@article{MathiasSchmiedGrossmann2020, author = {Mathias, Selvine George and Schmied, Sebastian and Großmann, Daniel}, title = {A framework for monitoring multiple databases in industries using OPC UA}, volume = {12}, journal = {Journal of Ambient Intelligence and Humanized Computing}, number = {1}, publisher = {Springer}, address = {Berlin}, issn = {1868-5145}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s12652-020-02850-x}, pages = {47 -- 56}, year = {2020}, abstract = {Database management and monitoring is an inseparable part of any industry. A uniform scheme of monitoring relational databases without explicit user access to database servers is not much explored outside the database environment. In this paper, we present an information distribution scheme related to databases using Open Platform Communication Unified Architecture (OPC UA) servers to clients when multiple databases are involved in a factory. The aim is for external, but relevant clients, to be able to monitor this information mesh independent of explicit access to user schemas. A methodology to dispense data from, as well as check changes in databases using SQL queries and events is outlined and implemented using OPC UA servers. The structure can be used as a remote viewing application for multiple databases in one address space of an OPC UA server.}, language = {en} } @article{SchmiedGrossmannMathiasetal.2020, author = {Schmied, Sebastian and Großmann, Daniel and Mathias, Selvine George and Mueller, Ralph}, title = {Integration of manufacturing information via dynamic information model aggregation}, volume = {8}, journal = {Vietnam Journal of Computer Science}, number = {2}, publisher = {Singapore}, address = {World Scientific}, issn = {2196-8896}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1142/S219688882150010X}, pages = {245 -- 262}, year = {2020}, abstract = {An important part of the industry 4.0 concept is the horizontal and vertical integration of manufacturing systems. Information exchange in traditional production environments happens through interfaces that are connections between strictly defined senders and receivers. This limits the possibility for changing and extending the manufacturing system. A possible approach to enable the information exchange between all system entities uniformly are information models. Such models are semantic descriptions of the available data. The creation of these models needs to follow the manufacturing process, but also requires certain standardization to improve efficiency. Another challenge is the actual technical integration of the information into a common address space. This paper connects an approach for information modeling with a concept for dynamic aggregation. The approach is described with the help of a continuous example that uses OPC UA as a middleware technology.}, language = {en} } @article{MathiasGrossmannBhanja2021, author = {Mathias, Selvine George and Großmann, Daniel and Bhanja, Tapanta}, title = {Exploring distance based approaches for reducing sensor data in defect related prognosis}, volume = {2021}, journal = {Procedia Computer Science}, number = {184}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {Amsterdam}, issn = {1877-0509}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2021.03.076}, pages = {614 -- 621}, year = {2021}, abstract = {Vibration data consists of batches of time series which if accumulated over a period of time is a huge collection of numeric data. Reducing such data for use in deep learning models for computational effciency is a challenge. Combinatorial and discrete approaches, on the other hand, is not an extensively explored area when it comes to datasets. This paper aims to identify feature reduction techniques based on discrete approaches such as euclidean distance using dot products on vibration data samples from accelerometers fitted on bearings. In this limited experimentation, the procured dataset by this approach is considerably smaller in size as compared to the actual complete data, and with comparable results in prediction models, it can be used as a smaller representation of a sensor timeline. The results based on different models show that such reductions can be considered in building IoT applications in industries based on sensors.}, language = {en} } @article{MathiasSchmiedGrossmann2020, author = {Mathias, Selvine George and Schmied, Sebastian and Großmann, Daniel}, title = {An investigation on database connections in OPC UA applications}, volume = {2020}, journal = {Procedia Computer Science}, number = {170}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {Amsterdam}, issn = {1877-0509}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2020.03.132}, pages = {602 -- 609}, year = {2020}, abstract = {Open Platform Communications - Unified Architecture (OPC UA) as a communication protocol has been one of the front running IoT enablers in recent years. Many use cases in manufacturing domains demonstrate the vast inter-operability and cross-platform connectivity strengths of OPC UA. However, to consolidate its position in the IoT world, OPC UA needs to be able to bridge certain gaps, like interconnections across multiple database engines over different networks. This paper aims to investigate aggregation dynamics of OPC UA consisting of multiple database servers from a specific environment such as manufacturing. Prevailing databases over restricted networks such as production floors cannot be accessed by respective clients outside the system. In these cases, OPC UA services can provide an a selective but imperative view of data from these databases to the clients. The investigations in this paper are demonstrated with two different implementations of databases related to manufacturing with OPC UA. These applications show that using OPC UA as a means of connection and distribution of information from databases can be an effective solution to a common data view of all connections not necessarily of factory floor network.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{KnollmeyerCaymazerKovaletal.2024, author = {Knollmeyer, Simon and Caymazer, Oğuz and Koval, Leonid and Akmal, Muhammad Uzair and Asif, Saara and Mathias, Selvine George and Großmann, Daniel}, title = {Benchmarking of Retrieval Augmented Generation: A Comprehensive Systematic Literature Review on Evaluation Dimensions, Evaluation Metrics and Datasets}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 16th International Joint Conference on Knowledge Discovery, Knowledge Engineering and Knowledge Management (IC3K 2024) - Volume 3}, editor = {Gruenwald, Le and Masciari, Elio and Bernardino, Jorge}, publisher = {SciTePress}, address = {Set{\´u}bal}, isbn = {978-989-758-716-0}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.5220/0013065700003838}, pages = {137 -- 148}, year = {2024}, abstract = {Despite the rapid advancements in the field of Large Language Models (LLM), traditional benchmarks have proven to be inadequate for assessing the performance of Retrieval Augmented Generation (RAG) systems. Therefore, this paper presents a comprehensive systematic literature review of evaluation dimensions, metrics, and datasets for RAG systems. This review identifies key evaluation dimensions such as context relevance, faithfulness, answer relevance, correctness, and citation quality. For each evaluation dimension, several metrics and evaluators are proposed on how to assess them. This paper synthesizes the findings from 12 relevant papers and presents a concept matrix that categorizes each evaluation approach. The results provide a foundation for the development of robust evaluation frameworks and suitable datasets that are essential for the effective implementation and deployment of RAG systems in real-world applications.}, language = {en} } @article{KovalKnollmeyerMathiasetal.2024, author = {Koval, Leonid and Knollmeyer, Simon and Mathias, Selvine George and Asif, Saara and Akmal, Muhammad Uzair and Großmann, Daniel and Bregulla, Markus}, title = {Unlocking the Potential of Information Modeling for Root Cause Analysis in a Production Environment: A Comprehensive State-of-the-Art Review Using the Kitchenham Methodology}, volume = {12}, journal = {IEEE Access}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {New York}, issn = {2169-3536}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2024.3406020}, pages = {80266 -- 80282}, year = {2024}, abstract = {Data from production environments is now available in unprecedented volumes, making the problem-solving of incidents through root cause analysis straightforward. However, the root cause analysis process remains time-consuming. This study employs the Kitchenham standard systematic literature review methodology to explore how information models and deep learning can streamline this process. By conducting a comprehensive search across four major databases, we evaluate the current technological advancements and their application in root cause analysis. The aim of this study is to assesses the impact of information models for root cause analysis in a production environment. Our findings reveal that integrating knowledge graphs, association rule mining, and deep learning algorithms significantly improves the speed and depth of root cause analysis compared to traditional methods. Specifically, the use of neural networks in recent literature shows substantial advancements in analyzing complex datasets, facilitating large-scale data integration, and enabling automated learning capabilities. Comparing our findings with other recent studies highlights the advantages of using information modeling and deep learning technologies in root cause analysis. This comparison underscores the superior accuracy and efficiency of these advanced methodologies over traditional manual interpretation methods. The effective implementation of these technologies requires a robust foundation of clean, standardized data, giving rise to the concept of "Production IT." Furthermore, it is crucial for this data to be openly available to facilitate academic research, thereby enabling the development of new methods for more efficient and effective root cause analysis.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{ThakurBeckMostaghimetal.2022, author = {Thakur, Akshay and Beck, Robert and Mostaghim, Sanaz and Großmann, Daniel and Kuttler, Moritz}, title = {Prediction of Top Key Performance Indicator in Automotive Production System using Data Mining}, booktitle = {WCSE 2022 Spring Event: Proceedings of 2022 9th International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Applications}, editor = {Tang, Loon-Ching}, publisher = {SCIEI}, address = {Rowland Heights}, isbn = {978-981-18-5852-9}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.18178/wcse.2022.04.079}, pages = {675 -- 684}, year = {2022}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{MuellerGrossmannSchmiedetal.2021, author = {Mueller, Ralph and Großmann, Daniel and Schmied, Sebastian and Mathias, Selvine George}, title = {Architecture of a model in the middle approach for virtual commissioning and integration of production entities}, booktitle = {Proceedings: 2021 26th IEEE International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation (ETFA)}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {Piscataway}, isbn = {978-1-7281-2989-1}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1109/ETFA45728.2021.9613619}, year = {2021}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{SchmiedGrossmannMathiasetal.2021, author = {Schmied, Sebastian and Großmann, Daniel and Mathias, Selvine George and Mueller, Ralph}, title = {A concept towards the evolution and versioning of aggregated information models}, booktitle = {Proceedings: 2021 26th IEEE International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation (ETFA)}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {Piscataway}, isbn = {978-1-7281-2989-1}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1109/ETFA45728.2021.9613193}, year = {2021}, language = {en} } @article{SchmiedMathiasGrossmannetal.2021, author = {Schmied, Sebastian and Mathias, Selvine George and Großmann, Daniel and Jumar, Ulrich}, title = {Integration of existing cyber-physical manufacturing systems into a common information model}, volume = {53}, journal = {IFAC-PapersOnLine}, number = {2}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {Amsterdam}, issn = {2405-8963}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ifacol.2020.12.2827}, pages = {10905 -- 10910}, year = {2021}, abstract = {In order to be able to serve constantly new customer requirements, manufacturing systems must be able to adapt to frequent changes. In addition, repeatedly objects are removed or added to the network. To control and monitor such a constantly changing system a mapping of existing manufacturing systems into a common information model is necessary. This model describes information that is produced and stored in different entities of the complete system. To create a common address space and expose the relations between the devices an aggregation of every element in the system is needed. This paper describes a methodology for the creation of an information model for a complete manufacturing environment, followed by an approach for the aggregation of the singular system entities. The concept of this paper is illustrated with a demonstrator. The results of this approach have been discussed in the following sections along with the proposal for further directions.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{ThakurBeckMostaghimetal.2020, author = {Thakur, Akshay and Beck, Robert and Mostaghim, Sanaz and Großmann, Daniel}, title = {Survey into predictive key performance indicator analysis from data mining perspective}, booktitle = {Proceedings 2020 25th IEEE International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation (ETFA)}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {Piscataway}, isbn = {978-1-7281-8956-7}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1109/ETFA46521.2020.9212111}, pages = {476 -- 483}, year = {2020}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{MathiasGrossmannSchmiedetal.2022, author = {Mathias, Selvine George and Großmann, Daniel and Schmied, Sebastian and Mueller, Ralph}, title = {Decentralized Integration Approach of Disjoint Modules in Factory Environments}, booktitle = {IEIM 2022: 2022 The 3rd International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Industrial Management}, publisher = {ACM}, address = {New York}, isbn = {978-1-4503-9569-4}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3524338.3524368}, pages = {195 -- 199}, year = {2022}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{MuellerGrossmannSchmied2022, author = {Mueller, Ralph and Großmann, Daniel and Schmied, Sebastian}, title = {Information model-based virtual commissioning for the testing and co-simulation of real production entities}, booktitle = {IEIM 2022: 2022 The 3rd International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Industrial Management}, subtitle = {Enabling of a logic for the virtual commissioning of information models using middleware technologies}, publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery}, address = {New York}, isbn = {978-1-4503-9569-4}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3524338.3524380}, pages = {271 -- 276}, year = {2022}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{KampaMuellerGrossmann2022, author = {Kampa, Thomas and M{\"u}ller, Christian Klaus and Großmann, Daniel}, title = {IP-based Architecture for an Edge Cloud enabled Factory}, booktitle = {2022 IEEE 18th International Conference on Factory Communication Systems (WFCS)}, subtitle = {Concept and Requirements}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {Piscataway}, isbn = {978-1-6654-1086-1}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1109/WFCS53837.2022.9779162}, year = {2022}, language = {en} } @article{NothdurftEppleSchroederetal.2018, author = {Nothdurft, Lars and Epple, Ulrich and Schr{\"o}der, Tizian and Diedrich, Christian and Großmann, Daniel and Banerjee, Suprateek and Schmied, Sebastian and Iatrou, Chris Paul and Graube, Markus and Urbas, Leon and Henrichs, Tim Peter and Erben, Stefan}, title = {NOA Demonstratoren Special}, volume = {60}, journal = {atp magazin}, number = {1-2}, publisher = {Vulkan}, address = {Essen}, issn = {2190‑4111}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.17560/atp.v60i01-02.2348}, pages = {44 -- 69}, year = {2018}, language = {de} } @inproceedings{AmbrosyKampaJumaretal.2022, author = {Ambrosy, Niklas and Kampa, Thomas and Jumar, Ulrich and Großmann, Daniel}, title = {5G and DetNet: Towards holistic determinism in industrial networks}, booktitle = {2022 IEEE International Conference on Industrial Technology (ICIT)}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {Piscataway}, isbn = {978-1-72811-948-9}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1109/ICIT48603.2022.10002776}, year = {2022}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{MirandaCabralBanerjeeetal.2017, author = {Miranda, Jorge and Cabral, Jorge and Banerjee, Suprateek and Großmann, Daniel and Fischer Pedersen, Christian and Wagner, Stefan}, title = {Analysis of OPC unified architecture for healthcare applications}, booktitle = {ETFA'2017: IEEE 22nd International Conference on Emerging Technologies \& Factory Automation}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {Piscataway}, isbn = {978-1-5090-6505-9}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1109/ETFA.2017.8247771}, year = {2017}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{BanerjeeGrossmann2016, author = {Banerjee, Suprateek and Großmann, Daniel}, title = {An Electronic Device Description Language based approach for communication with dbms and file system in an industrial automation scenario}, booktitle = {ETFA'2016: 2016 IEEE 21st International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation (ETFA)}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {Piscataway}, isbn = {978-1-5090-1314-2}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1109/ETFA.2016.7733682}, year = {2016}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{GrossmannBregullaBanerjeeetal.2014, author = {Großmann, Daniel and Bregulla, Markus and Banerjee, Suprateek and Schulz, Dirk and Braun, Roland}, title = {OPC UA server aggregation — The foundation for an internet of portals}, booktitle = {ETFA'2014: 19th IEEE International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {Piscataway}, isbn = {978-1-4799-4846-8}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1109/ETFA.2014.7005354}, year = {2014}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{MathiasGrossmannSequeira2019, author = {Mathias, Selvine George and Großmann, Daniel and Sequeira, Gerald Joy}, title = {A Comparison of Clustering Measures on Raw Signals of Welding Production Data}, booktitle = {Proceedings 2019 International Conference on Deep Learning and Machine Learning in Emerging Applications (Deep-ML)}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {Piscataway}, isbn = {978-1-7281-2914-3}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1109/Deep-ML.2019.00019}, pages = {55 -- 60}, year = {2019}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{SchmiedGrossmannDenk2019, author = {Schmied, Sebastian and Großmann, Daniel and Denk, Bastian}, title = {A systematic top-down information modelling approach for workshop-type manufacturing systems}, booktitle = {Proceedings 2019 24th IEEE International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation (ETFA)}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {Piscataway}, isbn = {978-1-7281-0303-7}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1109/ETFA.2019.8869377}, pages = {1305 -- 1308}, year = {2019}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{MathiasSchmiedGrossmann2020, author = {Mathias, Selvine George and Schmied, Sebastian and Großmann, Daniel}, title = {Monitoring of discrete electrical signals from welding processes using data mining and IIoT approaches}, booktitle = {Proceedings, IEEE 32nd International Conference on Tools with Artificial Intelligence, (ICTAI 2020)}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {Piscataway}, isbn = {978-1-7281-9228-4}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1109/ICTAI50040.2020.00142}, pages = {911 -- 916}, year = {2020}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{SchmiedGrossmannMathiasetal.2020, author = {Schmied, Sebastian and Großmann, Daniel and Mathias, Selvine George and Mueller, Ralph}, title = {An approach for aggregation and historicization of production entities in the graph}, booktitle = {Proceedings 2020 25th IEEE International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation (ETFA)}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {Piscataway}, isbn = {978-1-7281-8956-7}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1109/ETFA46521.2020.9211907}, pages = {1107 -- 1110}, year = {2020}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{MuellerGrossmannSchmiedetal.2020, author = {Mueller, Ralph and Großmann, Daniel and Schmied, Sebastian and Mathias, Selvine George}, title = {Validation of dynamic interoperability and virtual commissioning of production equipment in early development stages}, booktitle = {Proceedings 2020 25th IEEE International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation (ETFA)}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {Piscataway}, isbn = {978-1-7281-8956-7}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1109/ETFA46521.2020.9211988}, pages = {1159 -- 1162}, year = {2020}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{MathiasSchmiedGrossmannetal.2020, author = {Mathias, Selvine George and Schmied, Sebastian and Großmann, Daniel and Mueller, Ralph and Mroß, Bj{\"o}rn}, title = {A Compliance Testing Structure for Implementation of Industry Standards through OPC UA}, booktitle = {Proceedings 2020 25th IEEE International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation (ETFA)}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {Piscataway}, isbn = {978-1-7281-8956-7}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1109/ETFA46521.2020.9212119}, pages = {1091 -- 1094}, year = {2020}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{ThakurBeckMostaghimetal.2020, author = {Thakur, Akshay and Beck, Robert and Mostaghim, Sanaz and Großmann, Daniel}, title = {Machine Learning for evaluating Kaizens in Volkswagen Production System - An Industrial Case study}, booktitle = {Proceedings: 2020 IEEE 7th International Conference on Data Science and Advanced Analytics: DSAA 2020}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {Piscataway}, isbn = {978-1-7281-8206-3}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1109/DSAA49011.2020.00114}, pages = {781 -- 782}, year = {2020}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{SchmiedGrossmannMathiasetal.2020, author = {Schmied, Sebastian and Großmann, Daniel and Mathias, Selvine George and Banerjee, Suprateek}, title = {Vertical integration via dynamic aggregation of information in OPC UA}, booktitle = {Intelligent Information and Database Systems}, publisher = {Springer}, address = {Singapur}, isbn = {978-981-15-3379-2}, issn = {1865-0929}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-3380-8_18}, pages = {204 -- 215}, year = {2020}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{BanerjeeGrossmann2019, author = {Banerjee, Suprateek and Großmann, Daniel}, title = {OPC UA and Dynamic Web Services - A generic flexible Industrial Communication Approach}, booktitle = {ICCAE 2019: Proceedings of the 2019 11th International Conference on Computer and Automation Engineering}, publisher = {ACM}, address = {New York}, isbn = {978-1-4503-6287-0}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3313991.3313996}, pages = {114 -- 117}, year = {2019}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{MathiasManchaGrossmannetal.2021, author = {Mathias, Selvine George and Mancha, Mathew John and Großmann, Daniel and Kujat, Bernd and Schiebold, Kay}, title = {Investigations on numerical techniques for detecting variations in acoustic emissions}, booktitle = {IECON 2021 - 47th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {Piscataway (NJ)}, isbn = {978-1-6654-3554-3}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1109/IECON48115.2021.9589074}, year = {2021}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{SchmiedGrossmannMathiasetal.2020, author = {Schmied, Sebastian and Großmann, Daniel and Mathias, Selvine George and Mueller, Ralph}, title = {An approach for an industrial information model management}, booktitle = {Proceedings, 2020 IEEE Conference on Industrial Cyberphysical Systems (ICPS)}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {Piscataway}, isbn = {978-1-7281-6389-5}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1109/ICPS48405.2020.9274751}, pages = {402 -- 405}, year = {2020}, language = {en} } @article{deCaignyTauchnitzBeckeretal.2019, author = {de Caigny, Jan and Tauchnitz, Thomas and Becker, Ronny and Diedrich, Christian and Schr{\"o}der, Tizian and Großmann, Daniel and Banerjee, Suprateek and Graube, Markus and Urbas, Leon}, title = {NOA - von Demonstratoren zu Pilotanwendungen}, volume = {61}, journal = {atp magazin}, subtitle = {vier Anwendungsf{\"a}lle der Namur Open Architecture}, number = {1-2}, publisher = {Vulkan}, address = {Essen}, issn = {2190‑4111}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.17560/atp.v61i1-2.2403}, pages = {44 -- 55}, year = {2019}, language = {de} } @inproceedings{KampaElAnkahGrossmann2023, author = {Kampa, Thomas and El-Ankah, Amer and Großmann, Daniel}, title = {High Availability for virtualized Programmable Logic Controllers with Hard Real-Time Requirements on Cloud Infrastructures}, booktitle = {2023 IEEE 21st International Conference on Industrial Informatics (INDIN)}, editor = {D{\"o}rksen, Helene and Scanzio, Stefano and Jasperneite, J{\"u}rgen and Wisniewski, Lukasz and Man, Kim Fung and Sauter, Thilo and Seno, Lucia and Trsek, Henning and Vyatkin, Valeriy}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {Piscataway}, isbn = {978-1-6654-9313-0}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1109/INDIN51400.2023.10218014}, year = {2023}, language = {en} } @article{BilalPodishettiKovaletal.2024, author = {Bilal, M{\"u}henad and Podishetti, Ranadheer and Koval, Leonid and Gaafar, Mahmoud A. and Großmann, Daniel and Bregulla, Markus}, title = {The Effect of Annotation Quality on Wear Semantic Segmentation by CNN}, volume = {24}, pages = {4777}, journal = {Sensors}, number = {15}, publisher = {MDPI}, address = {Basel}, issn = {1424-8220}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.3390/s24154777}, year = {2024}, abstract = {In this work, we investigate the impact of annotation quality and domain expertise on the performance of Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) for semantic segmentation of wear on titanium nitride (TiN) and titanium carbonitride (TiCN) coated end mills. Using an innovative measurement system and customized CNN architecture, we found that domain expertise significantly affects model performance. Annotator 1 achieved maximum mIoU scores of 0.8153 for abnormal wear and 0.7120 for normal wear on TiN datasets, whereas Annotator 3 with the lowest expertise achieved significantly lower scores. Sensitivity to annotation inconsistencies and model hyperparameters were examined, revealing that models for TiCN datasets showed a higher coefficient of variation (CV) of 16.32\% compared to 8.6\% for TiN due to the subtle wear characteristics, highlighting the need for optimized annotation policies and high-quality images to improve wear segmentation.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{KnollmeyerMrossMuelleretal.2023, author = {Knollmeyer, Simon and Mroß, Bj{\"o}rn and Mueller, Ralph and Großmann, Daniel}, title = {Ontology based knowledge graph for information and knowledge management in factory planning}, booktitle = {2023 IEEE 28th International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation (ETFA)}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {Piscataway}, isbn = {979-8-3503-3991-8}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1109/ETFA54631.2023.10275409}, year = {2023}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{KampaGrossmann2023, author = {Kampa, Thomas and Großmann, Daniel}, title = {Half\&Half: Intra-Flow Load Balancing and High Availability for Edge Cloud-enabled Manufacturing}, booktitle = {2023 IEEE 28th International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation (ETFA)}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {Piscataway}, isbn = {979-8-3503-3991-8}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1109/ETFA54631.2023.10275483}, year = {2023}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{MathiasGrossmann2021, author = {Mathias, Selvine George and Großmann, Daniel}, title = {Efficacy of Statistical Formulations on Acoustic Emission Signals for Tool Wear Predictions}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Innovative Intelligent Industrial Production and Logistics - IN4PL}, publisher = {SciTePress}, address = {Set{\´u}bal}, isbn = {978-989-758-535-7}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.5220/0010676400003062}, pages = {108 -- 115}, year = {2021}, abstract = {Acoustic emission (AE) signals obtained during machining processes can be used to detect, locate and assess flaws in structures made of metal, concrete or composites. This paper aims to characterize AE signals using derived parameters from raw signatures along with statistical feature extractions to correlate with tool wear readings. Missing tool wear values are imputed using domain knowledge rules and compared to AE signals using machine learning models. The amount of effect on tool wear is formulated using Bayesian Inferences on derived parameters such as areas under the raw signal curve in addition to comparisons with the supervised models for predictions. Using the constructed models and formulation, the presented study also includes a trace-back pseudo-algorithm for determining the stage in process where tool wear values begin to approach the wear limits.}, language = {en} } @article{KnollmeyerCaymazerGrossmann2025, author = {Knollmeyer, Simon and Caymazer, Oğuz and Großmann, Daniel}, title = {Document GraphRAG: Knowledge Graph Enhanced Retrieval Augmented Generation for Document Question Answering Within the Manufacturing Domain}, volume = {14}, pages = {2102}, journal = {Electronics}, number = {11}, publisher = {MDPI}, address = {Basel}, issn = {2079-9292}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14112102}, year = {2025}, abstract = {Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) systems have shown significant potential for domain-specific Question Answering (QA) tasks, although persistent challenges in retrieval precision and context selection continue to hinder their effectiveness. This study introduces Document Graph RAG (GraphRAG), a novel framework that bolsters retrieval robustness and enhances answer generation by incorporating Knowledge Graphs (KGs) built upon a document's intrinsic structure into the RAG pipeline. Through the application of the Design Science Research methodology, we systematically design, implement, and evaluate GraphRAG, leveraging graph-based document structuring and a keyword-based semantic linking mechanism to improve retrieval quality. The evaluation, conducted on well-established datasets including SQuAD, HotpotQA, and a newly developed manufacturing dataset, demonstrates consistent performance gains over a naive RAG baseline across both retrieval and generation metrics. The results indicate that GraphRAG improves Context Relevance metrics, with task-dependent optimizations for chunk size, keyword density, and top-k retrieval further enhancing performance. Notably, multi-hop questions benefit most from GraphRAG's structured retrieval strategy, highlighting its advantages in complex reasoning tasks.}, language = {en} } @article{BilalPodishettiTangiralaetal.2025, author = {Bilal, M{\"u}henad and Podishetti, Ranadheer and Tangirala, Sri Girish and Großmann, Daniel and Bregulla, Markus}, title = {CNN-Based Classification of Optically Critical Cutting Tools with Complex Geometry: New Insights for CNN-Based Classification Tasks}, volume = {25}, pages = {1575}, journal = {Sensors}, number = {5}, publisher = {MDPI}, address = {Basel}, issn = {1424-8220}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.3390/s25051575}, year = {2025}, abstract = {Sustainability has increasingly emphasized the importance of recycling and repairing materials. Cutting tools, such as milling cutters and drills, play a crucial role due to the high demands placed on products used in CNC machining. As a result, the repair and regrinding of these tools have become more essential. The geometric differences among machining tools determine their specific applications: twist drills have spiral flutes and pointed cutting edges designed for drilling, while end mills feature multiple sharp edges around the shank, making them suitable for milling. Taps and form cutters exhibit unique geometries and cutting-edge shapes, enabling the creation of complex profiles. However, measuring and classifying these tools for repair or regrinding is challenging due to their optical properties and coatings. This research investigates how lighting conditions affect the classification of tools for regrinding, addressing the shortage of skilled workers and the increasing need for automation. This paper compares different training strategies on two unique tool-specific datasets, each containing 36 distinct tools recorded under two lighting conditions—direct diffuse ring lighting and normal daylight. Furthermore, Grad-CAM heatmap analysis provides new insights into relevant classification features.}, language = {en} } @article{BilalPodishettiGrossmannetal.2025, author = {Bilal, M{\"u}henad and Podishetti, Ranadheer and Großmann, Daniel and Bregulla, Markus}, title = {Benchmarking CNN Architectures for Tool Classification: Evaluating CNN Performance on a Unique Dataset Generated by Novel Image Acquisition System}, volume = {13}, journal = {IEEE Access}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {New York}, issn = {2169-3536}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2025.3574785}, pages = {96400 -- 96422}, year = {2025}, abstract = {In this study, we introduce the ToolSurface-144 dataset, which is presented here for the first time. It comprises four subsets - Full R, Full S, Top R, and Top S - each containing 144 tool classes captured under varying illumination conditions and fields of view. A newly developed, patented imaging approach was employed to acquire the data. It is compared with conventional diffuse ring illumination to assess its effectiveness in evaluating state-of-the-art convolutional neural networks. This enabled a more targeted investigation of the role of global shape characteristics such as silhouettes versus localized features like the tool face, cutting edges, and delicate geometrical structures under different training strategies. In this study, we evaluate six state-of-the-art convolutional neural networks—AlexNet, DenseNet161, EfficientNet-B0, ResNet152, ResNet50, and VGG16—using three training strategies: fine-tuning, freezing of pre-trained layers, and training from scratch. The results show that EfficientNet-B0 consistently achieved the highest classification accuracy in nearly all experiments and data sets. Especially using the fine-tuning training strategy, the model achieved 99\% accuracy in tool classification. ResNet50 benefited greatly from fine-tuning and freezing, achieving a significant increase in performance compared to training from scratch. In contrast, ResNet152, AlexNet, and VGG16 consistently showed poor classification performance, indicating difficulties regarding learning and generalisation. The results show that diffuse illumination and complete tool views provide the best classification conditions, while restricted image sections with homogeneous illumination negatively affect model performance. Among the evaluated training strategies, fine-tuning proved the most efficient training method for developing CNN models for tool classification.}, language = {en} } @article{BilalPodishettiKovaletal.2024, author = {Bilal, M{\"u}henad and Podishetti, Ranadheer and Koval, Leonid and Gaafar, Mahmoud A. and Großmann, Daniel and Bregulla, Markus}, title = {Automatized End Mill Wear Inspection Using a Novel Illumination Unit and Convolutional Neural Network}, volume = {12}, journal = {IEEE Access}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {New York}, issn = {2169-3536}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2024.3454692}, pages = {124282 -- 124297}, year = {2024}, abstract = {Ensuring cutting tools are in optimal condition is essential for achieving peak machining performance, given their direct impact on both workpiece quality and process efficiency. However, accurately assessing wear on end mills, especially those with complex geometries, pose a significant challenge due to their reflective surfaces and varied wear patterns. Presented here is a novel method that addresses this challenge by employing a customized illumination unit in conjunction with a convolutional neural network (CNN) for end mill wear analysis. This innovative approach involves utilizing the specially designed illumination unit to capture high-quality images, enabling precise examination of material wear on helically shaped end mills. Notably, this method is tailored to illuminate reflective surfaces and represents a pioneering application in the realm of wear testing.We validate the viability of this approach by employing CNN-based models to segment wear on complex-shaped end mills coated with titanium carbonitride (TiCN) and titanium nitride (TiN). We achieved remarkable mean Intersection over Union (mIoU) results in wear detection on a test dataset: 0.99 for tool segmentation, 0.78 for abnormal wear, and 0.71 for normal wear segmentation.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{AkmalAsifKovaletal.2025, author = {Akmal, Muhammad Uzair and Asif, Saara and Koval, Leonid and Mathias, Selvine George and Knollmeyer, Simon and Großmann, Daniel}, title = {Layered Data-Centric AI to Streamline Data Quality Practices for Enhanced Automation}, booktitle = {Artificial Intelligence: Methodology, Systems, and Applications: 19th International Conference, AIMSA 2024, Varna, Bulgaria, September 18-20, 2024, Proceedings}, editor = {Koprinkova-Hristova, Petia and Kasabov, Nikola}, publisher = {Springer}, address = {Cham}, isbn = {978-3-031-81542-3}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-81542-3_11}, pages = {128 -- 142}, year = {2025}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{MathiasAsifAkmaletal.2025, author = {Mathias, Selvine George and Asif, Saara and Akmal, Muhammad Uzair and Knollmeyer, Simon and Koval, Leonid and Großmann, Daniel}, title = {Industrial Image Grouping Through Pre-Trained CNN Encoder-Based Feature Extraction and Sub-Clustering}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Agents and Artificial Intelligence (ICAART 2025) - Volume 2}, editor = {Rocha, Ana Paula and Steels, Luc and van den Herik, Jaap}, publisher = {SciTePress}, address = {Set{\´u}bal}, isbn = {978-989-758-737-5}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.5220/0013189000003890}, pages = {496 -- 506}, year = {2025}, abstract = {A common challenge faced by many industries today is the classification of unlabeled image data from production processes into meaningful groups or patterns for better documentation and analysis. This paper presents a sequential approach for leveraging industrial image data to identify patterns in products or processes for plant floor operators. The dataset used is sourced from steel production, and the model architecture integrates feature reduction through convolutional neural networks (CNNs) like VGG, EfficientNet, and ResNet, followed by clustering algorithms to assign appropriate labels to the observed data. The model's selection criteria combine clustering metrics, including entropy minimization and silhouette score maximization. Once primary clusters are identified, sub-clustering is performed using near-labels, which are pre-assigned to images with initial distinctions. A novel metric, C-Score, is introduced to assess cluster convergence and grouping accuracy. Experimental re sults demonstrate that this method can address challenges in detecting variations across images, improving pattern recognition and classification.}, language = {en} } @article{MathiasAkmalAsifetal.2024, author = {Mathias, Selvine George and Akmal, Muhammad Uzair and Asif, Saara and Koval, Leonid and Knollmeyer, Simon and Großmann, Daniel}, title = {Pattern Identifications in Transformed Acoustic Signals Using Classification Models}, volume = {2024}, journal = {Procedia CIRP}, number = {130}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {Amsterdam}, issn = {2212-8271}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2024.10.061}, pages = {93 -- 99}, year = {2024}, abstract = {Pattern identifications in signals is necessary to discern variations from approved normal values in different scenarios. With machine learning algorithms, it is possible to use hybrid methods of pattern identifications such as feature extractions followed by classifications and/or clustering. This paper presents a pattern identification approach of acoustic signals using their transformations as inputs to classification algorithms. The analysis is carried out on two transformed versions of acoustic emission (AE) hits such as log transformations of peak hits and binary sequencing based on threshold crossing. A comparative analysis using custom data loss metrics is made to determine which inputs provide the best information in predictive methods for identifying commonly occurring patterns while acknowledging significant data loss. The methodology is conducted on transformed versions of a public dataset and the results show that patterns can be discerned to above 90\% accuracy with the transformed datasets. The experimental results yield that actual source signals need not be utilized depending on which transformations suit the practical application.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{KnollmeyerAkmalKovaletal.2024, author = {Knollmeyer, Simon and Akmal, Muhammad Uzair and Koval, Leonid and Asif, Saara and Mathias, Selvine George and Großmann, Daniel}, title = {Document Knowledge Graph to Enhance Question Answering with Retrieval Augmented Generation}, booktitle = {2024 IEEE 29th International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation (ETFA)}, editor = {Facchinetti, Tullio and Cenedese, Angelo and Lo Bello, Lucia and Vitturi, Stefano and Sauter, Thilo and Tramarin, Federico}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {Piscataway}, isbn = {979-8-3503-6123-0}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1109/ETFA61755.2024.10711054}, year = {2024}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{AsifAkmalKovaletal.2024, author = {Asif, Saara and Akmal, Muhammad Uzair and Koval, Leonid and Knollmeyer, Simon and Mathias, Selvine George and Großmann, Daniel}, title = {Supervised Anomaly Detection for Production Line Images using Data Augmentation and Convolutional Neural Network}, booktitle = {2024 IEEE 29th International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation (ETFA)}, editor = {Facchinetti, Tullio and Cenedese, Angelo and Lo Bello, Lucia and Vitturi, Stefano and Sauter, Thilo and Tramarin, Federico}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {Piscataway}, isbn = {979-8-3503-6123-0}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1109/ETFA61755.2024.10710718}, year = {2024}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{FleischmannFriedlGrossmannetal.2021, author = {Fleischmann, Albert and Friedl, Anton and Großmann, Daniel and Schmidt, Werner}, title = {Modeling and implementing of industrie 4.0 scenarios}, booktitle = {Modelling to Program}, publisher = {Springer}, address = {Cham}, isbn = {978-3-030-72695-9}, issn = {1865-0929}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-72696-6_4}, pages = {90 -- 112}, year = {2021}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{KovalAkmalAsifetal.2025, author = {Koval, Leonid and Akmal, Muhammad Uzair and Asif, Saara and Mathias, Selvine George and Knollmeyer, Simon and Großmann, Daniel}, title = {Optimizing AI-Driven Production in Industry 4.0: A Morphological Box and Taxonomy Approach}, booktitle = {2025 International Conference on Computer Technology Applications (ICCTA)}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {Piscataway}, isbn = {979-8-3315-1265-1}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1109/ICCTA65425.2025.11166106}, pages = {272 -- 278}, year = {2025}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{KovalAkmalAsifetal.2024, author = {Koval, Leonid and Akmal, Muhammad Uzair and Asif, Saara and Mathias, Selvine George and Knollmeyer, Simon and Großmann, Daniel}, title = {Addressing the complexity of AI Integration in Manufacturing: A Morphological Analysis}, booktitle = {2024 IEEE 29th International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation (ETFA)}, editor = {Facchinetti, Tullio and Cenedese, Angelo and Lo Bello, Lucia and Vitturi, Stefano and Sauter, Thilo and Tramarin, Federico}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {Piscataway}, isbn = {979-8-3503-6123-0}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1109/ETFA61755.2024.10711011}, year = {2024}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{AsifAkmalKovaletal.2024, author = {Asif, Saara and Akmal, Muhammad Uzair and Koval, Leonid and Mathias, Selvine George and Knollmeyer, Simon and Großmann, Daniel}, title = {A Conceptual Framework for Addressing Class Imbalance in Image Data: Challenges and Strategies}, booktitle = {2024 IEEE 12th International Conference on Intelligent Systems (IS): Proceedings}, editor = {Sgurev, Vassil and Jotsov, Vladimir and Piuri, Vincenzo and Doukovska, Luybka and Yoshinov, Radoslav}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {Piscataway}, isbn = {979-8-3503-5098-2}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1109/IS61756.2024.10705251}, year = {2024}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{KovalWaechterErdoganetal.2025, author = {Koval, Leonid and W{\"a}chter, Sonja and Erdogan, H{\"u}seyin and Großmann, Daniel}, title = {Ontology-Driven Modeling and Integration of Production Processes in Advanced Driver-Assistance Systems within the Gaia-X Ecosystem}, booktitle = {2025 11th International Conference on Computer Technology Applications (ICCTA 2025)}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {Piscataway}, isbn = {979-8-3315-1265-1}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1109/ICCTA65425.2025.11166225}, pages = {211 -- 216}, year = {2025}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{NowackiMuellerGrossmannetal.2023, author = {Nowacki, Natalie Samanta and Mueller, Ralph and Großmann, Daniel and Lueder, Arndt}, title = {Approach for identifying data usage information objects for the later implementation in production environments}, booktitle = {2023 The 10th International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Applications (Europe), ICIEA-EU 2023}, subtitle = {Enabling a logic for the information modelling based on use cases using a conversation concept}, publisher = {ACM}, address = {New York}, isbn = {978-1-4503-9852-7}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3587889.3587915}, pages = {169 -- 175}, year = {2023}, language = {en} } @article{MathiasGrossmann2022, author = {Mathias, Selvine George and Großmann, Daniel}, title = {Use Cases of Data Reduction to Time Series Data in Sensor Monitoring}, volume = {16}, journal = {Journal of Ubiquitous Systems and Pervasive Networks}, number = {2}, publisher = {IASKS}, address = {[s. l.]}, issn = {1923-7332}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.5383/JUSPN.16.02.005}, pages = {87 -- 92}, year = {2022}, language = {en} } @article{SchmiedMathiasGrossmannetal.2021, author = {Schmied, Sebastian and Mathias, Selvine George and Großmann, Daniel and Mueller, Ralph and Jumar, Ulrich}, title = {Information modelling with focus on existing manufacturing systems}, volume = {2021}, journal = {Annual Reviews in Control}, number = {51}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {Amsterdam}, issn = {1367-5788}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arcontrol.2021.04.010}, pages = {392 -- 400}, year = {2021}, language = {en} } @article{MuellerGrossmannSchmiedetal.2022, author = {Mueller, Ralph and Großmann, Daniel and Schmied, Sebastian and Jumar, Ulrich}, title = {Co-Simulation im Planungsprozess f{\"u}r die Informationsmodell-basierte virtuelle Inbetriebnahme}, volume = {70}, journal = {at - Automatisierungstechnik}, number = {7}, publisher = {De Gruyter}, address = {Berlin}, issn = {2196-677X}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1515/auto-2021-0167}, pages = {612 -- 622}, year = {2022}, language = {de} } @article{SchmiedGrossmannMuelleretal.2020, author = {Schmied, Sebastian and Großmann, Daniel and Mueller, Ralph and Mathias, Selvine George and Jumar, Ulrich}, title = {Erstellung und Management von Informationsmodellen f{\"u}r bestehende Produktionssysteme}, volume = {68}, journal = {at - Automatisierungstechnik}, number = {5}, publisher = {De Gruyter}, address = {Berlin}, issn = {2196-677X}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1515/auto-2020-0021}, pages = {325 -- 336}, year = {2020}, language = {de} } @inproceedings{MathiasAkmalAsifetal.2025, author = {Mathias, Selvine George and Akmal, Muhammad Uzair and Asif, Saara and Knollmeyer, Simon and Koval, Leonid and Grossmann, Daniel}, title = {Handling Anonymized Non-numerical Features in Data Using Transformations for Regression Models}, booktitle = {Artificial Intelligence Applications and Innovations: 21st IFIP WG 12.5 International Conference, AIAI 2025, Limassol, Cyprus, June 26-29, 2025, Proceedings, Part III}, editor = {Maglogiannis, Ilias and Iliadis, Lazaros and Andreou, Andreas and Papaleonidas, Antonios}, publisher = {Springer}, address = {Cham}, isbn = {978-3-031-96231-8}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-96231-8_8}, pages = {99 -- 111}, year = {2025}, language = {en} } @article{VogtMuellerKampaetal.2021, author = {Vogt, Anna and Mueller, Ralph and Kampa, Thomas and Stark, Rainer and Großmann, Daniel}, title = {Concept and architecture for information exchange between digital twins of the product (CPS) and the production system (CPPS)}, journal = {Procedia CIRP}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {Amsterdam}, issn = {2212-8271}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2021.11.217}, pages = {1292 -- 1297}, year = {2021}, abstract = {The Digital Twin concept and CPS- and IIoT-based approaches are increasingly important topics concerning future Industry 4.0 architectures. They offer high potential for dynamical aspects in intelligent production planning and control as well as part traceability and documentation. Standardized information exchange is an upcoming requirement among the whole supply chain. This paper presents a concept for a Digital Twin architecture based on motor production in the automotive industry. The key aspect is an information exchange structure for Digital Twins of products and production systems that are combined using principles of Dynamic Aggregation.}, language = {en} } @article{MayrKnollmeyerJeknicetal.2026, author = {Mayr, Thomas and Knollmeyer, Simon and Jeknic, Isidora and Fink, Leon and Hensel, Ralph and Huber, Marco F. and Großmann, Daniel}, title = {Enhancing Process Planning in the Automotive Industry: Extracting Procedural Knowledge from Assembly Operation Descriptions using Large Language Models}, volume = {2026}, journal = {Procedia CIRP}, number = {138}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {Amsterdam}, issn = {2212-8271}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2026.01.137}, pages = {797 -- 802}, year = {2026}, abstract = {The non-standardized, human-written assembly descriptions have been a long-standing obstacle in the automotive assembly industry, making it difficult to use these data in the planning stage. The paper presents a standardization method based on Large Language Models (LLMs), focusing on consistency and clarity. This approach does not only streamline the planning processes but also facilitates the benchmarking of productivity and process quality across different individual parts and assembly lines, thus enabling comprehensive efficiency analysis and ultimately leading to more informed decision-making. Our method was evaluated at a German OEM in the automotive sector, demonstrating its practical applicability and effectiveness.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{AkmalMathiasAsifetal.2025, author = {Akmal, Muhammad Uzair and Mathias, Selvine George and Asif, Saara and Koval, Leonid and Knollmeyer, Simon and Großmann, Daniel}, title = {Humanizing AI: A Human-Centered Architecture to Developing Trustworthy Intelligent Systems}, booktitle = {CS \& IT Conference Proceedings}, publisher = {AIRCC}, address = {[s. l.]}, isbn = {978-1-923107-57-1}, url = {https://www.csitcp.com/abstract/15/158csit03}, pages = {27 -- 44}, year = {2025}, language = {en} }