurements. The proposed equations allow for the direct analytical determination of available discharge capacity and the available energy content depending on the discharge current, as well as the Peukert exponent. The fidelity of the proposed system was validated experimentally using 18650 NMC and LFP lithium-ion cells, and the results are in close agreement with the datasheet.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{StegerNitscheSchweigeretal.2017, author = {Steger, Fabian and Nitsche, Alexander and Schweiger, Hans-Georg and Belski, Iouri}, title = {Hands-on Experiments vs. Computer-based Simulations in Energy Storage Laboratories}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 45th SEFI Annual Conference 2017 : Education Excellence for Sustainability}, editor = {Quadrado, Jos{\´e} Carlos and Bernardino, Jorge and Rocha, Jo{\~a}o}, publisher = {SEFI (Soci{\´e}t{\´e} Europ{\´e}enne pour la Formation des Ing{\´e}nieurs)}, address = {Br{\"u}ssel}, isbn = {978-989-98875-7-2}, url = {https://www.sefi.be/conference/2017-azores/}, pages = {121 -- 128}, year = {2017}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{PourtoulidouStegerBurgeretal.2019, author = {Pourtoulidou, Despoina and Steger, Fabian and Burger, Uli and G{\"o}llinger, Harald and K{\"o}nig, Ludwig and Obermeier, Erwin and Schweiger, Hans-Georg and Frey, Andreas}, title = {Mission-framed Project-based Learning and Teaching}, booktitle = {Varietas delectat… Complexity is the new normality: SEFI 47th Annual Conference Proceedings}, subtitle = {integrating an Electric Powertrain into a Motor Glider}, editor = {Nagy, Bal{\´a}zs Vince and Murphy, Mike and J{\"a}rvinen, Hannu-Matti and K{\´a}lm{\´a}n, Anik{\´o}}, publisher = {SEFI}, address = {Br{\"u}ssel}, isbn = {978-2-87352-018-2}, doi = {https://www.sefi.be/proceedings/?conference=2019-budapest-isbn-978-2-87352-018-2}, pages = {879 -- 888}, year = {2019}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{StegerArbesmeierNitscheetal.2019, author = {Steger, Fabian and Arbesmeier, Alexander and Nitsche, Alexander and Brade, Katja and Schweiger, Hans-Georg and Belski, Iouri}, title = {Laboratory learning}, booktitle = {Varietas delectat… Complexity is the new normality: SEFI 47th Annual Conference Proceedings}, subtitle = {influence of the perceived laboratory mode on learning outcomes}, editor = {Nagy, Bal{\´a}zs Vince and Murphy, Mike and J{\"a}rvinen, Hannu-Matti and K{\´a}lm{\´a}n, Anik{\´o}}, publisher = {SEFI}, address = {Br{\"u}ssel}, isbn = {978-2-87352-018-2}, doi = {https://www.sefi.be/proceedings/?conference=2019-budapest-isbn-978-2-87352-018-2}, pages = {1897 -- 1907}, year = {2019}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{StegerNitscheMileyetal.2017, author = {Steger, Fabian and Nitsche, Alexander and Miley, Cayler and Schweiger, Hans-Georg and Belski, Iouri}, title = {Laboratory Learning: Hands-on versus Simulated Experiments}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 28th Annual Conference of the Australasian Association for Engineering Education (AAEE 2017)}, editor = {Huda, Nazmul and Inglis, David and Tse, Nicholas and Town, Graham}, publisher = {Macquarie University}, address = {Sydney}, isbn = {978-0-646-98026-3}, url = {https://researchers.mq.edu.au/en/publications/proceedings-of-the-28th-annual-conference-of-the-australasian-ass}, pages = {940 -- 947}, year = {2017}, abstract = {CONTEXT Many universities and vocational training institutions conduct laboratories as simulated experiments. This is due to the costs and supervision needs to conduct hands-on labs safely. Numerous studies have presented mixed opinions on whether hands-on laboratory work is more conducive to learning than a simulated laboratory. Most of the studies put students from experimental and control groups in significantly different conditions. Therefore, it is hard to reach any definite conclusion regarding the influence of the learning mode onto the learning achievements. PURPOSE This study compares learning outcomes of student laboratory work in an energy storages course conducted in two different modes: first as a practical hands-on exercise and second using computer-based simulations. APPROACH In order to provide reliable insights, this study implements optimized research methodology to avoid any other effect (e.g. learning synchronicity/distance learning/instructions) on the learning outcome rather than the effect of the learning mode itself. The student laboratory experiments were created in a manner that they could be conducted in both modes in the same way and using a single set of instructions. To ensure a comparable group environment for the individual student, the students were arranged into two similar groups based on the student's practical experience. In this crossover study, the groups were taught the same topics by means of interchanging learning modes. RESULTS To evaluate the influence of each mode on student learning, short written tests regarding the previous experiment were conducted at the beginning of the subsequent laboratory session. 102 students have taken part in the study in two years. Overall learning results of hands-on experiments were slightly better than those of simulated laboratories (Cohen's d=0.25), the difference in performance was statistically significant (p<0.02). Through solicited feedback on each laboratory session, in hands-on mode more students expressed they have acquired new insights/comprehensions (76\% vs. 66\%, Cohen's d=0.23, small effect, p<0.07). CONCLUSIONS Following the strategy not to optimize the lessons individually to the learning mode, other influences on the learning outcome, which were usually mixed, were excluded. The students' subjective opinions show advantages of the hands-on mode. Based on the objective data, a weak, but significant outcome to better knowledge acquisition with hands-on laboratory experiments was achieved. This observation is against the trend of the literature in the last years towards better or equal learning with nontraditional labs. Some of the excluded factors might have a stronger influence on student learning than estimated previously. To get a clear view, the authors recommend isolated research.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{WechBoehmSchweigeretal.2020, author = {Wech, Lothar and B{\"o}hm, Klaus and Schweiger, Hans-Georg and Paula, Daniel}, title = {Event Data Recorder (EDR) for automated vehicles}, booktitle = {SafetyWeek : Die Zukunft der Fahrzeugsicherheit}, subtitle = {Legal certainty and data privacy for all}, doi = {https://www.carhs.de/de/publikationen/product/safetyweek-2020-replay.html}, year = {2020}, language = {en} } @article{LottKotakBarraetal.2021, author = {Lott, Susanne and Kotak, Bhavya and Barra, S{\"o}nke and Schweiger, Hans-Georg}, title = {Nail Penetration of Small Pouch Cells Under Water: Investigation of Hydrofluoric Acid Formation in Dependence of the State of Charge}, volume = {168}, pages = {100505}, journal = {Journal of the Electrochemical Society}, number = {10}, publisher = {IOP Publishing}, address = {Bristol}, issn = {1945-7111}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ac285b}, year = {2021}, language = {en} } @article{LauschTaklaSchweiger2022, author = {Lausch, Jonas and Takla, Monir and Schweiger, Hans-Georg}, title = {Insight into crush performance comparison of composite profiles and flat plates}, volume = {2022}, pages = {109643}, journal = {Composites Part B: Engineering}, number = {233}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {Amsterdam}, issn = {1359-8368}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2022.109643}, year = {2022}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{NeblWoehrlSchweiger2021, author = {Nebl, Christoph and W{\"o}hrl, Katharina and Schweiger, Hans-Georg}, title = {Handling of accident-damaged electric vehicles}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 29th Annual Congress of the EVU}, publisher = {EVU}, address = {Berlin}, year = {2021}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{PaulaBoehmKubjatkoetal.2021, author = {Paula, Daniel and B{\"o}hm, Klaus and Kubjatko, Tibor and Schweiger, Hans-Georg}, title = {Challenges in forensic reconstruction of traffic accidents involving Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS)}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 29th Annual Congress of the EVU}, publisher = {EVU}, address = {Berlin}, year = {2021}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{PaulaSchweigerBoehm2020, author = {Paula, Daniel and Schweiger, Hans-Georg and B{\"o}hm, Klaus}, title = {Reconstruction of traffic accidents with automated and electrified vehicles}, booktitle = {20. Internationales Stuttgarter Symposium: Automobil- und Motorentechnik, Band 1}, editor = {Bargende, Michael and Reuss, Hans-Christian and Wagner, Andreas}, publisher = {Springer Vieweg}, address = {Wiesbaden}, isbn = {978-3-658-29942-2}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-29943-9_28}, pages = {357 -- 371}, year = {2020}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{BoehmPaulaWechetal.2019, author = {B{\"o}hm, Klaus and Paula, Daniel and Wech, Lothar and Schweiger, Hans-Georg}, title = {Event Data Recorder (EDR) for accidents with automated vehicles}, booktitle = {12. VDI-Tagung Fahrzeugsicherheit: Fahrzeugsicherheit im Umfeld von neuen Rating- und Gesetzesanforderungen}, subtitle = {the accident analysis of the future}, publisher = {VDI Verlag}, address = {D{\"u}sseldorf}, isbn = {978-3-18-092364-2}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.51202/9783181023648-349}, pages = {349 -- 364}, year = {2019}, language = {de} } @article{GeibNeblHuberetal.2020, author = {Geib, Christian and Nebl, Christoph and Huber, Josef and Schweiger, Hans-Georg}, title = {Herausforderung Elektrofahrzeuge}, volume = {2020}, journal = {Brandwacht: Zeitschrift f{\"u}r Brand- und Katastrophenschutz}, subtitle = {Hilfestellung f{\"u}r den Einsatz}, number = {1}, publisher = {Bayerisches Staatsministerium des Innern, f{\"u}r Sport und Integration}, address = {M{\"u}nchen}, url = {https://www.brandwacht.bayern.de/mam/archiv/beitraege_pdf/bw_1_2020_s18_20_e-autos2.pdf}, pages = {18 -- 20}, year = {2020}, language = {de} } @inproceedings{StegerNitscheBradeetal.2018, author = {Steger, Fabian and Nitsche, Alexander and Brade, Katja and Belski, Iouri and Schweiger, Hans-Georg}, title = {Energiespeicher-Praktikum an der TH Ingolstadt}, booktitle = {Tagungsband zum Forum der Lehre an der TH Ingolstadt}, subtitle = {reale versus simulierte Experimente}, editor = {Waldherr, Franz and Walter, Claudia}, publisher = {THI / DiZ}, address = {Ingolstadt}, issn = {1612-4537}, url = {https://didaktikzentrum.de/publikationen/dina-und-tagungsbaende}, pages = {90 -- 97}, year = {2018}, language = {de} } @inproceedings{StegerPenichedosSantosBelskietal.2017, author = {Steger, Fabian and Peniche dos Santos, Adriano and Belski, Iouri and Schweiger, Hans-Georg}, title = {Impedance Spectroscopy Upgrade to a Student Battery Cell Test System}, booktitle = {Abstract Book: International Workshop of Impedance Spectroscopy, IWIS 2017}, publisher = {TU Chemnitz}, address = {Chemnitz}, pages = {24 -- 25}, year = {2017}, language = {en} } @inbook{GoresSchweigerKim2014, author = {Gores, Heiner Jakob and Schweiger, Hans-Georg and Kim, Woong-Ki}, title = {Optimization of Electrolyte Properties by Simplex Exemplified for Conductivity of Lithium Battery Electrolytes}, booktitle = {Encyclopedia of Applied Electrochemistry}, editor = {Kreysa, Gerhard and Ota, Ken-ichiro and Savinell, Robert F.}, publisher = {Springer Reference}, address = {New York}, isbn = {978-1-4419-6995-8}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6996-5_443}, pages = {1387 -- 1392}, year = {2014}, language = {en} } @inbook{GoresSchweiger2014, author = {Gores, Heiner Jakob and Schweiger, Hans-Georg}, title = {Non-Aqueous Electrolyte Solutions}, booktitle = {Encyclopedia of Applied Electrochemistry}, editor = {Kreysa, Gerhard and Ota, Ken-ichiro and Savinell, Robert F.}, publisher = {Springer Reference}, address = {New York}, isbn = {978-1-4419-6995-8}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6996-5_442}, pages = {1371 -- 1375}, year = {2014}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{SchweigerMachucaLoechel2016, author = {Schweiger, Hans-Georg and Machuca, Enrique and L{\"o}chel, Jonas}, title = {12 V lithium ion starter batteries}, booktitle = {Tagungsband PCIM Europe 2016}, publisher = {VDE}, address = {Berlin}, isbn = {978-3-8007-4186-1}, pages = {742 -- 749}, year = {2016}, language = {en} } @article{WudyMossbauerMultereretal.2011, author = {Wudy, Franz E. and Mossbauer, Dominik J. and Multerer, Michael and Schmeer, Georg and Schweiger, Hans-Georg and Stock, Christoph and Hauner, Peter F. and Suppan, Gottfried A. and Gores, Heiner Jakob}, title = {Fast Micro-Kelvin Resolution Thermometer Based on NTC Thermistors}, volume = {56}, journal = {Journal of Chemical \& Engineering Data}, number = {12}, publisher = {American Chemical Society}, address = {Columbus}, issn = {1520-5134}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1021/je200780h}, pages = {4823 -- 4828}, year = {2011}, language = {en} } @article{WachterSchreinerSchweigeretal.2010, author = {Wachter, Philipp and Schreiner, Christian and Schweiger, Hans-Georg and Gores, Heiner Jakob}, title = {Determination of phase transition points of ionic liquids by combination of thermal analysis and conductivity measurements at very low heating and cooling rates}, volume = {42}, journal = {The Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics}, number = {7}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {Amsterdam}, issn = {0021-9614}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jct.2010.03.003}, pages = {900 -- 903}, year = {2010}, language = {en} } @inbook{GoresSchweiger2014, author = {Gores, Heiner Jakob and Schweiger, Hans-Georg}, title = {Electrolytes for Electrochemical Double Layer Capacitors}, booktitle = {Encyclopedia of Applied Electrochemistry}, editor = {Kreysa, Gerhard and Ota, Ken-ichiro and Savinell, Robert F.}, publisher = {Springer}, address = {New York}, isbn = {978-1-4419-6995-8}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6996-5_43}, pages = {752 -- 757}, year = {2014}, language = {en} } @book{GoresMultererSchweiger2007, author = {Gores, Heiner Jakob and Multerer, Michael and Schweiger, Hans-Georg}, title = {Optimizing the conductivity of electrolytes for lithium ion-cells}, series = {Advanced materials and methods for lithium-ion batteries}, editor = {Zhang, Sheng Shui}, publisher = {Transworld Research Network}, address = {Trivandrum, Kerala}, isbn = {978-81-7895-279-6}, year = {2007}, language = {en} } @article{SchweigerWachterSimbecketal.2010, author = {Schweiger, Hans-Georg and Wachter, Philipp and Simbeck, Tobias and Wudy, Franz E. and Zugmann, Sandra and Gores, Heiner Jakob}, title = {Multichannel Conductivity Measurement Equipment for Efficient Thermal and Conductive Characterization of Nonaqueous Electrolytes and Ionic Liquids for Lithium Ion Batteries}, volume = {55}, journal = {Journal of Chemical \& Engineering Data}, number = {5}, publisher = {American Chemical Society}, address = {Columbus}, issn = {1520-5134}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1021/je900942f}, pages = {1789 -- 1793}, year = {2010}, language = {en} } @article{WachterSchweigerWudyetal.2008, author = {Wachter, Philipp and Schweiger, Hans-Georg and Wudy, Franz E. and Gores, Heiner Jakob}, title = {Efficient determination of crystallisation and melting points at low cooling and heating rates with novel computer controlled equipment}, volume = {40}, journal = {The Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics}, number = {10}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {Amsterdam}, issn = {0021-9614}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jct.2008.05.012}, pages = {1542 -- 1547}, year = {2008}, language = {en} } @article{SchweigerMultererSchweizerBerberichetal.2008, author = {Schweiger, Hans-Georg and Multerer, Michael and Schweizer-Berberich, M. and Gores, Heiner Jakob}, title = {Optimization of Cycling Behavior of Lithium Ion Cells at 60°C by Additives for Electrolytes Based on Lithium bis[1,2-oxalato(2-)-O,O´] borate}, volume = {3}, journal = {International Journal of Electrochemcal Science}, number = {4}, publisher = {ESG}, address = {Belgrad}, issn = {1452-3981}, url = {http://www.electrochemsci.org/list08.htm\#issue3}, pages = {427 -- 443}, year = {2008}, language = {en} } @article{SchweigerMultererGores2007, author = {Schweiger, Hans-Georg and Multerer, Michael and Gores, Heiner Jakob}, title = {Fast Multichannel Precision Thermometer}, volume = {56}, journal = {IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement}, number = {5}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {New York}, issn = {0018-9456}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2007.904480}, pages = {2002 -- 2009}, year = {2007}, language = {en} } @article{WoehrlNeblLottetal.2021, author = {W{\"o}hrl, Katharina and Nebl, Christoph and Lott, Susanne and Schweiger, Hans-Georg}, title = {Umgang mit verunfallten Elektrofahrzeugen}, journal = {Automobiltechnologie in Bayern: e-Car + Wasserstoff}, publisher = {media mind GmbH \& Co. KG}, address = {M{\"u}nchen}, url = {https://media-mind.info/pdf/2020/automobil_deutsch_2020_final.pdf}, pages = {34 -- 39}, year = {2021}, language = {de} } @techreport{BuysseIeridesPerezHornoetal.2021, author = {Buysse, Maarten and Ierides, Marcos and P{\´e}rez Horno, Beatriz and McCready, Amy and Kotak, Yash and Kotak, Bhavya and Schweiger, Hans-Georg}, title = {COBRA Market Intelligence Report - EV Safety and Testing: Feb-Mar-Apr 2021}, url = {https://projectcobra.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/COBRA-MARKET-INTELLIGENCE-February-March-April-2021_789.pdf}, pages = {16}, year = {2021}, language = {de} } @article{BauderBoehmKubjatkoetal.2022, author = {Bauder, Maximilian and B{\"o}hm, Klaus and Kubjatko, Tibor and Wech, Lothar and Schweiger, Hans-Georg}, title = {C-ITS relevant critical vehicle-to-vehicle accident scenarios for accident analysis}, volume = {22}, pages = {3562}, journal = {Sensors}, number = {9}, publisher = {MDPI}, address = {Basel}, issn = {1424-8220}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.3390/s22093562}, year = {2022}, abstract = {The relevance of scientific investigations, whether simulative or empirical, is strongly related to the environment used and the scenarios associated with it. Within the field of cooperative intelligent transport systems, use-cases are defined to describe the benefits of applications. This has already been conducted in the available safety-relevant Day 1 applications longitudinal and intersection collision risk warning through the respective technical specifications. However, the relevance of traffic scenarios is always a function of accident severity and frequency of a retrospective consideration of accident databases. In this study, vehicle-to-vehicle scenarios with high frequency and/or severe personal injuries are therefore determined with the help of the CISS database and linked to the use-cases of the safety-relevant Day 1 applications. The relevance of the scenarios thus results on the one hand from the classical parameters of retrospective accident analysis and on the other hand from the coverage by the named vehicle-to-x applications. As a result, accident scenarios with oncoming vehicles are the most relevant scenarios for investigations with cooperative intelligent transport systems. In addition, high coverage of the most critical scenarios within the use-cases of longitudinal and intersection collision risk warning is already apparent.}, language = {en} } @inbook{GoresSchweigerKim2014, author = {Gores, Heiner Jakob and Schweiger, Hans-Georg and Kim, Woong-Ki}, title = {Electrolytes for Recharcheable Batteries}, booktitle = {Encyclopedia of Applied Electrochemistry}, editor = {Kreysa, Gerhard and Ota, Ken-ichiro and Savinell, Robert F.}, publisher = {Springer}, address = {New York}, isbn = {978-1-4419-6995-8}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6996-5_45}, pages = {757 -- 761}, year = {2014}, language = {en} } @article{BauderLechelerWechetal.2022, author = {Bauder, Maximilian and Lecheler, Katrin and Wech, Lothar and B{\"o}hm, Klaus and Paula, Daniel and Schweiger, Hans-Georg}, title = {Determination of accident scenarios via freely available accident databases}, volume = {12}, journal = {Open Engineering}, number = {1}, publisher = {De Gruyter}, address = {Berlin}, issn = {2391-5439}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1515/eng-2022-0047}, pages = {453 -- 467}, year = {2022}, abstract = {The derivation of real accident scenarios from accident databases represents an important task within vehicle safety research. Simulations are increasingly used for this purpose. Depending on the research interest, a wide range of accident databases exists worldwide, which differ mainly in the number of recorded data per accident and availability. This work aims to identify critical vehicle-to-vehicle accidents based on freely available accident databases to derive concrete scenarios for a subsequent simulation. For this purpose, the method of the pre-crash matrix is applied using the example of the freely available Crash Investigation Sampling System database of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. An analysis of existing databases worldwide shows that this is the most detailed, freely available database. The derivation of scenarios succeeds here by a new method, whereby a center of gravity calculation is carried out based on the damages of the vehicles according to Collision Deformation Classification nomenclature. In addition, the determination of other necessary parameters, as well as the limits of the database, is shown in order to derive a scenario that can be simulated. As a result, the constellations of the five most frequent vehicle-to-vehicle accident scenarios according to the Crash Investigation Sampling System database are presented. In particular, other institutions should follow National Highway Traffic Safety Administration's example and make data freely available for accident research.}, language = {en} } @article{BauderKubjatkoHelmeretal.2022, author = {Bauder, Maximilian and Kubjatko, Tibor and Helmer, Thomas and Schweiger, Hans-Georg}, title = {Does Vehicle-2-X Radio Transmission Technology Need to Be Considered within Accident Analysis in the Future?}, volume = {22}, pages = {9832}, journal = {Sensors}, number = {24}, publisher = {MDPI}, address = {Basel}, issn = {1424-8220}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.3390/s22249832}, year = {2022}, abstract = {In this analysis, Cooperative Intelligent Transportation System relevant scenarios are created to investigate the need to differentiate Vehicle-to-X transmission technologies on behalf of accident analysis. For each scenario, the distances between the vehicles are calculated 5 s before the crash. Studies on the difference between Dedicated Short-Range Communication (IEEE 802.11p) and Cellular Vehicle-to-X communication (LTE-V2C PC5 Mode 4) are then used to assess whether both technologies have a reliable connection over the relevant distance. If this is the case, the transmission technology is of secondary importance for future investigations on Vehicle-to-X communication in combination with accident analysis. The results show that studies on freeways and rural roads can be carried out independently of the transmission technology and other boundary conditions (speed, traffic density, non-line of sight/line of sight). The situation is different for studies in urban areas, where both technologies may not have a sufficiently reliable connection range depending on the traffic density.}, language = {en} } @article{WoehrlKotakGeisbaueretal.2023, author = {W{\"o}hrl, Katharina and Kotak, Yash and Geisbauer, Christian and Barra, S{\"o}nke and Wilhelm, Gudrun and Schneider, Gerhard and Schweiger, Hans-Georg}, title = {Analysis of Deactivation of 18,650 Lithium-Ion Cells in CaCl2, Tap Water and Demineralized Water for Different Insertion Times}, volume = {23}, pages = {3901}, journal = {Sensors}, number = {8}, publisher = {MDPI}, address = {Basel}, issn = {1424-8220}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.3390/s23083901}, year = {2023}, abstract = {The deployment of battery-powered electric vehicles in the market has created a naturally increasing need for the safe deactivation and recycling of batteries. Various deactivating methods for lithium-ion cells include electrical discharging or deactivation with liquids. Such methods are also useful for cases where the cell tabs are not accessible. In the literature analyses, different deactivation media are used, but none include the use of calcium chloride (CaCl2) salt. As compared to other media, the major advantage of this salt is that it can capture the highly reactive and hazardous molecules of Hydrofluoric acid. To analyse the actual performance of this salt in terms of practicability and safety, this experimental research aims to compare it against regular Tap Water and Demineralized Water. This will be accomplished by performing nail penetration tests on deactivated cells and comparing their residual energy against each other. Moreover, these three different media and respective cells are analysed after deactivation, i.e., based on conductivity measurements, cell mass, flame photometry, fluoride content, computer tomography and pH value. It was found that the cells deactivated in the CaCl2 solution did not show any signs of Fluoride ions, whereas cells deactivated in TW showed the emergence of Fluoride ions in the 10th week of the insertion. However, with the addition of CaCl2 in TW, the deactivation process > 48 h for TW declines to 0.5-2 h, which could be an optimal solution for real-world situations where deactivating cells at a high pace is essential.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{StegerNitscheBradeetal.2017, author = {Steger, Fabian and Nitsche, Alexander and Brade, Katja and Belski, Iouri and Schweiger, Hans-Georg}, title = {Teaching Energy Storages by means of a Student Battery Cell Test System}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 45th SEFI Annual Conference 2017: Education Excellence for Sustainability}, editor = {Quadrado, Jos{\´e} Carlos and Bernardino, Jorge and Rocha, Jo{\~a}o}, publisher = {SEFI (Soci{\´e}t{\´e} Europ{\´e}enne pour la Formation des Ing{\´e}nieurs)}, address = {Br{\"u}ssel}, isbn = {978-989-98875-7-2}, url = {https://www.sefi.be/conference/2017-azores/}, pages = {169 -- 176}, year = {2017}, language = {en} } @article{NeblStegerSchweiger2017, author = {Nebl, Christoph and Steger, Fabian and Schweiger, Hans-Georg}, title = {Discharge Capacity of Energy Storages as a Function of the Discharge Current-Expanding Peukert's equation}, volume = {12}, journal = {International Journal of Electrochemical Science}, number = {6}, publisher = {ESG}, address = {Belgrad}, issn = {1452-3981}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.20964/2017.06.51}, pages = {4940 -- 4957}, year = {2017}, abstract = {In 1897 Wilhelm Peukert tested lead-acid batteries with constant current and observed that a single equation can describe the relationship between the discharge capacity of the battery and a constant discharge current. In this article the dependence of the discharge capacity of lithium-ion battery cells, electrochemical double-layer capacitors and lithium capacitors are investigated from low to very high discharge rates. From low to intermediate discharge rates, these energy storage devices show ideal Peukert behavior, but a deviation was observed at high discharge rates. The cells provide less charge than predicted by Peukert's Law. To describe this deviation, a new equation has been derived by expanding Peukert's law to very discharge rates. It is capable to describe the discharge behavior of lithium-ion battery cells, electrochemical double-layer capacitors and lithium capacitors from low to high discharge rates in an unequivocal way.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{BoehmNitscheBirkeetal.2017, author = {B{\"o}hm, Klaus and Nitsche, Alexander and Birke, Peter and Schweiger, Hans-Georg}, title = {Application of vehicle control units as event data recorders in hybrid and electric vehicles (THI-CARISSMA-DEKRA)}, booktitle = {Proceedings 26th EVU-congress 2017}, publisher = {EVU}, address = {Berlin}, year = {2017}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{PaulaBoehmKubjatkoetal.2021, author = {Paula, Daniel and B{\"o}hm, Klaus and Kubjatko, Tibor and Schweiger, Hans-Georg}, title = {Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) Experiments for Traffic Accident Reconstruction}, booktitle = {Transport Means 2021: Proceedings of the 25th International Scientific Conference - Part I}, publisher = {Kaunas University of Technology}, address = {Kaunas}, issn = {2351-7034}, url = {https://transportmeans.ktu.edu/transport-means-2021/}, pages = {108 -- 112}, year = {2021}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{PfeilschifterBauderPaulaetal.2023, author = {Pfeilschifter, Claus and Bauder, Maximilian and Paula, Daniel and Riener, Andreas and Schweiger, Hans-Georg}, title = {Using a Driving Simulator to Assess Reaction Times and Driving Behavior for Forensic Accident Analysis}, booktitle = {15th International ACM Conference on Automotive User Interfaces: Adjunct Conference Proceedings}, publisher = {ACM}, address = {New York}, isbn = {979-8-4007-0112-2}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3581961.3609846}, pages = {320 -- 322}, year = {2023}, language = {en} } @article{HassSchieberMeilingeretal.2024, author = {Haß, Jan and Schieber, Christina and Meilinger, Florian and Kotak, Yash and Sevinc, Serkan and Lang, Philipp and Schweiger, Hans-Georg}, title = {Investigation of the Effects Caused by Current Interruption Devices of Lithium Cells at High Overvoltages}, volume = {14}, pages = {8238}, journal = {Applied Sciences}, number = {18}, publisher = {MDPI}, address = {Basel}, issn = {2076-3417}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.3390/app14188238}, year = {2024}, abstract = {A faulty voltage measurement can lead to the overcharging of a Li-Ion cell, resulting in gas formation and heating inside the cell, which can trigger thermal runaway. To mitigate this risk, cylindrical cells are equipped with a Current Interrupt Device (CID), which functions as a pressure relief valve, disconnecting the electrical circuit within the cell when internal pressure rises. However, this disconnection causes the cell to suddenly become highly resistant, posing a significant issue in series-connected cells. In such configurations, a portion or even the entire system voltage may drop across the disconnected cell, substantially increasing the likelihood of an electric arc. This arc could ignite any escaping flammable gases, leading to catastrophic failures. In a series of tests conducted on three different cell chemistries—NMC (Nickel Manganese Cobalt), NCA (Nickel Cobalt Aluminum), and LFP (Lithium Iron Phosphate)—it was found that the safe operation of the CID cannot be guaranteed for system voltages exceeding 120 V. Although comparative tests at double the nominal cell voltage did not exhibit the same behavior, these findings suggest that current safety standards, which recommend testing at double the nominal voltage, may not adequately address the risks involved. The tests further revealed that series connections of cells with CIDs are inherently dangerous, as, in the worst-case scenario, the entire system voltage can be concentrated across a single cell, leading to potential system failure.}, language = {en} } @article{PeringerKotakSchweiger2024, author = {Peringer, Stefan Michael and Kotak, Yash and Schweiger, Hans-Georg}, title = {Experimental Investigation of Heat Dissipation of Lithium-Ion Cells and Its Correlation with Internal Resistance}, volume = {14}, pages = {7430}, journal = {Applied Sciences}, number = {16}, publisher = {MDPI}, address = {Basel}, issn = {2076-3417}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.3390/app14167430}, year = {2024}, abstract = {Power loss is a limiting factor for batteries and individual cells. The resulting heat generation due to the power loss leads to reduced battery performance and, thus, lower efficiency. These losses are largely due to the internal resistance of the cells. Therefore, it is important to accurately determine the value of the internal resistance of lithium-ion cells. From the literature, it was found that there are three widely used internal resistance-measurement methods (current step method, direct-energy-loss method, and calorimeter measurement), with negligible research on their comparison demonstrating the most efficient method. Henceforth, to find the most optimal method, this research adopts all three methods on a variety of cell chemistries, including Lithium-ion Manganese Oxide (LMO), Lithium Iron Phosphate (LFP), Nickel Manganese Cobalt (NMC), and Lithium Titanium-Oxide (LTO) for different c-rates (1 C, 2 C, and 3 C), with a wide temperature range (from 0 °C to 40 °C).}, language = {en} } @article{ViewegerDielSchweigeretal.2024, author = {Vieweger, Daniel and Diel, Sergej and Schweiger, Hans-Georg and Tetzlaff, Ulrich}, title = {Mechanical Properties of Raw Filaments and Printed Specimens: Effects of Fiber Reinforcements and Process Parameters}, volume = {16}, pages = {1576}, journal = {Polymers}, number = {11}, publisher = {MDPI}, address = {Basel}, issn = {2073-4360}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16111576}, year = {2024}, abstract = {Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) is a well-established manufacturing method for producing both prototype and functional components. This study investigates the mechanical properties of FDM components by material and process-related influencing variables. Tensile tests were conducted on seven different materials in their raw filament form, two of which were fiber-reinforced, to analyze their material-related influence. To cover a wide range from standard to advanced materials relevant for load-carrying components as well as their respective variations, polylactic acid (PLA), 30\% wood-fiber-reinforced PLA, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), polycarbonate (PC), a blend of ABS and PC, Nylon, and 30\% glass-fiber-reinforced Nylon were selected. The process-related influencing variables were studied using the following process parameters: layer thickness, nozzle diameter, build orientation, nozzle temperature, infill density and pattern, and raster angle. The first test series revealed that the addition of wood fibers significantly worsened the mechanical behavior of PLA due to the lack of fiber bonding to the matrix and significant pore formation. The polymer blend of ABS and PC only showed improvements in stiffness. Significant strength and stiffness improvements were found by embedding glass fibers in Nylon, despite partially poor fiber-matrix bonding. The materials with the best properties were selected for the process parameter analysis. When examining the impact of layer thickness on part strength, a clear correlation was evident. Smaller layer thicknesses resulted in higher strength, while stiffness did not appear to be affected. Conversely, larger nozzle diameters and lower nozzle temperatures only positively impacted stiffness, with little effect on strength. The part orientation did alter the fracture behavior of the test specimens. Although an on-edge orientation resulted in higher stiffness, it failed at lower stresses. Higher infill densities and infill patterns aligned with the load direction led to the best mechanical results. The raster angle had a significant impact on the behavior of the printed bodies. An alternating raster angle resulted in lower strengths and stiffness compared to a unidirectional raster angle. However, it also caused significant stretching due to the rotation of the beads.}, language = {en} } @article{WilhelmGollaSchindlerWoehrletal.2024, author = {Wilhelm, Gudrun and Golla-Schindler, Ute and W{\"o}hrl, Katharina and Geisbauer, Christian and Cooke, Graham and Bernthaler, Timo and Schweiger, Hans-Georg and Schneider, Gerhard}, title = {Influence of Water on Aging Phenomena of Calendric Stored and Cycled Li-Ion Batteries}, volume = {4}, journal = {Nanoenergy Advances}, number = {2}, publisher = {MDPI}, address = {Basel}, issn = {2673-706X}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.3390/nanoenergyadv4020011}, pages = {174 -- 195}, year = {2024}, abstract = {We examine the impact of water (160 ± 41 ppm of reference) on the anode, cathode, separator and electrolyte in two aging scenarios: calendric aging (60 °C, 80 days, charged state), resulting in a triggered current interrupt device (CID), and cycling 1680 times (charge/discharge with 1C, 2.75-4.2 V, 20 ± 2 °C), resulting in 24.5\% residual capacity. We applied computer tomography (CT), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) to understand the capacity loss. The aged NMC/LCO-graphite cells were compared to a reference cell in pristine state. Both aging scenarios showed (a) thick depositions on the anode and cathode consisting mainly of oxygen, fluorine and phosphorous, (b) reduced separator pore sizes, (c) the deposition of Mn, Co and Ni on top of the anode and (d) the decomposition of the conductive salt LiPF6 accompanied by HF formation and a loss of active lithium. Calendric aging consumes the water content and additionally leads to (e) the decomposition of the organic solvent followed by CO2 gas formation. Cyclic aging increases the water content and additionally results in (f) the consumption of the additive fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC). These findings show how water affects aging phenomena and results in a capacity decrease in the cell.}, language = {en} } @article{BauderFestagKubjatkoetal.2024, author = {Bauder, Maximilian and Festag, Andreas and Kubjatko, Tibor and Schweiger, Hans-Georg}, title = {Data accuracy in Vehicle-to-X cooperative awareness messages: An experimental study for the first commercial deployment of C-ITS in Europe}, volume = {2024}, pages = {100744}, journal = {Vehicular Communications}, number = {47}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {Amsterdam}, issn = {2214-2096}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vehcom.2024.100744}, year = {2024}, abstract = {Cooperative Intelligent Transportation Systems have achieved a mature technology stage and are in an early phase of mass deployment in Europe. Relying on Vehicle-to-X communication, these systems were primarily developed to improve traffic safety, efficiency, and driving comfort. However, they also offer great opportunities for other use cases. One of them is forensic accident analysis, where the received data provide details about the status of other traffic participants, give insights into the accident scenario, and therefore help in understanding accident causes. A high accuracy of the sent information is essential: For safety use cases, such as traffic jam warning, a poor accuracy of the data may result in wrong driver information, undermine the usability of the system and even create new safety risks. For accident analysis, a low accuracy may prevent the correct reconstruction of an accident. This paper presents an experimental study of the first generation of Cooperative Intelligent Transportation Systems in Europe. The results indicate a high accuracy for most of the data fields in the Vehicle-to-X messages, namely speed, acceleration, heading and yaw rate information, which meet the accuracy requirements for safety use cases and accident analysis. In contrast, the position data, which are also carried in the messages, have larger errors. Specifically, we observed that the lateral position still has an acceptable accuracy. The error of the longitudinal position is larger and may compromise safety use cases with high accuracy requirements. Even with limited accuracy, the data provide a high value for the accident analysis. Since we also found that the accuracy of the data increases for newer vehicle models, we presume that Vehicle-to-X data have the potential for exact accident reconstruction.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{LangerMichlPaulaetal.2022, author = {Langer, Robin and Michl, Marco and Paula, Daniel and Hof, Hans-Joachim and Schweiger, Hans-Georg}, title = {Security analysis of an Event Data Recorder system according to the HEAVENS model}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 30th Annual Congress of the EVU}, publisher = {EVU}, address = {Berlin}, year = {2022}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{BauderPaulaFehringeretal.2023, author = {Bauder, Maximilian and Paula, Daniel and Fehringer, Thomas and Kubjatko, Tibor and Schweiger, Hans-Georg}, title = {Performance of Automatic Speed Sign Recognition and Adaptive Speed Adjustment of Real Vehicles on German Roads}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 31st Annual Congress of the EVU}, publisher = {EVU}, address = {Berlin}, pages = {242 -- 252}, year = {2023}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{BauderKubjatkoSchweiger2024, author = {Bauder, Maximilian and Kubjatko, Tibor and Schweiger, Hans-Georg}, title = {Development of an Accident Reconstruction Method Using Cooperative Awareness Message Data}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 32nd Annual Congress of the EVU}, publisher = {EVU}, address = {Berlin}, pages = {376 -- 390}, year = {2024}, language = {en} } @article{PaulaBauderPfeilschifteretal.2023, author = {Paula, Daniel and Bauder, Maximilian and Pfeilschifter, Claus and Petermeier, Franziska and Kubjatko, Tibor and B{\"o}hm, Klaus and Riener, Andreas and Schweiger, Hans-Georg}, title = {Impact of Partially Automated Driving Functions on Forensic Accident Reconstruction: A Simulator Study on Driver Reaction Behavior in the Event of a Malfunctioning System Behavior}, volume = {23}, pages = {9785}, journal = {Sensors}, number = {24}, publisher = {MDPI}, address = {Basel}, issn = {1424-8220}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.3390/s23249785}, year = {2023}, abstract = {Partially automated driving functions (SAE Level 2) can control a vehicle's longitudinal and lateral movements. However, taking over the driving task involves automation risks that the driver must manage. In severe accidents, the driver's ability to avoid a collision must be assessed, considering their expected reaction behavior. The primary goal of this study is to generate essential data on driver reaction behavior in case of malfunctions in partially automated driving functions for use in legal affairs. A simulator study with two scenarios involving 32 subjects was conducted for this purpose. The first scenario investigated driver reactions to system limitations during cornering. The results show that none of the subjects could avoid leaving their lane and moving into the oncoming lane and, therefore, could not control the situation safely. Due to partial automation, we could also identify a new part of the reaction time, the hands-on time, which leads to increased steering reaction times of 1.18 to 1.74 s. The second scenario examined driver responses to phantom braking caused by AEBS. We found that 25 of the 32 subjects could not override the phantom braking by pressing the accelerator pedal, although 16 subjects were informed about the system analog to the actual vehicle manuals. Overall, the study suggests that the current legal perspective on vehicle control and the expected driver reaction behavior for accident avoidance should be reconsidered.}, language = {en} }