@inproceedings{BauderPaulaBoehmetal.2022, author = {Bauder, Maximilian and Paula, Daniel and B{\"o}hm, Klaus and Kubjatko, Tibor and Wech, Lothar and Schweiger, Hans-Georg}, title = {Opportunities and challenges of cooperative intelligent transportation systems on accident analysis}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 30th Annual Congress of the EVU}, publisher = {EVU}, address = {Berlin}, year = {2022}, language = {en} } @article{KoenigPaulaQuaschneretal.2024, author = {K{\"o}nig, Thomas and Paula, Daniel and Quaschner, Stefan and Schweiger, Hans-Georg}, title = {Influence of Blind Spot Assistance Systems in Heavy Commercial Vehicles on Accident Reconstruction}, volume = {24}, pages = {1517}, journal = {Sensors}, number = {5}, publisher = {MDPI}, address = {Basel}, issn = {1424-8220}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.3390/s24051517}, year = {2024}, abstract = {Accidents between right-turning commercial vehicles and crossing vulnerable road users (VRUs) in urban environments often lead to serious or fatal injuries and therefore play a significant role in forensic accident analysis. To reduce the risk of accidents, blind spot assistance systems have been installed in commercial vehicles for several years, among other things, to detect VRUs and warn the driver in time. However, since such systems cannot reliably prevent all turning accidents, an investigation by experts must clarify how the accident occurred and to what extent the blind spot assistance system influenced the course of the accident. The occurrence of the acoustic warning message can be defined as an objective reaction prompt for the driver, so that the blind spot assistance system can significantly influence the avoidability assessment. In order to be able to integrate the system into forensic accident analysis, a precise knowledge of how the system works and its limitations is required. For this purpose, tests with different systems and accident constellations were conducted and evaluated. It was found that the type of sensor used for the assistance systems has a great influence on the system's performance. The lateral distance between the right side of the commercial vehicle and the VRU, as well as obstacles between them, along with the speed difference can have great influence on the reliability of the assistance system. Depending on the concrete time of the system's warning signal, the accident can be avoided or not by the driver when reacting to this signal.}, language = {en} } @article{BauderPaulaKubjatkoetal.2024, author = {Bauder, Maximilian and Paula, Daniel and Kubjatko, Tibor and Schweiger, Hans-Georg}, title = {Evaluation of the vehicle behaviour when not responding to the take-over request of Tesla Autopilot and Volkswagen Travel Assist}, volume = {2023}, journal = {Transportation Research Procedia}, number = {74}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {Amsterdam}, issn = {2352-1465}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2023.11.167}, pages = {450 -- 457}, year = {2024}, abstract = {In this work, driving tests were carried out with a Tesla Model 3 and VW ID.4. During the tests, the vehicles were controlled by an SAE Level 2 system (Tesla Autopilot and VW Travel Assist). The study aimed to investigate the behaviour of the vehicles when the driver does not react to the take-over request of the vehicle while it is in a non-critical driving situation. The aim was to clarify whether this can lead to accidents from a purely technical point of view and whether there is still room for improvement. As a result, it could be determined that a non-reaction of the driver to the take-over request leads to system-initiated braking decelerations, which can lead to a rear-end collision by the following traffic. Furthermore, secondary accidents are possible if the driver fails to act as a fallback. This could be reduced by improving the applicable UNECE standard R79 by specifying deceleration values for this case. In addition, the risk of an accident could be reduced by decelerating earlier and warning the environment. For this purpose, a driver monitoring system would also be recommended to allow situational decisions by the system. The implementation of the measures proposed could result in a significant increase in road safety while using these systems.}, language = {en} } @article{LangerBauderPaulaetal.2024, author = {Langer, Robin and Bauder, Maximilian and Paula, Daniel and Kubjatko, Tibor and Schweiger, Hans-Georg}, title = {Development of a model environment for autonomous driving}, volume = {2023}, journal = {Transportation Research Procedia}, number = {74}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {Amsterdam}, issn = {2352-1465}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2023.11.122}, pages = {133 -- 140}, year = {2024}, abstract = {Developing automated driving functions can be elaborate and cost-intensive. Simulation helps to decrease both, the effort and the costs. With physical model environments of a smaller scale, automotive research can be improved even further. This work presents a method with five steps for building a scaled model environment to answer research questions regarding autonomous driving functions in the automotive domain. For this purpose, the five steps of the method are first introduced and explained. Each step comes with indications that can be further extended. Then, the method is performed by creating a model environment. The model environment build in this work is a recreation of an urban intersection in Ingolstadt, Germany, in the scale of 1:10. In addition to two model vehicles, the model environment consists of pedestrians and traffic control elements such as signs, signals, various lanes and road markings. The advantages of the model environment are low costs and high reproducibility. On the other hand it comes with limitations. For example, the materials used for construction (polylactic acid) are different from the materials in reality. The aim of this work was achieved by providing a method for building a model environment for automotive domain. The limitations of the built model environment and actual testing of automated driving functions will be performed in the future.}, language = {en} } @unpublished{KoenigPaulaQuaschneretal.2023, author = {K{\"o}nig, Thomas and Paula, Daniel and Quaschner, Stefan and Schweiger, Hans-Georg}, title = {Influence of Blind Spot Assistance Systems in Heavy Commercial Vehicles on Accident Reconstruction}, publisher = {Preprints}, address = {Basel}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202311.1308.v1}, year = {2023}, abstract = {Accidents between right-turning commercial vehicles and crossing vulnerable road users (VRU) in urban environments often lead to serious or fatal injuries and therefore play a significant role in forensic accident analysis. To reduce the risk of accidents, blind spot assistance systems have been installed in commercial vehicles for several years, among other things, to detect VRUs and warn the driver in time. However, since such systems cannot reliably prevent all turning accidents, an investigation by experts must clarify how the accident occurred and to what extent the blind spot assistance system influenced the course of the accident. The occurrence of the acoustic warning message can be defined as an objective reaction prompt for the driver, so that the blind spot assistance system can significantly influence the avoidability assessment. In order to be able to integrate the system into forensic accident analysis, a precise knowledge of how the system works and its limitations is required. For this purpose, tests with different systems and accident constellations were conducted and evaluated. It was found that the type of sensor used for the assistance systems has a great influence on the system's performance. The lateral distance between the right side of the commercial vehicle and the VRU as well as obstacles between them and the speed difference can take great influence on the reliability of the assistance system. Depending on the concrete time of the system's warning signal the accident can be avoided or not by the driver when reacting on this signal.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{PaulaKoenigBauderetal.2022, author = {Paula, Daniel and K{\"o}nig, Thomas and Bauder, Maximilian and Petermeier, Franziska and Kubjatko, Tibor and Schweiger, Hans-Georg}, title = {Performance Tests of the Tesla Autopilot and VW Travel Assist on a Rural Road}, booktitle = {Transport Means 2022: Proceedings of the 26th International Scientific Conference - Part II}, publisher = {Kaunas University of Technology}, address = {Kaunas}, issn = {2351-7034}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.5755/e01.2351-7034.2022.P2}, pages = {498 -- 508}, year = {2022}, language = {en} } @article{PaulaBauderKoenigetal.2022, author = {Paula, Daniel and Bauder, Maximilian and K{\"o}nig, Thomas and B{\"o}hm, Klaus and Kubjatko, Tibor and Schweiger, Hans-Georg}, title = {Fahrerassistenzsysteme - Herausforderungen \& Chancen f{\"u}r die forensische Unfallanalyse}, volume = {2022}, journal = {Zeitschrift f{\"u}r Verkehrssicherheit}, number = {4}, publisher = {Kirschbaum Verlag GmbH}, address = {Bonn}, issn = {0044-3654}, url = {https://www.kirschbaum.de/fachzeitschriften/zeitschrift-fuer-verkehrssicherheit/zvs/aktuelles-heft-6.html\#c11330}, year = {2022}, language = {de} } @article{RufinoJuniorRivaSanseverinoGalloetal.2024, author = {Rufino J{\´u}nior, Carlos Ant{\^o}nio and Riva Sanseverino, Eleonora and Gallo, Pierluigi and Koch, Daniel and Diel, Sergej and Walter, Gero and Trilla, Llu{\´i}s and Ferreira, Victor Jos{\´e} and Benveniste, Gabriela and Kotak, Yash and Eichman, Joshua and Schweiger, Hans-Georg and Zanin, Hudson}, title = {Towards to Battery Digital Passport: Reviewing Regulations and Standards for Second-Life Batteries}, volume = {10}, pages = {115}, journal = {Batteries}, number = {4}, publisher = {MDPI}, address = {Basel}, issn = {2313-0105}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries10040115}, year = {2024}, abstract = {Greenhouse gas emissions from transportation harm the environment. In response to these environmental concerns, numerous countries encourage the adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) as a more environmentally friendly option than traditional gasoline-powered vehicles. Advances in battery technology have made batteries an alternative solution for energy storage in stationary applications and for electric mobility. Reduced lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) production costs due to economies of scale, electrode material and cell design developments, and manufacturing process improvements have driven this success. This trend is expected to increase the number of LIBs on the market that may be discarded in the environment at the end of their useful life if more sustainable alternatives are not technologically mature. This coming environmental concern can be mitigated by collecting wasted EV batteries, reconfiguring them, and reusing them for applications with less stringent weight, performance, and size requirements. This method would extend battery life and reduce environmental effects. The present work investigates the main regulatory structures of the second-life battery industry that require rules, technical standards, and laws. To achieve this objective, a systematic review was carried out following a strict protocol that includes identifying relevant studies, extracting data and information, evaluating, and summarizing information. This paper explains the primary rules and technical standards governing the second-life battery business. The findings highlight the need for universities, research institutions, and government agencies to evaluate the second-life battery industry objectively. This would enable the creation of new technological regulations and laws for this burgeoning industry.}, language = {en} } @unpublished{RufinoJuniorRivaSanseverinoGalloetal.2023, author = {Rufino J{\´u}nior, Carlos Ant{\^o}nio and Riva Sanseverino, Eleonora and Gallo, Pierluigi and Amaral, Murilo Machado and Koch, Daniel and Kotak, Yash and Diel, Sergej and Walter, Gero and Schweiger, Hans-Georg and Zanin, Hudson}, title = {A Comprehensive Review of EV Lithium-Ion Battery Degradation}, publisher = {Preprints}, address = {Basel}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202306.0228.v2}, year = {2023}, abstract = {Lithium-ion batteries with improved energy densities have made understanding the Solid Electrolyte Interphase (SEI) generation mechanisms that cause mechanical, thermal, and chemical failures more complicated. SEI processes reduce battery capacity and power. Thus, a review of this area's understanding is important. It is essential to know how batteries degrade in EVs to estimate battery lifespan as it goes, predict, and minimize losses, and determine the ideal time for a replacement. Lithium-ion batteries used in EVs mainly suffer two types of degradation: calendar degradation and cycling degradation. Despite the existence of several existing works in the literature, several aspects of battery degradation remain unclear or have not been analyzed in detail. This work presents a systematic review of existing works in the literature. The results of the present investigation provide insight into the complex relationships among various factors affecting battery degradation mechanisms. Specifically, this systematic review examined the effects of time, side reactions, temperature fluctuations, high charge/discharge rates, depth of discharge, mechanical stress, thermal stress, and the voltage relationship on battery performance and longevity. The results revealed that these factors interact in complex ways to influence the degradation mechanisms of batteries. For example, high charge currents and deep discharges were found to accelerate degradation, while low temperatures and moderate discharge depths were shown to be beneficial for battery longevity. Additionally, the results showed that the relationship between cell voltage and State-of-Charge (SOC) plays a critical role in determining the rate of degradation. Overall, these findings have important implications for the design and operation of battery systems, as they highlight the need to carefully manage a range of factors to maximize battery performance and longevity. The result is an analysis of the main articles published in this field in recent years. This work aims to present new knowledge about fault detection, diagnosis, and management of lithium-ion batteries based on battery degradation concepts. The new knowledge is presented and discussed in a structured and comprehensive way.}, language = {en} } @article{HussenetherRufinoJuniorSelaibePiresetal.2026, author = {Hußenether, Thomas and Rufino J{\´u}nior, Carlos Ant{\^o}nio and Selaibe Pires, Tom{\´a}s and Mishra, Tarani and Nahar, Jinesh and Vaghani, Akash and Polzer, Richard and Diel, Sergej and Schweiger, Hans-Georg}, title = {Analysis of the Measurement Uncertainties in the Characterization Tests of Lithium-Ion Cells}, volume = {19}, pages = {825}, journal = {Energies}, number = {3}, publisher = {MDPI}, address = {Basel}, issn = {1996-1073}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.3390/en19030825}, year = {2026}, abstract = {The transition to renewable energy systems and electric mobility depends on the effectiveness, reliability, and durability of lithium-ion battery technology. Accurate modeling and control of battery systems are essential to ensure safety, efficiency, and cost-effectiveness in electric vehicles and grid storage. In engineering and materials science, battery models depend on physical parameters such as capacity, energy, state of charge (SOC), internal resistance, power, and self-discharge rate. These parameters are affected by measurement uncertainty. Despite the widespread use of lithium-ion cells, few studies quantify how measurement uncertainty propagates to derived battery parameters and affects predictive modeling. This study quantifies how uncertainty in voltage, current, and temperature measurements reduces the accuracy of derived parameters used for simulation and control. This work presents a comprehensive uncertainty analysis of 18650 format lithium-ion cells with nickel cobalt aluminum oxide (NCA), nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC), and lithium iron phosphate (LFP) cathodes. It applies the law of error propagation to quantify uncertainty in key battery parameters. The main result shows that small variations in voltage, current, and temperature measurements can produce measurable deviations in internal resistance and SOC. These findings challenge the common assumption that such uncertainties are negligible in practice. The results also highlight a risk for battery management systems that rely on these parameters for control and diagnostics. The results show that propagated uncertainty depends on chemistry because of differences in voltage profiles, kinetic limitations, and temperature sensitivity. This observation informs cell selection and testing for specific applications. Improved quantification and control of measurement uncertainty can improve model calibration and reduce lifetime and cost risks in battery systems. These results support more robust diagnostic strategies and more defensible warranty thresholds. This study shows that battery testing and modeling should report and propagate measurement uncertainty explicitly. This is important for data-driven and physics-informed models used in industry and research.}, language = {en} }